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During its 53-day polar orbit around Jupiter, Juno often crosses the boundaries of the Jovian magnetosphere (namely the magnetopause and bow shock). From the boundary locations, the upstream solar wind dynamic pressure can be inferred, which in turn illustrates the state of compression or relaxation of the system. The aim of this study is to examine Jovian radio emissions during magnetospheric compressions, in order to determine the relationship between the solar wind and Jovian radio emissions. In this paper, we give a complete list of bow shock and magnetopause crossings (from June 2016 to August 2022), along with some extra informations (e.g. solar wind dynamic pressure and position of the standoff distances inferred from Joy et al. (2002)). We then select two compression events that occur in succession (inferred from magnetopause crossings) and we present a case study of the response of the Jovian radio emissions. We demonstrate that magnetospheric compressions lead to the activation of new radio sources. Newly activated broadband kilometric emissions are observed almost simultaneously to compression of the magnetosphere, with sources covering a large range of longitudes. Decametric emission sources are seen to be activated more than one rotation later only at specific longitudes and dusk local times. Finally, the activation of narrowband kilometric radiation is not observed during the compression phase, but when the magnetosphere is in its expansion phase.

Made available in DSpace on 2022-04-28T19:29:02Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2020-07-01 Medical Research Council Canada National Institute for Health Research Objectives: To develop consensus definitions for the core outcome set for pre-eclampsia. Study design: Potential definitions for individual core outcomes were identified across four formal definition development initiatives, nine national and international guidelines, 12 Cochrane systematic reviews, and 79 randomised trials. Eighty-six definitions were entered into the consensus development meeting. Ten healthcare professionals and three researchers, including six participants who had experience of conducting research in low- and middle-income countries, participated in the consensus development process. The final core outcome set was approved by an international steering group. Results: Consensus definitions were developed for all core outcomes. When considering stroke, pulmonary oedema, acute kidney injury, raised liver enzymes, low platelets, birth weight, and neonatal seizures, consensus definitions were developed specifically for low- and middle-income countries because of the limited availability of diagnostic interventions including computerised tomography, chest x-ray, laboratory tests, equipment, and electroencephalogram monitoring. Conclusions: Consensus on measurements for the pre-eclampsia core outcome set will help to ensure consistency across future randomised trials and systematic reviews. Such standardization should make research evidence more accessible and facilitate the translation of research into clinical practice. Video abstract can be available at: www.dropbox.com/s/ftrgvrfu0u9glqd/6.%20Standardising%20definitions%20in%20teh%20pre-eclampsia%20core%20outcome%20set%3A%20a%20consensus%20development%20study.mp4?dl=0. Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences University of Oxford Institute for Women’s Health University College London Department of Women and Children’s Health School of Life Course Sciences King’s College London Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Amsterdam UMC Academic Medical Center Academic Neonatal Medicine Imperial College London Department of Renal Medicine St George Hospital and University of New South Wales Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Feinberg School of Medicine Northwestern University Health Services Research Unit Nuffield Department of Population Health University of Oxford Cedars-Sinai Medical Center London North West University Healthcare NHS Trust Women’s Health Care Research Group Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Monash University Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology University of Adelaide Women’s Health Research Unit Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry School of Health and Related Research University of Sheffield MRC North West Hub for Trials Methodology Research Department of Biostatistics University of Liverpool Centro Rosarino de Estudios Perinatales Chelsea and Westminster Hospital NHS Foundation Trust Babcock University Ailem Academic Counselling KU Leuven Universidad Nacional de Colombia Northwell Health University of Oxford Université de Montréal University of Montreal Hospital Centre Ondokuz Mayıs University Prince Sultan Military Medical City Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research King's Fertility Fetal Medicine Research Institute University Hospital Limerick Drexel University University of Aberdeen University of Groningen University of Auckland Haaglanden Medisch Centrum Nottingham University Medical School Utrecht University King Edward Memorial Hospital for Women Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust Jean-Verdier Hospital Downland Practice University of Campinas Université Lyon University of North Carolina School of Medicine South Ural State Medical University Stellenbosch University Irish Neonatal Health Alliance University of Rzeszow Royal Brisbane and Women’s Hospital Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust University Hospitals of Leicester North Bristol NHS Trust University of Nottingham Soroka University Medical Center Ben Gurion University of the Negev St George’s University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust Hospitalsenhed Midt University of Glasgow Amsterdam Universitair Medische Centra All India Institute of Medical Sciences Patna Luton and Dunstable University Hospital Khyber Medical University Institution of Medical Sciences Midwife Mid Essex Hospitals NHS Trust University of Oulu University of Michigan Bastyr University Irish Nurses and Midwives Organisation University of Toronto Barts Health NHS Trust University Hospitals Plymouth NHS Trust Burnet Institute Aga Khan University Medical University of Graz Homerton University Hospital NHS Foundation Trust Mount Royal University Université de Paris Royal Surrey County Hospital University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust University of Washington School of Nursing Evelina London Children's Hospital Neonatal Unit University of Sydney University of Leicester Academic Hospital of Udine NHS Borders Weill Cornell Medical College University of Dundee University of Edinburgh South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute University of Sheffield Monash University and Monash Health United Lincolnshire Hospitals NHS Trust University of Kwa Zulu-Natal Beatrix Hospital Keele University Government Medical College Institut Catala de la Salut. IdiapJgol University College London National Center for Child Health and Development Basavatarakam Indo-American Cancer Hospital and Research Institute Axon Anaesthesia Associates Pennine Acute Hospitals NHS Trust St George's University of London Norfolk and Norwich University Hospital Jichi Medical University School of Medicine São Paulo State University National Institute of Public Health University of Kyrenia King Edward Memorial Hospital Amsterdam University Centres University of British Columbia Chulalongkorn University University of Brescia University Of British Columbia University of Montreal Women's Clinic of Tartu University Hospital Universidade Federal de São Paulo Université de Sherbrooke University Hospital of Wales University of Iowa King's College London Westmead Hospital Princess Royal Maternity Leipzig University Centre Hospitalier Public du Cotentin Lewisham and Greenwich NHS Trust Juntendo University Faculty of Medicine Western Sydney University National Institute of Health Research University of Washington Baylor College of Medicine Capelle aan den Ijssel Sanatorio Anchorena Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust University of Leeds Institute of Medical Sciences UPMC Magee Womens Hospital Penn Medicine Princeton Health University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill São Paulo State University

