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Absolute measurements of the bremsstrahlung double differential cross sections (DDCSs) for photons radiated at 90° generated by the collisions of 5–25 keV electrons and down to 1–2 keV photon energy with two thin targets C (Z = 6) and Al (Z = 13) are presented. A parallelized version of the PENELOPE Monte Carlo program has been used to correct the effects of electron multiple scattering and the backscattering from the target substrate on the experimental results. Comparisons between the experiments and the theories reveal some discrepancies between the measured data and the theoretical bremsstrahlung predictions.

The mass dependence of the transverse flow for $Z=1$--5 fragments from the collisions of $^{40}\mathrm{Ar}+^{27}\mathrm{Al}, ^{40}\mathrm{Ar}+^{48}\mathrm{Ti}$, and $^{40}\mathrm{Ar}+^{58}\mathrm{Ni}$ at 47 MeV/nucleon is investigated experimentally in this article. The transverse flow values are determined using the in-plane components of the fragment transverse momenta, where three conventional methods, i.e., the kinetic flow tensor method, the transverse momentum analysis method, and the azimuthal correlation method, are applied to reconstruct the reaction plane in an event-by-event basis. It is demonstrated from the comparison of the present experimental mass dependent flow measurements and the model simulations using an improved antisymmetrized molecular dynamics model that the experimentally observed abnormal $\ensuremath{\alpha}$ transverse flow enhancement is closely related to the reaction plane reconstruction procedure in the flow extraction. We further investigate the physical existence of the abnormal $\ensuremath{\alpha}$ flow behavior using a two-particle azimuthal correlation method, which allows us to provide the relative flow magnitude information with an identification of fragment charge number without the knowledge of the reaction plane differing from the three conventional methods. It is found that the relative flow magnitudes deduced from the two-particle azimuthal correlation functions with an identification of $Z$, with the correction for the recoil effect imposed by the momentum conservation, show a monotonically increasing trend as a function of fragment charge number, with no exception of the $\ensuremath{\alpha}$ flow enhancement. These results, in addition to those from the improved antisymmetrized molecular dynamics model simulations, definitely provide experimental evidences for the inexistence of the abnormal $\ensuremath{\alpha}$ flow behavior in the heavy-ion collisions at the present incident energy region in nature.

The Matsu archipelago between China and Taiwan, for long an isolated outpost off southeast China, was suddenly transformed into a military frontline in 1949 by the Cold War and the Communist-Nationalist conflict. The army occupied the islands, commencing more than 40 long years of military rule. With the lifting of martial law in 1992, the people were confronted with the question of how to move forward. This in-depth ethnography and social history of the islands focuses on how individual citizens redefined themselves and reimagined their society. Drawing on long-term fieldwork, Wei-Ping Lin shows how islanders used both traditional and new media to cope with the conflicts and trauma of harsh military rule. She discusses the formation of new social imaginaries through the appearance of 'imagining subjects', interrogating their subjectification processes and varied uses of mediating technologies as they seek to answer existential questions. This title is Open Access.

The neutral particle analyzer (NPA) is one of the crucial diagnostic devices in a Tokamak facility. The stripping unit is one of the main parts of the NPA. A windowless gas-stripping room with two differential pipes has been constructed in a parallel electric and magnetic fields (E//B) NPA. The pressure distributions in the stripping chamber are simulated by ANSYS Fluent together with MolFlow+. Based on the pressure distributions obtained from the simulation, the stripping efficiency of the E//B NPA is studied using GEANT4. Hadron reaction physics is modified to track the charge state of each particle in a cross-section-based method in GEANT4. The transmission rates (R) and stripping efficiencies $$f_{+1}$$ are examined for particle energies ranging from 20 to 200 keV with the input pressure ( $$P_0$$ ), ranging from 20 to 400 Pa. According to the combined global efficiency, $$R \times f_{+1}$$ , $$P_0$$ = 240 Pa is obtained as the optimum pressure for the maximum global efficiency in the incident energy range investigated.

Nuclear liquid-gas phase transitions are investigated in the framework of static antisymmetrized molecular dynamics (static AMD) model under either a constant volume or a constant pressure. A deuteron quadrupole momentum fluctuation thermometer is applied to extract the temperature of fragmenting systems of $^{36}$Ar and $^{100}$Sn. A plateau structure of caloric curves is observed under a constant volume for those system with a density $\rho \leq$ 0.03 fm$^{-3}$. A clear backbending in the caloric curves, which indicates a first order phase transition, is observed under a constant pressure with all pressures studied. The similar behavior of caloric curves of $^{36}$Ar and $^{100}$Sn systems indicates that there is no strong system size effect under a constant volume or a constant pressure. Both the mass distributions and the light particle multiplicities show a strong $\alpha$ clusterization at low excitation energies in the static AMD simulations. The liquid-gas phase transition measures of the multiplicity derivative (dM/dT) and the normalized variance of $Z_{max}$ (NVZ) are applied. The experimental caloric curves are also compared with those of $^{100}$Sn of the static AMD simulations under both the constant volume and the constant pressure conditions. Discussions are presented with the available experimental results and those from the static AMD simulations. Large errors in the experimental temperature measurements and those in the reconstruction technique for the primary fragmenting source hinder to draw a conclusion whether the phase transition occurs under either a constant volume or a constant pressure. This study suggests that different measures for the liquid-gas phase transitions should be examined besides the caloric curves in order to draw a conclusion., Comment: 10 figures

