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One obstacle to the energy industry’s tendency toward adopting renewable energy is the requirement for a monitoring system for energy transactions based on microgrids in the wheeling scheme (shared use of utility networks). The quantity of transaction expenses for each operational generator is not monitored in any case. In this project, a mobile phone application is developed and maintained to track the total amount of fees paid and received by all wheeling parties and the amount of electricity produced by the microgrid. In the wheeling case system research, the number of transaction costs, such as network rental fees, loss costs, and profit margins, must be pretty calculated for all wheeling participants. The approach created in this study uses a blockchain system to execute transactions, and transactions can only take place if the wheeling actor and the generator have an existing contract. The application of energy trading is the main contribution of this research. The created application may track energy transfers and track how many fees each wheeling actor is required to receive or pay. Using a security system to monitor wheeling transactions will make energy trades transparent.

In Henan province of China, the power demand is vigorous, and the existing provincial generators are mostly high-carbon. Henan faces greater challenges in electricity revolution than other provinces. Currently, there are two development modes for generating low-carbon electricity in Henan: the “large-scale and long-distance transmission” (LSLDT) mode and the “local development and consumption” (LDC) mode. To make a better choice on development mode, following works have been done. Firstly, as there is still no macro evaluation on the self-sufficiency ratio by photovoltaic (PV) power in each region of Henan, a rooftop PV installation potential evaluation method based on the roof covering rate is proposed. And two development scenes for wind and PV power generation are set to fit the development trend of Henan in the near future. Secondly, as the load can only be stably supplied by the cooperation of wind turbine, PV equipment and other controllable generation, the real cost of wind turbine and PV power generation is never only the equipment investment. Different from the commonly used levelized cost of electricity method, a bi-level generation planning model based on the total social cost is established. Finally, generation planning schemes are made and the power supply cost per kWh electricity is evaluated under the two development scenes mentioned above. It is found that there is a significant cost advantage when wind and PV electricity are generated with the LDC mode in both scenes. What is more, the existence of reliability cost, wheeling cost and grid-loss cost makes the LSLDT mode difficult to cut down the wind and PV power supply cost. Wind and PV power generation of the LDC mode should be focused on in Henan.

This article steams from my doctoral thesis entitled “Rouler/Wheeling Montréal: Moving through, Resisting and Belonging in an Ableist City” (Parent, 2018). My thesis examined fifteen disabled Montrealers’ everyday mobilities and two different dimensions of participants’ sense of belonging: their belonging in Montréal disability communities and their belonging in the city. Participants’ stories show that their right to the city and their capacity to move through it are severely compromised because ableism is embedded in Montréal’s built environment and culture. This article explores three issues and 33 actions for an an anti-ableist Montréal. The first issue is presented as a question: How can we build an anti-ableist city? The second issue concerns disabled Montrealers’ mobilities in the face of climate change and the third explores the representations of disabled Montrealers in the media and civic and political life.

This research provides evidence to support the future development of integrated policy interventions to increase sustainable travel amongst Scotland’s CYP and their families. The research focuses on wider travel behaviours beyond the journey to/from school and uses international case studies to recommend actions for national and local government in Scotland.

Traffic on arable land is one of the main causes of soil compaction, threatening soil function and quality. The objective of this study was to evaluate tillage and wheeling effects on mechanical properties on Hapludalf soil. We evaluated four combinations of management system and wheeling traffic: 13 years of no-tillage (NT), NT compacted with additional wheeling (NTc), minimum tillage (chiselling) soil (MT), and MT compacted with additional wheeling (MTc). Soil bulk density (Bd), macroporosity (Mp), precompression stress (σp), compressibility coefficient (Cc), and relative deformation were determined in four soil layers. Soil with greater Bd had higher σp and lower Mp and Cc, where statistical significance varied depending on soil depth, tillage, and additional compaction. Soil tillage did not affect Bd, but Mp was lowest in the no-till pan layer (0.05–0.15 m), and additional compaction decreased Mp in deeper layers. Long-term NT had greater σp and Cc than MT soil, while wheeling increased σp and decreased Cc in MT, only in the upper layer. Four wheelings with 1.1 Mg wheel load on no-tillage soil and two wheelings with 3.2 Mg wheel load on chiselled-soil decreased Mp in deeper (down to 0.25–0.35 m) layers, but only high load increased σp and decreased Cc in upper layers of chiselled-soil. Surface compaction in conservation agriculture is a major issue, since soil mobilisation by soil tillage should be avoided.

