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Colored wheat has been recognized broadly for its nutritional value because of its natural content of the colorant anthocyanin. To investigate the reasons for the formation of the wheat grain color at maturity, metabolomic and transcriptomic analyses were performed on three different grain colors of wheat. Through metabolome analysis, 628 metabolites were identified. Of the 102 flavonoids, there are 9 kinds of anthocyanins related to color formation, mainly cyanidin and peonidin, and their metabolite content was the lowest in white-grain wheat. Among the genes associated with color formation, the structural gene TraesCS2D02G392900 in F3H with the bHLH transcription factor could elucidate the origin of wheat coloration. Multi-omics analysis showed that color formation is mainly influenced by the regulation of genes affecting anthocyanin and related synthesis. The results of this study may provide a theoretical basis for grain color formation at maturity and the nutritional and product development potential of colored wheat lines.

Water vapor temperatures in a heating device were measured by ultra-low sampled and high-precision tunable diode laser spectroscopy (TDLAS) Bichromatic distributed feedback (DFB) lasers were used as light sources. Sampled data at an ultra-low rate was collected after laser passing through a low-pass filter and served as the inputs of an artificial neural network. Classical direct absorption spectroscopy using the line-shape fitting method provided the training dataset, i.e., the integrated absorbances. The proposed method required an ultra-low sampling rate, i.e., only 1/50 of the classical method, but its calculation speed was nearly 14,000 times faster. Also, the proposed method yielded satisfying estimates at temperatures uncovered by the training dataset and was insensitive to random noises.

A precise phase modulation and demodulation method was proposed to retrieve temperature distributions in axisymmetric flames by using a single-wavelength large lateral shearing interferometer. A spatial light modulator (SLM) was employed to vary the phases in each pixel continuously in the flame-phase measurement. The uniqueness of the phase extraction was mathematically proved for the first time, and a least square method was applied to recover the profile of flame phase in the interferometer. The ambiguity of the phases at different cycles of $2\pi $ was eliminated. The phase shift at each pixel was uniquely determined and verified by using simulated data. Further, precise-phase distributions were utilized to retrieve the temperature distribution in a laminar flame. In actual experiments, four axisymmetric laminar flames from diffused to premixed flames were generated by using a Bunsen burner. Profiles of temperature distribution in the flames were extracted and agreed well with the results scanned by using a thermocouple. With the increase of airflow rate, the position of high-temperature zone was observed moving down, and the thermal structure of the premixed flame became more and more obvious. The preheating zone, reaction front, and reaction zone inside the flames were clearly captured.

Despite the promising progress made in recent years, person re-identification (Re-ID) remains a challenging task due to the intra-class variations. Most of the current studies used the traditional Softmax loss for solutions, but its discriminative capability encounters a bottleneck. Therefore, how to improve person Re-ID performance is still a challenging task. To address this problem, we proposed a novel loss function, namely additive distance constraint with similar labels loss (ADCSLL). Specifically, we reformulated the Softmax loss by adding a distance constraint to the ground truth label, based on which similar labels were introduced to enhance the learned features to be much more stable and centralized. Experimental evaluations were conducted on two popular datasets (Market-1501 and DukeMTMC-reID) to examine the effectiveness of our proposed method. The results showed that our proposed ADCSLL was more discriminative than most of the other compared state-of-the-art methods. The rank-1 accuracy and the mAP on Market-1501 were 95.0% and 87.0%, respectively. The numbers were 88.6% and 77.2% on DukeMTMC-reID, respectively.

Effectively detecting road objects in various environments would significantly improve driving safety for autonomous vehicles. However, small objects, low illumination, and blurred outline in images strongly limit the performance of current road object detection methods. To solve these problems, this paper proposed a novel deep learning anchor-free approach based on CenterNet. The atrous spatial pyramid pooling (ASPP) was used to extract features from multiple scales to improve the detection performance while not increasing the computational cost and the number of parameters. The space to depth algorithm was then adopted in our proposed approach to optimize the traditional downsampling process. A large-scale naturalistic driving dataset (BDD100K) was used to examined the effectiveness of our proposed approach. The experimental results show that our proposed approach can effectively improve the detection performance on small objects in various traffic situations.

