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Modern European beekeeping is facing numerous challenges due to a variety of factors, mainly related to globalisation, agrochemical pollution and environmental changes. In addition to this, new pathogens threaten the health of European honey bees. In that context, correct colony management should encompass a wider vision, where productivity aspects are linked to a One Health approach in order to protect honey bees, humans and the environment. This paper describes a novel tool to be applied in beekeeping operations: good beekeeping practices (GBPs). The authors ranked a list of GBPs scored against their importance and validated by an international team, including researchers, national animal health authorities and international beekeepers' associations. These activities were carried out in the project 'BPRACTICES', approved within the transnational call of the European Research Area Network on Sustainable Animal Production (ERA-NET SusAn) in the Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation Programme of the European Union. This study, created through an international collaboration, aims to present an innovative and implementable approach, similar to applications already adopted in other livestock production systems.L’apiculture moderne européenne est confrontée à de nombreuses difficultés dues à divers facteurs, pour la plupart liés à la mondialisation, à la pollution agrochimique et à la modification de l’environnement. À ces facteurs s’ajoute l’émergence de nouveaux agents pathogènes qui menacent la santé des abeilles mellifères d’Europe. Dans ce contexte, une gestion appropriée des colonies d’abeilles devrait reposer sur une vision plus large, dans laquelle les aspects relevant de la productivité sont examinés suivant une approche « Une seule santé » afin de protéger les abeilles mellifères, les humains et l’environnement. Les auteurs décrivent un nouvel outil destiné à l’apiculture : les bonnes pratiques apicoles. Ils ont évalué et classé par ordre d’importance une liste de bonnes pratiques apicoles validées par une équipe internationale composée de chercheurs, d’autorités nationales de la santé animale et d’associations internationales d’apiculteurs. Ces activités ont été conduites dans le cadre du projet « BPRACTICES », proposition retenue suite à l’appel à projets transnationaux du réseau ERA–NET SusAn (European Research Area Network on Sustainable Animal Production) au sein du Programme Horizon 2020 de l’Union européenne pour la recherche et l’innovation. Conçue sous forme de collaboration internationale, cette étude vise à proposer une approche innovante et pratique, similaire aux applications précédemment adoptées dans d’autres systèmes de production animale.La apicultura europea hace frente a numerosos problemas resultantes de diversos factores, relacionados principalmente con la mundialización, la contaminación agroquímica y los cambios ambientales, a todo lo cual se suman nuevos patógenos que amenazan la salud de las abejas melíferas europeas. En este contexto, una correcta gestión de las colonias debe traer aparejada una visión más global, en la que las cuestiones de productividad se consideren en clave de «Una sola salud» con objeto de proteger tanto a las abejas melíferas como a las personas y el medio ambiente. En este artículo se describe una novedosa herramienta aplicable a la actividad apícola: las buenas prácticas de apicultura. Los autores jerarquizaron una serie de buenas prácticas de apicultura seleccionadas, validadas y puntuadas según su importancia por un equipo internacional que incluía a investigadores, autoridades nacionales de sanidad animal y asociaciones internacionales de apicultores. Este trabajo formaba parte del proyecto «BPRACTICES», aprobado con ocasión de la convocatoria internacional abierta por la Red del espacio europeo de investigación en sanidad animal sostenible (ERA–NET SusAn), inscrita a su vez en Horizonte 2020, el programa de investigación e innovación de la Unión Europea. El estudio aquí descrito, fruto de la colaboración internacional, tiene por objeto presentar un planteamiento novedoso y viable, parecido a las aplicaciones ya implantadas en otros sistemas de producción animal.

