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High glucose and its byproducts are important factors causing dysfunction of endothelial cells. Autophagy is critical for endothelial cellular homeostasis. However, the specific molecular mechanism of how autophagy is regulated in endothelial cells under high-glucose condition remains unknown. We aim to explore the role Sirt6 plays in regulating autophagy in AGE-treated endothelial cells and how this function is exerted via KLF4.Our results indicate that autophagy level increased in AGE-treated endothelial cells alongside with higher Sirt6 and KLF4 expression level. What's more, knock-in of Sirt6 by adenovirus led to augmented autophagy level while knockdown of Sirt6 led to the opposite. We also verified that Sirt6 affected KLF4 expression positively but KLF4 didn't influence Sirt6 expression level while knocking out of KLF4 impaired Sirt6-enhanced autophagy. Finally we found that STZ-induced diabetic mice showed more autophagosomes in endothelium and Sirt6 knockdown by adeno-associated virus reduced the number of autophagosomes. Knockdown of Sirt6 also caused impaired endothelium integrity but echocardiography indicated there were no significant functional differences.Our research reveals more about how Sirt6 regulates autophagy in endothelial cells under high-glucose simulated condition and provides further insight into the relationships between Sirt6 and KLF4.

ObjectivesMendelian randomization (MR) was used to estimate the causal relationship between body mass index (BMI), ever smoked, heart failure, alcohol intake frequency, inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), and pulmonary embolism (PE). This study aimed to investigate whether there is a causal relationship between BMI, the presence of smoking, heart failure, frequency of alcohol intake, IBD, and PE.MethodsPooled data on PE from a published GWAS meta-analysis involving approximately 461,164 participants of European ancestry were selected. A publicly available pooled dataset of BMI (461,460), ever smokers (461,066), heart failure (977,323), IBD (75,000), and frequency of alcohol intake (462,346) was used from another independent GWAS. MR was performed using established analysis methods, including Wald ratios, inverse variance weighted (IVW), weighted median (WM), and MR-Egger. Also, the final expansion was validated with multivariate MR.ResultsIn the IVW model, genetically elevated BMI was causally associated with PE [OR = 1.002, 95% CI (1.001, 1004), P = 0.039]. Cochran’s Q test was used to detect heterogeneity in the MR-Egger analysis (P = 0.576). Therefore, the effect of gene-level heterogeneity was not considered. In the MR analysis of other risk factors, we observed genes for ever smoking [IVW OR = 1.004, 95% CI (0.997, 1.012)], heart failure [IVW OR = 0.999, 95% CI (0.996, 1.001)], IBD [IVW OR = 1.000, 95% CI (0.999, 1.001)], and frequency of alcohol intake [IVW OR = 1.002, 95% CI (1.000, 1.004)] were not causally associated with PE. Analysis using multivariate MR expansion showed no causal effect of BMI on PE considering the effect of height as well as weight (P = 0.926).ConclusionIn European populations, a causal relationship exists between BMI and PE: increased BMI leads to PE. In contrast, ever smoking, heart failure, frequency of alcohol intake, and IBD are not directly associated with PE. There was no causal effect of BMI with PE in multivariate Mendelian randomized analysis.

Several electrocardiographic algorithms have been proposed to identify the site of origin for the ventricular arrhythmias (VAs) from the left ventricular outflow tract (LVOT) versus right ventricular outflow tract. However, the electrocardiographic criteria for distinguishing VAs originated from the different sites of LVOT is lacking. We aimed to develop a simple and efficient ECG algorithm to differentiate LVOT VAs originated from the aortic root, AMC and LV summit. We analyzed 12-lead ECG characteristics of 68 consecutive patients who underwent successful radiofrequency catheter ablation of symptomatic VAs from LVOT. Patients were divided into RCC (right coronary cusp) group (n = 8), the L-RCC (the junction between the LCC and RCC) group (n = 21), the LCC (left coronary cusp) group (n = 24), the aortomitral continuity (AMC) group (n = 9) and the LV summit group (n = 6) according to the final ablation sites. Measurements with the highest diagnostic performance were modeled into a 4-stepwise algorithm to discriminate LVOT VAs. The performance of this novel algorithm was prospectively tested in a validation cohort of 43 consecutive patients undergoing LVOT VAs ablation. Based on the accuracy of AUC, a 4-stepwise ECG algorithm was developed. First, the QS duration in aVL > 134 ms was used to distinguish VAs from AMC, LV summit and VAs from aortic root (80% sensitivity and 76% specificity). Second, the R duration in II > 155 ms was used to differentiate VAs from LV summit and VAs from AMC (67% sensitivity and 56% specificity). Third, the ratio of III/II < 0.9 was used to discriminate VAs from RCC and VAs from LCC, L-RCC (82% sensitivity and 63% specificity). Fourth, the QS duration of aVR > 130 ms was used to discern VAs from LCC and VAs from L-RCC (75% sensitivity and 62% specificity). In the prospective evaluation, our 4-stepwise ECG algorithm exhibited a good predictive value. We have developed a novel and simple 4-stepwise ECG algorithm with good predictive value to discriminate the AVs from different sites of LVOT.

Proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin (PCSK) family member 3 (FURIN) has been suggested to be involved in the development of atherosclerosis. The aim of this study was to investigate the prognostic implication of FURIN in patients after acute myocardial infarction (AMI).This prospective study analyzed data from a total of 1312 consecutive patients hospitalized with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) and non-ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction from August 2013 to June 2016. FURIN levels were analyzed in plasma obtained from AMI patients.The study included 1312 AMI patients. The patient population was predominantly male (63%) with a median age of 66 years (IQR: 19 years), and 59% were STEMI patients. During a follow-up of 2 years, 117 patients died, and 377 patients reached the combined endpoints of major adverse cardiac events (MACE). Patients with elevated FURIN levels had increased risk of MACE, all-cause mortality, recurrent MI and hospitalization for HF (log-rank test, p 0.0001). After adjusting for clinical risk factors and established markers, the association of FURIN concentrations with the risk of MACE and its individual components and cardiovascular death was statistically significant in the higher tertile of FURIN concentrations. After the addition of FURIN to the models, FURIN showed additive prognostic significance for 2-year clinical outcomes. Variable importance plots of the models showed that FURIN was of high importance to predict both occurrence of MACE and all-cause mortality.We found that FURIN was associated with all-cause mortality and recurrent cardiovascular events in AMI patients independent of conventional risk factors and established markers.