These days, the requirement for flexible and quick power stream control in the transmission framework is foreseen to increment later on taking into account utility liberation and power wheeling prerequisite. Diminishing the compelling reactance of lines by series remuneration is an immediate approach to build transmission ability. Nonetheless, power move capacity of long transmission lines is restricted by dependability contemplations. On account of the power electronic exchanging abilities as far as control and fast, more focal points have been done in FACTS gadgets regions and presence of these gadgets in transient security during transient flaws bringing about progress in power framework solidness. In this examination, a static synchronous series compensator (SSSC) is utilized to research the impact of this gadget in controlling active and reactive powers just as damping power framework motions in transient mode. The Proportional-Integral Controller (PI) controller is utilized to tune the circuit and to give the zero sign blunder. Static Synchronous Series Compensator (SSSC) is series reactive power remuneration to a power framework. The yield of a SSSC is series infused voltage, which leads or slacks line current by 90°, in this manner copying a controllable inductive or capacitive reactance. SSSC can be utilized to lessen the line impedance and upgrade the active power move ability of the line. With the boundaries and control, the SSSC is discovered successful to direct load voltage during abrupt difference in the heaps. The SSSC additionally furnishes stable activity with dynamic enlistment engine load and mitigates the insecure and swaying conduct that is coming about during the activity of remunerated Alternator with dynamic engine load.

Manual wheelchair users face a high prevalence of upper extremity pain and injuries associated with poor biomechanics and the relatively low mechanical efficiency of conventional push wheeling. Recently developed geared wheels, which permit the wheelchair user to propel forwards by pulling at the handrims using a 'rowing' motion, have been speculated to improve ergonomics and reduce operational energy costs. This study compared the gross mechanical efficiency (GME) and perceived exertion (RPE) of these geared wheels to standard wheelchair wheels after a motor skill-based training session was conducted to familiarise participants with using both wheels. Fourteen able-bodied males were enrolled in the study. A within-participants, repeated-measures design was used to assess oxygen uptake (VO

This essay reads two Othellos together – Shakespeare’s seventeenth-century play and Vishal Bhardwaj’s 21st-century film – to attend to the caste- and gender-based confessions that drive the plot of Omkara. Through close attention to selected scenes from the film, this work demonstrates that casteism, a phenomenon cemented by India’s colonial past and thus reflecting the subcontinent’s neo-colonial (instead of post-colonial) reality, along with entrenched misogyny and ableism, work together to precipitate the tragedy of Dolly and Omkara. In bringing these apparently distant texts together, and in its commitment to intersectional exploration of embodiment, this work is a deliberate exercise in such transtemporal and transcultural thinking that literary criticism should enable.

In this article, we examine how urban resilience has emerged as a global urban policy project, offering solutions for cities about how they can adapt to and recover from shocks and stresses, partic...

The aim of this study was to test the hypotheses that, during manual-wheelchair foot propulsion backward on a soft surface, lowering the seat height increases speed, push frequency and push effectiveness, and decreases perceived difficulty.In a repeated-measures crossover study, 50 able-bodied participants used one foot to propel a manual wheelchair 5 m backward on a soft surface at 5 seat heights, ranging from 5.08 cm below to about 5.08 cm above lower-leg length, in random order. We recorded Wheelchair Skills Test (WST) capacity scores and used the Wheelchair Propulsion Test (WPT) to calculate speed (m/s), push frequency (cycles/s) and push effectiveness (m/cycle). We also recorded the participants' perceived difficulty (0-4) and video-recorded each trial.WST capacity scores were reduced at the higher seat heights. Using repeated-measures models (adjusted for age, sex and order), there were negative relationships between seat height and speed (During manual-wheelchair foot propulsion backward on a soft surface, lowering the seat height increases speed and push effectiveness, and decreases perceived difficulty.IMPLICATIONS FOR REHABILITATIONBackward wheelchair foot propulsion on soft surfaces is affected by seat height.Speed (m/s) is improved if the seat height is lowered.Push effectiveness (m/gait cycle) is improved if the seat height is lowered.Perceived difficulty of propulsion is lower if the seat height is lowered.

In the past few decades, the demand for electricity has increased substantially. A number of factors affect this rapid rise in electricity demand. With this increased demand the role of transmission network becomes crucial for suitable operation, especially under restructured environment. The different limitations such as stability limit, voltage limit and thermal limits enforce restrictions on power wheeling capability of transmission lines. The major issues associated with power industry especially in the pool-based market are the recovery of transmission costs apportioned between the diverse. Restructuring of the electricity supply industry has taken place around the world. This restructuring consists of various new aspects such as transmission embedded cost allocation, reactive power cost allocation, transmission loss allocation, the impact of power flow regulating devices etc. Many methodologies and algorithms were proposed for addressing these issues. In this paper, FACTS incorporated power flow model is used for the determination of flow of real and reactive power by using the power flow tracing principle, which involves matrix properties for the real and reactive power allocation and cost allocation for different participants. FACTS devices which have the capability of regulating the power flow and voltage support at the buses. Hence UPFC incorporated in the transmission system have been considered in this paper. Comparative results with and without FACT controller are present for the sample 5 bus system and methodology also tested on IEEE 14 bus system.