Генерация терагерцового излучения диполярными экситоннымиполяритонами в GaAs микрорезонаторахA. Seedhouse, 1 J. Wilkes, 1 E. A. Muljarov, 1 В. Д. Кулаковский 2 1 School of Physics and Astronomy, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF24 3AA, United Kingdom2 ИФТТ РАН, 142432, Черноголовка, Московская обл., ул. Академика Осипьяна, д.2 email: kulakovsissp.ac.ruГенерация терагерцового (ТГц) излучения является одной из основныхтехнологических проблем в настоящее время. Область применения ТГц источниковраспространяется от безопасности до медицины и коммуникационных технологий.Существующие ТГц излучатели основаны на большом разнообразии физическихпринципов: твердотельные генераторы на основе эффекта Ганна, квантовые каскадныелазеры, лазерные излучатели, в которых фемтосекундные оптические импульсывозбуждают колебания плотности носителей в полупроводниковых структурах, источникина основе свободных электронов, бозонные каскадные лазеры на основе экситонныхпереходов в микрорезонаторах (МР), и т.д. 1. Однако оптимизация спектральныххарактеристик, размеров, эффективности, стоимости и рабочей температуры ТГцустройств остается одной из приоритетных задач оптоэлектроники.Мы предлагаем компактный преобразователь оптического излучения в ТГц наоснове высокодобротного полупроводникового МР с набором двойных квантовых ям(ДКЯ) в активной области. В таких МР возможно формирование диполяритонов связанных состояний фотонной МР моды и диэкситонов с разделенными в соседних КЯэлектроном и дыркой, обладающих большим дипольным моментом.Генерация ТГц излучения достигается за счет резонансного возбуждениядиполяритонов двумя лазерными лучами с разностью частот в ТГц диапазоне.Интерференция диполяритонных систем приводит к колебаниям плотностидиполяритонов и, как следствие, их дипольного момента на частоте расстройки,генерируя, таким образом, ТГц излучение. Мы оптимизировали параметры МР с 4мяДКЯ GaAs/AlGaAs, и показали, что интенсивностьТГц излучения максимальна, когда частоты двухлазеров соответствуют различным состояниямдиполяритона. Энергетический зазор между нимиможно контролировать с помощь внешнегоэлектрического поля (рис.1).При размере излучателя 0.1х0.1 мм иплотности диэкситонов 510 10 /см 2 в одной ДКЯмощность ТГц излучения Р ( 1 ТГц) 3.2 мкВт,потери вследствие излучения диполяритонов в МР сдобротностью 7000 при этом составляют 3.2 Вт, т.е. коэффициент преобразования 0.1.Работа выполнена при частичной поддержкеCardiff Undegraduated Research OpportunitiesProgramme.Литература1 P. Siegel, IEEE Trans. Microwave Theory Tech. 50, 910 (2002), H. Eisele, et al, IEEETransactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques 48, 626 (2000), J. Faist, et al, Science 264,553 (1994), S. H. Gold and G. S. Nusinovich, Review of Scientific Instruments 68, 3945 (1997),T. C. H. Liew, et al, Phys. Rev. Lett. 110, 047402 (2013).

We propose the use of dipolaritons -- quantum well excitons with large dipole moment, coupled to a planar microcavity -- for generating terahertz (THz) radiation. This is achieved by exciting the system with two THz detuned lasers that leads to dipole moment oscillations of the exciton polariton at the detuning frequency, thus generating a THz emission. We have optimized the structural parameters of a system with microcavity embedded AlGaAs double quantum wells and shown that the THz emission intensity is maximized if the laser frequencies both match different dipolariton states. The influence of the electronic tunnel coupling between the wells on the frequency and intensity of the THz radiation is also investigated, demonstrating a trade-off between the polariton dipole moment and the Rabi splitting., 4 pages, 4 figures. This article has been submitted to Applied Physics Letters

This thesis examines a practice of nineteenth-century novelists which has often been mentioned by critics but never studied in detail - the setting of much of their work in a period a generation or two before the time of writing. Its main focus is on the fiction of George Eliot set in the recent past: Scenes of Clerical Life (1857-58), Adam Bede (1859), The Mill on the Floss (1860), Silas Marner (1861), Felix Holt, The Radical (1866), and Middlemarch (1871-72). However I begin by looking briefly at the pioneering novel in the field, Waverley (1814), and go on to discuss three more novels by Scott - Guy Mannering (1815), The Antiquary (1816) and Redgauntlet (1824) - as well as three by Thackeray: Vanity Fair (1847-48), Pendennis (1848-50) and The Newcomes (1853-55). Since I aim to discover the attitudes these writers adopted to the recent past, and conveyed to their first readers, this study involves discussion not only of the periods in which the novels are set, but also of the periods in which they were written, so as to establish the knowledge and preconceptions which the books' early readers brought to bear on the fiction. Where possible I quote the responses of actual contemporary readers, notably those of the early reviewers. This thesis draws attention to the various functions a setting in the recent past could serve in nineteenth-century fiction: to arouse nostalgic feelings for a vanished but remembered past, or sympathy for the people of the past, to point out that change is sometimes more apparent than real, to comment obliquely on contemporary issues, to highlight the unchanging features of human nature and human predicaments, to examine the role of the individual in effecting change.