Background Morbidity from urinary tract infection (UTI) is high. Urine culture is the reference method for UTI diagnosis. Its diagnostic yield is limited as prior antibiotic use prevents growth of established uropathogens, many emerging uropathogens do not grow under routine culture conditions, and results interpretation can be subjective. Faster, more comprehensive diagnostics could help manage recurrent and/or drug-resistant infections. We evaluated the diagnostic yield of a precision metagenomic (PM) workflow for pathogen detection & antimicrobial resistance (AMR) characterization directly from urine. Methods Residual urine samples from symptomatic adults evaluated by culture & susceptibility were identified by a combination of consecutive & stratified random sampling (n=480; 79% culture positive). DNA was extracted with modifications to the Quick-DNA Urine Kit (Zymo). Libraries were generated with Illumina DNA Prep with Enrichment for clinically relevant targets (191 pathogens, 1976 AMR markers) with the Explify Urinary ID/AMR Panel (UPIP, IDbyDNA). Enriched libraries were sequenced on the NextSeq550 (Illumina) and data analyzed with the Explify UPIP Data Analysis Solution (IDbyDNA). Results For bacterial uropathogens, 94% positive agreement was observed between this PM workflow and culture. PM detected fastidious and/or anaerobic potential uropathogens in 30% and 7% of samples reported as culture-negative or positive for other bacteria, respectively. Total agreement between AMR marker detection and phenotypic resistance was 78%. Notably, PM predicted phenotypes of ESBL E. coli and K. pneumoniae (10/10), MRSA (9/9), and vancomycin-resistant E. faecium (4/5). PM also detected pathogens associated with sexually-transmitted infection (C. trachomatis, HSV) and bacterial vaginosis (G. vaginalis). PM produced complete results within 24-36 hours of sample receipt (vs culture & susceptibility: 42-72 hrs). Conclusion The sensitivity of PM for uropathogen detection was noninferior to culture (Δ = 0.05; Nam RMLE; p < 0.0005). PM predicted antimicrobial resistance phenotypes for common uropathogens and identified potential pathogens not detected by conventional culture. Future studies should assess the impact of PM-guided management on clinical outcomes. Disclosures Rita C. Stinnett, PhD, MHS, IDbyDNA (Employee) Marta Mangifesta, PhD, IDbyDNA (Employee) Anagha Kadam, PhD, IDbyDNA (Employee) Heng Xie, PhD, IDbyDNA (Employee) Stacie Stauffer, BS, IDbyDNA (Employee) Jamie Lemon, PhD, D(ABMM), IDbyDNA (Employee) Benjamin Briggs, MD, PhD, IDbyDNA (Employee) Lauge Farnaes, MD, PhD, Cardea Bio (Advisor or Review Panel member)IDbyDNA (Employee) Robert Schlaberg, MD, MPH, IDbyDNA (Consultant, Shareholder, Co-founder)

Jing-Jin-Ji as one of the most serious water shortage areas in China, improving the green efficiency of water resources is the only way to solve the contradiction between supply and demand of water resources and realize the harmonious development of economy, society and ecology. Based on the Super-SBM model and geographical detector model, this paper measures the green water resources efficiency of Jing-Jin-Ji from 2008 to 2018, and analyzes the spatial and temporal differentiation. The result shows that:The efficiency of green water resources in Jing-Jin-Ji fluctuates in an unstable state, and does not reach the DEA effective state, and there is a big gap between the maximum and minimum efficiency of urban agglomeration.

This paper design a path planning smart car system based on STM32. It can use MPU6050 module to adjust the direction of route and the angle of the turning. Moreover, We use infrared modules and obstacle avoidance algorithms to complete the obstacle avoidance function, and the robot can move along a U-shaped trajectory. While the Wi-Fi module is used as communication to transmit data to the App developed on the Android platform, so as to control the moving distance of the car. We build the software system and the hardware system to test the control algorithm and the ability of avoiding obstacle. The robot runs 20 meters at a speed of 0.3m/s, and it is obtained that its yaw offset is about 1.3 degrees, and its trajectory offset is about 5cm. The results show that the robot can avoid obstacles on the ground and has certain stability, which provides a reference for the further development of a more intelligent robot car.

The sweeping robots used to clean the floor by random collision and infrared detection, which is inefficient and time-consuming. The path of those robots is disorder and some area may be cleaned for several times. Due to the fact that the robot needs to avoid the obstacles on their path, it may cause low coverage problem. A elastic path planning algorithm based on U-shaped trajectory is designed to allow the robot to fit int the indoor environment. The robot can change the length of the trajectory to avoid collision. Instead of using obstacle-avoidance algorithm, a kind of smart algorithm is designed to recover the area that is left due to the obstacle-avoidance. In addition, to prevent the robot from cleaning the area that has been cleaned before, a mechanism is built to allow the robot to memory the cleaned area. In practice, after being tested by the experiments, the coverage rate of the robot can reach 94.61 %, which is more than the robots that use random cleaning mode, and the robot uses less electricity compared with the conventional ones.

