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Plasmodium falciparum malaria contributes to a significant global disease burden. Circumsporozoite protein (CSP), the most abundant sporozoite stage antigen, is a prime vaccine candidate. Inhibitory monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) against CSP map to either a short junctional sequence or the central (NPNA)n repeat region. We compared in vitro and in vivo activities of six CSP-specific mAbs derived from human recipients of a recombinant CSP vaccine RTS,S/AS01 (mAbs 317 and 311); an irradiated whole sporozoite vaccine PfSPZ (mAbs CIS43 and MGG4); or individuals exposed to malaria (mAbs 580 and 663). RTS,S mAb 317 that specifically binds the (NPNA)n epitope, had the highest affinity and it elicited the best sterile protection in mice. The most potent inhibitor of sporozoite invasion in vitro was mAb CIS43 which shows dual-specific binding to the junctional sequence and (NPNA)n. In vivo mouse protection was associated with the mAb reactivity to the NANPx6 peptide, the in vitro inhibition of sporozoite invasion activity, and kinetic parameters measured using intact mAbs or their Fab fragments. Buried surface area between mAb and its target epitope was also associated with in vivo protection. Association and disconnects between in vitro and in vivo readouts has important implications for the design and down-selection of the next generation of CSP based interventions.

In December 2019, an outbreak of pneumonia caused by a novel coronavirus, severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)-CoV-2, occurred in Wuhan city, Hubei province, China.1 South Korea saw its first confirmed Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) case on January 20, 2020, when an infected woman from Wuhan, China arrived in S. Korea via Incheon International Airport.1 By mid-February, SARS-CoV-2 was rapidly spreading in the southern city of Daegu, S. Korea in proximity to three US Forces Korea (USFK) military installations. COVID-19 cases continued to increase during the following weeks, reaching a peak of nearly 1,000 confirmed cases per day by the end of February. As cases surged dramatically, over 28,000 USFK service members, family members, and Department of Defense (DoD) employees were at a risk of exposure to COVID-19. On February 24, clinicians diagnosed the first confirmed case in the USFK population, a 61 year-old widow of a retired service member. This individual, who experienced a mild illness, was the spouse of a retired US military veteran living in S. Korea. The retiree and his spouse both had access to military posts in S. Korea, and the spouse tested positive after she had been on one of the military bases in Area IV (Figure 1). The following day, USFK reported its first confirmed case in a service member, which was the triggering event for the 1st Area Medical Laboratory (AML) to deploy to S. Korea.

In this paper, we study the connectivity of multihop wireless networks with the log-normal shadowing model by investigating the critical transmission power required by each node for asymptotic vanishing of the isolated nodes, and the precise distribution of the number of isolated nodes. The vanishing of isolated nodes is not only a prerequisite but also a good indication of network connectivity. Most of the known works on network connectivity under such a shadowing model were obtained only based on simulation studies or ignoring the important boundary effect to avoid the challenging technical analysis, and thus hardly applied to practical wireless networks. It is extremely challenging to take the complicated boundary effect into consideration under such a realistic shadowing model because the transmission area of each node is an irregular region other than a circular area. Assume the wireless nodes are represented by a Poisson point process with density $$n$$n over a unit-area disk. With the boundary effect taken into consideration, we first obtain an explicit formula for the expected number of isolated nodes, we then derive an upper and a lower bounds of the critical transmission power for asymptotic vanishing of the isolated nodes. The tightness of the upper and lower bounds for the critical transmission power are analyzed via numerical analysis by using the software engineering approach. When a wireless network consists of $$n$$n nodes distributed independently and uniformly over a unit-area disk, we derive the precise distribution of the number of the isolated nodes under such a realistic shadowing model with the linear power assignment, taking the boundary effect into consideration.