Background/Aims: To explore the potential role of qiliqiangxin (QLQX) A traditional Chinese medicine and the involvement of angiotensin II receptor type 1 (AGTR1) and transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 (TRPV1) in diabetic mouse cardiac function. Methods: Intragastric QLQX was administered for 5 weeks after streptozotocin (STZ) treatment. Additionally, Intraperitoneal injections of angiotensin II (Ang II) or intragastric losartan (Los) were administered to assess the activities of AGTR1 and TRPV1. Two-dimensional echocardiography and tissue histopathology were used to assess cardiac function Western blot was used to detect the autophagic biomarkers Such as light chain 3 P62 and lysosomal-associated membrane protein 2 And transmission electron microscopy was used to count the number of autophagosomes. Results: Decreased expression of TRPV1 and autophagic hallmarks and reduced numbers of autophagolysosomes as well as increased expression of angiotensin converting enzyme 1 and AGTR1 were observed in diabetic hearts. Blocking AGTR1 with Los mimicked the QLQX-mediated improvements in cardiac function Alleviated myocardial fibrosis and enabled autophagy Whereas Ang II abolished the beneficial effects of QLQX in wild type diabetic mice but not in TRPV1-/- diabetic mice. Conclusions: QLQX may improve diabetic cardiac function by regulating AGTR1/ TRPV1-mediated autophagy in STZ-induced diabetic mice.

Limited published data about periprocedural myocardial injury (PMI) after successful chronic total occlusion (CTO)-percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) were available. The study aimed to investigate risk predictors and clinical implications of PMI after successful CTO-PCI and drug-eluting stent (DES) implantation. Between 2009and 2012, a total of 437 patients who underwent successful recanalization with DESs were included. All the cardiac troponin T (cTnT)-positive patients were excluded. As the benchmark in PMI defined as cTnT >5 × the 99th percentile ULN, the independent predictors and major adverse cardiac events (MACEs) involving cardiac death, myocardial infarction, and target-vessel revascularization were compared between the PMI group and the no PMI group. The incidence rate of PMI was 18.3% (80/437) after the index procedure. Multivariate analysis showed that calcification (OR: 2.203, confidence interval [CI] 1.262–3.845, P = 0.005), the parallel wire technique (OR: 3.178, CI 1.661–6.081, P < 0.001), and the retrograde wire technique (OR: 5.554, CI 2.275–13.558, P < 0.001) were independent predictors of PMI after successful CTO-PCI and DES implantation. Major adverse cardiac events were significantly higher in the PMI group (adjusted hazard ratio 3.704; 95% CI 1.759–7.796; P = 0.001) during the 3-year follow-up. The independent predictors of PMI after successful recanalization with DESs are calcification, the parallel wire technique, and the retrograde wire technique. Periprocedural myocardial injury after the index procedure is associated with more adverse clinical events. Further large clinical studies combined with bioinformatics are warranted to explore the implications of patients with this distinct new entity.

Emissions of air pollutants from coal-fired power plants pose a threat to healthy living environment. Developing renewable energy and changing electricity generation structure dominated by coal-fired power has become a vital national strategy. In this paper, taking a rapidly urbanizing coastal area in southern Laizhou Bay of China as the study area, a scenario planning concerning substitution of wind power for coal-fired power in enterprise-owned power plants was conducted. Coupled with the electricity generation prediction by a grey prediction model GM (1, 1) and the calculation of pollutant emission intensity, we obtained three scenario schemes: no substitution (Scenario 1), low substitution (Scenario 2) and high substitution (Scenario 3). The results showed that Scenario 1 is not acceptable; Scenario2 is acceptable, but not ideal; Scenario 3 is optimal. The electricity generation structure under Scenario 3 has been radically converted from the type dominated by fossil fuel to one dominated by renewable energy, becoming an environment-friendly power generation framework with fairly low pollutant emission densities. This study can contribute to local managers to seek more concrete measures in mitigating the conflict between electricity demand and environmental health.

Objective The study aimed to analyze the risk factors and long-term outcomes associated with coronary artery aneurysms (CAAs) after successful percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) and drug-eluting stent (DES) implantation in patients with CTOs. Background There are sporadic data available on post-procedure CAAs after transcatheter revascularization for CTOs. Methods and results A total of 141 patients with 149 CTOs who underwent successful CTO-PCI and DES implantation with angiographic follow-up from 2004 to 2010 were included. Patients were divided into CAA group and non-CAA group according to the presence of CAAs in the follow-up angiography. The independent predictors and major adverse cardiac events (MACEs) including cardiac death, myocardial infarction (MI) and target-vessel revascularization (TVR) were compared between two groups. The incidence of CAAs was 11.4% (17/149) after index procedure. Multivariate analysis showed that age (OR: 0.925, CI 0.873–0.980, P = 0.008), ostial occlusion (OR: 6.715, CI 1.473–30.610, P = 0.014), the parallel wire technique (OR: 6.167, CI 1.709–22.259, P = 0.005) and DES length (OR: 1.030, CI 1.002–1.058, P = 0.036) were the independent predictors of CAAs after successful CTO-PCI and DES implantation. MACEs were similar between two groups (adjusted hazard ratio 0.670; 95% CI 0.160–2.808; P = 0.584) during the 5-year follow-up. Conclusions The independent predictors of CAAs after successful CTO-PCI and DES implantation are age, ostial occlusion, the parallel wire technique and DES length. CAAs after index procedure are not frequently associated with adverse clinical events under dual antiplatelet therapy. Further large clinical studies are warranted to explore the clinical implications of patients with this distinct new entity.

The cascaded multilevel convertor has the following advantages: simple structure, less harmonic, and less switching loss. It also can easily achieve high voltage and large power capacity. However, due to the structure of cascaded, the number of the device increases with the increment of capacity, meanwhile the reliability of the system reduces. Based on the cascaded multilevel systems possible failures and the characteristic of carrier phase shift modulation, this paper proposes a fault diagnosis method suitable for the cascaded multilevel system. Firstly, the paper introduces the basic principle of the proposed approach, and then it deduces the major implementation steps, finally the correctness and reliability of the method are validated by the simulation.