Pollen has long been recognized as a major allergen, having diverse patterns of allergenicity caused by differences in climate, geography, and vegetation. Our research aimed to explore the role of a regionally dominant pollen in Taiwan, Broussonetia papyrifera, on clinical sensitization and daily 5collected and extracted for a skin prick test on 30 volunteers recruited from a medical college. Daily atmospheric pollen levels were measured using a Burkard 7-day volumetric trap. The association between daily atmospheric pollen levels and clinic visits for allergic illness was examined using a generalized additive model with a normal assumption. After excluding four participants with a positive response to a negative control, 10 participants (38.4%) were determined to be sensitive to B. papyrifera pollen extract. The three-day lagged concentration of B. papyrifera pollen exhibited the highest risk of daily asthma visits (relative risk [RR] = 1.166, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.014–1.341) and allergic rhinitis visits (RR = 1.119, 95% CI: 0.916–1.367) when the pollen increased equally in magnitude to its mean. Our study is the first to provide evidence indicating that the most dominant airborne pollen in Taiwan, B. papyrifera, plays a major role in sensitization and clinic visits for asthma and allergic rhinitis, thus highlighting the need to integrate aeroallergen monitoring with clinical diagnosis.

The experimentally observed abnormal $\ensuremath{\alpha}$ flow behavior from heavy-ion collisions at intermediate energies is investigated using the events of $^{40}\mathrm{Ca}+^{40}\mathrm{Ca}$ at 35 MeV/nucleon simulated with an improved antisymmetrized molecular dynamics model with specific consideration of the Fermi motion in the nucleon-nucleon collision process. Its possible origins in the processes from the fragment formation to the experimental flow extraction, i.e., dynamical process, sequential decay, experimental detection, and data analysis, are closely examined. It is found that the observed abnormal $\ensuremath{\alpha}$ flow behavior originates from the reconstruction of reaction planes in the flow extraction. How the abnormal $\ensuremath{\alpha}$ flow behavior is generated from the reaction plane reconstruction procedure is discussed.

Albergo thermometers with double isotope, isotone, and isobar yield ratio pairs with one proton and/or neutron difference are investigated. Without any extra sequential decay correction, a real temperature value of $4.9\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.5$ MeV is deduced from the yields of the experimentally reconstructed primary hot intermediate mass fragments (IMFs) from $^{64}\mathrm{Zn}+^{112}\mathrm{Sn}$ collisions at 40 MeV/nucleon using the Albergo thermometer for the first time. An experimental sequential decay correction from the apparent temperatures to the real ones for 12 other reaction systems with different neutron-proton ($N/Z$) asymmetries in the same experiment, $^{70}\mathrm{Zn}$, $^{64}\mathrm{Ni}$ on $^{112,124}\mathrm{Sn}$, $^{58,64}\mathrm{Ni}$, $^{197}\mathrm{Au}$, and $^{232}\mathrm{Th}$ at 40 MeV/nucleon, is performed using an empirical correction factor approach of Tsang et al. [Phys. Rev. Lett. 78, 3836 (1997)] with the deduced 4.9-MeV temperature value. The dependence of nuclear temperature on the source $N/Z$ asymmetry is further investigated using these deduced real source temperature values from the present 13 systems. It is found that the deduced real source temperatures at the present source $N/Z$ range show a rather weak dependence on the source $N/Z$ asymmetry. By comparison between our previous results and those from other independent experiments, a consistent description for the $N/Z$ asymmetry dependence of nuclear temperature is addressed.

Laser streaming is a phenomenon in which liquid streaming is driven directly from the laser through an in situ fabricated nanostructure. In this study, liquid streaming of a gold nanoparticle suspension driven by a pulsed laser was studied using a high-speed camera. The laser streaming formation time, streaming velocity, and relative energy conversion efficiency of laser streaming was measured for different nanoparticle concentrations, focal lens position, laser powers, and laser repetition rates. In addition to the laser intensity, which played a significant role in the formation process of laser streaming, the optical gradient force was found to be an important approach involved in the transport and provision of nanoparticles during the formation of laser streaming. This finding facilitated a better understanding of the formation mechanism of laser streaming and demonstrated the possibilities of a new potential laser etching technique based on nanosecond lasers and nanoparticle suspensions. This result can also expand the application of laser streaming in microfluids and other fields that require lasers to move macroscopic objects at relatively high speeds.