Handling laboratory animals for husbandry and other procedures can be an important source of anxiety and stress, compromising animal welfare as well as the reliability of research that is sensitive to background stressors. Studies have revealed that picking up laboratory mice by the tail induces aversion, anxiety, physiological stress and depression-like behaviour, but such negative responses can be reduced substantially by using a handling tunnel that mice enter readily with minimal familiarisation. It has not been tested whether anxiety and aversion can be reduced similarly by using other objects to lift up mice from their home cage. Here we compared the willingness of C57BL/6NRj mice to interact voluntarily with their handler after being picked up either on a plastic ladder present in the home cage, or inside a familiar tunnel, or lifted by the base of the tail and then returned to the home cage. We also tested anxiety in open field and elevated plus maze tests once animals were familiarised with their assigned handling method. While mice picked up briefly by the tail were unwilling to interact with the hand that picked them up, mice picked up by ladder or tunnel readily approached, climbed on or entered these devices, with no significant difference in time spent with ladder or tunnel. Anxiety in an unfamiliar open field was reduced to a similar extent in ladder and tunnel handled mice compared with those picked up by the tail. Mice handled by tunnel also showed reduced anxiety in an elevated plus maze compared to those handled by tail, while ladder handling resulted in an intermediate response. Our study shows that, like tunnels, using home cage ladders to pick up mice reduces anxiety and avoids the aversion that is induced by picking up mice by their tails. We discuss the potential practicality of using ladders and tunnels to handle mice in different contexts., Scandinavian Journal of Laboratory Animal Sciences, Vol. 47 (2021)

We propose the construction of LEGEND-1000, the ton-scale Large Enriched Germanium Experiment for Neutrinoless $\beta \beta$ Decay. This international experiment is designed to answer one of the highest priority questions in fundamental physics. It consists of 1000 kg of Ge detectors enriched to more than 90% in the $^{76}$Ge isotope operated in a liquid argon active shield at a deep underground laboratory. By combining the lowest background levels with the best energy resolution in the field, LEGEND-1000 will perform a quasi-background-free search and can make an unambiguous discovery of neutrinoless double-beta decay with just a handful of counts at the decay $Q$ value. The experiment is designed to probe this decay with a 99.7%-CL discovery sensitivity in the $^{76}$Ge half-life of $1.3\times10^{28}$ years, corresponding to an effective Majorana mass upper limit in the range of 9-21 meV, to cover the inverted-ordering neutrino mass scale with 10 yr of live time.

We propose the construction of LEGEND-1000, the ton-scale Large Enriched Germanium Experiment for Neutrinoless $\beta \beta$ Decay. This international experiment is designed to answer one of the highest priority questions in fundamental physics. It consists of 1000 kg of Ge detectors enriched to more than 90% in the $^{76}$Ge isotope operated in a liquid argon active shield at a deep underground laboratory. By combining the lowest background levels with the best energy resolution in the field, LEGEND-1000 will perform a quasi-background-free search and can make an unambiguous discovery of neutrinoless double-beta decay with just a handful of counts at the decay $Q$ value. The experiment is designed to probe this decay with a 99.7%-CL discovery sensitivity in the $^{76}$Ge half-life of $1.3\times10^{28}$ years, corresponding to an effective Majorana mass upper limit in the range of 9-21 meV, to cover the inverted-ordering neutrino mass scale with 10 yr of live time.