We discuss a connection between coherent duality and Verdier duality via a Gersten-type complex of sheaves on real schemes, and show that this construction gives a dualizing object in the derived category, which is compatible with the exceptional inverse image functor $f^!$. The hypercohomology of this complex coincides with hypercohomology of the sheafified Gersten-Witt complex, which in some cases can be related to topological or semialgebraic Borel-Moore homology.

In this paper, an iterative algorithm is proposed to retrieve the particle-size distributions via Fraunhofer diffraction. A dual integral inversion was proposed in our previous work, the inversion is robust and generates precise particle sizing, if the diffraction pattern can be accurately captured. In real applications, the pattern can only be partially detected, and the inversion fails to reconstruct the size distributions in detail. However, the results of the inversion can be used to produce an initial estimate. Then, a simulated diffraction pattern was generated from the estimated particle sizes. The deviation between the measured pattern and the simulated one was deduced to correct the results of particle sizing. The corrections can be achieved in an iterative approach, and the particle-size distribution was updated subsequently. The iteration stopped once the deviation was below the target value. Both simulation and experiment were conducted to validate the feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed algorithm. The results demonstrate that the size distribution from the proposed algorithm agrees well with the original phantoms for both noise-free and noise-contaminated data.

In this paper, a particle sizing method using a digital micro-mirror device (DMD) and a single photodiode was proposed. Firstly, the Fraunhofer diffraction pattern was projected onto the DMD. The integral intensity of the pattern along each line array of the DMD, referred to be a projection, was captured by the photodiode line by line at the aid of a focusing lens. Secondly, the inverse Abel transform was implemented to precisely retrieve the diffraction pattern from the projections. Thirdly, the particle size distribution was reconstructed from the diffraction pattern from the integral inversion. In addition, as only one photodiode was employed, distortions caused by the non-uniformity of multiple detectors were avoided. The center of Fraunhofer diffraction pattern could be automatically located by a hierarchical searching method. Experiments were carried out to validate the proposed method on a commercial particles plate and polystyrene latex spheres. The results demonstrated that the proposed method is effective to retrieve the diffraction pattern and particle sizes.

In this paper, compressive sensing (CS) was implemented to reconstruct the particle sizes in the particle sizing instrument with a digital micro-mirror device (DMD)-based detector. Different size distributions were used to compare the performance of the proposed sampling method. l1-norm-based reconstruction algorithm was implemented to retrieve the size distribution of particles. In the simulations, data contaminated by different additive noises were applied to size retrieval at several sampling rates. Experiment on a phantom was carried out in this work. The results showed that the proposed method based on CS was robust to the noises and efficient as less samplings were required.

To obtain the appropriate mechanized cutting region for banana dehanding, the methods of X-ray Computed Tomography (CT), Paraffin-embedded tissue section, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were adopted to observe the morphological and anatomical characteristics of vascular bundles of the banana crown. The results indicated that the crown can be divided into three regions, viz., the central stalk–crown transition region (CSCTR), the crown expansion region (CER), and the crown–finger transition region (CFTR). According to the obtained characteristics, the cutting mechanical properties are found to be affected by the relative angle between the vascular bundle and cutter (RAVBC) and the vascular bundle density. In CSCTR, due to the opposite change of RAVBC and density, the cutting mechanical properties become unstable and the cutting energy decreases gradually from 4.30 J to 2.57 J. While in CER, the cutting mechanical properties tend to be stable, and the cutting energy varies in a small range (2.83–2.92 J), owing to the small changes of RAVBC and density. When the vascular bundles cross from the CER to CFTR, the cutting energy increases with the increase of RAVBC and density, which varies from 3.37 to 4.84 J. Accordingly, the appropriate cutting region for dehanding, which can reduce the energy consumption and improve the cutting efficiency, is ascertained to be between CSCTR and CER.