We use an underground counting lab with an extremely low background to perform an activity measurement for the C 12 + 13 C system with energies down to E c . m . = 2.323 MeV, at which the 12C(13C,p)24Na cross section is found to be 0.22(7) nb. The C 12 + 13 C fusion cross section is derived with a statistical model calibrated using experimental data. Our new result of the C 12 + 13 C fusion cross section is the first decisive evidence in the carbon isotope systems which rules out the existence of the astrophysical S-factor maximum predicted by the phenomenological hindrance model, while confirming the rising trend of the S-factor towards lower energies predicted by other models, such as CC-M3Y+Rep, DC-TDHF, KNS, SPP and ESW. After normalizing the model predictions with our data, a more reliable upper limit is established for the C 12 + 12 C fusion cross sections at stellar energies.

This study proposes a highly sensitive and label-free electrochemical immunosensor that can simultaneously detect Phalaenopsis virus, Odontoglossum ringspot virus (ORSV) and Cymbidium mosaic virus (CymMV). First, a microhemisphere array nickel mold was made using the semiconductor lithography process combined with the electroforming process. Afterward, hot embossing was used to print the microhemisphere array on a polyethylene terephthalate film. Then, to prepare the detection electrode with a nano/micro-hybrid structure, a thin gold film was sputtered on the microhemisphere array surface, followed by successively immobilizing 1,6-hexanedithiol and colloidal gold nanoparticles on the surface of the gold film. Finally, the ORSV and CymMV antibodies were mixed and immobilized on the electrode using the self-assembled monolayer method to prepare the two-in-one sensing electrode. The ORSV and CymMV were simultaneously detected using electrochemical differential pulse voltammetry. The biosensor developed in this study has a detection limit of 0.5 ng/mL. Notably, the virus can be detected even after diluting the sap of the infected leaf 100 times.

The 74Ge( p , γ )75As reaction is believed to have a strong effect on the production of the lightest p-nucleus 74Se. The 74Ge( p , γ )75As reaction cross sections were measured in the range of E p = 2.5-4.3 MeV with an in-beam γ spectroscopy method at the 3 MV tandem accelerator of the Institute of Nuclear Science and Technology, Sichuan University. The experimental results show good agreement with previous works, and extend the measurements to the widest energies to date combined with our latest work at the 1.7 MV tandem accelerator of China Institute of Atomic Energy. Our new cross sections are compared with theoretical predictions using the TALYS and EMPIRE nuclear reaction codes. The EMPIRE-EGSM calculation presents the best description of all the experimental data, and was used to derive the reaction rates. The present rates are significantly higher than the REACLIB compilation by a factor of up to 47% within the p-process relevant temperatures.

The dependence of the nuclear temperature on the source neutron-proton ($N/Z$) asymmetry is experimentally investigated with the intermediate mass fragments (IMFs) generated from thirteen reaction systems with different $N/Z$ asymmetries, $^{64}\mathrm{Zn}$ on $^{112}\mathrm{Sn}$ and $^{70}\mathrm{Zn}, ^{64}\mathrm{Ni}$ on $^{112,124}\mathrm{Sn}, ^{58,64}\mathrm{Ni}, ^{197}\mathrm{Au}, ^{232}\mathrm{Th}$ at 40 MeV/nucleon. The apparent source temperatures for these systems are determined from the measured IMF yields from the intermediate velocity sources using eight carbon-related double isotope ratio thermometers. A rather weak $N/Z$ asymmetry dependence of the source temperature is qualitatively inferred from the extracted $N/Z$ asymmetry dependence of the apparent temperature and that of the relative temperature change by the sequential decay effects with the help of the theoretical simulations. The present result is compared with those from other available experiments.

In order to validate the evaluated nuclear data for 238U, leakage neutron spectra from pure 238U slab samples of different thicknesses bombarded with 14.8 MeV D-T neutrons were measured at 60 ° (for 10 cm × 10 cm × 2 cm, 10 cm × 10 cm × 5 cm, 10 cm × 10 cm × 11 cm samples) and 120 ° (for 10 cm × 10 cm × 5 cm, 10 cm × 10 cm × 11 cm samples) respectively. The measurement was performed at China Institute of Atomic Energy using time-of-flight method. Monte Carlo simulations were carried out by MCNP-4C code combined with various evaluated nuclear data libraries, namely, ENDF/B-VII.1, JENDL-4.0, CENDL-3.1, JEFF-3.2 and TENDL-2015. The experimental results were compared with the corresponding calculated ones, and the calculation-to-experiment ratio (C/E) which indicates the agreement between them was obtained. The results show that the JENDL4.0 fitted the experimental data best.