OBJECTIVE\ud \ud To assess whether genetic subgroups in recent amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) trials responded to treatment with lithium carbonate, but that the treatment effect was lost in a large cohort of nonresponders.\ud \ud METHODS\ud \ud Individual participant data were obtained from 3 randomized trials investigating the efficacy of lithium carbonate. We matched clinical data with data regarding the UNC13A and C9orf72 genotype. Our primary outcome was survival at 12 months. On an exploratory basis, we assessed whether the effect of lithium depended on the genotype.\ud \ud RESULTS\ud \ud Clinical data were available for 518 of the 606 participants. Overall, treatment with lithium carbonate did not improve 12-month survival (hazard ratio [HR] 1.0, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.7-1.4; p = 0.96). Both the UNC13A and C9orf72 genotype were independent predictors of survival (HR 2.4, 95% CI 1.3-4.3; p = 0.006 and HR 2.5, 95% CI 1.1-5.2; p = 0.032, respectively). The effect of lithium was different for UNC13A carriers (p = 0.027), but not for C9orf72 carriers (p = 0.22). The 12-month survival probability for UNC13A carriers treated with lithium carbonate improved from 40.1% (95% CI 23.2-69.1) to 69.7% (95% CI 50.4-96.3).\ud \ud CONCLUSIONS\ud \ud This study incorporated genetic data into past ALS trials to determine treatment effects in a genetic post hoc analysis. Our results suggest that we should reorient our strategies toward finding treatments for ALS, start focusing on genotype-targeted treatments, and standardize genotyping in order to optimize randomization and analysis for future clinical trials.

Made available in DSpace on 2022-04-28T19:28:54Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2020-11-01 National Institute for Health Research Barts Charity Objective: To develop a core outcome set for pre-eclampsia. Design: Consensus development study. Setting: International. Population: Two hundred and eight-one healthcare professionals, 41 researchers and 110 patients, representing 56 countries, participated. Methods: Modified Delphi method and Modified Nominal Group Technique. Results: A long-list of 116 potential core outcomes was developed by combining the outcomes reported in 79 pre-eclampsia trials with those derived from thematic analysis of 30 in-depth interviews of women with lived experience of pre-eclampsia. Forty-seven consensus outcomes were identified from the Delphi process following which 14 maternal and eight offspring core outcomes were agreed at the consensus development meeting. Maternal core outcomes: death, eclampsia, stroke, cortical blindness, retinal detachment, pulmonary oedema, acute kidney injury, liver haematoma or rupture, abruption, postpartum haemorrhage, raised liver enzymes, low platelets, admission to intensive care required, and intubation and ventilation. Offspring core outcomes: stillbirth, gestational age at delivery, birthweight, small-for-gestational-age, neonatal mortality, seizures, admission to neonatal unit required and respiratory support. Conclusions: The core outcome set for pre-eclampsia should underpin future randomised trials and systematic reviews. Such implementation should ensure that future research holds the necessary reach and relevance to inform clinical practice, enhance women's care and improve the outcomes of pregnant women and their babies. Tweetable abstract: 281 healthcare professionals, 41 researchers and 110 women have developed #preeclampsia core outcomes @HOPEoutcomes @jamesmnduffy. [Correction added on 29 June 2020, after first online publication: the order has been corrected.]. Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences University of Oxford Institute for Women's Health University College London Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Amsterdam UMC Academic Medical Centre Academic Neonatal Medicine Imperial College London Department of Renal Medicine St George Hospital and University of New South Wales Department of Women and Children's Health School of Life Course Sciences King's College London Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Feinberg School of Medicine Northwestern University Health Services Research Unit Nuffield Department of Population Health University of Oxford Cedars-Sinai Medical Center Vascular Biology Research Centre Molecular and Clinical Sciences Research Institute St George's University of London London North West University Healthcare NHS Trust Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Monash University Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology University of Adelaide Women's Health Research Unit Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry School of Health and Related Research University of Sheffield MRC North West Hub for Trials Methodology Research Department of Biostatistics University of Liverpool Centro Rosarino de Estudios Perinatales Chelsea and Westminster Hospital NHS Foundation Trust Babcock University Ailem Academic Counselling KU Leuven Universidad Nacional de Colombia Northwell Health University of Oxford Université de Montréal University of Montreal Hospital Centre Ondokuz Mayis University Prince Sultan Military Medical City Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research Chandigarh University Hospital Limerick Drexel University University of Aberdeen University of Groningen University of Auckland Haaglanden Medisch Centrum Nottingham University Medical School Utrecht University King Edward Memorial Hospital for Women Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust Jean-Verdier Hospital Downland Practice University of Campinas Université Lyon University of North Carolina School of Medicine South Ural State Medical University Stellenbosch University Irish Neonatal Health Alliance University of Rzeszow Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust University Hospitals of Leicester North Bristol NHS Trust University of Nottingham Soroka University Medical Centre Ben Gurion University of the Negev St George's University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust Hospitalsenhed Midt University of Glasgow Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research Amsterdam Universitair Medische Centra All India Institute of Medical Sciences Patna Luton and Dunstable University Hospital Khyber Medical University Institution of Medical Sciences Midwife Mid Essex Hospitals NHS Trust University of Oulu University of Michigan Bastyr University Irish Nurses and Midwives Organisation University of Toronto Barts Health NHS Trust University Hospitals Plymouth NHS Trust Burnet Institute Aga Khan University Medical University of Graz Homerton University Hospital NHS Foundation Trust Mount Royal University Université de Paris Royal Surrey County Hospital University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust University of Washington School of Nursing Evelina London Children's Hospital Neonatal Unit University of Sydney University of Leicester Academic Hospital of Udine NHS Borders Weill Cornell Medical College University of Dundee University of Edinburgh South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute University of Sheffield Monash University and Monash Health United Lincolnshire Hospitals NHS Trust University of Kwa Zulu-Natal Beatrix Hospital Keele University Government Medical College Nagpur Institut Catala de la Salut. IdiapJgol University College London National Centre for Child Health and Development Basavatarakam Indo-American Cancer Hospital and Research Institute Axon Anaesthesia Associates Pennine Acute Hospitals NHS Trust St George's University of London Norfolk and Norwich University Hospital Jichi Medical University School of Medicine São Paulo State University National Institute of Public Health University of Kyrenia King Edward Memorial Hospital Amsterdam University Centres University of British Columbia Chulalongkorn University University of Brescia University of Montreal Women's Clinic of Tartu University Hospital Universidade Federal de São Paulo Université de Sherbrooke University Hospital of Wales University of Iowa King's College London Westmead Hospital Princess Royal Maternity Leipzig University Centre Hospitalier Public du Cotentin Lewisham and Greenwich NHS Trust Juntendo University Faculty of Medicine Western Sydney University National Institute of Health Research University of Washington Baylor College of Medicine Capelle aan den Ijssel Sanatorio Anchorena Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust University of Leeds Institute of Medical Sciences Lahore UPMC Magee Womens Hospital Penn Medicine Princeton Health University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill USA and Dr Arnold G. Zermansky University of Leeds São Paulo State University