The voltage stability can be maintained by the series compensation equipment while the voltage sag of distribution system side occurs. The series compensation equipment of cascade H-bridge type has many advantages such as lower harmonic injection into the power system, lower switching losses, easily to be extended and so on. However, due to the complexity of structure and control of the multilevel converter increase the possibility of device failure. In order to improve the reliability of series compensation equipment, this paper analyzes the possible fault type of series compensation devices and combined with the characteristics of different types of faults, proposing a fault diagnosis method for the series compensation equipment of cascade H-bridge type. This method only needs to detect the voltage and current of output side in series compensation equipment, the fault can be successfully dignosed by a certain equivalent and computation .This method is not affected by voltage and current changes, and easy to implement. This device can rapidly diagnosis and remove faults device in continuous operation, then by changing the modulation of inverter makes the series compensation device work normally. The simulation examples proves the validity of this method.

Objectives The aim of this study was to investigate the effectiveness and safety of aggressive statin versus moderate statin therapy on patients with saphenous vein grafts (SVGs) in randomized, controlled trials (RCTs). Methods We searched MEDLINE (1980–June 2012), the Cochrane Controlled Trials Register, EMBASE, Science Citation Index, and PubMed (to June 2012), and found 10 relevant RCTs, including 7 substudy analyses from a Post-CABG trial, and 1 pooled analysis of the PROVE-IT TIMI 22 trial (Pravastatin or Atorvastatin Evaluation and Infection Therapy-Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction 22 Investigators) and A to Z trial. Early intensive vs a delayed conservative simvastatin strategy in patients with acute coronary syndromes; phase Z of the A to Z trial. Results A total of 6645 of participants, ages ranging from 21 to 75 years old, were treated with coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) and were followed for 2 to 5 years. Eight studies showed that aggressive statin therapy had lower LDL-C levels and a decrease of 39% in graft atherosclerotic progression, 12% in new occlusions, and 19% in new lesions more than moderate statin therapy. Three reports indicated that aggressive statin therapy lowered the risk of repeated myocardial infarction more than moderate statin therapy for coronary revascularization (95% CI, 0.66–0.95; risk ratio [RR] = 0.80; and 95% CI, 0.66–0.85; RR = 0.75) and lowered the risk of cardiac death as well (95% CI, 0.64–1.08; RR = 0.83). Aggressive statin therapy had safety similar to that of moderate statin therapy except for a slight increase in myopathic events and aminotransferase levels. Seventy percent to 90% of patients took statin treatment as prescribed in long-term. Conclusions Compared with moderate statin therapy, long-term aggressive statin lowered the LDL-C level significantly, further decreased the atherosclerotic progression of SVG, reduced the risks of repeated myocardial infarction and coronary revascularization after CABG, and revealed similar patient compliance and statin-related adverse effects but slightly increased myopathy events and aminotransferase levels.

Endothelial dysfunction and oxLDL are believed to be early and critical events in atherogenesis. 6-Shogaol is the major bioactive compound present inZingiber officinaleand possesses the anti-atherosclerotic effect. However, the mechanisms remain poorly understood. The goal of this study was to investigate the effects of 6-shogaol on oxLDL-induced Human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) injuries and its possible molecular mechanisms. Hence, we studied the effects of 6-shogaol on cell apoptosis, cellular reactive oxygen species (ROS), NF-κB activation, Bcl-2 expression, and caspase -3, -8, -9 activities. In addition, E-selectin, MCP-1, and ICAM-1 were determined by ELISA. Our study show that oxLDL increased LOX-1 expression, ROS levels, NF-κB, caspases-9 and -3 activation and decreased Bcl-2 expression in HUVECs. These alterations were attenuated by 6-shogaol. Cotreatment with 6-shogaol and siRNA of LOX-1 synergistically reduced oxLDL-induced caspases -9, -3 activities and cell apoptosis. Overexpression of LOX-1 attenuated the protection by 6-shogaol and suppressed the effects of 6-shogaol on oxLDL-induced oxidative stress. In addition, oxLDL enhanced the activation of NF-κB and expression of adhesion molecules. Pretreatment with 6-shogaol, however, exerted significant cytoprotective effects in all events. Our data indicate that 6-shogaol might be a potential natural antiapoptotic agent for the treatment of atherosclerosis.

Aortic valve calcification (AVC) is common in the elderly and associated with increased cardiovascular mortality, while diabetes is one of the confirmed risk factors for coronary artery disease (CAD). In this study, we aimed to evaluate the prevalence and severity of CAD in type-2 diabetic patients with AVC.From June to December in 2007, a total of 325 consecutive patients with chest pain or chest distress were admitted for coronary angiography. The severity of CAD was evaluated by the Gensini score and the number of stenosed vessels. All patients underwent transthoracic echocardiography for detecting AVC.Compared with the patients without diabetes (n = 221), the type-2 diabetic patients (n = 104) had a similar prevalence of CAD (66.5% vs. 72.1%, P = 0.312). Further classified by the presence of AVC, patients with AVC had a higher prevalence of CAD, average Gensini score and the number of stenosed vessels, both in the group with and without diabetes. It was also demonstrated that the odds ratio (OR) of AVC for CAD in the diabetic patients was higher than in the non-diabetic ones (3.405 vs 2.515) after chi-square analysis (single-variable). However, at multivariable logistic regression analysis for CAD, the OR of AVC was 3.757 (P = 0.03) in diabetic group, while it did not achieve statistical significance in the non-diabetic group (OR = 2.130, P= 0.074).Type-2 diabetic patients with AVC had a higher prevalence of and more severe CAD.

Magnetic targeting has recently demonstrated potential in promoting magnetically loaded cell delivery to target lesion, but its application is limited by magnetic attenuation. For deep magnetic capture of cells for spatial targeting therapeutics, we designed a magnetic pole, in which the magnetic field density can be focused at a distance from the pole. As flowing through a tube served as a model of blood vessels, the magnetically loaded mesenchymal stem cells (MagMSCs) were highly enriched at the site distance from the magnetic pole. The cell capture efficiency was positively influenced by the magnetic flux density, and inversely influenced by the flow velocity, and well-fitted with the deductive value by theoretical considerations. It appeared to us that the spatially-focused property of the magnetic apparatus promises a new deep targeting strategy to promote homing and engraftment for cellular therapy.