The tritium analysis in tritium/deuterium-containing zirconium thin films was performed using elastic backscattering spectrometry (EBS) and β-ray induced X-ray spectrometry (BIXS). The EBS energy spectra were simulated with the SIMNRA program to obtain the tritium depth profiles and the total tritium contents in the samples. Two stopping powers used in the SIMNRA program were compared and it was shown that the SRIM stopping power in the simulations was better than the Ziegler/Biersack stopping power. In the BIXS that incorporated Monte Carlo simulation data, the β-ray stopping layers between the X-ray detector and the sample were Al thin film (BIXS-Al) and Ar gas (BIXS-Ar), respectively. The pile-up effects for BIXS X-ray spectra were corrected using Monte Carlo method for the first time. The tritium depth profiles and the total tritium contents in zirconium thin films obtained by the BIXS-Ar, BIXS-Al, EBS and the pressure, volume and temperature (PVT) method were compared. The possible reasons for the difference between the BIXS-Ar and BIXS-Al were discussed and the generality of Al thin film as the β-ray stopping layer was tested and a standard procedure of BIXS method for analyzing tritium-containing solid materials was proposed, in which the BIXS-Al method was recommended.

Theoretical prediction shows that about 9000 nuclei could be bounded, of which the properties will be hot topics in the new nuclear physics era opened by the new third generation of radioactive nuclear beam (RNB) facilities. Projectile fragmentation reactions are important to produce rare nuclei with extreme large N / Z asymmetry even to the drip lines. Variety of key questions in nuclear physics, for example, the nuclear Equation of State, the extreme of nuclides at drip lines, the shell evolution, etc, are hoped to be answered. A review is presented on the topic related to projectile fragmentation reactions, including the historical review of RNB facilities, the characteristics of modern RNB facilities, the particle identification techniques for searching rare isotopes in RNB experiments and benchmark projectile fragmentation reactions. Furthermore, the theory reviews for fragment production predictions are also made, which include the empirical formula, transport models, statistical models, machine learning methods, etc. Some important probes to nuclear properties have also been presented, which are the temperature/thermometer, the isoscaling, the isobaric ratio difference scaling, the neutron-skin thickness, etc.

Since the early twentieth century religion has been seen by the Chinese state and intellectuals as an obstacle to modernization and has thus been devalued. This article points out how this pejorative view of religion has latently persisted in contemporary Taiwan in the formulation of an important policy of community development. The author draws on ethnography from the Mazu Islands, a former frontier military base, to investigate the predicaments and breakthroughs of community projects carried out there, and to show that a sense of community began to emerge only when the local elites recognized the importance of religion and began to participate in building the village temple. By allowing different generations of Mazu people to negotiate their ideas of community, the process of temple construction has transformed their often adversarial social relations. This paper demonstrates that religion, and in particular the process of its materialization, can serve as a basis for the formation of a new comm...

A systematic study of system size, $N/Z$ asymmetry, and fragmenting volume effects as well as the Coulomb effect on experimental measures for the nuclear liquid-gas phase transition and the mechanism of phase transition are carried out in the framework of the statistical multifragmentation model (SMM). The measures examined here are the caloric curve, the specific heat capacity (${C}_{v}$), the multiplicity derivative ($dM/dT$), the moment parameters (${M}_{2}$ and ${\ensuremath{\gamma}}_{2}$), the fluctuation of maximum fragment charge number (NVZ), the Fisher exponent ($\ensuremath{\tau}$), and the Zipf's law parameter ($\ensuremath{\xi}$). A signal for the first-order phase transition for all the measures is observed. A stronger signal is observed in the system with smaller sizes or with more neutron rich or in smaller fragmenting volumes for the caloric curve, ${C}_{v}$, and $dM/dT$. The phase-transition temperatures are independent of the system size, $N/Z$ asymmetry, fragmenting volume, and Coulomb force, which indicates these measures give a solid signal for the liquid-gas phase transition in SMM. On the other hand, the phase transition temperature and its behavior of the others slightly depend on the size, the $N/Z$ asymmetry and the volume of the system. A negative heat capacity is observed for systems with ${A}_{s}\ensuremath{\ge}$ 100 without the Coulomb force but disappears with the Coulomb. An instructive picture is given in the charge distributions for the observed first-order phase transition.