In this paper, we study the connectivity of multihop wireless networks under the log-normal shadowing model by investigating the precise distribution of the number of isolated nodes. Under such a realistic shadowing model, all previous known works on the distribution of the number of isolated nodes were obtained only based on simulation studies or by ignoring the important boundary effect to avoid the challenging technical analysis, and thus cannot be applied to any practical wireless networks. It is extremely challenging to take the complicated boundary effect into consideration under such a realistic model because the transmission area of each node is an irregular region other than a circular area. Assume that the wireless nodes are represented by a Poisson point process with densitynover a unit-area disk, and that the transmission power is properly chosen so that the expected node degree of the network equals lnn + ξ (n), where ξ (n) approaches to a constant ξ as n → ∞. Under such a shadowing model with the boundary effect taken into consideration, we proved that the total number of isolated nodes is asymptotically Poisson with mean e$ {-ξ}. The Brun’s sieve is utilized to derive the precise asymptotic distribution. Our results can be used as design guidelines for any practical multihop wireless network where both the shadowing and boundary effects must be taken into consideration.

To better understand connectivity of multihop wireless networks with the log-normal shadowing, we study the impact of radio irregularities on network connectivity under such a realistic shadowing model. Existing results indicate that connectivity increases when the radio propagation becomes more irregular. But all of these results were only based on simulation studies or the assumption that the important boundary effect is ignored to avoid the challenging technical analysis. Therefore, they can hardly be applied to any practical wireless networks. It is extremely challenging to take the complicated boundary effect into consideration under such a realistic model because the transmission area of each node is an irregular region other than a circular area. In this paper, we assume the wireless nodes are represented by a Poisson point process with density n over a unit-area disk. With the boundary effect taken into consideration, we prove analytically that network connectivity increases when the radio propagation becomes more irregular (i.e., the shadowing deviation increases) under such a realistic shadowing model.

Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) have a wide range of applications such as emergency disaster relief and environmental monitoring. Most of these applications for WSNs are not only time-critical, but also dependent on the secure operations of a sensor network, and have serious consequences if the network is compromised. WSNs are often deployed in hostile environments where communication is monitored. Sensor nodes are subject to be compromised and manipulated by an adversary. On such WSNs, it is vital to provide secure communications among the sensor nodes. Based on the m-composite key pre-distribution schemes in [4], two nodes within each other’s transmission range have a secure link if their key rings have at least m common keys. In this paper, we develop short communication schedules for broadcast and data aggregation in secure WSNs. Our broadcast scheduling algorithm for secure WSNs outperforms the best known scheduling algorithm for broadcasting in general graphs.

The analysis of lead concentration in bone utilizing LXRF can be adversely effected by overlymg tissue. A quantitative measure of the attenuation of the 10.5 keV Pb L a x-ray signal by skin and skin equivalent plastic has been conducted. Concentration ranges in plaster of Paris and doped goat bone from 7 to 90 ppm with attenuators of Lucite® and pig skin were examined. It is concluded that no quantitative or semi quantitative analysis can be achieved if overlying tissue thickness exceeds 3 mm for Pb concentrations of less than 30 ppm Pb in bone.

Objectives. Total joint replacements are important surgical interventions for treating severe arthritis of weight-bearing joints. The most common indication for total knee replacement (TKR) is osteoarthritis of the knee joint. The goals of this study were to assess the trend in rate of TKR in Wisconsin and to describe the economic impact of these surgical procedures on the health care system. Method. A population-based cross-sectional study of TKR surgeries was conducted among Wisconsin residents aged ⩾45 years. The Wisconsin inpatient hospital discharge data from 1990 through 2000 were used. Rates were age-adjusted to the 2000 U.S. population, and charges for TKR were adjusted for inflation. Results. From 1990 through 2000, the age-adjusted rate for TKR increased by 81.5% (from 162 to 294 per 100,000; pConclusions. The rate and costs of TKR procedures among Wisconsin residents increased substantially from 1990 through 2000, especially among younger age groups. Changes in medical practices probably accounted for some of this increase, but these trends also may reflect an increased prevalence of osteoarthritis, which in turn may be related to dramatic increases in the number of individuals who are overweight.

