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Purpose: Fashion entrepreneurship is considered one of the best models for doing sustainable business today. While meeting the needs of the society it has proved to enable practicability to secure business. This case study focuses on Makeover Design Studio. The case of Makeover Design Studio will be analyzed in how it creates market-based orientations, how the business creates values, and innovativeness in various dimensions of entrepreneurship. Makeover Design Studio, keeping the mission and goodwill of the clients, employees, and women empowerment. The boutique is considered entrepreneurship, market orientation, and employability. It is a legally incorporated design and manufacturing organization in Mangalore. Similar case studies have been studied on women entrepreneurs, to know various women empowerment programs; therefore, it is critical to understand the process followed by Makeover Design Studio. In modern times a family cannot afford to have any of its female members who are non-productive. However, lack of skills and financial paucity lead to women being unemployed. This can be elevated through the interventions of entrepreneurs by giving directions and purpose for their livelihood. Women's Empowerment builds the ability to gain power over oneself and take decisions over one’s life, boosting confidence, self-esteem, and well-being. Hence Makeover Design Studio is involved in various activities such as conducting workshops, demonstrations, seminars, exhibitions, and skill development programs to improve the ability of women. Design/Methodology/ Approach: The approach followed in making this case study was Observations of the processes followed, speaking to various participants of the empowerment programs of the organization, the owner, and the program coordinator. Open questions were asked to many of them, either directly or indirectly, involved in the activities are conducted by Makeover Design Studio. Findings/ Results: It has been found out by the study conducted at Makeover Design Studio, that by conducting activities and skill development programs for women, they can be empowered and made into future entrepreneurs. Originality: This is a first attempt to study Makeover Design Studio; as a case study; which was not studied by any academician. Collectively the case study reflects the difference between employed and empowered. The main intention of the case study is to highlight the importance of the holistic and inclusive approach to women's economic empowerment and the provision of services that create enabling equality. Paper Type: Case study to understand the supporting activities conducted by Makeover Design Studio in accordance with the differential needs and priorities.&nbsp

Background: Hindustan Unilever Limited is a leading company that manufactures fast-moving consumer goods. HUL's role is vital in meeting the essential product needs of rural consumers essential. HUL was the first company to reach rural consumers and generate demand for mass consumer goods in rural markets. Despite various obstacles in reaching rural customers due to the lack of infrastructure and communication facilities, the company has done a great job of reaching rural consumers. HUL initiated to reach rural customers through various projects and strategies including the Shakthi Project, a great initiative that focused not only on customer satisfaction but also on the empowerment of the rural population, especially women and. Through this project, the company has been able to benefit society through its corporate social responsibility initiatives as well as other programs to protect the environment. In addition to increasing the company's sales, the project also resulted in the rural women becoming independent and self-reliant. Through this project, many women have been encouraged to become self-employed, resulting in improved living standards and financial stability for rural households. Initially, it was a tough task for the company because the effort required to implement the project was comparatively high than that of other projects. It included the cost of training and developing skills in women to market and sell the products. Although the company faced certain hurdles in implementing its innovative project and support activities, the company won the trust of the rural people and began to meet their needs, raise living standards, and also engage in the betterment of society. Methodology: The study is based on data from secondary sources. The main source of information is the company's website, which provides detailed information about its operations and performance since its inception. The other sources of information are magazines, newspapers and also published articles and research papers. SWOT analysis is done based on the data collected. Findings: An analysis of the Shakthi project initiated by HUL highlights the company's diverse involvement in certain significant activities that benefit both society and the rural population. It also highlights the company's various actions and initiatives in CSR activities, creating employment opportunities, empowering women, and self-sufficiency. Originality/Value: This paper highlights the initiation of HUL's Shakthi project, which was adopted to promote mass consumer goods in rural markets, and highlights the benefits of the company's adopted project for the rural population. Certain interpretations, observations, results, and suggestions have been listed based on the data collected with some suggestions. Paper Type: Company Analysis as a Research Case Study.

Il saggio illustra l'impegno umanitario di Yasmeen Lari, a partire da quando, in seguito al terremoto del Kashmir, iniziò a dedicare la sua vita alle persone più indigenti, dimostrando un impegno costante per la costruzione di una giustizia sociale ed ecologica. Un impegno sul campo con due obiettivi principali: il miglioramento delle condizioni di vita delle popolazioni più povere e vulnerabili e la sostenibilità ambientale. Un lavoro complesso, di ampio interesse internazionale e attento ai materiali, alla storia e alle tradizioni locali. L'architettura come processo finalizzato all'indipendenza e all'empowerment dei suoi ‘clienti scalzi' - soprattutto donne - attraverso un impegno costante nella formazione degli architetti più giovani e degli autocostruttori, nonché nel fronteggiare l'emergenza pandemica causata da Covid-19.

The world conference on Women in 1995 adopted the Beijing Platform for Action, in which governments agreed to implement gender mainstreaming. Other UN conference also acknowledge the importance of adapting a gender specific approach to implementing policies: gender equality has been identified as one of MDGs and designed as a crosscutting theme for work of the commission on sustainable organizations, national government, and most civil society groups still fail to integrate gender perspective adequately into their policies and their action. Gender equality is a right. Women are not only more affected by economic crisis and lack of health care, to climate change, violence against women and escalating conflicts, but also possess ideas and leadership to solve them. The 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development and its 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) adopted by world leaders in 2015. Achieving gender equality and women’s empowerment is integral to each of the 17 goals in economic globalization era. Women must not miss the jobs of the future. This is the central message of a new study on women in science released by UNESCO (11/06/2021). The digital revolution will need to be inclusive. A fundamental transformation is under way in the workforce. The Fourth Industrial Revolution, or Industry 4.0, is disrupting industries and the labor market, as cyber physical systems proliferate and become more sophisticated. The irony is that the fields most relevant to Industry 4.0 are the very ones where women remain underrepresented in most countries, namely IT, computing, physics, mathematics and engineering. Japan is hoping that the centerpiece of its new growth strategy, Society 5.0, will enable society to adapt to a shrinking, ageing population through widespread use of AI and other digital technologies in industry, agriculture and the services sector. &nbsp

Purpose: Researchers, practitioners, government leaders, as well as other stakeholders keep expressing a great deal of interest mostly in the close connection between economic inclusion with women having entrepreneurship on a both national and international scale. Theoretical framework: The fundamental objective is still to increase women's access to finance so they can engage in entrepreneurship. The latest evidence exploring the connection between women's entrepreneurship as well as financial inclusion has generated an assortment of findings that are more conventional than reality. Design/methodology/approach: This study looked into how financial inclusion affected the functioning of women-owned enterprises in Vellore, Tamilnadu, India. One thousand two thousand seventy-four (1,274) women-owned Small and medium enterprises, Small and Medium Businesses (MSMEs) registered with MSME made up the participants in this investigation, as well as three hundred fifty-seven (357) MSMEs being chosen as such sample size. Findings: The research used structured questionnaires and in-person interviews to collect data. Multiple Regression (Ordinary Least Square Estimate), as well as Pearson Product Moment Correlation Coefficient, were used to examine the data. Findings indicated that the efficiency of women-owned enterprises is positively and significantly impacted by financial inclusion. Research, Practical & Social implications: In hopes of reducing the gender disparity in financial intermediation, it is advised that the administration put laws and legislative regulations in place. Originality/value: Recognizing the crucial role that women-owned businesses play in the country's economic expansion and continue to increase gender diversity to foster an atmosphere of innovation.