Background: Although the sirolimus-eluting stent (CYPHER®, Cordis, USA) has shown a dramatic reduction of restenosis, there are still some concerns about its efficacy and safety. Its durable polymer coating may enhance neointimal proliferation and residual sirolimus, which cannot be released from polymer, may result in incomplete reendothelization. As a drug reservoir, bioabsorbable polymer (polylactic acid, PLA) is more rational. Objective: We aimed to determine the safety and efficacy of sirolimus-eluting stent coated with PLA (EXCEL®, JW Medical Systems, China) in the treatment of human coronary arterial diseases. Methods: The study included 31 patients with de novo coronary lesions, with vessels 2.5–3.5 mm in diameter. The primary end points included the percentage of in-stent restenosis of the luminal diameter and in-stent late luminal loss at 6 months, as determined by quantitative angiography. The secondary end point was the major adverse cardiac events (MACE) 30 days and 6 months after the index procedure. Results: Forty-eight EXCEL stents were successfully delivered in the 34 lesions, and multiple stents were implanted in 35.3% of lesions. All patients were discharged without clinical complications and completed clinical follow-up at 1 and 6 months. No MACE had occurred. Twenty patients (30 stents) completed 6 months of angiographic follow-up. No in-stent or in-lesion restenosis (diameter stenosis ≥≥50%) was observed. In-stent late loss was (0.07 ± 0.17) mm. Conclusions: The implantation of EXCEL stent is feasible and safe and elicits minimal neointimal proliferation. This new stent has potential advantages regarding the long-long-term result over the commercially stent as the new stent has no sustained stimulation to the local tissue. © 2006 Wiley-Liss, Inc.

Life efficiency and habit development are important topics in schedule managing services, especially for College Students (CSs). Because CSs' daily management is different from that of others, their daily life is fixed in courses managing but flexible in self habit development. This paper presents the course-oriented Cloud-Based Interactional Managing Services (CBIMSs), which is a daily scheduling application based on Sina App Engine (SAE), where a self-adapting alarming algorithm is proposed based on the geographical location. The proposed WiDay has an aesthetical interface with humanized functions, which brings a brand new User Experience (UE). The interactional sharing platform is developed with cloud computing in SAE, which provides the sharing services among clients. The mobile client contains a self-adapting alarm clock which could offer humanized reminder, such as canceling the user's running plan automatically if it's rainy at that time, which takes the feelings of users into account. It also provides a course-oriented sharing platform for CSs to share courses information, such as the assignments, notes, or even notification of calling for roll. WiDay could broaden CSs' learning platform and help them make daily planning intelligently.

Objective: In-stent restenosis is caused by the neointimal hyperplasia, which involves abnormal growth of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC). Arsenic trioxide (As2O3) is known to be a potent inhibitor of cell proliferation. We therefore studied the role of an As2O3 eluting stent in the prevention of restenosis in a rabbit iliac artery model. Methods and results: Bare stents, or stents coated with poly-l-lactic acid (PLLA) and either 40 μg of As2O3, 180 μg of paclitaxel or vehicle were implanted into the left proximal iliac arteries of New Zealand rabbits. The delivery of drugs from stents in vitro and in vivo was evaluated by atomic fluorescence spectrophotometry and high-performance liquid chromatography, respectively. Histomorphometric measurements at 7 or 28 days showed that, comparing to rabbits receiving the PLLA stent, in animals treated with As2O3 eluting or paclitaxel eluting stent neointima thickness was reduced by 50% and 46%, the absolute neointimal area was reduced by 53% and 44%, while the absolute luminal area was increased by 46% and 43%, respectively. There were no significant differences in injury or inflammation scores among PLLA, As2O3 eluting and paclitaxel eluting stents. As2O3 eluting stent induced more TUNEL-positive VSMC than the other stents. As2O3 levels measured in the arterial tissue were much higher than those in serum, which were nearly undetectable at 7 days after stent implantation. In in vitro studies, cultured rabbit arterial VSMC were stimulated with As2O3 or paclitaxel and analyzed for their cell cycle progression and apoptosis by flow cytometry and electron microscopy. As2O3 treatment resulted in a reduction of VSMC number in G1 phase with a concomitant increase in apoptosis of VSMC, whereas paclitaxel treatment led to blocking of VSMC in the G2/M phase. Conclusion: In a rabbit iliac artery model PLLA coated As2O3 eluting stent significantly suppressed in-stent restenosis by reducing proliferation and inducing apoptosis of VSMC.

To explore the efficacy, safety and tolerance of ambrisentan, a high-selective endothelin receptor antagonist, in Chinese patients with pulmonary hypertension (PH).Twenty-eight PH patients (Group 1+Group 4) came from Shanghai East Hospital, Zhongshan Hospital of Fudan University and Fifth People's Hospital of Shanghai were recruited into this open-label, prospective multi-center trial between August 2012 and February 2013. They received 2.5-5.0 mg ambrisentan once daily for 12 weeks. The primary endpoint was the change in exercise capacity showed by six-minute walk distance (6MWD) from baseline to 12 weeks. Secondary endpoints included the changes in World Health Organization (WHO) function class, N-terminal brain natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) and liver function test results.There were 9 males and 19 females with an average age of (35 ± 17) years. The value of 6MWD increased from (372 ± 86) m at baseline to (443 ± 96) m (P = 0.000) after 12 weeks. WHO functional class improved after a 12-week therapy compared to the baseline level (P = 0.000). NT-proBNP decreased from a median of 732 ng/L at baseline to 329 ng/L after 12 weeks (P = 0.046). The baseline liver function test was normal. And liver function test didn't significantly change after a 12-week therapy.Ambrisentan therapy is well-tolerated and it improves the exercise capacity and WHO function class in Chinese PH patients.

To evaluate the clinical and angiographic outcomes of vasospastic angina patients with severe organic stenosis treated by drug-eluting stents.Between January 2006 and December 2010, severe organic stenosis (diameter stenosis more than 70%) was evidenced in 7 out of 46 vasospastic angina patients and treated with drug-eluting stents. Coronary angiography was repeated at 6 - 18 months after percutaneous coronary intervention and the patients were clinically followed up. The clinical and angiographic outcomes were observed.Nine drug-eluting stents [mean diameter 2.75 - 3.50 (3.08 ± 0.24) mm, length 24 - 33 (27.3 ± 3.6) mm] were successfully implanted in these 7 patients. Stents were implanted into left anterior descending artery (LAD) in 5 patients (71.4%), right coronary artery (RCA) in 1 patient (14.3%), both LAD and RCA in 1 patient (14.3%). Transient RCA spasm and distal LAD spasm were observed during percutaneous coronary intervention of LAD in 2 patients. Anginal attack at rest with transient ST segment elevation at V(1)-V(3) leads occurred 24 hours after LAD stenting in 1 patient. Follow-up coronary angiography showed significant in-stent restenosis or focal edge restenosis (diameter stenosis more than 50%) in 3 patients (42.9%), mild neointimal proliferation but without significant restenosis in 2 patients (28.6%), and no neointimal proliferation in 2 patients (28.6%). During clinical follow-up of 17 to 50 months after percutaneous coronary intervention, 2 patients (28.6%) remained asymptomatic, while effort angina and/or rest angina was documented in the remaining 5 patients (71.4%).Our results from this small patient cohort suggest that drug eluting stent implantation for severe organic stenosis in patients with vasospastic angina is linked with high incidence of restenosis and recurrent chest pain. Further observation in larger patient cohort is warranted to clarify the efficacy of this strategy for treating vasospastic angina patients with severe organic stenosis.

