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The purpose of this scoping review is to identify evidence for pain assessment during acute procedures in hospitalized neonates at risk of neonatal opioid withdrawal syndrome (NOWS).

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Summary In wheat, a lack of genetic diversity between breeding lines has been recognized as a significant block to future yield increases. Species belonging to bread wheat's secondary and tertiary gene pools harbour a much greater level of genetic variability, and are an important source of genes to broaden its genetic base. Introgression of novel genes from progenitors and related species has been widely employed to improve the agronomic characteristics of hexaploid wheat, but this approach has been hampered by a lack of markers that can be used to track introduced chromosome segments. Here, we describe the identification of a large number of single nucleotide polymorphisms that can be used to genotype hexaploid wheat and to identify and track introgressions from a variety of sources. We have validated these markers using an ultra‐high‐density Axiom® genotyping array to characterize a range of diploid, tetraploid and hexaploid wheat accessions and wheat relatives. To facilitate the use of these, both the markers and the associated sequence and genotype information have been made available through an interactive web site.

In wheat, a lack of genetic diversity between breeding lines has been recognized as a significant block to future yield increases. Species belonging to bread wheat's secondary and tertiary gene pools harbour a much greater level of genetic variability, and are an important source of genes to broaden its genetic base. Introgression of novel genes from progenitors and related species has been widely employed to improve the agronomic characteristics of hexaploid wheat, but this approach has been hampered by a lack of markers that can be used to track introduced chromosome segments. Here, we describe the identification of a large number of single nucleotide polymorphisms that can be used to genotype hexaploid wheat and to identify and track introgressions from a variety of sources. We have validated these markers using an ultra-high-density Axiom(®) genotyping array to characterize a range of diploid, tetraploid and hexaploid wheat accessions and wheat relatives. To facilitate the use of these, both the markers and the associated sequence and genotype information have been made available through an interactive web site.

Ribosomal RNA genes, known as ribosomal DNA or rDNA, are commonly found in tandem arrays of hundreds of repeating units. The sequences of each unit in an array were thought to be near-identical but it is now known that frequent mutations may occur, causing heterogeneity amongst units. Opposing these divergent mutational processes, unit sequences are homogenised through concerted evolutionary processes such as unequal sister chromatid exchange (USCE) and gene conversion (GC). In this study Perl software has been used to uncover rDNA sequence variation in the yeast Saccharomyces paradoxus, using data derived from the Saccharomyces Genome Resequencing Project. This analysis, in conjunction with a reanalysis of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae data from the same project, has provided detailed information regarding rDNA sequence heterogeneity in two contrasting, yet closelyrelated yeast species. Additionally, the rDNA flanking sequences of four yeast strains have been characterised via an analysis of new next generation sequencing reads, adding to our knowledge of concerted evolutionary processes in these genomic regions. Partial Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (pSNPs) within these datasets are shown to reflect genome mosaicism within a population, and to identify strains with signs of genome hybridisation undetectable by other means. This information provides further insights into the dynamics of the rDNA region in the two yeast species. In particular, examination of the percentage occupancies of pSNPs reveals U-shaped distributions which differ between the two species. Further investigations of rDNA evolutionary dynamics through the development of two Java simulation tools (SIMPLEX and CONCERTINA), which model USCE and GC events, follow the fate of both single and multiple pSNPs in one or more rDNA arrays. Initial simulations show the distribution of pSNPs varies depending upon the balance between mutations and concerted evolutionary events, and provide a framework to investigate the mechanisms involved in altered rDNA dynamics in various cellular processes.