Background/purpose: Despite this, women are having high exposure and they are working in all fields like defense, engineering, medicine, etc. In order to make all women in the nation attain a standard Women Empowerment is needed. Women Empowerment focuses on empowering each and every woman in the country to make them independent in all aspects of society, to be aware of their rights, and to make them equipped with physical security. Objective: This paper focuses, Mahila Samman Savings Certificate, A New Modest Savings Scheme for Women in India, programmes available to women and girls in India, as well as women who are gaining benefits from various government programmes that have been implemented with government aid, are the main topics of this article. Design/Methodology/Approach: Numerous programs for women are funded by the central government and are sponsored by the Indian government. A research study has been undertaken to learn about these plans and make a comparison of these programs. The Ministry of Finance, the Ministry of Women and Child Development, Google, Google Scholar, new papers, journals, theses, and other websites were some of the sources used to compile the secondary data for this research study. Findings: This article focuses on the different schemes and factors that have made women's empowerment possible. The Mahila Samman Small Savings Yojana Program and other women-specific small savings initiatives are the primary subjects of this study. The Mahila Samman Savings Certificate Program is a modest savings program supported purely by the government for women and girls. Therefore, it has no credit risk and, pays the highest rate of interest when compared to other programs. Small Savings Scheme, for example, pays the highest rate of interest when compared to fixed-rate deposits (FDs) offered by public banks in various states, while Sukhnya Samridi Yojana has a shorter tenure of just two years. Originality/Value: This paper focuses on the different schemes and purposes that have made women's empowerment possible. The Mahila Samman Small Savings Yojana Program and other women-specific small savings initiatives are the primary subjects of this study. Paper Type: Research Paper

In the recent years, Worldwide, gender equity and Women empowerment is mostly discussed issue. Most of the discussions on women are centered around human resource development. Women empowerment issues had more concern in the ancient India which are reflected in Sanskrit literature and educating women was the strategy even in ancient time. To empower women, specific roles to women in Indian traditions are assigned to manage the households. Indian ancient knowledge provides a direction through a value system for gender equity and women empowerment so that women can be comfortable and in welfare. Therefore, there is a need to probe into Sanskrit literature to understand the traditions of women education, thereby their empowerment. This would help us to develop a suitable strategy for the gender equity and women empowerment. Such an attempt is made in this paper. The main purpose of this paper is to analyses the women education and their social status in the ancient India. The specific objectives are to review the women education in the ancient India and to understand the Strategy of women empowerment that Indian ancient knowledge provides. Paper is descriptive in nature and based on reviewing ancient literature. Women education, status of women in ancient society as reflected by Sanskrit literature are discussed in the paper. &nbsp

In the recent years, Worldwide, gender equity and Women empowerment is mostly discussed issue. Most of the discussions on women are centered around human resource development. Women empowerment issues had more concern in the ancient India which are reflected in Sanskrit literature and educating women was the strategy even in ancient time. To empower women, specific roles to women in Indian traditions are assigned to manage the households. Indian ancient knowledge provides a direction through a value system for gender equity and women empowerment so that women can be comfortable and in welfare. Therefore, there is a need to probe into Sanskrit literature to understand the traditions of women education, thereby their empowerment. This would help us to develop a suitable strategy for the gender equity and women empowerment. Such an attempt is made in this paper. The main purpose of this paper is to analyses the women education and their social status in the ancient India. The specific objectives are to review the women education in the ancient India and to understand the Strategy of women empowerment that Indian ancient knowledge provides. Paper is descriptive in nature and based on reviewing ancient literature. Women education, status of women in ancient society as reflected by Sanskrit literature are discussed in the paper.

In India, women have long faced significant barriers to economic empowerment and financial inclusion. Despite making up nearly half of the country's population, women's participation in the workforce remains low, and they often face discrimination and unequal pay. Additionally, access to financial services has historically been limited, preventing women from achieving financial independence and stability. However, the tide is beginning to turn. In recent years, a growing number of initiatives have been launched to promote women's economic empowerment and financial inclusion. This blog post will explore some of these initiatives and discuss their impact on Indian women. From microfinance and digital banking to vocational training and entrepreneurship programs, we will examine the various ways in which women are breaking the glass ceiling and achieving economic independence in India.

This is the supporting information for the manuscript submitted toJournal of Family and Economic Issues. The objective of this study is toevaluate the financial and health numeracy of poor illiterate women and young girls living inthe district of Kharmang in Gilgit-Baltistan and Chitral (GBC). &nbsp

The study focuses on the exploration of the challenges experienced by some women in men-dominated societal spaces, specifically in the household and workplace in the municipality of Midsayap, North Cotabato, Philippines. The 5 participants were identified through non-probability sampling, specifically purposive sampling. The study employed qualitative research, specifically narratology. The result showed that most of the participants experienced gender inequality and discrimination. However, the coping mechanisms of the participants just as respect verbally expressing their opinions, and ignoring people’s negative comments helped them to excel and have their capabilities visible in the community. The study exhibited evident manifestations of discrimination, gender stereotyping, and gender inequality. Thus, the study enlivens awareness of the underlying realities of women even in this new era.

Purpose This study aims to underline the importance of addressing gender issues in family firms. It reinvigorates research in this field by revealing its current state, identifying research gaps and suggesting future agendas. Design/methodology/approach A bibliometric approach using a co-word analysis of 376 papers from the Web of Science database and their 885 keywords was performed to reveal the thematic structure of gender and family firm research, research topics, associations among them and their evolution over the last 30 years (1991–2021). Findings This review provides an extensive literature base and suggests research topics that facilitate the adoption of a gendered lens in family firm literature and business practice. Research limitations/implications This review demonstrates how gender issues are intertwined with management, leadership and family firm approaches. Our observations inform scholars, policymakers and practitioners on the need to integrate gender issues into organizational culture and to connect empowerment strategies with the sociocultural environment. Originality/value This study shows the need to address women’s empowerment in business, considering different sociocultural contexts in addition to a Western focus. It also calls for embracing gender and feminist perspectives in research.

This study underlines the importance of addressing gender issues in family firms. It reinvigorates research in this field by revealing its current state, identifying research gaps, and suggesting future agendas. A bibliometric approach using a co-word analysis of 376 papers from the Web of Science database and their 885 keywords was performed to reveal the thematic structure of gender and family firm research, research topics, associations among them, and their evolution over the last 30 years (1991–2021). This review provides an extensive literature base and suggests research topics that facilitate the adoption of a gendered lens in family firm literature and business practice. This review demonstrates how gender issues are intertwined with management, leadership, and family business approaches. Our observations inform scholars, policymakers, and practitioners on the need to integrate gender issues into organizational culture and to connect empowerment strategies with the sociocultural environment. This study shows the need to address women’s empowerment in business, considering different sociocultural contexts in addition to a Western focus. It also calls for embracing gender and feminist perspectives in research. This research was partially supported by the Consolidated Research Group funding by the Basque Government under the grant number IT1641-22. It also receive financial support from the Spanish MICIU/AEI/FEDER-UE under the grant number RTI2018-097579-B-100. Amaia Maseda also received a Salvador de Madariaga Grant (PRX19/00636) from the Spanish MECD for a research stay at the University of Edinburgh Business School (UK).

The major focus of this paper was to assess the impact of Microfinance in the development of micro and small enterprises owned by women. Microfinance plays a crucial role in socio-economic empowerment of women by promoting suitable conditions for them to move from positions of marginalization within households, to one of greater roles in decision-making at the community, national and international levels. Microfinance for women and the poor has received extensive recognition as a strategy for poverty reduction and for economic empowerment. Despite this, there is a clear lack of recorded data on the impact of micro-finance in the development of micro and small enterprises owned by women. Research design for this study was both qualitative and quantitative, which involved conducting focus group discussions and questionnaires as research instruments in order to collect qualitative and quantitative data respectively from a sample size of 60 with the use of convenient sampling. The qualitative data from these focus group discussions was analyzed using content-based analysis while the quantitative data will be analyzed using SPSS. The findings show that the most common services being provided by Vision Fund Malawi (VFM) are Microloans and Savings. It was found that services such microinsurance and trainings are not known by the majority of respondents particularly the non-VFM staff.