To analyze the clinical and angiographic characteristics of patients with slow coronary flow (SCF).In this retrospective study, 140 patients with SCF and 140 control subjects without SCF were included. SCF were diagnosed by the combination of TIMI flow grade method and TIMI frame count method. All subjects had angiographically normal coronary arteries. The clinical and laboratory data were obtained from medical records at admission.Compared to control group, patients with SCF were younger [(57.8 +/- 10.7) years vs. (59.8 +/- 8.2) years], rate of smokers (59.3% vs. 46.4%) and diabetes mellitus (49.3% vs. 30.7%), fasting blood glucose (FBG) level [(7.8 +/- 2.8) mmol/L vs. (6.2 +/- 2.0) mmol/L, P0.05] and triglyceride (TG) level [(2.11 +/- 1.93) mmol/L vs. (1.67 +/- 1.01) mmol/L, P0.05] were higher, while high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) level [(1.05 +/- 0.35) mmol/L vs. (1.42 +/- 0.74) mmol/L, P0.01] and apolipoprotein A1 (apoA1) level [(1.10 +/- 0.19) mmol/L vs. (1.31 +/- 0.31) mmol/L, P0.01] were lower. Among the 140 SCF patients, left anterior descending artery (LAD), left circumflex artery (LCX) and right coronary artery (RCA) were involved at the same time in 92 patients. Among the three vessels, RCA is the most frequent involved vessel (n = 119). After adjusting for other risk factors, current smoking (OR = 1.92, 95% CI: 1.04 - 3.57, P0.05), DM history (OR = 2.44, 95% CI:1.32-4.76, P0.01), FBG (OR = 2.13, 95% CI:1.16-3.98, P0.05), TG (OR = 1.47, 95% CI:1.03-2.13, P0.05), HDL-C (OR = 0.47, 95% CI:0.24-0.85, P0.05) and apoA1 (OR = 0.55, 95% CI:0.40 - 0.75, P0.01) were independent factors for SCF (all P0.05).Our results demonstrated that patients with SCF were prone to have a significant metabolic disorder compared to the control group. Patients with high levels of FBG, TG and low levels of HDL-C were more likely to suffer from SCF, which maybe explained by the development of coronary endothelium and microvascular dysfunction.

The Firebird 2(TM) sirolimus-eluting stent (Firebird 2 stent) is a second-generation sirolimus-eluting stent which has a cobalt-chromium alloy stent platform, a brand new bracket structure, and two layers of styrene-butylenes-styrene polymer coatings with better biocompatibility. The Firebird 2(TM) cObalt-Chromium alloy sirolimus-elUting Stent registry (FOCUS registry) aimed to evaluate the safety and efficacy of the Firebird 2 stent in patients with coronary artery disease in daily practice.The FOCUS registry is a prospective, non-randomized, international multi-center, single-arm clinical registry. Between March 2009 and February 2010, 5084 patients receiving at least 1 Firebird 2 stent during daily clinical practice at 83 medical centers were enrolled.Of the 5084 patients enrolled in the registry, 5077 and 5058 were respectively available for 30 days and 6 months follow-up. The 30-day rate of major adverse cardiac events (MACE) was 1.20%, including 13 cardiac deaths, 46 non-fatal myocardial infarction (MI), and 6 target vessel revascularization (TVR). At 6 months follow-up, the rate of MACE was 1.80%. There were 32 cardiac deaths, 48 non-fatal MI, and 15 TVR. According to the Academic Research Consortium definition, definite/probable stent thrombosis (ST) occurred in 0.43% (22/5058) of patients, including 8 cases of acute ST, 11 subacute ST, and 3 late ST.The Firebird 2 stent showed the promising efficacy and safety at 30 days and 6 months in a real-world population of patients with coronary artery diseases.

To evaluate the in-hospital outcome and determinants relating to success rate of percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) for patients with chronic total occlusion (CTO) using contemporary techniques.A total of 1485 patients with total occluded coronary artery were identified from January 2004 to December 2008 in Zhongshan hospital. Of them, 638 patients were affirmed as CTO and 447 patients underwent PCI. The clinical data and the in-hospital outcome of patients underwent PCI were retrospectively analyzed.Procedure success was achieved in 382 patients (85.5%). Coronary perforation (C-F type dissection or coronary perforation) occurred in 27 patients (6.0%), cardiac tamponade developed in 6 out of the 27 patients, 2 patients (0.4%) received in-hospital repeat revascularization. Two patients (0.4%) died post PCI: one died of acute stent thrombosis and the other one died of refractory heart and respiratory failure.Compared with patients of successful recanalization, patients failure to recanalization were more aged [(62.9 ± 10.4)years vs. (65.9 ± 9.9) years, P0.05] and excessive tortuosity (16.2% vs. 38.5%, P0.01), absence stump (47.1% vs. 80.0%, P0.01) and excessive calcification (36.9% vs. 72.3%, P0.01) were more common. Multiple logistic regression analysis revealed that excessive calcification (OR: 3.866, P0.01), absence stump (OR: 3.346, P0.05) and excessive tortuosity (OR: 3.055, P0.01) were independent predictors for the procedural failure.PCI for patients with CTO is safe and effective. Apart from progress on the equipment development, procedural success rates are closely related with the clinical and angiographic features of CTO.