Objectives / Scope Re-wheeling compressors to match late-life field conditions gives significant benefits in operational efficiency and carbon reduction. But changing the compressor wheels and increasing shaft speeds also introduces a risk in terms of the rotor-dynamic stability of the system. API assessments use deterministic methods to assess the design change, but give less information in terms of the key risks and how to control them. This paper outlines new methods for assessing rotor dynamic risks to compressors during re-wheeling and their value over traditional methods. Methods New methods were developed to extend beyond the API requirements in order to assess and manage the rotor-dynamic risk as part of a peer review process of re-wheeling a compressor train. A combination of sensitivity studies on key parameters and Self Organizing Maps (SOMs - a machine learning technique) was used to identify the factors which present the greatest risk to the re-wheeling, and a Monte Carlo analysis was used to identify the change in risk of rotor-dynamic problems when compared with the existing machine. Results The Monte Carlo analysis used random distributions of factors on key input parameters, and the same factors were applied to the existing and re-wheeled designs. It identified that although the re-wheeled design was nominally more stable than the existing design according to the API analysis, it actually presented a greater risk of instability. This is because the distribution of resulting stability values had a higher mean but a greater spread than the existing machine when subject to uncertainty in input parameters. Since the existing machine is free from dynamics problems, the parameter combinations which resulted in an unstable existing machine could be discounted, but the resulting subset of factors when applied to the re-wheeled design still gave some unstable cases. Therefore, the fact that the existing machine is free from dynamics problems does not in itself discount the possibility of problems following the re-wheel. SOMs were used to identify the components which posed the greatest risk to the re-wheeled design. This highlighted that low stiffness in two particular bearings along the high speed shaft would pose the greatest risk to shaft stability, meaning that close attention can be paid by the operators and OEMs to this to manage the risks as the re-wheel progresses. Novel Information This work shows that probabilistic and machine learning techniques have significant value in managing risks during compressor re-wheeling, highlighting risks which would not be identified using standard deterministic methods and focusing attention on the aspects which are most important to manage them.

Soil compaction caused by the use of heavy agriculture machinery in non-optimal soil conditions hampers crucial soil functions. Tyre inflation pressure and wheel load are well-known key drivers of compaction. The effects of traction and repeated wheeling are, however, not yet fully understood but may be of critical importance. We aimed to quantify the effects of traction and repeated wheeling on some soil structural properties independently in a compaction experiment conducted on a sandy loam at a soil water content near field capacity, using a tractor-trailer combination at two loads. The trailer was used in ‘standard’ and ‘offset’ steering modes, the latter referring to the mode in which measurements could be taken for the pass of a single towed and thereby passive trailer wheel (with one, two, three and six wheel passes). Penetration resistance was measured to 0.71 m depth and 100-cm 3 soil cores were collected around 0.16 m depth for structural property measurements. In the offset steering mode, the measurements were made in the tractor tracks to investigate the effect of traction and in the trailer's wheel track to investigate the effect of repeated wheeling (at 6.0 Mg static wheel load). The measurements were also collected for the standard steering configuration with the high towed load and from reference plots. Measurements on the soil cores comprised bulk density, porosity, and air permeability. We found a clear effect of traction on deformation of some soil structural properties, with no significant effects of the low drawbar pull but with substantial effects of the high drawbar pull. Reductions in air permeability and specific permeability were significant (89 % and 83 %, respectively) and indicated a densification and homogenisation of the soil. The effect of repeated wheeling was gradual and reasonably well explained by a linear fit to the number of wheel passes. After six passes with the passive wheel caused some soil structural properties to differ significantly from the reference soil, and resulted in approximately similar levels of bulk density, porosity, air permeability and specific permeability as the tractor with high drawbar pull. Still, the deformation was stronger for the single pass of the tractor with the high drawbar pull than for six repeated wheeling of the passive trailer wheel. These results highlight the substantial effect of traction on soil compaction. Yet, the mechanisms causing this deformation remain speculative until the propagation of horizontal stress through the soil profile is better understood.

In the electricity market, power producers and customers share a common transmission network for wheeling power from generation to consumption points. All parties in this open access environment may try to produce energy from cheaper sources for greater profit margin, which may lead to transmission congestion, which could lead to violation of voltage and thermal limits, threatening the system security. To solve this, available transfer capability (ATC) must be accurately estimated and optimally utilized. Thus, accurate determination of ATC to ensure system security while serving power transactions is an open and trending research topic. Many optimization approaches to deal with the problem have been proposed. In this paper, Cuckoo Search Algorithm (CSA) is applied for determining ATC problem between the buses in deregulated power systems without violating system constraints such as thermal, voltage constraints. The suggested methodology is tested on IEEE 14 and IEEE 24-bus for normal and contingency cases. The simulation results are compared with the corresponding results of EP, PSO, and GWO and show that the CSA is an effective method for determining ATC.