An agricultural development project with university and community partners from Kenya and Canada was implemented in Naari, Kenya. Development agencies such as non-governmental organizations design and implement projects that can enhance people’s capacity and living conditions. Many studies have focused mainly on the direct and economic effects of development projects. There is a need to understand the diverse impacts of development projects, especially from those benefiting from such interventions. This paper evaluated the impact of an agricultural development project on participating women farmers' emotional and civic engagement status. Study objectives were to investigate the level of influence of the agricultural interventions on the emotional and civic engagement status of women participants and to examine the demographic factors influencing the emotional and civic engagement status of women participants. The study occurred in the Naari region of Kenya between 2015 and 2017 and included 40 randomly selected women participants and 3 purposively selected women leaders. Data were collected using focus group discussions (FGD; n=1 per group), one-on-one surveys (n=43), and in-depth interviews (n=5 per group) in the local native Kimeru language and analyzed using both qualitative and quantitative techniques. Findings revealed that women within the project experienced emotional empowerment and disempowerment, but that women’s overall civic engagement increased over the project course. Also, age, income, education levels and belonging to community groups were found to predict various aspects of women’s emotional and civic engagement status. In conclusion, our findings show that development projects can influence women’s emotional and civic status; leaders need to assess and modify the delivery of their projects to enhance the positive effects and minimize harms. Our study may be helpful to managers implementing women-focused projects in two ways; (1) assessing outcomes beyond monetary gains; and (2) understanding challenges and opportunities to women’s empowerment in rural Kenyan communities.

Purpose: Pradhan Mantri MUDRA Yojana(PMMY) will offer loans up to 10 lakh to Non- Corporate, Non-farm micro-enterprises to generate income and employment in manufacturing services, retail MSME, SMEs and Agriculture related occupations like beekeeping, horticulture, pisciculture, Poultry, agro-industries, diary, agriclinics, agribusiness, to add to the national wealth with the support of SIDBI, NABARD in providing working capital. The Economic Survey-2020-21 recently tabled in Parliament, has stated that about 54.6 % of the workforce in the country is still engaged in agricultural and allied sector activities(Census2011)as well as Micro, small and medium businesses (MSMEs) have played a major role in India’s economic expansion and Women Empowerment, More than 40 per cent of the nation’s GDP comes from the MSME sector, which is a major source of employment and in the Budge emphasizes MSME and agriculture allied activities.MUDRA act as a refinancing institution to Commercial banks, NBFCs, MFIs, RRBs, SFBs through Shishu, Kishor, Tarun schemes in credit outreach model of delivery is SHGs/JLGs, women entrepreneur and in agriculture allied sectors agripreneurship with development and promotion support to enhance employment opportunities in small and medium-sized enterprises /Micro Small Enterprises (SMEs/MSE) in non –farm activities to achieve US$5 trillion economies microfinance plays a vital role. Design/Methodology/approach: The Research paper is based on secondary statistics collected from different sources such as websites, and published articles. After the literature review and their area gap in the literature and prospect to analyze the role of MUDRA in promoting MSME, SMEs/MSE and Agri. allied sector's funding needs to create a 5 Trillion Economy with an ABCD listing framework. Findings/Result: The study discloses that the MUDRA maximum limit for the Schemes is to be enhanced and more awareness is to be created about the MUDRA loan for Agri. alliaed activity, Agriclinics, and lack of clarity relating to the role in refinancing schemes for Banks by MUDRA, and NABARD to promote SHGs and Agri allied activity. Originality/Value: The Research study was undertaken on the contribution of MUDRA funding needs in terms of working capital to Agri. entrepreneurship in agricultural allied sector activities to enhance employment opportunities in rural and urban areas in India. Paper type: Conceptual Research.

This study examines the effect of quality of electrification on empowerment of women in terms of economic autonomy, agency, mobility, decision-making abilities, and time allocation in fuel collection in India. It moves beyond the consensus of counting electried households as a measure of progress in gender parity, and analyzes how the quality of electrification affects women's intra-household bargaining power, labor supply decision and fuel collection time. We develop a set of indices using principal component analysis from a large cross-section of gender-disaggregated survey. We use two stage least squares instrumental variables regression to assess the causal effect of access and hours of electricity on women's empowerment using geographic instrumental variables along with district and caste fixed effects. The results show that quality of electrication has significant positive effects on all empowerment indices. However, the effect differs at the margin of defficiency, location, living standards and education. The study recommends revisiting the paradigm of access to electrification and women empowerment by focusing on the quality of not only extensive but also intensive electrification to enhance life and economic opportunities for women and their households.

The aim of current community service is to empower Indonesian women living in Australia in knowledge of multicultural education and care in a multicultural context. The problems faced by Indonesian women living in Australia are very complex, starting with the goal of going to Australia, mobility, educating their children in different cultures to dealing with children's problems and themselves. This service was carried out for two years. The approach taken is to provide parenting training in a multicultural context. The duration to conduct this research will be two years by stages. In the first year of study, the followings processes will take place namely identification, training, counseling and evaluation. final stages of publication (journals and proceedings). In the second years: (1) recommendation, (2) Focus Group Discussion, and publication. The resulting output is: 1) The implementation of women's empowerment activities in parenting in multicultural context. 2) Multicultural education guidelines for mothers. 3) Certificates for participants who take part in the activity. This study will resulting; a) Published paper in national journal, b) Online media publication, c) Video uploaded on Youtube, and d) Webinar event held in Australia using an online platform. The community service implemented on Junne 2021 followed by 31 members. The activities doing well such Focus Discussion, counseling and evaluation. Based on the result of instrumen the mothers interest on the subject matter. They are sutiesfied of this activities. They need this activities again for other subject such as cooking theme.

In India, one of the most populous countries in the world, women make up approximately half of the country’s population. While most of Indian women hold the highest educational degrees and enter the workforce almost in every sector, rural women are lagging behind in their career development. The study was aimed at investigating the factors that inhibit and challenge rural women to progress in their career development. The study was conducted in two folds of data collection. The first fold is qualitative data using interviews with 10 rural women and their analysis using thematic analysis, and the second fold is quantitative research and data collection from 148 rural women using a semi-structured survey questionnaire based on the identified themes and analyzed using SPSS. The findings of the study illustrated various barriers related to personal, social, family, economic, and infrastructure issues. Respondents spoke about several challenges they face with not having support to continue their higher studies. Eighty-five percent of rural women demonstrated they are suppressed in society due to gender stereotypes and are predominantly overburdened with family responsibilities. Furthermore, the study recommends significant implications for Indian women and the government from a global perspective.

Women empowerment and gender equity are two significant aspects of the sustainable development of a country. As Sri Lanka is on the way towards sustainable development, this study was conducted to identify the current situation of women farmers’ empowerment and food production in Imbulpe (Divisional Secretariat) DS division of the country. A sample of 300 women farmers was randomly selected for the study, from seven selected Grama Niladhari divisions (GN) of Imbulpe DS division. A field survey was carried out to data collection through a pre-tested, self-administered questionnaire from April to July 2019. Descriptive statistics, correlation analysis and regression analysis were used as the data analysis methods. Results convey that most of the women farmers were middle aged, married and had two children within their family. Furthermore, most of the respondents had secondary level of education and their average family size was four, 1.25 acres was the average farm land size. They had about 16 years of experience in the field of agriculture sector. The average monthly income of the respondents was 25,000.00 LKR (Sri Lankan Rupees). Women empowerment was measured by using the models of Rahman and Naoroze (2007); Praveen and Leonhauser (2004) with necessary modifications according to the study area. Most of the women farmers were showed social empowerment aspect and political empowerment aspect reported as the least empowerment aspect according to the unit empowerment measures. Out of the socio-economic factors size of the farm land, number of agricultural training programs participated, monthly income of the family, respondents level of education and number of agricultural training programs attended were indicated significant and positive effect for the empowerment of women farmers. Accessibility of credit facilities and agricultural extension program participation showed that there was a considerable impact on food production rather than the cultivable land size and utilization of modern farming technologies for food production. Therefore, providing of timely important agricultural education and training programs, enhance awareness level of modern farming technology utilization, better micro finance programs and agricultural credit facilities will be able to upgrade the level of empowerment of women farmers in Imbulpe DS division furthermore.