To evaluate the components and characteristics of coronary atherosclerotic plaques in type 2 diabetic patients using virtual histology intravascular ultrasound (VH-IVUS).In vivo atherosclerotic plaques (over 50% angiographic diameter stenosis) of the three main coronary arteries were analyzed by gray-scaled IVUS with planar and volumetric VH-IVUS in consecutive patients examined between September 2008 and March 2009. Patients were divided into two groups: diabetic mellitus (DM) group with 22 patients (39 lesions) and non-DM group with 46 patients (69 lesions).At the minimal lumen area (MLA) site, the percentage of NC (necrotic core) area (19.4% +/- 1.2% vs. 15.1% +/- 1.1%, P = 0.015) and dense calcium (DC) area (15.2% +/- 1.6% vs. 10.7% +/- 1.1%, P = 0.016) were significantly larger while fibrotic tissue (FT) area (56.7% +/- 2.3% vs. 64.8% +/- 1.8%, P = 0.007) was smaller in DM group than in non-DM group. Likewise, volumetric VH-IVUS analysis showed that the percentage of NC volume (21.3% +/- 1.3% vs. 16.5% +/- 1.1%, P = 0.008) and DC volume (16.6% +/- 1.4% vs. 11.3% +/- 1.1%, P = 0.003) were significantly larger while FT volume (55.1% +/- 2.1% vs. 63.9% +/- 1.8%, P = 0.003) was significantly smaller in DM group than in non-DM group. Moreover, significantly higher incidence of VH-TCFA (thin-cap fibro atheromas) was evidenced in the DM group than in the non-DM group (69.2% vs. 42.0%, P = 0.009). However, the remodeling index and the positive remodeling frequency were similar between the 2 groups.Incidence of necrotic core, dense calcium plaque and vulnerable plaques in stenotic lesions was higher in DM patients than in non-DM patients.

There are few reports of quantitative and qualitative measuring of left main coronary artery (LMCA) plaques by multislice computed tomography coronary angiography (MSCTA), especially when compared with intravascular ultrasound (IVUS) as reference standard. The aim of this study was to evaluate the use of 64-MSCTA in the diagnosis of LMCA disease, and the accuracy of MSCTA in the quantitative and qualitative assessment of the LMCA lesion as compared with IVUS.A total of 91 patients (53 men, 38 women, mean age (64.78 +/- 9.19) years) were examined by 64-MSCTA and IVUS. Compared with the IVUS, the sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values (PPV and NPV) of the MSCTA on the diagnosis of LMCA diseases were calculated. Also, kappa index (kappa) for the agreement between MSCTA and IVUS was calculated. Minimal lumen area (MLA), external elastic membrane cross-sectional area (EEM-CSA) and plaque burden were measured by two blinded and independent operators on MSCTA cross-sectional reconstruction and compared with the parameters measured from IVUS by manually tracing. The CT value of soft, fibrous and calcific plaques was measured using IVUS classification of the plaques.The sensitivity, specificity, PPV and NPV of MSCTA for detecting LMCA plaques were 93.1%, 84.2%, 95.7%, 76.2%, respectively. Kappa index (kappa = 0.744, P0.001) indicated excellent agreement between MSCTA and IVUS. The Pearson index between MLA on IVUS and MLA on MSCTA was 0.815 (P0.01). The Pearson index of plaque burden and EEM-CSA between IVUS and MSCTA was 0.736 and 0.740 respectively (both P0.01). The CT value of soft plaque, fibrous plaque and calcific plaque compared with IVUS were (52.52 +/- 15.71) HU, (108.32 +/- 43.44) HU and (604.16 +/- 377.67) HU (P0.001). Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis of CT value of non-calcific plaques for predicting soft plaques showed the cutpoint was 54.35 HU, with a sensitivity of 83.3% and specificity of 94.4%.Sixty-four section MSCTA is an effective diagnostic tool for the detection of LMCA plaques with higher sensitivity and specificity. The correlation of quantitative and qualitative analysis between MSCTA and IVUS was excellent. The CT value of plaques can help the diagnosis of plaque composition.

The success rate of antegrade approach for chronic total occlusions (CTO) recanalization has not dramatically increased, especially in complex CTO subset. The retrograde technique may hold great promise. This report aimed to describe our experience of retrograde recanalization for CTO, focusing on its safety and feasibility.We identified 42 patients who underwent revascularization in CTO with retrograde approach from July 2005 to November 2009 in our center.Three kinds of strategy were applied: retrograde as primary strategy (50.0%), retrograde immediately after antegrade failure (26.2%) and repeat procedure after previous antegrade failure (23.8%). Septal collaterals were more frequently used as the retrograde access route (92.9%). Overall success rate was 88.1%. In patients with successful retrograde wire crossing collateral channel to the distal cap of CTO, the success rate of recanalization was 94.1%. In patient with failure to cross the collaterals, the success rate was 62.5%. Eight different kinds of retrograde techniques were used: kissing wire technique (35.3%), wire trapped and reverse wire trapped technique (17.6%), back-end balloon and microcatheter reversal technique (14.7%), controlled antegrade and retrograde subintimal tracking (CART) technique (8.8%), reverse CART and modified reverse CART technique (8.8%), retrograde wire crossing technique (2.9%). There were 4 complications occurred without in-hospital major adverse cardiac events (MACE). In-hospital MACE was 7.7%. All of them were non-Q wave myocardial infarction. There were no cases of death or target vessel revascularization, either surgery or percutaneous.The retrograde approach can be an effective tool for increasing the success rate of recanalization in the very complex CTO. To ensure the success and safety of the approach, careful case selection and device handling by experienced operators is essential.

To identify underlying mechanical risk factors of that developed in-stent restenosis (ISR) or early stent thrombosis in sirolimus-eluting stent (SES)-treated lesions using intravascular ultrasound (IVUS).IVUS were performed in 60 (ISR, n = 43; early stent thrombosis, n = 17) patients (event group) and in 34 patients without ISR and early stent thrombosis (no-event group) underwent SES implantations.Compared with the no-event group, minimum stent area [MSA, (4.6 +/- 1.6) mm(2) vs. (5.8 +/- 1.6) mm(2), P0.01], minimum stent diameter [(2.2 +/- 0.5) mm vs. (2.5 +/- 0.4) mm, P0.01], and stent expansion [(69.2 +/- 20.7)% vs. (80.6 +/- 17.2)%, P0.01] were significantly smaller, and longitudinal stent symmetry index (MSA/maximum stent area, 2.0 +/- 0.6 vs. 1.7 +/- 0.6, P0.05) was significantly larger in the event group. Incidence of MSA4.0 mm(2) (43.3% vs. 14.7%, P0.01) and stent expansion60% (40.7% vs. 11.8%, P0.01) were more frequent in the event group than that in no-event group. Furthermore, proximal residual plaque burden was significantly higher compared to the no-event group [(49.0 +/- 15.5)% vs. (38.4 +/- 17.6)%, P0.01]. Independent predictors of post SES ISR or early thrombosis were MSA (OR:0.7, 95%CI:0.5 - 0.8, P0.01) and proximal residual plaque burden (OR: 280.7, 95%CI: 17.2 - 40 583.6, P0.01).Smaller MSA and higher proximal residual plaque burden are independent predictors of ISR or early thrombosis post SES implantations.