A comparative study of photodesorption from physisorbed oxygen layers on (highly oriented pyrolytic) graphite and Pt(111) surfaces has been carried out using continuously tuneable synchrotron radiation in the energy range 13-35 eV. The photodesorption of both O+ and O- species is detected. Through monitoring the ion yields as a function of the photon energy and coverage we have proposed a new mechanism for photodesorption of O- ions induced by inelastic scattering and attachment of photoelectrons originating from the adsorbate layer in the photon energy region between 25 and 30 eV.

We have studied photon stimulated ion desorption from O2 physisorbed on graphite, using synchrotron radiation in the energy range 16-40 eV. Ar spacer layers were employed in order to distinguish between direct and indirect (photoelectron driven) dissociation channels, specifically, (i) direct dipolar dissociation, (ii) direct dissociative ionization, (iii) photoelectron driven dissociative attachment and (iv) photoelectron driven dipolar dissociation. We find that the O- yield is mainly due to direct dipolar dissociation, while for O+ direct dipolar dissociation and both direct and indirect dissociative ionization are identified. The Ar layer reduces the image potential arising from the graphite substrate. Some dissociation pathways in the energy region 24-27 eV are enhanced for O2/graphite compared with the gas phase. © 1995.

We present a calculation of exciton states in semiconductor coupled quantum wells (CQWs) in the presence of electric and magnetic fields applied perpendicular to the QW plane. The exciton Schr\"odinger equation is solved in real space in three dimensions to obtain the Landau levels of both direct and indirect excitons. Calculation of the exciton energy levels and oscillator strengths enables mapping of the electric and magnetic field dependence of the exciton absorption spectrum. For the ground state of the system, we evaluate the Bohr radius, optical lifetime, binding energy and dipole moment. The exciton mass renormalization due to the magnetic field is calculated using a perturbative approach. We predict a non-monotonous dependence of the exciton ground state effective mass on magnetic field. Such a trend is explained in a classical picture, in terms of the ground state tending from an indirect to a direct exciton with increasing magnetic field., Comment: 20 pages, 7 figures

宇宙線中の高エネルギー電子のエマルションチャンバーによる観測は１９６８年から１９９８年にわたって１３回にわたる気球観測が行われてきた．結果はそれぞれの時点で国際学会等に報告してきたが，ここではこれらを総括して報告することとした．観測の全有効露出量は SΩT＝6.65x10＾5m＾2・s・sr（～7.7m＾2・day・sr） であり，これまで行われた電子観測としては最大の量である．その結果，30GeV付近から３TeVにわたるエネルギースペクルとして Je(E) = (1.42+/-0.26)x10＾-4(100GeV/E)＾3.26+/-0.11/m＾2・s・sr・GeV が得られた．この結果は我々がすでに発表した結果 （Nishimura et al.1980， 以後文献1と呼ぶ）と良く一致している．電子と同時に大気中で発生するガンマ線についても詳しく観測を行い，4g/cm＾2の高度に規格化したエネルギースペクトルとして３０GeVから１０TeVの範囲で Jg(W)=(1.11+/-0.13) x 10^-4(100GeV/W)^2.74+/-0.06/m^2・s・sr・GeV が得られた．ガンマ線の観測は電子の大気効果補正に重要であると同時に，一次宇宙線の絶対強度の推定に重要であり，このガンマ線強度から１００GeV以上の一次陽子の強度を導き出す事が出来る．この論文では観測器としてのエマルションチャンバーが他の観測器と比べて電子観測にすぐれた特性を持っている事，エネルギー決定精度，電子の同定，陽子に対するrejection power，大気補正，ガンマ線スペクトルおよび一次陽子スペクトルの導出等についてやや詳しく述べた．最後にこれらの観測の結果から電子観測の重要性とその加速源について得られた知見について述べた．, The observations of electron spectrum bring us unique information about the sources and propagation of cosmic rays. Although the observational importance of the spectrum at high-energy side has been pointed out, the Emulsion Chamber experiments were the only one which observed the electron spectrum up to TeV region. Successive experiments of cosmic-ray electrons using emulsion chambers since 1977 have yielded about 10 times exposures in total as large as those of our previous experiments (Nishimura. J. et al, 1980). Our total exposure is now about 6.6x10^5m^2・s・sr, including those before 1977, which is one or two order magnitude larger than those of other experiments. This enabled us for the first time to observe the electron spectrum in TeV region. We present here the electron spectrum in the energy range 30GeV to 3TeV at the top of the atmosphere, which is expressed as : Je(E) = (1.42+/-0.26) x 10^-4(100GeV/E)^3.26+/-0.11/m^2・s・sr・GeV. This is essentially the same as our previous results in the low energy side. We also present the atmospheric gamma-ray spectrum at the balloon altitude that was obtained in the course of the data analysis of electrons. The gamma-ray spectrum normalized at 4g/cm^2 altitude is well represented by a single power law spectrum : Jg(W)=(1.11+/-0.13) x 10^-4(100GeV/W)^2.74+/-0.06/m^2・s・sr・GeV, in the range of 30GeV to 10TeV. We can deduce the flux of primary protons in the energy range of 300GeV to 50TeV from this gamma ray data, if we assume a certain model of hadronic interactions. Base on these data, we discussed the origin and propagation of the observed electrons in terms of the diffusion model, and possible spectral fluctuations in the TeV region due to the contribution of a small number of nearby sources., 資料番号: SA0200100000