In today's world, women's safety is a significant and crucial problem. Even in these modern times, where technology has improved considerably, women's safety remains a worry. Incidences of rape, stalking, taunting, sexual assault, molestation, harassment, domestic abuse and other forms of violence are progressing daily. Many rules and regulations have been enacted to prevent these heinous acts. Despite this, the rate of crime is rapidly increasing. The Government has developed a number of devices and applications; however they do not make use of advanced technologies like Machine Learning, Data Science etc. The paper highlights various research papers in the context of women safety, women awareness and machine learning process. Machine learning has the power to predict and analyze the data in an effective and efficient way. As the quality of data plays a vital role during the analysis, so data preparation is a crucial step of machine learning process because the raw data may be noisy, incomplete or inconsistent. The collected data from women respondents is prepared and pre-processed to transform the raw data into a structured and understandable format. Lastly, the data is analyzed using principal component analysis, KMO and Bartlett's Test to predict the important and correlated parameters that influence the women safety.

Peer-to-peer accommodation is one of the prominent sectors of the sharing economy, the growth of which has brought changes in global tourism. Within the tourism literature, it has gained a lot of attention from scholars who investigated several themes, focusing mostly on Airbnb. Nonetheless, there are a lot of thematic areas that are still underresearched. One of the themes yet to be explored is the role of women in peer-to-peer accommodation. According to Airbnb, women constitute 56% of hosts, with the platform claiming that women can become empowered through hosting. This dissertation explores the perceptions of women Airbnb hosts regarding women empowerment through hosting. To achieve this aim, a mixed method research approach was adopted. First, interviews were performed with women hosts located in Greece, the findings of which were used to develop a questionnaire disseminated to Greek women hosts on the Airbnb platform whereas the data were analysed using Structural Equation Modelling. The results reveal that women may become empowered through hosting on Airbnb in different ways depending on the dimensions of women empowerment and their social-cultural background. Στα πλαίσια της οικονομίας του διαμοιρασμού, ο κλάδος της ομότιμης διαμονής έχει επιφέρει ραγδαίες εξελίξεις και αλλαγές στον παγκόσμιο τουρισμό. Διάφορες θεματικές έχουν ερευνηθεί και συζητηθεί σε σχέση με την ομότιμη διαμονή, με τις πλείστες να επικεντρώνονται στην πλατφόρμα Airbnb. Όμως, το βιβλιογραφικό κενό παραμένει ακόμα πλούσιο σε θεματολογία. Ένα θέμα το οποίο παραμένει αδιερεύνητο είναι ο ρόλος των γυναικών στην ομότιμη διαμονή. Σύμφωνα με την πλατφόρμα Airbnb, οι γυναίκες αποτελούν το 56% των οικοδεσποτών της ενώ η πλατφόρμα ισχυρίζεται ότι μέσα από τη δραστηριότητα της φιλοξενίας οι γυναίκες χειραφετούνται. Η διατριβή αυτή επιδιώκει να διερευνήσει τις αντιλήψεις των οικοδεσποινών της πλατφόρμας Airbnb για την απόκτηση γυναικείας χειραφέτησης μέσω της δραστηριότητας της φιλοξενίας. Η διατριβή υιοθέτησε μικτή μέθοδο έρευνας. Πρώτα, πραγματοποιήθηκαν συνεντεύξεις με οικοδέσποινες στην Ελλάδα και μετέπειτα, βάσει των ποιοτικών δεδομένων, αναπτύχθηκε ερωτηματολόγιο το οποίο διανεμήθηκε σε Ελληνίδες οικοδέσποινες της πλατφόρμας Airbnb ενώ τα αποτελέσματα του αναλύθηκαν με τη μέθοδο Δομικά Μοντέλα Εξισώσεων. Όπως διαφαίνεται από τα αποτελέσματα, οι οικοδέσποινες μπορούν να χειραφετηθούν από τη δραστηριότητα της φιλοξενίας ανάλογα με τις διαφορετικές διαστάσεις της γυναικείας χειραφέτησης αλλά και το προφίλ της κάθε οικοδέσποινας. Χρίστο Σάββα Δημήτριο Στεργίου Completed

Saudi Arabia is a fantastic example of the blending of culture and religion. This study will look at the ideological underpinnings, historical background, and current status of Saudi Arabia's government policies on women's education. In addition, the paper will discuss how these policies have changed over time. This research looks at how religious and cultural norms in Saudi Arabia have influenced women's access to university education. It emphasizes the golden age of higher education for women. It exemplifies the significance of education, and more specifically higher education, in fulfilling a variety of roles in the career development of Saudi women while maintaining gender norms, social norms, and moral values. In order to better understand how Saudi Arabian women and society interact with their level of education, this paper will conduct a literature review. A range of aspects, such as Islamic thought in Saudi society, education and the status of women in Saudi society, and a contrast between the Qur'an and Saudi society, will be taken into consideration during this investigation. This paper will also go over Saudi women's educational accomplishments and the role of universities in Saudi Arabia in maintaining their decorum in all sphere of life and empowering them.

[ES] El presente Trabajo Fin de Máster (TFM) se desarrolla en el en el marco de las prácticas externas del Máster Universitario de Cooperación al Desarrollo, Especialidad de Gestión de Proyectos de la Universidad Politécnica de Valencia (UPV) de España. Estas prácticas son realizadas en el Programa de Pequeños Subsidios (PPS) de las Naciones Unidas en la República Dominicana de febrero a junio de 2022. También son realizadas en la organización de Guakia Ambiente, ya que esta entidad local trabaja en conjunto con el PPS. El objetivo de este trabajo es analizar experiencias exitosas de mujeres líderes para ver el impacto que han tenido los proyectos de desarrollo y de esta manera recoger los factores que han logrado a estas mujeres de comunidades rurales conseguir puestos de poder. En otras palabras, conocer las buenas prácticas para analizar el empoderamiento de este perfil y obtener un conjunto de puntos que favorecen su desarrollo. Con los resultados finales se pretende hacer una devolución a la organización de Guakia Ambiente y al PPS para que puedan facilitar que las mujeres se impliquen en los proyectos que realizan las entidades. De esta manera se pretende mejorar las intervenciones de estas dos organizaciones., [EN] This Master's Thesis is developed within the framework of the external practices of the University Master's Degree in Development Cooperation with a specialty in Project Management from the Polytechnic University of Valencia in Spain. These practices are carried out in the Small Grants Program of the United Nations Development Program in the Dominican Republic from February to July 2022. They are also carried out in the local organization of Guakia Ambiente, since the two entities work together . The objective of this work is to analyze the successful experiences of women with relevant positions in development projects of rural communities in the Dominican Republic to see the impact they have had on their empowerment. The theoretical basis of this work is based on elements of the theories of Gender in Development and the empowerment of women. Among the techniques used, the interview based on Naila Kabeer's theory of empowerment stands out. 12 women from 5 different provinces who have managed to be in relevant management and/or leadership positions within the projects are interviewed to find out what their situation is and what factors have favored their empowerment. The results show that the involvement of senior officials in development projects favors their empowerment process. With these final results, it is intended to make a return to the organization of Guakia Ambiente and the PPS so that they analyze these factors that favor the empowerment of women and can identify the profile and facilitate that women get involved and participate in future projects, developing personally in a position of responsibility for the project in their own community. In this way, it is intended to improve the interventions of these two organizations in relation to gender.