Random vibrations were employed to pick up each monochromatic component in a continuous-wave cavity ringdown spectroscopy (CRDS) system using a bichromatic laser source. Light frequencies were selected within flat portions of an absorption profile to suppress the jitter in laser frequency during measurements. An interference effect caused by cavity length variations was suppressed by optimizing the initial fit point for each ringdown transient. The difference in exponential decay rates of two frequencies determined the gas mole fraction, and no calibration of empty cavity losses was necessary. Experiments on varying humidity were conducted, and the results agreed with the readings of a commercial hygrometer.

Olaquindox as one of the effective antimicrobial agents and growth-promoting feed additives, had been widely used in animal and fish production. However, few studies have been done to unveil its possible toxic effect and tissue injury on aquatic animal. In this study, the toxic effect and underlying mechanisms of olaquindox toxicity were investigated in common carp when feed with different doses of olaquindox for 90 days. The morbidity and mortality, pathological changes, hematology parameters, residue concentration in the tissues of common carp were assessed, hepatocyte apoptosis was detected through ultrastructural observation and flow cytometry methods. The results showed that the morbidity and mortality increased with the increasing dosages of dietary olaquindox, subchronic exposure to olaquindox caused remarkably pathological changes, including congestion and bleeding, intramuscular edema, vacuolar degeneration, degeneration and deformation in renal tubules architecture, respiratory epithelium fusion and intestinal epithelial microvilli disintegration. Besides, dietary olaquindox led to significant changes in blood biochemical parameters including red blood cell, hemoglobin, alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase, an elevated residue concentration of olaquindox was detected in liver and kidney after exposure, hepatocyte apoptosis and necrosis were observed. Moreover, insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) mRNA level in liver was higher than normal level with the dose below 25 mg/kg olaquindox and was lower than normal level with the dose above 50 mg/kg. Our results demonstrated that dietary olaquindox may pose subchronic toxicity and residue in fish organs and provided scientific data for the safe application of olaquindox in fish.

Skin-derived precursors (SKPs) are an adult stem cell source with self-renewal and multipotent differentiation. Although rodent SKPs have been discussed in detail in substantial studies, human SKPs (hSKPs) are rarely reported. Understanding the biological properties and possible mechanisms underlying hSKPs has important implications for regenerative medicine particularly clinical applications, as human-derived sources are more suitable for clinical transplantation. The finding that hSKPs derivatives, such as neural and mesodermal progeny, have both in vitro and in vivo function without any genetical modification makes hSKPs a trustable, secure, and accessible resource for cell-based therapy. Here, we provide an overview of hSKPs, describing their characteristics, originations and niches, and potential applications. A comparison between traditional and innovative culture methods used for hSKPs is also introduced. Furthermore, we discuss the challenges and the future perspectives towards the field of hSKPs. With this review, we hope to point out the current stage of hSKPs and highlight the problems that remain in this field.

In this paper, a precise phase-shift extraction method was introduced for the first time to measure the thickness distribution of transparent glass films. A spatial light modulator modulated the phases of the incident laser in a large lateral shearing interferometer. The phase shifting caused by the thickness of the films can be extracted ranging from 0 to 2π, in a recursive way suitable for real-time implementation. Incident lasers with different wavelengths were utilized to measure the spatial distribution of the thickness of the films, and they can be larger than one wavelength of the incident light. Both artificial and experimental results have verified that the resolution of the thickness measurement reaches up to 1 𝛍m.

Let k be a commutative ring containing 1/2. In this paper, we construct certain homotopy fibration sequences for Grothendieck-Witt spectra of smooth quadric hypersurfaces over k. As an application, we compute Witt groups of smooth quadric hypersurfaces over certain kinds of bases.

The transient analysis software, HTR-GTsim, is developed to simulate transient characteristics of a high temperature gas-cooled reactor helium turbine power system (HTR-10GT) of INET in Tsinghua University, which is the secondary engineering project of HTR-10. The analysis models include point reactor neutron kinetics model, one-dimensional thermodynamic reactor model, rotor dynamic blower model, counter-current heat exchanger model, quasi-static helium turbine and pressure compressor model, and so on. HTR-GTsim is verified by 3 tests of a 10 MW high temperature gas-cooled reactor (HTR-10), which are reactivity insertion test, helium flow change test and water flow change test. The simulation results of reactivity insertion test show that there is a strong self-adjusting ability for HTR-10 reactor power due to negative temperature feedback. The simulation results of helium flow change test are compared with those of the water flow change test. It is found that the disturbance induced in the latter test is significantly weaker than that in the former due to the huge heat capacity of the graphite in the core. The calculation results of HTR-GTsim are compared with the test data and simulation results of THERMIX program. Good agreement is obtained. Because of the limitation of validation, more work need to be done to verify the accuracy of HTR-GTsim to simulate a gas turbine device.