Purpose - The purpose this paper is to develop an additive manufacturing (AM) technique for high-strength oxide ceramics. The process development aims at directly manufacturing fully dense ceramic freeform-components with good mechanical properties. Design/methodology/approach - The selective laser melting of the ceramic materials zirconia and alumina has been investigated experimentally. The approach followed up is to completely melt ZrO2/Al2O3 powder mixtures by a focused laser beam. In order to reduce thermally induced stresses, the ceramic is preheated to a temperature of at least 1,600 degrees C during the build up process. Findings - It is possible to manufacture ceramic objects with almost 100 percent density, without any sintering processes or any post-processing. Crack-free specimens have been manufactured that have a flexural strength of more than 500 MPa. Manufactured objects have a fine-grained two-phase microstructure consisting of tetragonal zirconia and alpha-alumina. Research limitations/implications - Future research may focus on improving the surface quality of manufactured components, solving issues related to the cold powder deposition on the preheated ceramic, further increasing the mechanical strength and transferring the technology from laboratory scale to industrial application. Practical implications - Potential applications of this technique include manufacturing individual all-ceramic dental restorations, ceramic prototypes and complex-shaped ceramic components that cannot be made by any other manufacturing technique. Originality/value - This new manufacturing technique based on melting and solidification of high-performance ceramic material has some significant advantages compared to laser sintering techniques or other manufacturing techniques relying on solid-state sintering processes.

The general belief that significant fractions of atmospheric sulfur are donated naturally from the earth's surface in the form of hydrogen sulfide and/or its organic homologs implies that atmospheric breakdown of these materials must be a rather fast process. It has been expected that oxidation of these materials by atmospheric ozone should contribute significantly in accomplishing this breakdown; and experimental measurements have been published which do, indeed, indicate rapid ozone oxidation rates, corresponding to lifetimes of the order of hours under typical tropospheric conditions. This paper discusses some later experimental measurements on H2S ozone reaction rates which disagree with former determinations, predicting typical H2S lifetimes of the order of months—much too long for this reaction to be a significant mechanism of atmospheric removal. The results also indicate the H2S ozone reaction should be expected to proceed homogeneously in the atmosphere, with catalytic effects being of little or no importance. The reaction proceeds thermally; light in the visible region does not affect its rate appreciably. These measurements indicate that some mechanism(s) other than ozonation must be responsible for atmospheric breakdown of reduced sulfur compounds. Final portions of the paper examine some possibilities for these mechanisms.DOI: 10.1111/j.2153-3490.1974.tb01978.x

No Abstract.