Wheeling merupakan solusi dari kompleksnya permasalahan pembangunan jaringan transmisi. Dengan konsep wheeling, pemilik pembangkit dapat menyalurkan tenaga listrik ke bebannya tanpa harus membangun jaringan transmisi. Pemilik pembangkit tersebut dapat memanfaatkan jaringan transmisi milik entitas lain. Konsep wheeling menjadi suatu hal yang menarik dalam kaitannya dengan peningkatan penetrasi energi terbarukan saat ini. Hal ini disebabkan pembangunan jaringan transmisi merupakan salah satu kendala dalam peningkatan penetrasi energi terbarukan. Fairness pada biaya wheeling sampai saat ini masih menjadi salah satu topik penting. Bahasan terkait biaya wheeling menitikberatkan agar biaya yang dibebankan pada setiap pihak yang terlibat dapat memenuhi kaidah fairness, yaitu sesuai dengan kontribusinya masing-masing pada implementasi wheeling. Secara garis besar, penelitian terkait wheeling dapat dikelompokkan menjadi penelitian untuk pengembangan metode perhitungan biaya wheeling dan penelitian untuk pengembangan metode alokasi biaya wheeling. Pengembangan metode perhitungan biaya wheeling juga mencakup pengembangan komponen biaya yang dapat dimasukkan dalam perhitungan biaya. Makalah ini merangkum pembahasan biaya wheeling pada tiga aspek, yaitu metode perhitungan, komponen biaya, dan mekanisme alokasi biaya.

Due to the random nature of stock market, it is extremely difficult to capture market trends with traditional subjective analysis. Besides, the modeling and forecasting of quantitative investment strategies are not easy. Based on the research of experts and scholars at home and abroad and the rotation effect of large and small styles in China’s A-share market, a stock picking strategy combining wheeling effect and random forest is proposed. Firstly, judge the style trend of the A-share market, that is, the relatively strong style in the large and small-sized market. The strategy first judges the trend of the A-share market style, then uses a multi-factor stock selection model through random forest to select stocks among the constituent stocks of the dominant style index, and buys the selected stocks according to the optimal portfolio weights determined by the principle of minimum variance. The empirical results show that the annualized rate of return of the strategy in the eight years from January 1, 2012 to April 1, 2020 is 3.6% higher than that of the single-round strategy, far exceeding the performance of the CSI 300 Index during the same period.

Some specialists in education sciences doubt the presence of computer resources in formal education: an almost general feeling that they might represent the Trojan horse wheeling in superficiality, ignorance and lack of discipline (Alessandro Barrico’s barbarians), destroying the ‘serious’ vein of schools, but aren’t there computers in schools? Isn’t there an IT infrastructure widely used in education? When the administration takes over, they make a special room, and they put the computers in that room and they have a computer period with a computer teacher. Our study starts from the hypothesis that the usage of mobile learning in class will intensify learning; starting from this idea, we planned to analyse how much the teachers from a specific region of Romania have at their disposal, the resources and competencies needed for mobile learning and in what measure they are really using those resources and competencies in a systematic manner in the educational. Keywords: Mobile learning, multitasking, net generation, school teaching

The Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership between the European Union and the US is highly technical. Still, the negotiations triggered large-scale protests among citizens with very diverse socioeconomic backgrounds. Why has a complex issue such an enormous mobilizing effect although the economic consequences are either unclear or favorable for the participating economies? We argue that the transparency of negotiations is an important consideration for people evaluating the negotiation outcome. Conducting a survey experiment, we show that non-transparent decision-making decreases citizens' appraisal of the agreementindependentof its outcome: A non-transparent negotiation is, on average, almost 16 percent less likely to find public approval than a transparent but otherwise identical agreement. Our findings have important implications for democratic decision-making.

The deployment of zero-carbon renewable energy sources is mandated by the US Department of Energy (US DOE) to increase significantly to support the goal of net-zero greenhouse gas emissions by 2050. This paper proposes a deterministic approach to how networked (interconnected grid) points of receipt to points of delivery can be optimized for wheeling zero- or low-carbon renewable energy resources to high-demand destination load centers while minimizing energy cost with a hub-and-spoke approach. A hub-and-spoke approach routes “traffic” through a central point. The aapproach was set up as a mixed integer approach in which the cost of transporting energy was minimized. This paper leverages the concepts of a hub-and-spoke transportation model with daily energy market clearing prices, available transmission capacity, and firm daily transmission prices in open-access energy markets to define the most cost-effective route to deliver energy to an applicable load center.

The number of wheelchair tennis players is rising internationally, yet from a scientific perspective little is known about wheelchair tennis performance. Wheelchair tennis is more complex compared to other wheelchair court sports, due to the wheelchair/racket interaction. The purpose of this narrative review was to gain insight into the influence of wheelchair configuration, i.e., the individual set-up of a wheelchair, on wheelchair tennis performance, more specifically on wheelchair mobility performance and propulsion technique. Wheelchair propulsion while holding a racket has had little attention in both the wheelchair mobility performance and wheelchair propulsion technique area. It is shown that the propulsion technique and wheelchair mobility performance are negatively affected by the racket. Based on the current literature, the influence of wheelchair configuration on wheeling performance in wheelchair tennis can mainly be described from a broader wheelchair court sport perspective, due to the lack of specific publications about wheelchair tennis. In the future more research should be conducted on wheeling performance and wheelchair configuration in wheelchair tennis, to attain a more proper scientific foundation for optimising wheelchair tennis performance.