Benchmarking of evaluated nuclear data libraries was performed for 14 MeV neutrons on silicon carbide samples. The experiments were carried out by using the benchmark experimental facility at China Institute of Atomic Energy (CIAE). The leakage neutron spectra from SiC (Φ13 cm × 20 cm) at 60° and 120° and SiC (Φ13 cm × 2 cm) at 60° were measured by the TOF method. The measured spectra are well reproduced by MCNP-4C calculations with the CENDL-3.1, ENDF/B-VII.1 and JENDL-4.0 evaluated nuclear data libraries, except 5–8 MeV range for 20 cm thickness. The discrepancies are mostly considered as caused by the improper evaluation of the angular distribution and secondary neutron energy distribution of the elastic scattering and inelastic scattering in evaluated nuclear data libraries.

A benchmark experiment for validation of graphite data evaluated from nuclear data libraries was conducted for 14 MeV neutrons irradiated on graphite cylinder samples. The experiments were performed using the benchmark experimental facility at the China Institute of Atomic Energy (CIAE). The leakage neutron spectra from the surface of graphite ( Φ 13 cm × 20 cm ) at 60° and 120° and graphite ( Φ 13 cm × 2 cm ) at 60° were measured by the time-of-flight (TOF) method. The obtained results were compared with the measurements made by the Monte Carlo neutron transport code MCNP-4C with the ENDF/B-VII.1, CENDL-3.1 and JENDL-4.0 libraries. The results obtained from a 20 cm-thick sample revealed that the calculation results with CENDL-3.1 and JENDL-4.0 libraries showed good agreements with the experiments conducted in the whole energy region. However, a large discrepancy of approximately 40% was observed below the 3 MeV energy region with the ENDF/B-VII.1 library. For the 2 cm-thick sample, the calculated results obtained from the abovementioned three libraries could not reproduce the experimental data in the energy range of 5–7 MeV. The graphite data in CENDL-3.1 were verified for the first time and were proved to be reliable.

The interaction between the supersonic molecular beam (SMB) and the low-temperature plasma is a critical issue for the diagnosis and fueling in the Tokamak device. In this work, the interaction process between the argon SMB and the argon plasma is studied by a high-speed camera based on the Linear Experimental Advanced Device (LEAD) in Southwestern Institute of Physics, China. It is found that the high-density SMB can extinct the plasma temporarily and change the distribution of the plasma density significantly, while the low-density SMB can hardly affect the distribution of plasma density. This can be used as an effective diagnostic technique to study the evolution of plasma density in the interaction between the SMB and plasma. Moreover, the related simulation based on this experiment is carried out to better understand the evolution of electron density and ion density in the interaction. The simulation results can be used to analyze and explain the experimental results well.

The experimental measures of the multiplicity derivatives---the moment parameters, the bimodal parameter, the fluctuation of maximum fragment charge number (normalized variance of ${Z}_{\mathrm{max}}$, or NVZ), the Fisher exponent ($\ensuremath{\tau}$), and the Zipf law parameter ($\ensuremath{\xi}$)---are examined to search for the liquid-gas phase transition in nuclear multifragmention processes within the framework of the statistical multifragmentation model (SMM). The sensitivities of these measures are studied. All these measures predict a critical signature at or near to the critical point both for the primary and secondary fragments. Among these measures, the total multiplicity derivative and the NVZ provide accurate measures for the critical point from the final cold fragments as well as the primary fragments. The present study will provide a guide for future experiments and analyses in the study of the nuclear liquid-gas phase transition.

In this article, a mistake in the formulation of the modified Fisher model (MFM) derived in the pioneering works of the Purdue group is addressed and corrected by reversing the sign of the mixing entropy term in the original formulation. The errors in the results of the previous MFM-related studies, such as isotopic yield distribution, isobaric yield ratios, isoscaling, $m$ scaling, self-consistent determination of density, symmetry energy, and temperature, and density and temperature determination related to the intermediate mass fragment (IMF) freezeout, are quantitatively analyzed. It is found that the errors originating from the mistake in sign of the mixing entropy term are generally small and even have no effect in some cases.

The nuclear shell structure, which originates in the nearly independent motion of nucleons in an average potential, provides an important guide for our understanding of nuclear structure and the underlying nuclear forces. Its most remarkable fingerprint is the existence of the so-called magic numbers of protons and neutrons associated with extra stability. Although the introduction of a phenomenological spin–orbit (SO) coupling force in 1949 helped in explaining the magic numbers, its origins are still open questions. Here, we present experimental evidence for the smallest SO-originated magic number (subshell closure) at the proton number six in 13–20C obtained from systematic analysis of point-proton distribution radii, electromagnetic transition rates and atomic masses of light nuclei. Performing ab initio calculations on 14,15C, we show that the observed proton distribution radii and subshell closure can be explained by the state-of-the-art nuclear theory with chiral nucleon–nucleon and three-nucleon forces, which are rooted in the quantum chromodynamics., Magic numbers are associated with the stability of atomic nuclei. Here, the authors analyse the proton radii, binding energies and electric quadrupole transition rates of neutron-rich carbon isotopes at proton number six and use nuclear structure models to support the magic number Z = 6.