This paper addresses the problem of driving a quadrotor vehicle along a predefined 3-D trimming path. The proposed solution relies on the definition of a path-dependent error space to express the dynamic model of the vehicle, which results in linear time-invariant dynamics for the error system. The controller synthesis problem is then formulated as a linear quadratic regulator problem for LTI systems. The control strategy adopts the D-methodology integrated with the anti-windup technique in order to achieve zero static error for the integral states and to avoid actuator saturation. Experimental results where a quadrotor follows a trimming trajectory are presented to illustrate the performance of the proposed controller.

In this paper, compressive sensing was employed in pseudo-thermal ghost imaging in order to reconstruct binary-valued objects. A rotating ground glass plate illuminated by a laser beam with a wavelength of 635 nm produced a beam of pseudo-thermal light. A splitter was used to separate the beam into two, referred to as the transmitted light and the reflected light, and recorded by an equivalent photodiode and a CCD, respectively. The object was placed between the splitter and the photodiode. Total variation minimization method was used to implement the image reconstruction by applying the compressive sensing method. Experimental results show that the ghost imaging setup established can be used to obtain feasible results for binary-valued objects.

Natural convection heat transfer in a horizontally placed dry spent-fuel storage cask is numerical investigated. The commercial computational fluid dynamics (CFD) code, phoenics -3.2 is used and the laminar and turbulent model are employed. The numerical predictions obtained are compared with the experimental data reported by Nishimura et al. [J. Nucl. Sci. Technol. 33 (1996) 821]. The computational results corresponding to laminar model agree well with the experimental data, but the calculated results of turbulent model are higher. The velocity pattern and the isotherms are drawn. With the increasing of Rayleigh number, the heat transfer in the cask changes from conduction dominant mode to convection dominant mode. In the condition of Ra m =1.3×10 9 , turbulent model prevails. The convective heat transfer is so strong that almost all temperature changes take place in the region near the wall of the cask. The Rayleigh number Ra m and the Nusselt number Nu m characterized by maximum temperature difference are defined to depict the heat transfer characteristics. It is found laminar and turbulent models predict the same trend but different value. The flow patterns in the cask can be divided to three regimes. In these three regimes, modified Nusselt numbers are proportional to the 0.7, 0.25 and 0 power of the modified Rayleigh number, respectively.

Ag/TCNQ bi-layer films with different thickness were prepared on glass substrates by alternating vacuum deposition of Ag and TCNQ. The transport behavior in the film was studied using transmission spectrum to monitor the process. An ab normal accelerated transport phenomenon was observed when the film was ultra thin and a tunneling model was proposed to explain this phenomenon.

This study was aimed to analyze the BP1 binding site sequence upstream of β-globin gene in Chinese Han population, and to investigate polymorphism in the BP1 binding site upstream of β-globin gene, so as to provide the basis for exploration of relation between polymorphisms in the BP1 binding site and β-globin expression. Genomic DNA was extracted from peripheral leukocytes of 110 healthy individuals in Chinese Han population. Sequence of the BP1 binding site upstream of β-globin gene was amplified by polymerase chain reaction, the polymorphic variation in the BP1 binding site was determined by DNA sequencing. The results indicated that 2 polymorphism loci were found in the BP1 binding site upstream of β-globin gene, they were C/T at the -551 bp region and (AC)(n)(AT)(x)T(y) at the -530 bp region in Chinese Han population. Frequencies of C and T were 60.4% and 39.6% at position -551. Analysis of the (AC)(n)(AT)(x)T(y) polymorphism revealed 9 different genotypes: (AC)(2)(AT)(9)T(5), (AC)(2)(AT)(8)T(5), (AC)(2)(AT)(7)T(7), (AC)(3)(AT)(7)T(5), (AC)(2)(AT)(8)T(9), (AC)(3)(AT)(8)T(5), (AC)(2)(AT)(10)T(3), (AC)(2)(AT)(11)T(3), and (AC)(2)(AT)(7)T(5) at position -530. Frequencies of 9 (AC)(n)(AT)(x)T(y) polymorphisms were 33.2%, 29.1%, 24.1%, 5.4%, 3.2%, 1.8%, 1.4%, 0.9%, and 0.9% respectively. It is concluded that rich (AC)(n)(AT)(x)T(y) polymorphisms at the -530 bp region in the BP1 binding site upstream of β-globin gene are found in Chinese Han population. (AC)(2)(AT)(9)T(5), (AC)(2)(AT)(8)T(5), and (AC)(2)(AT)(7)T(7) are 3 major polymorphisms among Chinese Han population, and (AC)(3)(AT)(8)T(5) is a novel polymorphism at the -530 bp region. More studies should be done to explore relation between (AC)(n)(AT)(x)T(y) polymorphisms and β-globin expression.