The development of city gas pipeline is a key concept in Japanese energy policy. Temporary gas storage back-up should have been made available equally because of the fair parking function of pipelines. It was reasonable that an old imbalance rate system had to face its demise. Before the system reform, when there was a difference between the total amount of gas injected and the total amount consumed within an hour, the excess or deficiency of gas was accumulated totally within a month, and imbalance rates were calculated. The normal allowance rate of deviation was ±10% per hour. Extreme deviations, beyond ±10% per hour, were charged heavily even in the old system. Now that the system reform has been completed, the load-curve dispatch method (LDM) has been adopted as the new regulation by METI. In order to enjoy fairness among retail market players, it was important to change the conventional simultaneous volume system to the LDM. Also, there has been the unique and long-standing issue of bypass pipelines in Japan. The purpose of the bypass pipeline regulation is to make efficient use of existing pipeline networks and to reduce pipeline usage costs. In theory, therefore, bypass pipelines should be banned. Some exceptions had been installed adopted mainly because of the concept “natural gas shift.” However, when former general gas utilities supply gas using their existing pipelines, newcomers are firstly supposed to use them efficiently. This is the reason why constructing a bypass pipeline should be considered as the second best.

Schools are social utility units where many people are gathered every day. The best for such organizations is to develop in campuses. However, in the urban environment of mid-sized cities, this is very rarely accomplished. School travel systematically addresses barriers for walking to school. The term “school travel planning” could be thought as a community-based model for implementing active school travel conditions. Students, parents and teachers could leave their cars at home and encouraged to increase walking, cycling, use of buses and carpooling. Also, school related trip times can be differentiated by for example picking up children later. Finally, it’s a great help for taking different route to avoid congested roads. Its primary goal could cost-effectiveness of the way to get more kids walking and wheeling to school. Xanthi is a medium-sized city in Greece with school units scattered in various areas. Most parents move kids to school by car, because they believe that pupils, on their own, cannot circulate safely. That creates a need for the establishment of safe routes that will encourage pupils to use methods and means of alternative transport to schools. This research includes two sections about the city of Xanthi: a) an analysis of the school’s educational, building, urban and traffic data, identifying road safety problems, and b) proposals for specific projects and practices that can improve the conditions and contribute to the sustainable operation of the school. The development of a school travel plan is expected to produce long-term benefits for the city of Xanthi.

Since 1998, educators at Wheeling Jesuit University’s Challenger Learning Center and Center for Educational Technologies have created realistic live simulations of science and medical emergencies in which students act as astronauts, scientists or doctors to solve STEM problems such as diagnosing diseases, stopping epidemics, picking a safe spacecraft landing spot, and rescuing stranded astronauts. These 90 to 120-minute simulations, e-Missions, are video-conferenced into classrooms, with companion websites providing pre-mission preparation, supplemental resources and teacher tutorials. e-Missions have been used more than 11,000 times at schools in 50 states and 22 nations. More than 310,000 elementary, middle and high school students have role-played STEM experts, and 10,000 teachers were trained to use technology and problem-based learning. Shorter live missions, e-Labs, were created to demonstrate science topics in 3–9 grade classrooms, and e-Labs Jr do the same for K-3. The simulations and e-Labs are developed with funding from agencies, foundations and corporations, and are maintained through payments by schools of $400 to $550 for each e-Mission, and $200 for e-Labs, often year after year as culminating events for relevant curricula. More than $5 million dollars have been earned over the last 20 years, supporting the sustained delivery of these innovative STEM experiences, and software and hardware updates. Evaluations have identified positive changes in e-Mission student attitudes and perceptions toward science and science careers.

The deregulation has brought many vital fundamental alterations in the electric power industry. Previously the vertically integrated structure of power system providing the three services generation, transmission, and distribution by a single party. After deregulation, the three service sectors may be operated (provided) by different companies or parties. As such the power can be generated by a company, it could be sold to any other company for distribution at load centers and it may be transmitted by a third party from the generation point of a selling point (load center/buyer), i.e., power wheeling from the generation point to the distribution point (buyer). In this paper, it is proposed to consider the economic power wheeling from the generation point to the distribution point through Gravitational Search Algorithm (GSA) based on the concept of MW-Mile method under two operating conditions with and without transmission line power limit. The method has been applied to a four-grid power system. The result of GSA method is compared with the result obtained by Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) method. It has been shown that the computational time of GSA is lower than that of PSO which makes the performance of GSA superior than PSO for the proposed approach..

Renewable energy has site-specific characteristics and uncertainty in its production. The location of large-scale renewable energy generators, which are generally far from the load location, requires the construction of a transmission network which is relatively difficult to build. Fluctuating production causes the need for backup supplies. These site-specific characteristics and uncertainty problems are opportunities for utility to provide wheeling and reserve services. This reserve service creates additional costs for system operation that must be added to wheeling costs as a component of the reserve cost. The research was conducted on a modified IEEE 30 bus system. The impact of not producing wheeling generators on utility operating costs was observed with optimal power flow. The impact obtained is then allocated to the wheeling entity using the tracing method, which in this study consists of two entities. The calculation results show an increase in utility operating costs by 115.13 $/hr when the wheeling generator is not producing. The first wheeling entity bears costs of 23.20 $/hr and the second wheeling entity bears 91.93 $/hr.