Summary Objective Copy number variations (CNVs) represent a significant genetic risk for several neurodevelopmental disorders including epilepsy. As knowledge increases, reanalysis of existing data is essential. Reliable estimates of the contribution of CNVs to epilepsies from sizeable populations are not available. Methods We assembled a cohort of 1255 patients with preexisting array comparative genomic hybridization or single nucleotide polymorphism array based CNV data. All patients had “epilepsy plus,” defined as epilepsy with comorbid features, including intellectual disability, psychiatric symptoms, and other neurological and nonneurological features. CNV classification was conducted using a systematic filtering workflow adapted to epilepsy. Results Of 1097 patients remaining after genetic data quality control, 120 individuals (10.9%) carried at least one autosomal CNV classified as pathogenic; 19 individuals (1.7%) carried at least one autosomal CNV classified as possibly pathogenic. Eleven patients (1%) carried more than one (possibly) pathogenic CNV. We identified CNVs covering recently reported (HNRNPU) or emerging (RORB) epilepsy genes, and further delineated the phenotype associated with mutations of these genes. Additional novel epilepsy candidate genes emerge from our study. Comparing phenotypic features of pathogenic CNV carriers to those of noncarriers of pathogenic CNVs, we show that patients with nonneurological comorbidities, especially dysmorphism, were more likely to carry pathogenic CNVs (odds ratio = 4.09, confidence interval = 2.51‐6.68; P = 2.34 × 10−9). Meta‐analysis including data from published control groups showed that the presence or absence of epilepsy did not affect the detected frequency of CNVs. Significance The use of a specifically adapted workflow enabled identification of pathogenic autosomal CNVs in 10.9% of patients with epilepsy plus, which rose to 12.7% when we also considered possibly pathogenic CNVs. Our data indicate that epilepsy with comorbid features should be considered an indication for patients to be selected for a diagnostic algorithm including CNV detection. Collaborative large‐scale CNV reanalysis leads to novel declaration of pathogenicity in unexplained cases and can promote discovery of promising candidate epilepsy genes.

