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The dispersion principle of common used monochromators is described. The optical constructs of several kinds of reflective and horizontal imaging systems are introduced and their wavelength calibration and energy calibration methods are given. The application status of current remote sensing instruments boarding on different monochromators is illustrated, such as the applications of the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS), Solar Spectrometer (SOLSPEC), Solar Backscatter Ultraviolet Spectrometer (SBUV), Ultrariolet Ozone Vertical Profile Probe (UOVPP-SBUS) and TRUTHS task from European Space Agency (ESA) to radiation measurement, spectral calibration and absolute calibration. Finally, it discusses the possible developing trends and application prospects of space monochromators and points out that the absolute calibration system by taking the sun as the light source and combining a space monochromator with a cryogenic absolute radiometer is one of the most promising trends in the future. , 2015, Chinese Academy of Sciences. All right reserved.

COP1 (constitutive photomorphogenic 1, also known as RFWD2) is a p53-targeting E3 ubiquitin ligase containing RING-finger, coiled-coil, and WD40-repeat domains. Recent studies have identified that COP1 is overexpressed in several cancer types and that increased COP1 expression promotes cell proliferation, cell transformation, and tumor progression. In the present study, we investigated the expression and prognostic value of COP1 in primary gastric cancer. To investigate the role of the COP1 gene in primary gastric cancer pathogenesis, real-time quantitative PCR and western blotting were performed to examine COP1 expression in paired cancerous and matched adjacent noncancerous gastric tissues. The results revealed high COP1 mRNA (P=0.030) and protein (P=0.008) expression in most tumor-bearing tissues compared with the matched adjacent non-tumor tissues. The correlated protein expression analysis revealed a negative correlation between COP1 and p53 in gastric cancer samples (P=0.005, r=-0.572). Immunohistochemical staining of gastric cancer tissues from the same patient showed a high COP1 expression and a low p53 expression. To further investigate the clinicopathological and prognostic roles of COP1 expression, we performed immunohistochemical analysis of 401 paraffin-embedded gastric cancer tissue blocks. The data revealed that high COP1 expression was significantly correlated with T stage (P=0.030), M stage (P=0.048) and TNM stage (P=0.022). Consistent with these results, we found that high expression of COP1 was significantly correlated with poor survival in gastric cancer patients (PP