We report on the kinetics of the inner ring in the exciton emission pattern. The formation time of the inner ring following the onset of the laser excitation is found to be about 30 ns. The inner ring was also found to disappear within 4 ns after the laser termination. The latter process is accompanied by a jump in the photoluminescence (PL) intensity. The spatial dependence of the PL-jump indicates that the excitons outside of the region of laser excitation, including the inner ring region, are efficiently cooled to the lattice temperature even during the laser excitation. The ring formation and disappearance are explained in terms of exciton transport and cooling., Comment: 19 pages, 6 figures

We propose building a detector site 2km from the neutrino production point of the the T2K experiment. At this distance, almost the same neutrino flux is measured as that seen at Super-K 295 km away. We propose to measure this flux with both a 1 kton water Cherenkov detector which has been optimized to match Super-K resolution, and a 100 ton fiducial volume liquid argon time projection chamber which will provide fine grain imaging and low particle detection thresholds for a precise study of neutrino interactions at the relevant energies. High energy muons which exit the water Cherenkov detector will be measured by an iron muon ranger. In this document, we show that combination of a detector made with the same target as Super-K, with almost the same detector response, and an extremely fine-grained tracking chamber sited in the off-axis beam, will allow us to predict the events seen at Super-K with very little correction other than that of geometric acceptance.

A proposed solution of the anomalous behavior of the electron spectrum near the endpoint of tritium $\beta$-decay is offered. It is based on a new theory of mass in which mass becomes a dynamical variable, and the electron in the tritium $\beta$-decay has a narrow mass distribution. The predicted Kurie plots explain the main feature (``$m_{\nu}^2 < 0 $'') of this anomalous behavior., Comment: 5 pages, 1 Figure. Submitted to Physics Letters B (Dec. 2000)

A proposed solution of the anomalous behavior of the electron spectrum near the endpoint of tritium $��$-decay is offered. It is based on a new theory of mass in which mass becomes a dynamical variable, and the electron in the tritium $��$-decay has a narrow mass distribution. The predicted Kurie plots explain the main feature (``$m_��^2 < 0 $'') of this anomalous behavior., 5 pages, 1 Figure. Submitted to Physics Letters B (Dec. 2000)

We present results on the cross-section ratio for inelastic muon scattering on neutrons and protons as a function of Bjorken chi;. The data extend to χ values two orders of magnitude smaller than in previous measurements, down to 2×10-5, for Q2>0.01 GeV2. The ratio is consistent with unity throughout this new range. © 1993.

Etude theorique par la methode des differences finie et par la methode de Newton pour le cas de jets planaires et axisymetrique

Five survivors of acquired brain injury (ABI) completed a pilot 10 week group yoga intervention. Clinically significant and reliable gains in fatigue and anxiety were evident for participants. A future systematic evaluation of yoga in mixed-ABI community samples is warranted.

The writer Emma Bennett first heard ‘ASMR’ (autonomous sensory meridian response) mentioned during interdisciplinary conversations about lullabies and the politics of work and rest while at Hubbub. After Googling the practice, Emma began watching Olivia’s Kissper ASMR to aid sleep and to indulge a long-held susceptibility to ‘tingles’. Here, Emma asks: Could this spectatorial practice aimed at attaining a dreamy, sleepy passivity be reframed as an active research practice? And, might this counterintuitive move raise productive theoretical questions about activity and passivity, questions that open on to the ethics of rest and its opposites?

These consensus guidelines provide recommendations for the safe handling of monoclonal antibodies. Definitive recommendations are given for the minimum safe handling requirements to protect healthcare personnel. The seven recommendations cover: (i) appropriate determinants for evaluating occupational exposure risk; (ii) occupational risk level compared with other hazardous and non-hazardous drugs; (iii) stratification of risk based on healthcare personnel factors; (iv) waste products; (v) interventions and safeguards; (vi) operational and clinical factors and (vii) handling recommendations. The seventh recommendation includes a risk assessment model and flow chart for institutions to consider and evaluate clinical and operational factors unique to individual healthcare services. These guidelines specifically evaluated monoclonal antibodies used in the Australian cancer clinical practice setting; however, the principles may be applicable to monoclonal antibodies used in non-cancer settings. The guidelines are only applicable to parenterally administered agents. Refereed/Peer-reviewed