Search

Background Growing evidence supports a key role for inflammation in the onset and progression of tendinopathy. However, the effects of the inflammatory infiltrate on tendon cells is poorly understood. Methods We investigated stromal fibroblast activation signatures in tissues and cells from patients with tendinopathy. Diseased tendons were collected from well phenotyped patient cohorts with supraspinatus tendinopathy before and after sub-acromial decompression treatment. Healthy tendons were collected from patients undergoing shoulder stabilisation or Anterior Cruciate Ligament repair. Stromal fibroblast activation markers including podoplanin (PDPN), CD106 (VCAM-1) and CD248 were investigated by immunostaining, flow cytometry and RT-qPCR. Results PDPN, CD248 and CD106 were increased in diseased compared to healthy tendon tissues. This stromal fibroblast activation signature persisted in tendon biopsies in patients 2-4 year’s post-treatment. PDPN, CD248 and CD106 were increased in diseased compared to healthy tendon cells. IL-1β treatment induced PDPN and CD106 but not CD248. IL-1b treatment induced NF-B target genes in healthy cells which gradually declined following replacement with cytokine-free media, whilst PDPN and CD106 remained above pre-stimulated levels. IL-1b treated diseased cells showed a more profound induction of PDPN and CD106 and sustained expression of IL6 and IL8 mRNA compared to IL-1b treated healthy cells. Conclusions We conclude stromal fibroblast activation markers are increased and persist in diseased compared to healthy tendon tissues and cells. Diseased tendon cells show distinct stromal fibroblast populations. IL-1b treatment induced persistent stromal fibroblast activation which was more profound in diseased cells. Persistent stromal fibroblast activation may be implicated in the development of chronic inflammation and recurrent tendinopathy. Targeting this stromal fibroblast activation signature is a potential therapeutic strategy.