Benchmarking of evaluated nuclear data libraries was performed for $\sim 14.8$ MeV neutrons on Gallium targets. The experiments were performed at China Institute of Atomic Energy(CIAE). Solid samples of natural Gallium (3.2 cm and 6.4 cm thick) were bombarded by $\sim 14.8$ MeV neutrons and leakage neutron energy spectra were measured at 60$^{\circ}$ and 120$^{\circ}$. The measured spectra are rather well reproduced by MCNP-4C simulations with the CENDL-3.1, ENDF/B-VII and JENDL-4.0 evaluated nuclear data libraries, except for the inelastic contributions around $E_{n} = 10-13$ MeV. All three libraries significantly underestimate the inelastic contributions. The inelastic contributions are further studied, using the Talys simulation code and the experimental spectra are reproduced reasonably well in the whole energy range by the Talys calculation, including the inelastic contributions., Comment: 12 pages, 7 figures

Symmetry energy, temperature and density at the time of the intermediate mass fragment formation are determined in a self-consistent manner, using the experimentally reconstructed primary hot isotope yields and anti-symmetrized molecular dynamics (AMD) simulations. The yields of primary hot fragments are experimentally reconstructed for multifragmentation events in the reaction system Zn 64 + Sn 112 at 40 MeV / nucleon . Using the reconstructed hot isotope yields and an improved method, based on the modified Fisher model, symmetry energy values relative to the apparent temperature, a sym / T , are extracted. The extracted values are compared with those of the AMD simulations, extracted in the same way as those for the experiment, with the Gogny interaction with three different density-dependent symmetry energy terms. The a sym / T values change according to the density-dependent symmetry energy terms used. Using this relation, the density of the fragmenting system is extracted first. Then symmetry energy and apparent temperature are determined in a self consistent manner in the AMD model simulations. Comparing the calculated a sym / T values and those of the experimental values from the reconstructed yields, ρ / ρ 0 = 0.65 ± 0.02 , a sym = 23.1 ± 0.6 MeV and T = 5.0 ± 0.4 MeV are evaluated for the fragmenting system experimentally observed in the reaction studied.

Hamamatsu R1924A is one of the most widely used photomultiplier tubes (PMTs) in nuclear physics. Since the active base suitable for R1924A is still not available in market, an active base is designed for Hamamatsu R1924A PMT, and the test results at high counting rates are presented. The active bases with two different sets of resistor chains were tested and compared by a frequency-controlled green straw hat LED light. A stable signal output up to 100 kHz is achieved using frequency-controlled LED pulsed light. The temperature of bases, which reflects the power consumption and is crucial for applications in vacuum, is also monitored with the same LED pulsed light. The temperature of the active base with smaller resistances reaches about twice of that of the active base with larger resistances in the resistor chain. For the applications in vacuum, the active base with resistance between the two sets of resistor chains may be preferable.

Ratios of differential chemical potential values relative to the temperature, $({\ensuremath{\mu}}_{n}\ensuremath{-}{\ensuremath{\mu}}_{p})/T$, extracted from isotope yields of 13 reaction systems at 40 MeV/nucleon are compared to those of a quantum statistical model to determine the temperature and symmetry energy values of the fragmenting system. The experimental $({\ensuremath{\mu}}_{n}\ensuremath{-}{\ensuremath{\mu}}_{p})/T$ values are extracted based on the modified Fisher model. Using the density value of $\ensuremath{\rho}/{\ensuremath{\rho}}_{0}=0.56$ from the previous analysis, the temperature and symmetry energy values of $T=4.6\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.4$ MeV and ${a}_{\mathrm{sym}}=23.6\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}2.1$ MeV are extracted in a framework of a quantum statistical model. These values agree well with those of the previous work, in which a self-consistent method was utilized with antisymmetrized molecular dynamics simulations. The extracted temperature and symmetry energies are discussed together with other experimental values published in literature.