In this work, we aimed to identify molecular epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) tissue biomarkers in patients with ovarian cancer who were treated within the phase III randomized European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer-Gynaecological Cancer Group (EORTC-GCG) 55041 study comparing erlotinib with observation in patients with no evidence of disease progression after first-line platinum-based chemotherapy. Somatic mutations in KRAS, BRAF, NRAS, PIK3CA, EGFR, and PTEN were determined in 318 (38 %) and expression of EGFR, pAkt, pMAPK, E-cadherin and Vimentin, and EGFR and HER2 gene copy numbers in 218 (26 %) of a total of 835 randomized patients. Biomarker data were correlated with progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS). Only 28 mutations were observed among KRAS, BRAF, NRAS, PIK3CA, EGFR, and PTEN (in 7.5 % of patients), of which the most frequent were in KRAS and PIK3CA. EGFR mutations occurred in only three patients. When all mutations were pooled, patients with at least one mutation in KRAS, NRAS, BRAF, PIK3CA, or EGFR had longer PFS (33.1 versus 12.3 months; HR 0.57; 95 % CI 0.33 to 0.99; P = 0.042) compared to those with wild-type tumors. EGFR overexpression was detected in 93 of 218 patients (42.7 %), and 66 of 180 patients (36.7 %) had EGFR gene amplification or high levels of copy number gain. Fifty-eight of 128 patients had positive pMAPK expression (45.3 %), which was associated with inferior OS (38.9 versus 67.0 months; HR 1.81; 95 % CI 1.11 to 2.97; P = 0.016). Patients with positive EGFR fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) status had worse OS (46.1 months) than those with negative status (67.0 months; HR 1.56; 95 % CI 1.01 to 2.40; P = 0.044) and shorter PFS (9.6 versus 16.1 months; HR 1.57; 95 % CI 1.11 to 2.22; P = 0.010). None of the investigated biomarkers correlated with responsiveness to erlotinib. In this phase III study, increased EGFR gene copy number was associated with worse OS and PFS in patients with ovarian cancer. It remains to be determined whether this association is purely prognostic or is also predictive.

This thesis describes selected reactivity studies of the N-heterocyclic carbene, IPr, towards a range of main group compounds. The synthesis and characterisation of sixty-three compounds, all of which incorporate IPr as a ligand in one of three coordination modes, are detailed herein. The deprotonation of IPr allowed for the isolation of an anionic source of the aIPr: ligand which was synthesised as a novel potassium salt and along with the previously reported lithium salt, was employed in reactions with group 12 and 14 bis(trimethylsilyl)amides and tetrahalides. The further chemistry of such novel products was investigated towards both electrophilic and nucleophilic reagents making use of both the pendant nucleophilic carbene functionality and the electrophilic main group centre. An alternative route to such species was investigated by the spontaneous isomerisation of IPr in the coordination sphere of group 14 tetrabromides and group 15 tribromides. The scope of this reactivity was subsequently investigated and was found to provide a simpler route to access the abnormal coordination mode of IPr. The aIPr ligand which is generated may be deprotonated by additional IPr thereby affording aIPr: ligands. The addition of halide abstracting agents allowed for the synthesis of cationic species stabilised by the coordination of either IPr or aIPr ligands. A unique, spontaneous reductive coupling of two phosphorus centres was discovered to take place upon heating a THF solution of (IPr)PBr3. This allowed for the isolation of a bromide bridged P–P bond with reduced phosphorus centres. This facile reduction chemistry was further explored by reaction with mild reducing agents which provide access to low oxidation state phosphorus compounds in high yields. This chemistry was found to be possible (and more effective) due to the presence of the weaker phosphorus bond to bromine relative to the commonly employed chlorine ligands.

Children with severe, undiagnosed developmental disorders (DDs) are enriched for damaging de novo mutations (DNMs) in developmentally important genes. We exome sequenced 4,294 families with children with DDs, and meta-analysed these data with published data on 3,287 children with similar disorders. We show that the most significant factors influencing the diagnostic yield of de novo mutations are the sex of the child, the relatedness of their parents and the age of both father and mother. We identified 95 genes enriched for damaging de novo mutation at genome-wide significance (P < 5 x 10-7), including fourteen genes for which compelling data for causation was previously lacking. The large number of genome-wide significant findings allow us to demonstrate that, at current cost differentials, exome sequencing has much greater power than genome sequencing for novel gene discovery in genetically heterogeneous disorders. We estimate that 42.5% of our cohort likely carry pathogenic de novo single nucleotide variants (SNVs) and indels in coding sequences, with approximately half operating by a loss-of-function mechanism, and the remainder being gain-of-function. We established that most haploinsufficient developmental disorders have already been identified, but that many gain-of-function disorders remain to be discovered. Extrapolating from the DDD cohort to the general population, we estimate that de novo dominant developmental disorders have an average birth prevalence of 1 in 168 to 1 in 377, depending on parental age.

Interstitial deletions of 4q are rarely reported, vary in size, and have limited genotype-phenotype correlations. Here, genome-wide array CGH analysis identified a 21.6 Mb region of copy number loss at 4q12-q21.1 in a patient diagnosed with dysmorphism, linear skin pigmentation, and hepatomegaly. An additional small ring chromosome was detected in 5/30 cells examined via G-banding. Confirmation of the origin of the ring chromosome was obtained by FISH analysis which identified that the ring chromosome contained material from the deleted region of chromosome 4 and was therefore complementary to the 21.6 Mb deletion. Further microarray studies in the proband using a different microarray platform showed no evidence of mosaicism. This case highlights the importance of an integrated approach to cytogenetic analysis and demonstrates the value of G-banding for detecting mosaicism, as current microarray platforms are unable to detect low level mosaics.