Background: Gender inequality is high in Latin America (LA). Empowering girls and young women and reducing gender gaps has been proposed as a pathway to reduce adolescent pregnancy. We investigated the associations of urban measures of women's empowerment and gender inequality with adolescent birth rates (ABR) in 366 Latin American cities in nine countries. Methods: We created a gender inequality index (GII) and three Women Achievement scores reflecting domains of women's empowerment (employment, education, and health care access) using censuses, surveys, and political participation data at city and sub-city levels. We used 3-level negative binomial models (sub-city-city-countries) to assess the association between the GII and scores, with ABR while accounting for other city and sub-city characteristics. Results: We found within country heterogeneity in gender inequality and women's empowerment measures. The ABR was 4% higher for each 1 standard deviation (1-SD) higher GII (RR 1.04; 95%CI 1.01,1.06), 8% lower for each SD higher autonomy score (RR 0.92; 95%CI 0.86, 0.99), and 12% lower for each SD health care access score (RR 0.88; 95%CI 0.82,0.95) after adjustment for city level population size, population growth, homicide rates, and sub-city population educational attainment and living conditions scores. Conclusion: Our findings show the key role cities have in reducing ABR through the implementation of strategies that foster women's socioeconomic progress such as education, employment, and health care access.

This qualitative single case study examines the role of women in Saudi Arabia's ongoing reforms, employing the lenses of modernization theory and normative feminism to offer a comprehensive analysis of this socio-political and economic transformation. Considering the complexity of the topic and the uniqueness of the monarchical political and social system of Saudi Arabia, this thesis provides a nuanced understanding of the factors shaping women's participation and agency within the reform process. The thesis uncovers the complex interplay between modernization and gendered norms in Saudi Arabia through in-depth interviews, document analysis, and participant observation. The findings reveal that women's increased participation in the labor market, education, and political representation, contributed to the nation's broader developmental goals under Vision 2030. Finally, it offers valuable insights into the evolving roles of women within Saudi Arabia's reform process, illuminating the importance of addressing structural and normative barriers to gender equality. By highlighting the potential for change and the challenges, this thesis underscores the need for continued efforts to promote women's empowerment and dismantle patriarchal norms to foster sustainable development and inclusive growth....

This paper examines the relationship between electricity access, gender disparity, and green finance in the mountain areas of Bangladesh. We use a novel new micro-level survey data collected for the purpose of this study. We develop unique weighted indices and applying robust instrumental generalised method of moment estimation. The findings indicate that increase in electricity access (hours) is beneficial to empowerment of women in the Chittagong Hill Tracts (CHT) districts in grid-connected and off-grid areas. Using a quasi-experimental framework, we find no significant evidence suggesting that women from grid-connected households tend to enjoy greater gender parity than women from off-grid areas. This is likely due to increase in adoption of renewable energy devices such as Solar Home System (SHS). Using a probabilistic random utility model, we show that a surge in different expenditures tends to supress adoption of renewable energy in poor households more than in non-poor households, given the high prices and lack of financial schemes to support the purchase of renewable device. The expansion of green financial tools and strategies at the household and macro level is necessary to advance the outreach of renewable energy in the CHT districts to continue achieving gender parity.

This paper examines the long-term link between British colonialism and women empowerment in India. We compare women's contemporary economic outcomes across areas that were under direct British colonial rule with areas that were under indirect colonial rule. Controlling for selective annexation using a specific policy, we find that women who live in areas that were under direct British rule, compared to their counterparts, are better off in terms of almost all measures of women empowerment including employment, within-household decision-making, mobility, etc. We also document positive impacts of British colonialism on several drivers of women empowerment including education, fertility, marital age, gender norms, etc. While our study of the underlying transmission channels is challenged by data limitations, we argue that legal and institutional changes brought in by the British in favor of women and the West-inspired social reformation movement of the 19th century may be relevant to explaining this long-term link.

Many different perspectives on human society's evolution may be found in literature from all corners of the globe. Both sexes have been thrust into the spotlight thanks to the distribution as well as existence of race groups and or the progress made therein; on the one hand, men have been portrayed as primarily responsible for development, while on the other, women have been portrayed as being neglected & deprived. Empowerment of women has become a major topic of discussion at international conferences, and it remains an important and pressing problem. For instance, women still make up a disproportionately large share of the world's illiterate population (roughly 67%). Despite being a global phenomenon, gender inequality is more pronounced in countries engaged with nondemocratic governments, and it is likely one of the most disturbing aspects of many contemporary societies. It is the most tragic aspect of human progress that a large percentage of the world's population women live in constant fear of going hungry and in abject poverty due to their subjugation, marginalization, and systematic disempowerment. But in recent decades, as a result of women's awakening, women have redefined their roles from traditional subordinate, dependent, as well as childbearing women to present empowered women.

Over the last few decades, women's empowerment has been a topic of intense debate and reflection all over the world. This agenda has also been at the top of the lists of most government plans and programmes. Efforts to solve this issue and improve women's socioeconomic status have been made regularly across nations. However, it has been found that most policies and initiatives see empowerment solely in economic terms, assuming that economic self-sufficiency empowers women while ignoring other factors such as health, education, literacy, and so on. The study discusses the concerns and challenges of women's empowerment in India and offers some intriguing findings.

The purpose of this study was to analyze the process of implementing women's empowerment through the Sustainable Food Garden Program in the Sempaja Timur Village, Samarinda City. Methods This research uses a qualitative descriptive approach. The collection technique used interviews with program coordinators, RT heads, chairmen and members of the ACC Women's Group. Observation and study of documents in the form of reviewing photos of the process of implementing empowerment activities through Sustainable Food Garden Program. The data analysis technique uses data reduction, data presentation, and drawing conclusions. The validity of the data using triangulation of sources and techniques. The results of this study indicate that the process of empowering women through Sustainable Food Garden Program in the Sempaja Timur Village includes group capacity building in the form of non-formal education activities in the form of training and group coaching. implementation of women's activities by giving them the power to be independent, as well as monitoring and evaluation aimed at monitoring the progress and success of the program. &nbsp

The study was conducted to assess the influence of Fadama activities on women empowerment in the Ede North Local Government Area of Osun State, Nigeria. Primary data were obtained purposively with the use of 240 structured questionnaires in a survey of 24 Fadama Users Groups (FUGs) whose representatives constitute 6 Fadama Communities Associations (FCAs) in the study area. Secondary data were, on the other hand, obtained from existing literature. Data were analyzed with the aid of Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) to obtain both descriptive and inferential statistics. The findings show that 58.8 percent (mostly women) were into agro-processing, 25.4 percent into farming, 12.5 percent into poultry, and 2.9 percent were into fish farming. The results further show that only 16.25 percent of the respondents received an average monthly income of N29.000-N39.000, 4.16 percent received above N40.000 before the commencement of the program. After the program, 45.00 percent now earned an income of N29.000-N39. 000 while 42.08 percent earned above N40. 000. The result of the factor analysis reveals that the total variance explained by each component extracted made up to 69.61 percent of the total variance, with variable one gender explaining 31.34 percent. The findings from the study revealed that the Fadama program in Ede North Local Government increased the participation and income of rural women farmers in agricultural production, which has helped in reducing the problem of gender discrimination. This trend, we assume, could reduce poverty and advance the success of Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).