The RIBLL2 in-flight separator at IMP, the secondary beam line between two storage rings at the \blue{\uwave{Heavy Ion Research Facility in Lanzhou (HIRFL-CSR)}}, has been commissioned to study the rare-isotope beam (RIB) physics at around 300 MeV/nucleon for the first time, in combination of the external target facility (ETF). The unambiguous particle identification in mass and charge states for $^{18}$O and $^{40}$Ar fragments has been achieved in recent experiments. A full realization of RIBLL2 will open many potentials to address important RIB physics problems at around 300 MeV/nucleon., Comment: 3 pages, 2 figures

The X80 girth welds were produced by solid-wire gas metal arc welding (GMAW) and shield metal arc welding (SMAW) using two welding consumables respectively, which contained different mass fraction of C, Mo and Ni. The tensile properties, notch toughness, hardness, and microstructures of welded joints were evaluated. The results indicate that high strength and good toughness of welded joints can be achieved. But the tensile properties of all weld metal of GMAW and SMAW process were evidently different because of the difference of mass fraction of C, Mo, Ni. The strength reduced slightly in softening zone of HAZ. Using welding consumable which contain higher Mo additions, the microstructure in filler weld and fusion zones were IAF+GB and GB+M respectively. Furthermore, the mechanical properties of X80 pipeline welded by single wire welding and double wire welding respectively have been compared. The double wire welds exhibited lower yield strength but higher toughness compared to the corresponding single wire welds.

The ITER correction coils (CC) system features shaking hands lap-type joints to interface the terminations of the conductors. The feasibility of operating plasma scenarios depends on the ability of the magnets to retain sufficient temperature and current margins. In this respect, the joints represent a possible critical region due to the combination of steady-state Joule heating from the resistance of the joint and coupling currents and connected losses in magnetic field ramped operation. Since manufacturing and testing of different joint concepts is demanding from cost and time point of view, a dedicated model has been developed based on the numerical cable model JackPot-ACDC to reproduce the performance of lap-type joints and assess the effect of possible optimization solutions. In this work, the prediction capability of the model is verified through AC loss measurements on a prototype ITER CC joint manufactured at ASIPP. The results of the experiment and model are reported and discussed.

An antisymmetrized molecular dynamics model (AMD-FM), modified to take into account the Fermi motion explicitly in its nucleon-nucleon collision process, is presented. Calculated high-energy proton spectra are compared with those of $^{40}\mathrm{Ar}+^{51}\mathrm{V}$ at 44 MeV/nucleon from Coniglione et al. [Phys. Lett. B 471, 339 (2000)] and those of $^{36}\mathrm{Ar}+^{181}\mathrm{Ta}$ at 94 MeV/nucleon from Germain et al. [Nucl. Phys. A 620, 81 (1997)]. Both of the experimental data are reasonably well reproduced by the newly added Fermi boost in the nucleon-nucleon collision process without additional processes, such as a three-body collision or a short-range correlation. The production mechanism of high-energy protons in intermediate-energy heavy-ion collisions is discussed.

We have measured for the first time the charge-changing cross sections $({\ensuremath{\sigma}}_{\text{CC}})$ of $^{12\text{--}16}\mathrm{C}$ on a $^{12}\mathrm{C}$ target at energies below $100A$ MeV. To analyze these low-energy data, we have developed a finite-range Glauber model with a global parameter set within the optical-limit approximation which is applicable to reaction cross section $({\ensuremath{\sigma}}_{\text{R}})$ and ${\ensuremath{\sigma}}_{\text{CC}}$ measurements at incident energies from $10A$ to $2100A$ MeV. Adopting the proton-density distribution of $^{12}\mathrm{C}$ known from the electron-scattering data, as well as the bare total nucleon-nucleon cross sections and the real-to-imaginary-part ratios of the forward proton-proton elastic scattering amplitude available in the literatures, we determine the energy-dependent slope parameter ${\ensuremath{\beta}}_{pn}$ of the proton-neutron elastic differential cross section so as to reproduce the existing ${\ensuremath{\sigma}}_{\text{R}}$ and interaction cross-section data for $^{12}\mathrm{C}+\phantom{\rule{4pt}{0ex}}^{12}\mathrm{C}$ over a wide range of incident energies. The Glauber model thus formulated is applied to calculate the ${\ensuremath{\sigma}}_{\text{R}}$'s of $^{12}\mathrm{C}$ on a $^{9}\mathrm{Be}$ and $^{27}\mathrm{Al}$ targets at various incident energies. Our calculations show excellent agreement with the experimental data. Applying our model to the ${\ensuremath{\sigma}}_{\text{R}}$ and ${\ensuremath{\sigma}}_{\text{CC}}$ for the so-called neutron-skin $^{16}\mathrm{C}$ nucleus, we reconfirm the importance of measurements at incident energies below $100A$ MeV. The proton root-mean-square radii of $^{12\text{--}16}\mathrm{C}$ are extracted using the measured ${\ensuremath{\sigma}}_{\text{CC}}$'s and the existing ${\ensuremath{\sigma}}_{\text{R}}$ data. The results for $^{12\text{--}14}\mathrm{C}$ are consistent with the values from the electron scatterings, demonstrating the feasibility, usefulness of the ${\ensuremath{\sigma}}_{\text{CC}}$ measurement, and the present Glauber model.