This thesis examines the effects of Duras's and Robbe-Grillet's intertextual relationship upon the development of their literary careers. Previous critics have predominantly studied the two writers within the mutually exclusive discourses of feminism and structuralism, with the result that the extensive areas of common ground between them have been overlooked. In order to compare their works and to read between the lines of existing criticism, a comparative and double-gendered approach, termed 'reading in pairs', is adopted. Chapter 1 provides the contextual framework for the paired readings of the subsequent four chapters: it explores the main parallel shifts between Duras's and Robbe-Grillet's corpuses, and examines how these betray the workings of a sustained, permutating psychodynamic rivalry. Chapter 2 studies how similarities of practice in works of the 1950s and early 1960s reflect a brief period of emulative alliance. Chapter 3 focuses on the combative dynamics which characterize their intertextual relationship during the 1970s and 1980s, following Duras's adoption by feminist theorists. Comparison of Duras's and Robbe-Grillet's treatment of explicit sado-erotic thematics brings into question some of the gender-related assumptions of previous approaches. Chapters 4 and 5 then study the final stages of the two writers' rivalry within the appropriately narcissistic genre of autobiography. They examine how Duras's and Robbe-Grillet's respective portrayals of the self and of literary history are influenced by the reversal in fortunes brought about by the phenomenal success of Duras's L'Amant. By comparing Duras's and Robbe-Grillet's treatment of similar thematic and generic elements, this study sheds new light on both writers' oeuvres and reassesses many of the assumptions and findings of existing criticism. The Concluding Remarks suggest that the 'reading in pairs' method might fruitfully be applied to the study of other writers of the opposite sex, and thus contribute to a more rounded picture of literary history.

Background This study aims to use 30-day readmission rates to investigate the presumption that men and women with learning disabilities (LDs, known internationally as intellectual disabilities) receive poorer quality hospital care than their non-disabled peers. Method A 12-month retrospective audit was conducted using Hospital Episode Statistics (HES) at a single acute hospital in the East of England. This identified all in-patient admissions; admissions where the person concerned was recognised as having a LD; and all emergency readmissions within 30 days of discharge. Additionally, the healthcare records of all patients identified as having a LD and readmitted within 30 days as a medical emergency were examined in order to determine whether or not these readmissions were potentially preventable. Results Over the study period, a total of 66 870 adults were admitted as in-patients, among whom 7408 were readmitted as medical emergencies within 30 days of discharge: a readmission rate of 11%. Of these 66 870 patients, 256 were identified as having a LD, with 32 of them experiencing at least one emergency readmission within 30 days: a readmission rate of 13%. When examined, the healthcare records pertaining to these 32 patients who had a total of 39 unique 30-day readmissions revealed that 69% (n = 26) of these readmissions were potentially preventable. Conclusion Although overall readmission rates were similar for patients with LDs and those from the general population, patients with LDs had a much higher rate of potentially preventable readmissions when compared to a general population estimate from van Walraven et al. This suggests that there is still work to be done to ensure that this patient population receives hospital care that is both safe and of high quality.

Uncertainty in ocean analysis methods and deficiencies in the observing system are major obstacles for the reliable reconstruction of the past ocean climate. The variety of existing ocean reanalyses is exploited in a multi-reanalysis ensemble to improve the ocean state estimation and to gauge uncertainty levels. The ensemble-based analysis of signal-to-noise ratio allows the identification of ocean characteristics for which the estimation is robust (such as tropical mixed-layer-depth, upper ocean heat content), and where large uncertainty exists (deep ocean, Southern Ocean, sea ice thickness, salinity), providing guidance for future enhancement of the observing and data assimilation systems.

Despite three decades of successful, predominantly phenotype-driven discovery of the genetic causes of monogenic disorders1, up to half of children with severe developmental disorders of probable genetic origin remain without a genetic diagnosis. Particularly challenging are those disorders rare enough to have eluded recognition as a discrete clinical entity, those with highly variable clinical manifestations, and those that are difficult to distinguish from other, very similar, disorders. Here we demonstrate the power of using an unbiased genotype-driven approach2 to identify subsets of patients with similar disorders. By studying 1,133 children with severe, undiagnosed developmental disorders, and their parents, using a combination of exome sequencing3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11 and array-based detection of chromosomal rearrangements, we discovered 12 novel genes associated with developmental disorders. These newly implicated genes increase by 10% (from 28% to 31%) the proportion of children that could be diagnosed. Clustering of missense mutations in six of these newly implicated genes suggests that normal development is being perturbed by an activating or dominant-negative mechanism. Our findings demonstrate the value of adopting a comprehensive strategy, both genome-wide and nationwide, to elucidate the underlying causes of rare genetic disorders.

Uncertainty in ocean analysis methods and deficiencies in the observing system are major obstacles for the reliable reconstruction of the past ocean climate. The variety of existing ocean reanalyses is exploited in a multi-reanalysis ensemble to improve the ocean state estimation and to gauge uncertainty levels. The ensemble-based analysis of signal-to-noise ratio allows the identification of ocean characteristics for which the estimation is robust (such as tropical mixedlayer-depth, upper ocean heat content), and where large uncertainty exists (deep ocean, Southern Ocean, sea ice thickness, salinity), providing guidance for future enhancement of the observing and data assimilation systems.