The present paper proposes a novel device defined as an intelligent electronic fuse (iFuse) meant to be connected in series with any current-bidirectional voltage-unidirectional active switch present in a given converter. The iFuse duty is to isolate its series- associated switch from the rest of the converter circuit immediately after detecting that said switch has failed in short circuit. Nonetheless, it maintains the reverse (free- wheeling) current path originally offered by the failed switch. The failure detection is performed when the failed switch causes a shoot-through event. Therefore, the iFuse is designed to be able to block the elevated current occurring in such event. The iFuse allows increasing the fault-tolerant capability and the reliability of power converters where such qualities are hindered by switch short-circuit failures, as in converters featuring parallelized switches, neutral-point-clamped multilevel topologies, or redundant legs. The feasibility of the iFuse device is verified through experimental tests, proving that the device is able to detect the failure of its associated switch and isolate it from the rest of the converter circuit in 6 μs, while stopping short-circuit currents of up to 1 kA without incurring in harmful di/dt values.

Today’s electric utility industry is drastically changing due to power system restructuring. The main feature of this power system restructuring is to create a competition among the market players. It is necessary to develop a proper pricing strategy to maintain reliability and secure operation. It is a key and challenging task to allocate the charges for wheeling participants accurately. One of the pricing method widely used in India is MW- mile method for wheeling charge evaluation. This method is based on impact of power flow in a network and considers actual usage of the transmission line. There are three power flow approaches of MW-mile method namely absolute power flow, reverse power flow, dominant power flow. This method does not consider the impact of transmission loss as well as power factor variation of recipient load while evaluating the wheeling charges for the corresponding three power flow approaches. This paper compares the three power flow approaches with inclusion of transmission losses along with fluctuating power factor. The recipient should necessarily get benefit for operating their load at improved power factor. It motivate the recipient to operate their load with opitimal power factor. It also make sure that recipient should get penalty for operating the load at poor power factor. To get this accurate wheeling charge, this paper include the impact of transmission loss of line associated with power factor variation term which is set by the regulator. Newton Raphson algorithm is preferred to evaluate the line flows and line losses of the IEEE-30 bus system and corresponding wheeling charges are evaluated by using MW-mile method for all the three power flow approaches after inclusion of impact power loss as well as correction term of power factor.

In this paper, we investigate the problem of credit rating management in energy trading among microgrids subject to transmission losses and wheeling cost. The main concern is how to constrain the default behaviors of retailers to enable all the consumers and retailers to be actively involved in the energy trading. By endowing retailers as leaders and consumers as followers, we establish a multi-leader multi-follower dynamic game model and propose a scorecard model based on logistic regression to evaluate retailers’ credit ratings. The concept of trust degree is then introduced for all the retailers as a punitive measure to relate their credit ratings with the reduction in the profit. With such a strategy, we can theoretically show that a unique equilibrium exists for the dynamic game model. Moreover, a best response algorithm is proposed to make the consumers and retailers achieve the equilibrium iteratively. Numerical simulations are provided to demonstrate the effectiveness and efficiency of the proposed method. It is found that default behaviors of selfish retailers can be greatly constrained with only a slight degradation of the interests of other participants, thereby promoting the establishment of a trustworthy trading market. We also discuss the influence level of transmission losses on trading behaviors of retailers and consumers.

Electricity Jababeka industrialarea is provided by PT Bekasi Power through 150 kV PLN's own transmission with Power Wheeling concept that is the joint utilization of transmission system which has a few definitions, for example, the utilization of transmission or distribution system to transmit electric power from existing entities and to different entities.Or sending electrical power from the seller to the buyer through a system claimed by third party. In the concept of wheeling, the fees charged for services provide and bear the lossesdue to the utilization of ipower transmission networks in this study will examine the concept of appropriate power wheeling for Applied in Jababeka industrial area

Electric power transmission and transmission pricing are the key issues in the deregulated electric power industry. Factors like fast power demand growth, competition, service outage, and scarce natural resources make transmission systems operate close to their thermal limits. However, new transmission systems cannot be built in due to economic, environmental, and political reasons. For better utilization of existing power system capacities, the power electronic technology-based power system equipment called flexible alternating current transmission system (FACTS) devices like thyristor-controlled series compensators (TCSCs) can be effectively used for operating the transmission grid economically, rapidly, dynamically, and efficiently with increased flexibility and efficiency under different loading conditions. TCSCs, being costly devices, may adversely affect some deregulated power market participants. This paper proposes a unit commitment algorithm for the minimization of power losses and determination of optimal location for TCSC placement. The impact of the TCSC in conjunction with the application of the proposed algorithm on the generation cost and wheeling cost is analyzed using a power flow-based line-by-line rolled-in transmission pricing scheme. The comparison between the annual generation costs and annual wheeling costs with and without the TCSC is carried out under different load conditions in the IEEE 30-bus system. Results and simulations validate the economy of the suitable TCSC's optimal presence over its absence.