In the summer of 2008 I accompanied the people of Ox Horn, a village of the Mazu islands, on a direct-sailing (zhihang) pilgrimage from Taiwan to China. It was the first pilgrimage that the villagers had ever organized. When the ferry sailed into port in China, there was a great tumult in the cabin. The pilgrims hurried to the deck with their cameras and excitedly started photographing the scenery along the shore, their expressions a mixture of curiosity and wonder at coming to a place they had only imagined before. Pilgrimage (jinxing) is an important topic in the study of Chinese religion and has attracted the attention of scholars from various disciplines (Chang 2002; Dott 2004; Naquin and Yu 1992; Sangren 1987). Sangren’s seminal work, History and Magical Power in a Chinese Community (1987), took this subject to a new level by investigating the underlying cultural logic of pilgrimage and challenging previous, structural-functionalist approaches in the study of Chinese religion. His book is rich in its discussion of yin/yang cultural ideas and how they operate in pilgrimage and other rituals. However, if we look at contemporary pilgrimages, particularly the recent popular cross-strait ones between China and Taiwan (Lin, Chang, and Tsai 2003; Stewart and Strathern 2007; 2009), we find the picture has taken on new tones and

The neutron detection efficiency of a DEMON detector, averaged over the whole volume, was calculated using GEANT and applied to determine neutron multiplicities in an intermediate heavy ion reaction. When a neutron source is set at a distance of about 1 m from the front surface of the detector, the average efficiency, eav , is found to be significantly lower (20-30%) than the efficiency measured at the center of the detector, e0 . In the GEANT simulation the ratio R= eav / e0 was calculated as a function of neutron energy. The experimental central efficiency multiplied by R was then used to determine the average efficiency. The results were applied to a study of the 64 Zn+ 112 Sn reaction at 40 A MeV which employed 16 DEMON detectors. The neutron multiplicity was extracted using a moving source fit. The derived multiplicities are compared well with those determined using the neutron ball in the NIMROD detector array in a separate experiment. Both are in good agreement with multiplicities predicted by a transport model calculation using an antisymmetric molecular dynamics (AMD) model code. © 2013 Elsevier B.V.

In this report, a kinematical focusing technique will be briefly described, and using this technique, the primary hot isotope yields from the multiplicities of evaporated light particles, associated with isotopically identified intermediate mass fragments, are reconstructed. Symmetry energy and characteristic properties of the fragmenting source at the time of the intermediate mass fragment formation are extracted from these reconstructed primary isotope yields using a self-consistent manner. The extracted density-dependent symmetry energy is further compared with those experimentally extracted from other heavy-ion reactions in literatures. A direct connection between the freeze-out concept and transport model simulations in a multifragmenting regime of heavy-ion collisions is also demonstrated quantitatively in the present work.

To effectively retrieve the inherent vibration energies, feasibility of replacing those common mechanical shock absorbers of the suspension system that are mounted between the wheels and bogie of a motorbike with electromagnetic motion device will be assessed. Instead of consuming additional energies to control the vibration patterns, the main design objectives are to produce the su-spension forces to meet the maximum encountered force specifications and to convert the input mechanical vibrations to electric energies directly. Based on proper emulation designs and electrical output controls, the operational fluxes and dynamic characteristics of this hybrid suspension system at various operational conditions will be thoroughly investigated, and the satisfactory performances of the proposed system can then be systematically validated.

Simulated heat affected zone continuous cooling transformation curve was measured by means of Gleeble 3500 thermal simulator. According to the results of microstructure observation and hardness measurement, influence of cooling rates on the microstructure and hardness in coarse grain zone of high-strain pipeline steel X80 was studied. The results illustrated that softening in coarse grain zone was ubiquitous problem for high-strain pipeline steel X80. There were mainly four types of phase transformation in coarse grain zone of high-strain pipeline steel X80. Polygonal ferrite(PF) and a small quantity of pearlite, granular bainite, bath bainite and bath martensite were obtained after different cooling time.

When I first started fieldwork in Wannian, a village in southwestern Taiwan, I stayed in the village leader's house. At this early stage of the fieldwork, my relationship with the villagers was no more than polite and formal. One afternoon, I heard villagers talking in low and urgent voices about their temple's god statue. When I approached, they fell silent. No matter how I tried to question them about what had happened, they would tell me nothing. In the following days the village atmosphere became ponderous and oppressive, and I felt my presence there becoming increasingly awkward. Thinking that leaving for a while might provide a relief for both the villagers and me, I moved to a neighboring village. Since it was only one kilometer away, the wind brought the sound of the Wannian village loudspeaker. Though they had lowered the volume, I could vaguely hear announcements of preparations for upcoming ceremonies of worship. After a month, I moved back to Wannian, but only several years later did I understand what had happened.