Transnational higher education represents a lesser-known aspect of the international education industry. In relation to the UK, transnational education is a booming business. British qualifications are offered in 217 countries outside the UK, representing in excess of 388,000 students in total. These students are fascinating precisely because they are acquiring an ‘international education’ in situ, raising a number of pertinent questions relating to the ‘capital’ young people are developing. How valuable is a British degree delivered entirely overseas? What does it actually represent – both conceptually, in terms of students’ (im) mobilities, and in relation to individuals’ embodied experiences of transnational higher education? This paper draws on the findings of a qualitative project examining British degree programmes offered in Hong Kong and their implications for young people locally. We focus on the experiences of students and graduates and the intentions of a number of UK ‘providers’ (representing different British higher education institutions). We explore the social capital accessible to students undertaking transnational educational programmes and focus in particular upon the spatial availability of ‘institutional social capital’. We argue that the ability of young people to cultivate social capital in the context of transnational higher education is circumscribed in various ways, with implications for subsequent employment opportunities and social mobility. Our paper furthermore responds to recent calls to spatialise the conversion of social capital.

In today’s modern climate, education and learning take place in multiple and diverse spaces. Increasingly, these spaces are both physical and virtual in nature. Access to and use of information and communication technologies, and the emergence of knowledge-based economies necessitate an understanding of the plurality of spaces (such as homes, workplaces, international space and cyberspace) in which learning can take place. The spaces of policy making with respect to education are also being transformed, away from traditional centres of policy formation towards the incorporation of a wider range of actors and sites. These changes coincide with a more general interest in space and spatial theory across the social sciences, where notions of simultaneity and diversity replace more modernist conceptions of linear progress and development through time. This volume proffers a unique perspective on the transformation of education in the 21st century, by bringing together leading researchers in education, sociology and geography to address directly questions of space in relation to education and learning. This collection of essays: •examines the changing and diverse spaces and concepts of education (occurring simultaneously at different scales and in different parts of the world) •explores where education and learning take place •discusses how spaces of education vary at different stages (compulsory schooling, tertiary and higher education, adult education and workplace learning) •inspects the ways in which the meanings attached to education and learning change in different national and regional contexts. Changing Spaces of Education is an important and timely contribution to a growing area of concern within the social sciences and amongst practitioners and policy-makers, reflecting an urgent need to understand the ways in which both education and learning are being reconfigured, not just nationally, but also internationally and transnationally. It is essential reading for final-year undergraduates, postgraduates and researchers in geography, sociology, education and policy studies, with an aim, too, of informing policy and practice in this area.

We have analyzed thirteen years ( 1993 to 2005) of HALOE and over two years of EOS MLS observations ( September 2004 to December 2006) for QBO and annual cycle trace variations in tropical H2O, HCl, ozone, N2O, CO, HF, and CH4. We use these results to develop the theory explaining both Brewer-Dobson circulation (BDC) and QBO driven fluctuations in tropical trace gases. For H2O, BDC variations drive part of the tropopause annual forcing through annual variations in the temperature as has been shown previously. For CO, the annual variations in the BDC amplify the annual fluctuations in CO at the tropopause as has recently been shown by Randel et al (2007). In both cases, the tropopause signal is carried upward by the mean BDC. For ozone, N2O, HCl and other gases, photochemical processes force fluctuations in the trace gases to be synchronized with annual and QBO variations in the zonal mean residual vertical velocity as is shown using lag correlations.

International audience; We assess the quality of the version 2.2 (v2.2) ClO measurements from the Microwave Limb Sounder (MLS) on the Earth Observing System Aura satellite. The MLS v2.2 ClO data are scientifically useful over the range 100 to 1 hPa, with a single-profile precision of ~0.1 ppbv throughout most of the vertical domain. Vertical resolution is ~3–4 km. Comparisons with climatology and correlative measurements from a variety of different platforms indicate that both the amplitude and the altitude of the peak in the ClO profile in the upper stratosphere are well determined by MLS. The latitudinal and seasonal variations in the ClO distribution in the lower stratosphere are also well determined, but a substantial negative bias is present in both daytime and nighttime mixing ratios at retrieval levels below (i.e., pressures larger than) 22 hPa. Outside of the winter polar vortices, this negative bias can be eliminated by subtracting gridded or zonal mean nighttime values from the individual daytime measurements. In studies for which knowledge of lower stratospheric ClO mixing ratios inside the winter polar vortices to better than a few tenths of a ppbv is needed, however, day − night differences are not recommended and the negative bias must be corrected for by subtracting the estimated value of the bias from the individual measurements at each affected retrieval level.