The transcription factor NF-kappaB can be activated in different forms, including transcriptional activating and repressing forms. Intestinal epithelial cells have been found to modulate the relative levels of the p65-p50 and p50-p50 NF-kappaB complexes in a number of instances, and here we show that this ratio was altered in response to dietary fiber (wheat bran) and carcinogen exposure (azoxymethane). The influence of these complexes on gene regulation was examined in more detail in cell culture models. The colon-derived HT-29 cell line likewise activated both p65-p50 and p50-p50 NF-kappaB complexes: TNF-alpha triggered a strong, sustained p65-p50 activation with lower relative levels of p50-p50, whereas IL-1beta transiently activated p65-p50 with higher relative levels of p50-p50. Transfection experiments with an NF-kappaB reporter plasmid indicated that p50 was a repressor in HT-29 cells. Increased expression of the p50-p50 dimer by an adenovirus showed that the p50-p50 dimer suppressed IL-1beta activation of endogenous genes more than 5-fold (TNF-alpha, Cox-2 and IL-8), whereas gene activation by TNF-alpha was not significantly affected. DNA binding analyses showed a number of strong p50-p50 binding sites on these promoters. The selective p50-p50 suppression of IL-1beta gene activation corresponded to the transient nature of p65-p50 activation induced by IL-1beta (in both HT-29 and Caco-2 cells). Our findings demonstrate a novel gene regulatory mechanism for the NF-kappaB p50-p50 complex: a signal-specific transcriptional repression that appears to selectively inhibit stimuli that transiently activate p65-p50 complexes.

Careful hip positioning is necessary for accurate and precise measurement of bone mineral density (BMD) by dualenergy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA). Large, intentional rotational deviations from best hip position reportedly increase measured BMD at the femoral neck. The aim of this study is to determine the effect of unintentional, subtle deviations from best hip position ("flaws") on expected and measured BMD of the hip and its subregions. Two hundred DXA scans (GE/Lunar Prodigy) performed in the dual-femur mode were randomly selected and scrutinized for hip-positioning flaws. Hips were sorted by side (right/left), positioning quality (flawless/flawed), and specific positioning flaw (under/over-rotation and adduction/abduction). Individual hip pairs in which at least one hip was flawlessly positioned were further sorted as flawless/flawless, flawless/vertically flawed, flawless/rotationally flaw, and flawless/dually flawed. Differences and direction of difference in BMD between sorted groups and within individual hip pairs were analyzed by univariate analysis (t-test for equal samples). Two hundred hip pairs (400 individual hip scans) were analyzed. Overall, there was no significant difference in BMD between all right and all left hips or between all flawlessly positioned and all flawed hips. In hip pairs in which one hip was flawlessly positioned and the contralateral hip position was flawed (vertically, rotationally, or both), the measured BMD of the latter hip was not predictably greater than the former. Average absolute intrapair BMD difference between hip subregions was 0.038+/-0.001 g/cm2 and was unaffected by the presence or type of positioning flaw. Net intrapair difference between sorted hip groups and within hip pairs was negligible, indicating that the direction of the variance was equally positive and negative. In the practice of clinical densitometry, subtle positioning flaws do not generate predictable changes in measured BMD at any hip region of interest. The current teaching that rotational deviations from best hip position results in a greater measured BMD needs to be reconsidered when comparing a rotationally flawed hip with a contralateral flawlessly positioned hip.

What happens when students, instead of merely drawing from online information resources, organize and populate such resources? In this paper we discuss how collaboratively creating web-based information resources might contribute to learning. We are currently studying two communities that are creating such resources using a prototype system we've designed.

The analysis of lead concentration in bone utilizing LXRF can be adversely effected by overlying issue. A quantitative measure of the attenuation of the 10.5 keV Pb L a x-ray signal by skin and skin equivalent plastic has been conducted. Concentration ranges in plaster of Paris and goat bone from 7 to 90 ppm with attenuators of Lucite{reg_sign} and pig skin were examined. It is concluded that no quantitative or semi quantitative analysis can be achieved if overlying sue thickness exceeds 3 mm for Ph concentrations of less than 30 porn Ph in bone.