Between 1880 and 1910, new technologies and managerial schemes undermined skilled steelworkers’ ability to control production and demand high wages, which also threatened their sense of man...

Objective To describe how people who use wheelchairs participate and move at home and in the community over an entire yearlong period, including during times of inclement weather conditions. Design Longitudinal mixed-methods research study. Setting Urban community in Canada. Participants People who use a wheelchair for home and community mobility (N=11). Intervention Not applicable. Main Outcome Measures Use of a global positioning system (GPS) tracker for movement in community (number of trips per day), use of accelerometer for bouts of wheeling mobility (number of bouts per day, speed, distance, and duration), prompted recall interviews to identify supports and barriers to mobility and participation. Results More trips per day were taken during the summer ( P = .03) and on days with no snow and temperatures above 0°C. Participants reliant on public transportation demonstrated more weather-specific changes in their trip patterns. The number of daily bouts of mobility remained similar across seasons; total daily distance wheeled, duration, and speed were higher on summer days, days with no snow, and days with temperatures above 0°C. A higher proportion of outdoor wheeling bouts occurred in summer ( P =.02) and with temperatures above 0°C ( P =.03). Inaccessible public environments were the primary barrier to community mobility and participation; access to social supports and private transportation were the primary supports. Conclusions Objective support is provided for the influence of various seasonal weather conditions on community mobility and participation for people who use a wheelchair. Longitudinal data collection provided a detailed understanding of the patterns of, and influences on, wheelchair mobility and participation within wheelchair users’ own homes and communities.

A popular smuggling story still told in Ireland concerns a man who crossed the border every day, either on a bicycle or wheeling a wheelbarrow, and usually carrying some sort of load; hay, turf, potatoes, or vegetables—goods that were free from customs duty. The suspicious officials subjected the traveller to regular searches but could never catch him out. This article contextualizes that story in the history of the Irish border during the mid twentieth century, and locates it within Irish folklore traditions, before exploring its probable origin in similar tales found outside Ireland.

In Deregulated Environment, all the independent power producers (IPP) are clustered in nature and they were operated in unison condition to meet out the cluster load demand of various levels of consumers in continuous 24 hours horizon. These IPP were respond and reschedule their clustered operating units with time confine among the reliant conditions like incremental in overall consumer demand, credible contingency and wheeling trades. Amid this process, the ramping cost is acquired during the incidence of any infringement in the secured elastic limit or Ramp rate limits. In this paper, optimal operating cost of the independent power producer is incurred with ramping cost considering stepwise and piecewise slope ramp rate utilizing firefly algorithm and Gray wolf optimization algorithm. Optimal power flow is carried out for the three standard test systems: five, six and ten power producers are having secured elastic limits are taken for computation in Matlab environment.

This article formulates the new unified interpretation of the analysis of electromagnetic processes in the autonomous (usually resonant) inverters with power circuits having a serial RLC configuration either with or without free wheeling diodes. The investigation starts with clarifying the parameters of the inverter circuit by bringing the fourth order power network into such of a second order in a normalized form. On this basis the novel compendious relationships between the most important internal inverter parameters are given. A MATLAB program calculates and displays the frequency characteristics of both types of inverters and simulates their steady state. The results from characteristics and simulation confirm each other in many ways. They were also proved experimentally. The whole processed information helps better understanding and organizing intelligent design, measurement and control of the inverters for technological applications (induction heating).

Currently collective electricity receiving and its trade among houses are promoted as a method of energy saving. Previous researches investigated the possibility of collective receiving of high voltage electric power. In this research, we evaluate collective electricity receiving at low voltage and its trade among houses with photovoltaics and fuel cells. In this system, power receiving facility for high voltage is not necessary, although the price of electricity is higher. We develop a Mixed Integer Non-Linear Problem (MINLP) model of the system, introducing the wheeling rate as a benefit of the aggregator. Then we adopted the concept of Nucleolus in game theory to maximize the minimum benefit of all houses. By doing this, we design a system that distributes profits fairly among house.

The concept of power trading is considered in the context of the vision of the New Partnership for Africa Development (NEPAD). A most promising option is to utilise the rich water resources of the Democratic Republic of Congo for hydro-power generation. Present and anticipated future potential generating capacities are quoted. The development of the Inga 3 and the Grand Inga schemes could supply grid-connected African states with sufficient electricity to stimulate their respective socio-eco-nomic development. Today’s situation and plans are outlined, emphasising requirements for success. These include financial investment through public-private partnerships, the all-important role of gov-ernments to ensure political stability and independ-ent regional regulation for equitable wheeling charges.