“Citra Ayu” is a creative work that discusses the struggles of a young woman who wants to pursue a career to become a successful entrepreneur. As a Central Javanese woman, she faces various struggles such as Javanese rules regarding women, marriage, education, and financial problems. The struggles faced by the main characters may be felt by some women in Java who do not realize that it is a movement from the patriarchal system. Even with different problems, women still have the same rights as men in a patriarchal system. As well as rights in women's empowerment which are familiar. Women's empowerment is a women's movement for their rights, which has been covered by liberal feminism. In a patriarchal system, the struggle for the rights of Javanese women who adhere to women's empowerment will have an impact where women can still have choices and movements to achieve their education and career.

Tourism is considered as an essential source of generating employment, reducing poverty, and empowering women. Most of the tourism initiatives targeting poverty reduction primarily focus on providing income opportunities for women that only enhance their economic empowerment. Nevertheless, this does not usually lead to make overall development. This is attributed to the normative gender roles, cultural complexities, and power inequities that exist in societies. Additionally, most of the earlier research studies on tourism, poverty reduction, and women empowerment are also based on economic factors. Contrarily, limited studies are focused on non-economic factors. These non-economic factors are social, political, and psychological components that are essentially important for women's overall empowerment. Thus, these factors need to be studied comprehensively as they may hinder women’s participation in tourism activities. Having taken this background as the underlying problem of study, this paper is an attempt to highlight the social and political barriers impeding women empowerment and investigate about tourism development in the socio-political contexts affecting women, especially in rural areas, using case studies pertaining to different tourism destinations.

This paper sets forth five principles in operationalizing and mainstreaming gender inclusiveness in land and legal documents in Ghana. In addition to the documentary reviews, 30 experts in land policy analysis, gender and legal affairs were interviewed concerning their perspectives on gender inclusivity in land policies in Ghana. The study used the general land and legal documents as the guiding framework in operationalizing gender inclusivity. The documents were evaluated to determine how well they incorporate gender issues in their design and implementation. Findings suggest that while there exists a nuanced understanding of gender inclusivity among land, gender and legal experts, policy has shown limited understanding and mainstreaming of gender inclusivity. As a result, the documents and legal instruments guiding the regulation of land in Ghana do not explicitly promote gender inclusivity, although it does so implicitly. Recommendations for ensuring gender inclusiveness in land policy were tendered., African Journal on Land Policy and Geospatial Sciences, Vol. 4, No 4: September 2021

Purpose: Women in the research area are totally ignorant of their potential and individuality, which results in unhealthy lives. They also live in poverty and the most deplorable conditions of ignorance. They are driven by a strong desire to escape poverty. They take part in self-help group’ income-generating activities in addition to other things they do. However, from the time they first join Self Help Groups through the end of their involvement in such activities, their socio-economic situation pushes them to deal with various issues. Rural women are the most marginalized group and are excluded from both economic and social life. Microcredit is the most effective tool for empowering women since it gives them the ability to meet their needs throughout their lives. The study comes to the conclusion that self-help group members’ capacity, capability, professional, and entrepreneurial skills need to be improved in order to make them successfully engaged in income-generating activities. SHG taught members approach dealing with difficulties with greater confidence, entrepreneurial skill, knowledge, and a more upbeat attitude. The expansion of group members’ businesses and income-generating endeavors is essential for the self-help group to continue to exist. Also, loans should be provided to these women in reasonable rate and they should have knowledge about all the financial aspects of loan which is lacking currently. Design/Methodology/Approach: The majority of the data included in the current paper comes from secondary sources. The government’s website was used to obtain secondary data, while other publications such as journal articles and government publications were used as verified sources. Findings: After joining the group, it is discovered that access to education, health care, nutritious food, and housing has increased. All of them agree that their understanding of the value of children’s education, health, finance, and their roles in society has increased. As a result of their association with the group, they feel more confident about leading better lives. Originality/Value: This study investigates the relationship between SHGs, microfinance organizations, and the empowerment of women. The contribution of SHG to the development of women’s rights and its impact on women’s engagement in the business field. Paper type: Review Paper

Purpose: In the context of women’s development, the purpose of this study is to define, challenge, and overcome barriers in a woman’s life so that she can better design her life. Thispaper paints through a picture of SHG’s achievements in empowering women. Women are the participants and decision makers in democratic, economic, and social realms of life are achieved by Self Help Group (SHG) members. This article also discusses some of the steps that should be followed to ensure that SHG is implemented effectively. Design/Methodology/Approach: The study is based on the primary and secondary data collected through fieldwork and referring to publications, websites and other related sources. The materials are gathered from publications of NABARD and other governmental agencies which have advocated for women’s empowerment. Action is also taken to refer to the various reports and services done by various government and private agencies. The primary data is collected from field visits by meeting various people involved in SHG and also meeting Panchayath officials. Findings: The study helps us to know that savings habits have improved among the members of SHG. According to the study, SHG’s microfinance intervention raised the level of income and assets of rural women, while poverty reduced. Originality/Value: This study has social and economic implications since it shows the importance of SHGs in women’s growth in terms of productive involvement and financial contribution to the family. Paper Type: Case Study

Purpose: An entrepreneur is a development driver. It aids in maintaining the economic growth process going. The economic growth of each country decides the status of its citizens. The development of the economy will remain incomplete without the development of entrepreneurs. Women are also a part of the entrepreneurship movement in the country. There is a shift in the role played by a woman in the economy. In recent decades, the study of women’s entrepreneurship has increased. Women encounter several challenges in engaging in commercial activities or conducting entrepreneurial tasks. As entrepreneurs, women confront various socio-economic and other issues. This article adds a literature review on the problems and challenges of women entrepreneurs. Design/Methodology/Approach: Literature research to examine the notion of entrepreneurship, women entrepreneurs, determinants, concerns, and challenges of women entrepreneurs. The data from textbooks, articles published in Google scholar, Research Gate, and Academia databases, and a thesis from shodhganga. Findings/Result: As per the study, women are playing multi-role and facing different challenges, from setting up the business to its continuation. The government takes various measures to motivate women’s entrepreneurship in the country. The work-life balance of women entrepreneurs is very challenging. Digitalization has brought challenges and opportunities to women in continuing their businesses. Highly educated women must be encouraged to run their businesses instead of working under someone. Originality/Value: Womenentrepreneurs, motivators, concerns, and obstacles are assessed and presented. Paper Type: Conceptual Research.

This study foregrounds Venezuelan women’s migratory experiences and the social structural factors which influenced the becoming lideresas in their settlement communities in Colombia, and how their voices resound in integration processes. More than victims of their contexts, migrant women are key agents of change and are relevant contributors to human development. In this sense, recognizing their rights should be the priority in international migration policies, rather than reinforcing unequal gendered power relations, which will put them even more at risk. It is key not to lose sight of women’s agency when addressing gender in migration literature and in the development agenda. The lack of theoretical frameworks representing the voices and leadership experiences of Venezuelan migrant women, compounded by the various ways intersectionality changes the experience, contributes to its underrepresentation in several spheres. To address this gap, I examined Venezuelan women’s journey from their migratory experience to settling in Colombia and becoming voices for their communities in the host country, from their narratives. Eight Venezuelan and three Colombian social leaders were interviewed, and data were analysed through thematic analysis. Findings showed how women deal with their complex histories and become social leaders, overcoming daily barriers, and struggling to help their communities, and provided evidence of some achievements their voices have accomplished. The lessons learned from the participation of female Venezuelans in social leadership roles in Colombia, and key observations might generate fruitful insights for migration and gender studies. Este estudo revela algumas experiências migratórias de mulheres venezuelanas e os fatores estruturais sociais que influenciaram a que estas se tornassem líderes nas suas comunidades recetoras, na Colômbia, analisando como as suas vozes ressoam nos processos de integração. Mais do que vítimas dos seus contextos, as mulheres migrantes são agentes-chave de mudança e importantes contribuintes do desenvolvimento humano. Neste sentido, o reconhecimento dos seus direitos deveria ser uma das prioridades das políticas migratórias, ao invés de reforçarem relações de género desiguais, que poderão colocá-las ainda mais em risco. É fundamental considerar a agência das mulheres nas abordagens de género da literatura sobre migração e na agenda do desenvolvimento. A falta de representatividade das vozes e das experiências de liderança das mulheres migrantes venezuelanas, agravada pelas formas como a interseccionalidade influencia as suas experiências, contribui para que haja uma sub-representação das mesmas em diversas esferas. Para colmatar esta lacuna, examinou-se a viagem das mulheres venezuelanas desde a sua experiência migratória até se estabelecerem na Colômbia e se tornarem vozes nas suas comunidades de acolhimento, a partir das suas narrativas. Os resultados revelaram como as mulheres lidam com as suas histórias complexas e se convertem em líderes sociais, ultrapassando barreiras diárias e lutando para ajudar as suas comunidades, e forneceram provas de conquistas que as suas vozes alcançaram. Como contribuição final pretende-se identificar lições aprendidas com a participação de mulheres venezuelanas em papéis de liderança social na Colômbia, identificando os pontos centrais em reflexões futuras nos estudos de género e das migrações.