Aims We sought to determine whether repeat administration of bone marrow mononuclear cells (BMC) can improve left ventricular function compared with a single infusion in patients with large acute myocardial infarction (AMI). Methods and results Thirty-nine patients with a ST-elevation AMI of the anterior wall and a significantly decreased left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF 20–39%) were randomly assigned to three groups following primary percutaneous coronary intervention: Group A (n = 12) received a single intracoronary infusion of BMC (1.9 ± 1.2 × 108) at 3–7 days after AMI; Group B (n = 15) received BMC administration both at 3–7 days (2.0 ± 1.4 × 108) and at 3 months (2.1 ± 1.7 × 108); and the control group (CON, n = 12) received one placebo injection at 3–7 days. We noted no severe complications associated with the BMC transfer. The increase in LVEF evaluated by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) after 12 months in Group B (11.7 ± 2.6%) was significantly greater than that in Group A (7.2 ± 1.6%, P < 0.001) or in CON (2.9 ± 2.0%, P < 0.001). Magnetic resonance imaging-derived myocardial infarct size decreased significantly in Group B compared with Group A (11.3 ± 2.7% vs. 6.3 ± 1.6%, P < 0.001). Conclusion Data from this preliminary study suggest that repeated BMC administration might be a safe and feasible therapeutic strategy for patients with large AMI.

Large discrepancy of the incidence of myocardial bridging (MB) has been reported either among the postmortem studies or among the studies with coronary angiogram. This study was to investigate the prevalence of MB in large number of coronary angiograms and the angiographic characteristics of MB.A total of 5525 consecutive patients who underwent first diagnostic coronary angiography from January 2003 to March 2006 in Zhongshan Hospital were enrolled in this study. MB was diagnosed when the angiographical "milking effect", defined as the systolic compression and complete or partly release of the compression in diastole, was seen in the epicardial coronary arteries. Angiography was routinely repeated after intracoronary injection of 200 microg nitroglycerin. The systolic compression and length of MB were compared before and after the administration of nitroglycerin and also before and after stent implantation in patients with significant stenosis in segment proximal to the MB.Among 5525 patients, MBs were found in a total of 888 patients angiographically with the prevalence of 16.1%. Atherosclerotic lesions were found more often in the segment proximal to the MB with 344/854 (40.3%) patients than in the segment distal to the MB with 47/854 (5.5%) (P0.01). The systolic compression ((43.3 +/- 13.7)% at baseline vs (54.2 +/- 14.0)% after nitroglycerine) and the average length ((20.9 +/- 7.5) mm at baseline vs (22.7 +/- 8.0) mm after nitroglycerine) of the MB segment were increased after intracoronary injection of nitroglycerin (both P0.01). Stent implantation was performed in 88 patients with significant stenosis in the segment proximal to the MB. The systolic compression and the length of the MB segment were increased after stenting compared with those before stenting (systolic compression, (49.4 +/- 14.6)% at baseline vs (57.3 +/- 12.3)% after stenting, and length of MB, (19.5 +/- 6.1) mm at baseline vs (21.8 +/- 6.3) mm after stenting, P0.01).MB was a frequent finding in coronary angiogram with an incidence of 16.1%. Intracoronary administration of nitroglycerin and stent implantation in the segment proximal to the MB could enhance the systolic compression and the length of the MB angiographically.

We aimed to assess and compare the morphological characteristics of ostial and non-ostial left main coronary artery (LMCA) lesion without heavy calcification using intravascular ultrasound (IVUS) imaging.Between Oct. 2004 and Oct. 2007, 153 patients with confirmed or suspected coronary artery narrowing in coronary angiography with satisfactory IVUS images and non-heavy calcification were included in the study (ostial lesions, n = 47; non-ostial lesion, n = 106). IVUS analysis included plaque composition, external elastic membrane (EEM), lumen, plaque cross-sectional area (CSA), plaque burden (plaque CSA/EEM CSA) at the lesion, proximal and/or distal reference site, and remodeling index (RI, lesion EEM CSA/reference EEM CSA). Negative remodeling was defined as RI0.95.LMCA mean reference lumen and vessel diameter was 4.1 +/- 0.8 mm and 5.3 +/- 0.8 mm respectively. Incidence of patients with minimum lumen area (MLA6.0 mm(2)) was similar between the two groups (29.5% for ostial lesions and 31.9% for non-ostial lesions, P = 0.87). There were significantly more fibrous (70.2% vs. 35.8%) and soft (8.5% vs. 3.8%) plaques while significantly less calcified plaque (19.2% vs. 43.4%) in patients with hostile lesions compared those with non-ostial lesions (all P0.05). Compared to non-ostial lesions, ostial lesion had significant smaller plaque area [(10.8 +/- 4.5) mm(2) vs. (13.3 +/- 5.4) mm(2), P = 0.007], less plaque burden (54.8% +/- 15.9% vs. 61.9% +/- 14.5%, P = 0.020), smaller RI (0.9 +/- 0.2 vs. 1.0 +/- 0.2, P = 0.000) and higher incidence of negative remodeling (74.5% vs. 34.9%, P = 0.000). Multivariant Logistic regression analysis showed that the site of lesion (ostial or non-ostial lesion, OR = 4.9, P = 0.004), plaque area (OR = 1.2, P = 0.01) and plaque burden (OR = 0.003, P = 0.000) were the independent predictors of LMCA remodeling.Negative remodeling might be responsible for the development of LMCA ostial narrowing.

