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BACKGROUND: To investigate the etiological characteristics and risk factors of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) urinary tract infection (UTI) and construct a corresponding nomogram to predict the probability of ESBL(+) UTI. METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed the records among patients experiencing UTI events in Chongqing Medical University Affiliated Children’s Hospital from 1994 and 2019. RESULTS: A total of 854 patients with UTI were evaluated and ESBL-producing bacteria increased significantly. Significant potential risk factors of ESBL-UTI were congenital urological abnormalities, vesicoureteral reflux, neurologic disorder, age

PurposeTo compare the safety, efficacy, and cosmetic results of single-incision scrotal orchiopexy (SISO) and traditional two-incision inguinal orchiopexy (TTIO) for primary palpable undescended testes (PUDTs) in children.Materials and MethodsA systematic literature search of all relevant studies published on PubMed, Embase, Medline, Cochrane Library, Web of Science database, and Wanfang data until July 2021 was conducted. The operative time, hospitalization duration, conversion rate, wound infection or dehiscence, scrotal hematoma or swelling, testicular atrophy, reascent, hernia or hydrocele, analgesics needs, and cosmetic results were compared between SISO and TTIO using the Mantel–Haenszel or inverse-variance method.ResultsA total of 17 studies involving 2,627 children (1,362 SISOs and 1,265 TTIOs) were included in the final analysis. The conversion rate of SISO was 3.6%. The SISO approach had a statistically significant shorter operative time than the TTIO approach for PUDT (weighted mean difference−11.96, 95% confidence interval −14.33 to −9.59, I2 = 79%, P < 0.00001) and a shorter hospital stay (weighted mean difference−1.05, 95% confidence interval −2.07 to −0.03, P = 0.04). SISO needed fewer analgesics and had better cosmetic results than TTIO. SISO had a similar total, short-term, or long-term complication rate with TTIO.ConclusionCompared with TTIO, SISO has the advantages of shorter operative time, shorter hospitalization duration, less postoperative pain, and better cosmetic appealing results. SISO is a safe, effective, promising, and potential minimal invasive surgical approach for PUDT. SISO is an alternative to TTIO in selected cryptorchid patients, especially for lower positioned ones.Systematic Review Registrationhttps://www.crd.york.ac.uk/PROSPERO/, identifier: CRD42021268562.

Summary Read-across, i.e. filling toxicological data gaps by relating to similar chemicals, for which test data are available, is usually done based on chemical similarity. Besides structure and physico-chemical properties, however, biological similarity based on biological data adds extra strength to this process. In the context of developing Good Read-Across Practice guidance, a number of case studies were evaluated to demonstrate the use of biological data to enrich read-across. In the simplest case, chemically similar substances also show similar test results in relevant in vitro assays. This is a well-established method for the read-across of e.g. genotoxicity assays. Larger datasets of biological and toxicological properties of hundreds and thousands of substances become increasingly available enabling big data approaches in read-across studies. Several case studies using various big data sources are described in this paper. An example is given for the US EPA’s ToxCast dataset allowing read-across for high quality uterotrophic assays for estrogenic endocrine disruption. Similarly, an example for REACH registration data enhancing read-across for acute toxicity studies is given. A different approach is taken using omics data to establish biological similarity: Examples are given for stem cell models in vitro and short-term repeated dose studies in rats in vivo to support read-across and category formation. These preliminary biological data-driven read-across studies highlight the road to the new generation of read-across approaches that can be applied in chemical safety assessment.

Mucinous cystic lesions of the retroperitoneum can be either neoplastic or non-neoplastic. It is very important to make a correct diagnosis, or at least, an accurate classification, to proceed with an optimal treatment strategy. In spite of advantage of ultrasound and X-ray image examinations, it is still a challenge to make differential diagnosis of retroperitoneal mucinous cyst from gangliocytoma because both tumors have similar density under the image assessment. In this article, we reported an asymptomatic 8-year-old boy with multiple bronchogenic cysts in both lung and adrenal area on the left side, the latter was considered to be a gangliocytoma preoperatively by ultrasound and computed tomography, but confirmed as bronchogenic cyst by histopathology post laparoscopic resection. The differential diagnosis, imaging features and treatment of bronchogenic cyst are discussed and the relative literatures are reviewed.

1:3-Dipolar cycloaddition reactions of aldimines with dipolarophiles can be performed under solid-liquid phase transfer catalytic conditions or in protic alkanol solvents using solid K2CO3 as a base. The reactions are synthetically useful in preparing NH-pyrrolidines.

Nucleophilic addition of aldimines to the active methylene compounds and aldehyde compounds can be performed in solidliquid PTC conditions. The reactions are synthetically useful in preparing α-amino acids.

A short, mild and efficient synthetic route of α-amino acid via alkylation, Michael addition and carbonyl addition as well as cycloaddition of aldimines derived from glycine and alanine esters with benzaldehyde under solid-liquid phase transfer catalytic condition has been studied. The key to solid-liquid phase transfer catalyzed reactions is the selection of a base for the various reactants. The yield is dependent on the base used. The results obtained using KOH, K 2 CO 3 and Na 2 CO 3 are discussed. The kinetics of solid-liquid PTC benzylation has been investigated and we propose a possible mechanism of solid-liquid PTC as an interface auto-catalytic procedure. The details of some syntheses of α-amino acids are presented.