The photocatalytic depolymerization of Dagang vacuum residue (DVR) was carried out with H2O2 over TiO2 in a photochemical reactor. Most of the organic matter in DVR was converted into oxygen-containing organic compounds. The yields of carboxylic acids, oxalates, epoxy compounds, and hydroxyl compounds from DVR oxidation are 40.6%, 36.4%, 17.86%, and 13.5%, respectively. In addition, the oxidation causes significant decrease in viscosity and chromaticity of DVR. The related reaction mechanisms are discussed according to the experimental results.

The LOCA analysis for the advanced pressurized water reactor (PWR) is very important and the methods on it are developing. There are two basic approaches for LOCA (loss of coolant accident) licensing at current. One is based on the conservative requirement of Appendix K of 10CFR50.46 of USNRC, and another is the best estimate (BE) analysis methodology which needs strict sensitivity and uncertainty analysis. The results achieved by the best estimate analysis are closer to the reality than those achieved by the conservative methodology, and the realistic BELOCA analysis in nuclear realm becomes an international trend currently although its development still meet lots of challenges. The research and design on AP1000 to be built in China and larger advanced pressurized water reactor (CAP1400 or CAP1700) as one of Chinese national science & technology major project is in progress. The reliable licensing LOCA analysis as one of the most important accident safety analysis is absolutely necessary. There are three ways to get the code applied in licensing accident analysis: the first way is developing code based on the best estimated methodology with strict uncertainty analysis, the second way is to develop new analysis code based on the conservative Appendix K, and the third way is improving the current system analysis code, which had been verified and validated by many cases, to satisfy the requirements of Appendix K. The last one may be the most feasible way for the AP1000 design with high efficiency and economic competition. Some code like RELAP5 has been used for LOCA analysis, and its results showed good agreement with the test data. RELAP is the transient thermal-hydraulic system analysis code developed by Idaho National Laboratory, in which some model and correlations are not consistent with the conservative requirements of Appendix K, so it can not be applied for licensing LOCA analysis and evaluation directly. In this paper the way to develop analysis code for LOCA license is discussed, and some areas in RELAP code needed to be modified for according with Appendix K are also described, which will be helpful for the advanced PWR design and development in China.Copyright © 2010 by ASME

In this paper, a digital micro-mirror device (DMD)-based detector is proposed for the detection of light intensity in particle-sizing instruments using Fraunhofer diffraction. The detector consists of only one photodiode, which eliminates the distortions caused by the nonuniformity of the detector arrays used in traditional instruments. The center of the diffraction pattern was accurately located to distribute the optimized arc-shaped mirror arrays for the intensity detection. Both simulated and experimental results showed that the proposed detector was superior to the classical one as it was less sensitive to noise than the detector arrays used in traditional systems.

PEN films were prepared by vacuum deposition. Their electrical bistable properties were studied under conditions of various circuit parameters.A decrease of time needed for impedance transition with increasing circuit current was observed. The film impedance showed a nonlinear characteristics and then data fitting was done for the nonlinearity. Furthermore, an energy effect was found during the transition, i.e. when the applied voltage exceeds a threshold, the energy consumption keeps invariable.

Ag/TCNQ (7,7,8,8-tetracyanoquinodimethane) bi-layer films with different thickness were prepared by physical vapor deposition method. The metal-organic complex Ag-TCNQ is formed through transport. The transport behavior in the film was studied using transmission spectrum to monitor the process. Tunneling model and non-tunneling model were established respectively based on whether the tunneling condition was met. Theoretical analysis was carried out in detail. The results of our theoretical models are in good agreement with the experiment data.

Ag/TCNQ bi-layer films with different thickness were prepared on glass substrates by alternating vacuum deposition of Ag and TCNQ. The transport behavior in the film was studied using transmission spectrum to monitor the process. An ab normal accelerated transport phenomenon was observed when the film was ultra thin and a tunneling model was proposed to explain this phenomenon.