Recently, the use of sirolimus-eluting stents (SES) has been demonstrated to significantly reduce the rate of adverse events among selected patients with ST-segment elevation acute myocardial infarction (STEMI). We present real-world experience from a single center registry evaluating the safety and efficacy of primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) in unselected patients with STEMI using SES. Clinical outcome at 300-day follow-up in two cohorts of 225 consecutive patients who underwent bare metal stent (BMS) (January 2004 - February 2005, n = 123) or SES (March 2005 - December 2006, n = 102) implantation was examined. The primary endpoint was a composite of major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE: death, nonfatal reinfarction, and target vessel revascularization [TVR]). The incidence of short-term MACE was similar between the SES group and BMS group (30-day rate of MACE: 4.9% versus 8.9%, P = 0.30). Angiographically documented stent thrombosis within 30 days after primary PCI was not diagnosed in any patient in the SES group and occurred in 1 patient treated with BMS (0 versus 0.8%, P = 1.0). At 300 days, SES implantation significantly reduced the incidence of MACE (7.8% versus 22.8%, hazard ratio [HR] 0.32 [95% confidence interval (CI) 0.15 to 0.71], P = 0.005), mainly due to a marked reduction in the risk of TVR (1.0% versus 17.1%, HR 0.05 [95% CI 0.01 to 0.39], P < 0.001). There was no new onset of documented stent thrombosis between 30 and 300 days in either group. Thus, this real-world registry confirmed the safety and efficacy of SES with remarkably lower rates of TVR and MACE in the setting of primary PCI for unselected patients with STEMI in a real-world scenario.

To assess the efficiency of eluting stent coated with arsenic trioxide (As(2)O(3)) suspended in poly-L-lactic acid (PLLA) to prevent in-stent restenosis in rabbits.Forty-five male New Zealand white rabbits were assigned to three groups (n = 15 for each group) at random: uncoated stents, stents coated with PLLA or stents coated with As(2)O(3) in PLLA. Animals were euthanized 28 days after stent implantation into the iliac arteries of rabbits. Neointimal thicknesses and apoptosis of vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) were measured. Stents coated with As(2)O(3) in PLLA were implanted in another 48 male New Zealand white rabbits, As(2)O(3) concentrations in serum and arterial tissue at implantation site were measured at 2 h and 1, 3, 7, 14, 28 days after As(2)O(3) eluting stent implantation (n = 8 for each time point).Neointimal hyperplasia was significantly reduced 51% and 31% and apoptosis significantly increased (21.0 +/- 3.3; 6.2 +/- 1.9(*); 5.3 +/- 2.1(*), (*)P0.01 vs. As(2)O(3) eluting stent) with As(2)O(3) eluting stent, versus PLLA-coated stents and uncoated stents. As(2)O(3) concentrations in arterial tissue at implantation site were 18.6 +/- 9.1 (ng/mg) at 1 day and 0.3 +/- 0.1 (ng/mg) at 28 days after stent implantation.As(2)O(3) coated stents released As(2)O(3) to local tissue for at least 28 days, suppressed neointimal hyperplasia in rabbit iliac arteries and increased local VSMC apoptosis might be one of the mechanisms for inhibiting restenosis by As(2)O(3) coated stents.

To evaluate the role of contrast-enhancement magnetic resonance imaging (CeMRI) in patients with myocardial infarction (MI).There were twenty-three patients enrolled in this study. After dynamic observation, there were 20 patients who were diagnosed as MI. All those patients underwent coronary artery angiography and CeMRI. MRI was performed with a 1.5-T magnet (AVANTO, SIMENS). After tagged images were acquired, the patients received an intravenous bolus of 0.1 mmol/kg Gd-DTPA at a rate of 5 ml/s. A first-pass perfusion scan was acquired simultaneously with a bolus injection. A second bolus of 0.3 mmol/kg Gd-DTPA was given following the first-pass images. Delayed images were acquired 5 minutes after the second bolus by using an inversion-recovery prepared gated fast-gradient echo-pulse sequence.Hypoenhancement was seen in 20 patients at the first-pass perfusion at the myocardial infarction site, while hyperenhancement was seen at delayed CeMRI. Myocardial infarction area in delayed CeMRI was 16.58% +/- 9.73%, which was correlated positively with peak CK and cTnT (r = 0.821, P0.01 and r = 0.565, P0.05), respectively. The ejection fraction (EF) detected by MRI was 0.46 +/- 0.13, while the left ventricular EF (LVEF) detected by left ventriculography was 0.49 +/- 0.16. There was no difference between two parameters.CeMRI may play an important role in the diagnosis and prognosis of patients with MI.

During progression of atherosclerosis, the vessel may develop either positive or negative remodeling. The pathophysiology of vascular remodeling is not fully understood. This study investigated the relationship between plaque characteristics and arterial remodeling using intravascular ultrasound imaging (IVUS).A total of 77 patients (male 53, mean age 58 +/- 10 years) who underwent IVUS imaging (ClearView or Galaxy2, Boston Scientific, USA) of culprit vessel were enrolled in this study. Among the 77 patients, 31 presented with stable angina pectoris and 46 presented with acute coronary syndrome. Qualitative assessment of the lesion and quantitative measurement were performed in both stenotic and reference segments. The lesions were classified into soft plaque and hard plaque (including fibrous plaque, calcified plaque and mixed plaque) according to different ultrasound patterns of tissue reflection. The remodeling index (RI) was defined as the ratio of vessel cross sectional area (EEMcsa) of lesion segment to the mean reference EEMcsa. Positive remodeling was defined as RI1.0 and negative remodeling as RI1.0.Of 77 lesions, 45 (58%) had undergone positive remodeling, and 32 (42%) had negative remodeling. In comparison to the patients with negative remodeling, patients with positive remodeling presented with more acute coronary syndrome (74% vs. 43%, P = 0.006). Both the plaque area and the vessel area were significantly larger in the lesion with positive remodeling than in lesion with negative remodeling. The lesions with positive remodeling were predominantly soft (71% vs. 34%, P = 0.001) and had less calcification [21% vs. 54%, P = 0.003 and (18 +/- 37) degrees vs. (40 +/- 50) degrees, P = 0.027] compared with lesions with negative remodeling. The difference of clinical presentation and plaque characteristics between the patients with different patterns of remodeling is still significant with binary logistic analysis.Coronary arterial remodeling pattern is related to the clinical manifestation and the composition of plaque. Lesions presented with positive remodeling have a higher prevalence of soft plaque and less calcification.

This paper explained the working method of the quadrupole mass spectrometer array and its features of volume, weight, power, sensitivity to many kinds of gases as well as flexibility when used together with a miniature gas chromatograph (GC) and a thermal-conductivity detector (TCD). Three types of structure formed in its development are also described. Finally, the applications of the quadrupole mass spectrometer array in the field of manned spaceflight were summarized.