Women’s ability to make decisions on production matters and income generation in the household is crucial to reduce gender based violence, improve women’s production ability, improve livelihood of household members and reduce poverty among women and a country in general. The study examined the contribution of Cassava Adding Value for Africa II project towards empowering women cassava producers to make decisions on production matters and income generated from cassava crops. The study was conducted in Rorya, Bunda and Serengeti Districts in Mara Region where the project was implemented. The study employed census method whereby data were collected from all the three project Districts and wards. A total of 246 women participants and those who did not participate were randomly selected. The proportion of 50% was applied to select the participants from the sampling frames of women who participated in the project and those who did not. A questionnaire was used to collect quantitative data and Focus Group Discussion and Semi-structured interviews were used to collect qualitative data. Quantitative data collected using questionnaires were used to compute levels of women empowerment. Furthermore, chi-square tests were run to reveal if there were any associations between socio-economic characteristics and level of women empowerment. The results showed that women who participated in the cassava value chain intervention project were categorized into high level of women empowerment compared to women who did not, and who were categorized into low level of women empowerment. These findings suggest that agricultural training provided by CAVA II project exposed women to new, updated and improved methods of cultivating cassava. The findings show further that women with five or more acres of cultivating cassava were categorized into high level because they possessed more acres, plus the training received from the project which resulted into high cassava yields. The findings also show that age had an association with the level of women empowerments whereby women between the ages of 35 and 55 were classified as having a high level of women empowerment, which was linked to their age. This shows that in patriarchal society, women of this age, whether married or not, were considered mature enough to make judgments. In comparison, women and girls between the ages of 15 and 34 were not allowed to make decisions in the home that affected productivity and income. The other significant association revealed by the study was between farm and wage labor activities and level of women empowerment. The findings show that women who were farmers and employed were categorized into high level of women empowerment as compared to women who were only livestock keepers. It is therefore can be concluded that interventions which target women in agricultural production can increase their empowerment status hence influence their decision making in production and use of resources required from production activities. It is therefore recommend that Government and Development partners programmes should design and implement project which will enhance women empowerment and which in turn will increase their participation in decision making at the household levels. This will lead to improved livelihood and reduction of poverty in farming communities in Tanzania.

Gelin Evi (Bride’s House) program, which has been broadcasted in the daytime since 2016, is often criticized for encouraging the conspicuous consumption culture, and reducing women representations to being a good bride by showing the domestic talents of new brides as competition although the program has the potential to affect the society, just like other media contents. Especially in the current episodes of the program, the presenter's emphasis on the importance of women's taking their own decisions when choosing a spouse and having economic independence, and institutions which women can learn an occupation gives importance to the program in terms of spreading the discourse of women's empowerment to different segments of the society. While women's empowerment conceptually expresses women's ability to use resources and opportunities to make and implement their own decisions without being dependent on others, this discourse disseminates itself in the Gelin Evi program at a contextual level. Thus, Gelin Evi program can be tool that provide women empowerment when it is considered with its influential capacity. Television does not only entertain people, but also functions as a tool to convey ideas and new living practices to the masses. In this context, since the discourse of women's empowerment is an important tool for the audience to adopt gender equality, its importance within Gelin Evi program should not be underestimated., 2016 yılından beri gündüz kuşağında yayınlanan Gelin Evi programı yeni gelinlerin yeteneklerini sergilediği bir yarışma olarak abartılı tüketim kültürüne özendirmek ve kadın temsilini iyi bir gelin olmaya indirgemek sebebiyle sıklıkla eleştirilse de program tıpkı diğer medya içerikleri gibi toplumu etkileyebilecek bir potansiyele sahiptir. Özellikle programın güncel bölümlerinde sunucunun, kadınların eş seçimi yaparken kendi kararlarının almasının ve ekonomik bağımsızlığa sahip olmalarının önemini vurgulaması, kadınların meslek edinebilecekleri merkezlerden bahsetmesi programı kadın güçlenmesi söyleminin toplumun farklı kesimlerine yayılması açısından önemli ve işlevsel kılar. Kadın güçlenmesi kavramsal olarak kadınların kendi kararlarını alıp uygulayabilecek kaynakları ve imkanları ellerinde tutarak bunları başkalarına bağımlı olmadan kullanabilmesini ifade ederken Gelin Evi programında bağlamsal düzeyde kendisini gösterir. Böylece, Gelin Evi programı hali hazırda sahip olduğu insanları etkileme kapasitesi ile değerlendirildiğinde kadın güçlenmesini sağlayabilecek bir araç haline gelebilir. Televizyon yalnızca insanları eğlendirmekle kalmaz, aynı zamanda fikirleri ve yeni yaşam pratiklerini kitlelere aktaran bir araç olarak işlevselleşir. Bu bağlamda, kadın güçlenmesi söylemi izleyicilerin toplumsal cinsiyet eşitliğini benimsemesi yönünde önemli bir araç olduğundan, kadın güçlenmesine alan açabilecek söylemlerin Gelin Evi programındaki önemi yadsınmamalıdır.

Aim: Women and girls living with and at high risk of HIV (WGL&RHIV) had an increased risk for gender-based violence (GBV) during COVID-19. The study aimed to assess the associations between vaccine hesitancy and GBV, HIV status and psychological distress among these vulnerable women and girls in Nigeria. Methods: This cross-sectional study collected data from WGL&RHIV in 10 states in Nigeria between June and October 2021. The dependent variable was vaccine hesitancy. The independent variables were the experience of physical, sexual, economic and emotional GBV, HIV status and psychological distress during the COVID-19 pandemic. We conducted a multivariable logistics regression analysis to test the associations between vaccine hesitancy and the independent variables and covariates. Results: Among the 3 431 participants, 1 015 (22.8%) were not willing to be vaccinated against COVID-19. Not knowing or willing to disclose HIV status (aOR 1.40) and having mild (aOR 1.36) and moderate (aOR 1.38) symptoms of anxiety and depression were significantly associated with higher odds of vaccine hesitancy. Being a survivor of intimate partner physical violence (aOR 5.76), non-intimate partner sexual violence (aOR 3.41), as well as emotional abuse (aOR 1.55) were significantly associated with respectively more than five, three and one and half times higher odds of vaccine hesitancy. One positive outcome is that HIV-positive women and girls appeared to be more likely to get the COVID-19 vaccine when available. Conclusions: Sexual and gender-based violence, low socio-economic status, psychological distress and an unknown HIV status are essential determinants of COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy among vulnerable women and girls in Nigeria. National authorities and civil society organisations need to better integrate COVID-19 mitigation activities with HIV and gender-based violence interventions through a more feminist approach that promotes gender equality and the empowerment of women and girls in all their diversity for better access to health services.