The writer's purpose is to point out hitherto unrecognized possibilities of blood-group investigations in relation to the problems of human constitution.Landsteiner found that blood-group formation is physiological, independent of pathological processes.1 This discovery and the findings of von Dungern and Hirszfeld2 that groups A and B are transmitted as dominants, stimulated much additional research on the problems of serology, heredity, anthropology, paternity and constitution. Hirszfeld3 has stressed the importance of further research on the relation of blood groups to the problems of human constitution.The problems of constitution deal primarily with those innate characters which largely preserve individual identity; therefore only those characters which are classifiable into discernible types in the living, and which, after type differentiation, remain permanent, or relatively so, throughout the life span, may be useful in these problems. The results of all investigations show that blood groups are i...

Seventy-two oxidase-positive or nonfermentative organisms, or both, all of which could be identified with reasonable certainty by alternative means, were used to challenge the OXI/FERM tube. There was 91% concurrence of identification between the two methods. Three observers, working independently, agreed upon the interpretation of each of the tests in the OXI/FERM system from 91% to 100% of the time. Duplicate OXI/FERM tubes inoculated with the same strain yielded identical interpretations 95% of the time for all tests except citrate utilization (89%). The OXI/FERM tube thus appeared to be an accurate identification method and yielded test results that were easily interpreted and adequately reproducible.

Mekteb-İ Bahriye-İ Şahane'nin Ders Programı Dahilinde Olup İdadiyenin Üçüncü Ve Dördüncü Sınıflarına Tedris Olunur. Maarif Nezâret-İ Celilesi’nin 4 Nisan 1320 Tarihli Ve 323/645 Numaralı Ruhsatnamesini Haizdir. Eserin Baş Tarafındaki İlave Sayfalarda Mütercimlerin "Muakddime" Yazıları İle Eserin "Fihrist"İ Vardır. Ön Ve Arka Cildler Bezemelidir. Eserde "İstanbul Eğitim Enstitüsü Kitaplığı", "Darülmuallimîn Kütübhanesi" Ve "İstanbul Erkek Öğretmen Okulu Kütübhanesi" Mühürleri Vardır.

My investigations1led to the classification of scapulae (convex, straight and concave), and brought the scapula into definite relation with a number of biologic problems. Among these may be mentioned: morphogenesis and ontogenesis in general; bone growth; bone form and variation in man and other vertebrates; the modification of bones by muscle attachments, muscle pull and various environmental influences in prenatal and postnatal periods; age changes in bone and other tissues; human heredity; human longevity; human morbidity, and human adaptability in general. The relations of the scapula to the foregoing problems and the desirability of establishing uniform and dependable methods of recognizing scapular types in the living are shown by recalling some recent findings. SUMMARY OF SOME RECENT FINDINGS Some recent findings are: Similar scapular types are present in varying degrees and percentages in the skeletal remains of all accessible human races and stocks both ancient and modern. Scapular

"Heredity is a convenient term for the genetic relation between successive generations."—"Heredity determines the individual life."—J. Arthur Thomson. "Life is short and the art long; the occasion fleeting; experience fallacious and judgment difficult."—"It is the business of the physician to know, in the first place, things similar and things dissimilar." Thus spoke the Father of Medicine. Human experience teaches that like tends to beget like in the propagation of plants and animals. Yet no two are exactly alike. Resemblances, similarities and differences are found among individuals of any species, but Nature has produced no duplicates. Each individual is truly the first and last of its particular kind. However close may be the kinship of individual A and individual B, they are never equal in their natural endowments. A is always more or less competent than B in structure and function; always more or less competent than B in capacities for

Excerpt The purpose of this note is to point out hitherto unrecognized possibilities of blood-group investigations in relation to problems of human constitution. In 1901, K. Landsteiner1found that ...