In the context of efficient generation expansion planning (GEP) and transmission expansion planning (TEP), value assessment method (VAM) is the critical topic to discuss. Presently, two well-known VAMs, min-cut max-flow (MCMF) and load curtailment strategy (LCS), are used for GEP and TEP. MCMF does not follow electrical laws and is unable to calculate congestion cost (CC) and re-dispatch cost (RDC). LCS calculates both, but in iterative way, thus takes a long time to provide solution. In the constrained network, multiple quantities like demand/energy not served (D/ENS) and generation not served (GNS), wheeling loss (WL), CC and RDC are existing together and thus have to be calculated together to encounter the loss in all aspects. Existing methods show limitations in this regard and do not calculate all above described quantities simultaneously. Thus, in this paper, a non-iterative VAM (NVAM) is presented based on electrical laws, which calculates value of the present and the planned systems by incorporating all system quantities of D/ENS, GNS, WL, CC and RDC together. Due to non-iterative batch approach, it is quite faster compared to the above-mentioned traditional VAMs, i.e., MCMF and LCS. Furthermore, comparative results on IEEE-5 bus and IEEE-24 bus power systems show its higher efficiency. The MATLAB code of the introduced NVAM is provided in “Appendix” for further development by the researchers.

To determine the ecological validity of using able-bodied participants to perform a 10-min wheeling trial by (1) evaluating changes in biomechanics over the trial in manual wheelchair users and able-bodied participants naïve to wheeling and (2) describing differences in changes and variability between groups.Manual wheelchair users (n = 7, 2-27 years' experience) and able-bodied participants (n = 11) wheeled for 10 min. Kinetic and temporal variables were collected and averaged over each minute, while wheeling strategy (movement pattern) was categorized at minutes 1 and 10.There was a main effect of time for push angle, and a main effect of group for average push angle, tangential force and total force. Manual wheelchair users used larger push angles and forces compared to able-bodied participants. Surprisingly, intercycle variability did not differ between groups.Using able-bodied participants to represent manual wheelchair users performing a 10-min wheeling trial is not ecologically valid and caution should be used when interpreting push angle and forces applied to the pushrim. Considering that push angle was the only variable that demonstrated a main effect of time, long durations (e.g., 10 min) of wheeling may be appropriate for use in study designs acknowledging potential changes in wheeling strategy and push angle. Implications for Rehabilitation Some experienced wheelchair users and non-wheelchair users modify their movement pattern from an arc to a circular pattern within a 10-min wheeling trial. There are clear biomechanical differences in push angle and forces applied to the pushrim between wheelchair users with experience and able-bodied non-wheelchair users. Able-bodied participants who have no prior manual wheeling experience are no more variable than long-term wheelchair users. Variability may play an important role in wheelchair propulsion.

The Electricity Act 2003 was a landmark Act which promised to remove the maladies which afflict the Indian Power Sector and that too at a time when the sector was ridden with problems. With concepts such as open access, multiple distribution licensees, wheeling of electricity etc, the said Act intended to encourage competition which in turn was meant bring a paradigm shift in the sector. The paper undertakes a systematic literature review to find the status of review of the promising Act. More than a decade has passed since its enactment and amendments are due with the legislative body of India but none of the literature reviewed gives a comprehensive view encompassing all the objectives of the Act. Moreover, these documents study either the probable impact or the impact on a particular segment only. It has important implications for the Power sector which highlights a significant gap in literature and provides a basis on which future research can be built upon.

Due to the vehicle wheeling and abrasion, the paint on the lane lines usually appears cracked. In the process of automatic detection of the pavement cracks, the paint cracks can be easily misidentified as the road cracks, reducing the recognition accuracy of the pavement cracks. We propose a lane line detection method based on deep learning method, extracting multi-angle and multidimensional features of lane lines automatically. A complete dataset has been constructed to solve the problems of uneven illumination, pollution and abrasion. Our method achieves a result of 91.84% precision, 86.67% recall and 87.34% Dice coefficient, which are all about 30% better than the traditional digital image processing techniques. The crack model and the lane line model are superimposed to improve the recognition effect of pavement cracks, which is better than the single crack model.

​© 2020 IEEE. Personal use of this material is permitted. Permission from IEEE must be obtained for all other uses, in any current or future media, including reprinting/republishing this material for advertising or promotional purposes, creating new collective works, for resale or redistribution to servers or lists, or reuse of any copyrighted component of this work in other works., In this paper, the problem of real implementation of a transmission grid was addressed. In today's modern society, electricity is the most important form of energy for industry and society. A reliable and stable electrical power system is therefore essential. The growing amount of renewable energy sources leads to wheeling electrical power over long distances and to the growth in power electronics-based generation. Both affect the behavior of the electrical power system. The objective of this paper is the development of a scaled version of the Kundur's two areas system in order to implement it in a real laboratory. Additionally, this setup allows to change the rotational inertia and analyze all terminal quantities with phasor measurement units. The control structure of this island grid should reflect the reality as close as possible. All this together enables to study dynamic phenomena with a real small power system. With this laboratory implementation electromechanical swings such as inter-area oscillations after disconnecting a tie-line, changing loads and generation or tripping a synchronous machine can be shown.