Purpose This paper empirically evaluates the impact of micro-enterprises on women's empowerment. Subsequently, it assesses the mediating role of the performance of micro-enterprises on a four-dimensional model of women's empowerment. Design/ Methodology/ Approach A quantitative research approach and a cross-sectional research design were adopted in the study. Survey research and purposive sampling technique were used to select 384 individual respondents (women entrepreneurs under the Kudumbashree Mission of Kerala state in India). The data gathered from a structured questionnaire was used for confirmatory factor analysis, model fit evaluation, and making a structural equation model to test the proposed relationship in the four-dimensional model of women's empowerment. The study explicates the relationship between attributes of micro-enterprises and women’s empowerment. The field data were analysed using SPSS and AMOS software. Findings Economic development will not happen unless women are empowered. In order to establish an enterprise more successfully and sustainably, women should be taught entrepreneurial skills, technical knowledge, skill training, and marketing skills. The study discovered a strong correlation between the performance of micro-enterprises and women empowerment attributes. Originality/value This study contributes to the literature by identifying how microentrepreneurs emerging from SHGs are achieving societal goals of women empowerment. It adds to the literature by providing a conceptual framework to aid researchers and policymakers in dealing with micro-enterprises and their impact on the empowerment of women in society. Research Limitation/ Implication Micro enterprises play an important role as they can contribute to women's empowerment by providing opportunities for employment. The study offers researchers and policymakers practical insights on how multi-facets of micro-enterprises influence different dimensions of women's empowerment. The study aids the government and policymakers in better understanding and implementing strategies to boost women’s micro-enterprises, resulting in the overall empowerment of marginalised women. Social Implications The study aims to create awareness among women about the various prospects for self-help groups, their intricacies, and the performance of micro-enterprises, thereby generating revenue. This, in turn, leads to the general economic development of a society.

The tourism industry is one of the fastest-growing economic spheres in many developing countries. Women entrepreneurs in this industry have opportunities to enhance their economic independence, empower themselves, and improve their social standing through their businesses. However, while previous studies have focused on in-depth, microscopic views of the challenges faced by women entrepreneurs, few have sought to understand the macroscopic factors that empower women's entrepreneurship in the developing world (Panda, 2018). To address this research gap, this paper reviews previous studies and identifies microscopic and macroscopic constraints that women entrepreneurs are facing. Based on this, a framework of micro- and macroscopic constraints faced by women entrepreneurs will be developed. Utilizing the framework, this paper offers recommendations to support national tourism development committee officers, local government staff, and business-related stakeholders in development countries, enabling stakeholders to promote sustainable solutions for tourism development and assist the countries in meeting Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).

The word Development is devious and captivating, however, the development path is perplexed. In most cases, the governments try to attain economic, military, technological, and infrastructural development, whereas, the power centers evade investing and working on issues of Human Development. The governments of countries like Pakistan strive to shuffle the attentiveness of the world by spending a huge amount on building the roads, on bridges, and transportation and in maximization of arms and ammunition. Human development in Pakistan has always been neglected due to various reasons. A huge population of almost a 22million having as low as 154th (out of 189 countries) position in the human development index. The patriarchal system has created the social and cultural environment that is supporting persistence male domination, remains the major obstacle in the intellectual, social, and economic growth of women. This paper addresses the conceptual and methodological aspects of human development and women’s empowerment in Pakistan, it explains the challenges and trends concerning women’s empowerment throughout Pakistan’s history, specifically in key areas such as individual, education, and health, economic and political participation, and especially Women’s limited and controlled mobility.

This project examines the long-run effects of Protestant missionary activities on women empowerment in 20th century Korea.

Purpose: A vast part of the non-corporate sector operates as unregistered enterprises. They do not maintain proper books of accounts and are not formally covered under taxation areas. Therefore, the banks find it difficult to lend to them. The majority of this sector does not access outside sources of finance. It is in this backdrop that the Government of India (GOI) is setting up a Micro Units Development & Refinance Agency (MUDRA) Bank through a statutory enactment. This Agency would be responsible for developing and refinancing all Micro-finance Institutions (MFIs) which are in the business of lending to micro / small business entities engaged in manufacturing, trading and service activities. The bank would partner with state-level / regional level coordinators to provide finance to Last Mile Financiers of small/micro business enterprises. Since the enactment is likely to take some time, it is proposed to initiate MUDRA as a unit of SIDBI to benefit from SIDBI’s initiatives and expertise. Objective: The main objective of the literature survey is to examine the impact of MUDRA Yojana on new start-ups and employment opportunities. Design/Methodology: The study report relies on secondary data gathered from a wide range of areas, including websites and published publications. Following the review of the study and their area gap in the literature, the potential to examine the function of MUDRA in developing small scale industries andsmall and medium enterprises. Finding/Result: The study shows that PMMY needs to have more control over the fixation of Interest rate. In the study, we can understand that people from backward castes are still not accessing the MUDRA Yojana. The study shows that MUDRA Yojana is providing the fund but not giving Skill oriented training sessions for new entrepreneurs. Originality/Value: This study was conducted to determine the contributions of MUDRA financing in terms of operating capital to small scale Industry to create Job opportunities in rural and urban areas. Paper type: A literature review.

This study explores the impact of cotton farming on the socio-economic status of women. The purposive sample comprise fifty-nine (59) women cotton growers. Studies on gender inequalities highlight the marginalisation of women arising from lack of land rights and limited access to resources. The key findings show the women participating in the cotton farming cycle and distribution of the income. The women were able to acquire personal and household assets, participated in critical meetings and community activities and ventures. Key recommendations are that the government and key stakeholders should promote and support the participation of women in cotton farming. Enabling laws and policies should widen access to land, credit and extension services, training, health and safety. Gender equality should be imbedded through enacting gender sensitive laws, property rights, and elimination of cultural and social barriers.

Human capital in general spurs economic growth. Female human capital in terms of education and health in particular is important for economic growth in countries where poverty and gender inequalities are pervasive, such as Sudan. This study aimed to investigate the role of female human capital in economic growth in Sudan, together with female labor force participation and women’s participation in the national parliament. The study applied a basic autoregressive distributed lag model ARDL and a nonlinear (NARDL) accounting for structural breaks to time-series data over the period 1975–2021. The bounds tests revealed that female human capital variables and economic growth have a long-run equilibrium relationship. The empirical results revealed that female human capital has a negative effect on gross national income per capita (GNIP). However, female labor participation was found to have a significant positive effect on economic growth in both models. Prevalence of HIV/AIDS among women of age 14–25 has a significant negative effect on economic growth, which is likely also reflecting the negative effect of female human capital. Results also showed that women’s participation in the parliament has positive and significant effect on economic growth in the short run only. The study argues for enhancing female human capital via female enrollment in education and through the promotion of women’s health, including combatting HIV/AIDS. Effective female labor participation can be enhanced through reductions in women’s vulnerability in employment and increasing their work in waged formal sectors. Women’s political empowerment could foster long-term growth, but its quality aspects must be ascertained.

This paper discusses the protagonism expressed by immigrant women in religion via a series of leadership roles and expands on this theme by considering the pandemic as an emblematic period in which such female activism revealed itself. While the literature gives important details on gender inequalities generated by COVID-19, this article brings to attention agency, resilience and innovation. The case of catholic ethnic churches in Italy, a country particularly hit by the implications of COVID-19, is the empirical field. This paper uses qualitative data obtained through prolonged fieldwork (2018–2022), allowing to discuss the role of ethnic churches before and after the pandemic. The empowerment processes of women in religion and their leading role in terms of welfare provision and activism are detailed, concluding by considering the implications of these. While public institutions were in trouble, religious minorities, and notably their female members, acted to ensure the survival of non-Italian citizens.