Executive Summary:This study describes the socio-economic characteristics of the U.S. Caribbean trap fishery that encompasses the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico and Territory of the U.S. VirginIslands. In-person interviews were administered to one hundred randomly selected trap fishermen, constituting nearly 25% of the estimated population. The sample was stratified by geographic area and trap tier. The number of traps owned or fished to qualify for a given tier varied by island. In Puerto Rico, tier I consisted of fishermen who had between 1-40 fish traps, tier II was made up of fishermen who possessed between 41 and 100 fishtraps, and tier III consisted of fishermen who held in excess of 100 fish traps. In St. Thomas and St. John, tier I was composed of fishermen who held between 1 and 50 fishtraps, tier II consisted of fishermen who had between 51-150 fish traps and tier III was made up of fishermen who had in excess of 150 fish traps. Lastly, in St. Croix, tier I was made up of fishermen who had less than 20 fish traps and tier II consisted of fishermen who had 20 or more fish traps.The survey elicited information on household demographics, annual catch and revenue, trap usage, capital investment on vessels and equipment, fixed and variable costs, behavioral response to a hypothetical trap reduction program and the spatial distribution of traps. The study found that 79% of the sampled population was 40 years or older. The typical Crucian trap fisherman was older than their Puerto Rican and St. Thomian and St. Johnian counterparts. Crucian fishermen’s average age was 57 years whereas PuertoRican fishermen’s average age was 51 years, and St. Thomian and St. Johnian fishermen’s average age was 48 years. As a group, St. Thomian and St. Johnian fishermen had 25 years of fishing experience, and Puerto Rican and Crucian fishermen had 30, and 29 years, respectively.Overall, 90% of the households had at least one dependent. The average number of dependents across islands was even, ranging between 2.8 in the district of St. Thomas andSt. John and 3.4 in the district of St. Croix. The percentage utilization of catch for personal or family use was relatively low. Regionally, percentage use of catch forpersonal or family uses ranged from 2.5% in St. Croix to 3.8% in the St. Thomas and St. John. About 47% of the respondents had a high school degree.The majority of the respondents were highly dependent on commercial fishing for their household income. In St. Croix, commercial fishing made up 83% of the fishermen’stotal household income, whereas in St. Thomas and St. John and Puerto Rico it contributed 74% and 68%, respectively. The contribution of fish traps to commercial fishing income ranged from 51% in the lowest trap tier in St. Thomas and St. John to 99% in the highest trap tier in St. Croix. On an island basis, the contribution of fish traps to fishing income was 75% in St. Croix, 61% in St. Thomas and St. John, and 59% in Puerto Rico.The value of fully rigged vessels ranged from $400 to $250,000. Over half of the fleet was worth $10,000 or less. The St. Thomas and St. John fleet reported the highest meanvalue, averaging $58,518. The Crucian and Puerto Rican fleets were considerably less valuable, averaging $19,831 and $8,652, respectively. The length of the vessels rangedfrom 14 to 40 feet. Fifty-nine percent of the sampled vessels were at least 23 feet in length. The average length of the St. Thomas and St. John fleet was 28 feet, whereas the fleets based in St. Croix and Puerto Rico averaged 21 feet. The engine’s propulsion ranged from 8 to 400 horsepower (hp). The mean engine power was 208 hp in St.Thomas and St. John, 108 hp in St. Croix, and 77 hp in Puerto Rico.Mechanical trap haulers and depth recorders were the most commonly used on-board equipment. About 55% of the sampled population reported owning mechanical trap haulers. In St. Thomas and St. John, 100% of the respondents had trap haulers compared to 52% in Puerto Rico and 20% in St. Croix. Forty-seven percent of the fishermen surveyed stated having depth recorders. Depth recorders were most common in the St. Thomas and St. John fleet (80%) and least common in the Puerto Rican fleet (37%). The limited presence of emergency position indication radio beacons (EPIRBS) and radar was the norm among the fish trap fleet. Only 8% of the respondents had EPIRBS and only 1% had radar.Interviewees stated that they fished between 1 and 350 fish traps. Puerto Rican respondents fished on average 39 fish traps, in contrast to St. Thomian and St. Johnian and Crucian respondents, who fished 94 and 27 fish traps, respectively. On average, Puerto Rican respondents fished 11 lobster traps, and St. Thomian and St. Johnianrespondents fished 46 lobster traps. None of the Crucian respondents fished lobster traps.The number of fish traps built or purchased ranged between 0 and 175, and the number of lobster traps built or bought ranged between 0 and 200. Puerto Rican fishermen onaverage built or purchased 30 fish traps and 14 lobster traps, and St. Thomian and St. Johnian fishermen built or bought 30 fish traps and 11 lobster traps. Crucian fishermenbuilt or bought 25 fish traps and no lobster traps. As a group, fish trap average life ranged between 1.3 and 5 years, and lobster traps lasted slightly longer, between 1.5 and 6 years.The study found that the chevron or arrowhead style was the most common trap design. Puerto Rican fishermen owned an average of 20 arrowhead traps. St. Thomian and St.Johnian and Crucian fishermen owned an average of 44 and 15 arrowhead fish traps, respectively. The second most popular trap design was the square trap style. Puerto Ricanfishermen had an average of 9 square traps, whereas St. Thomian and St. Johnian fishermen had 33 traps and Crucian fishermen had 2 traps. Antillean Z (or S) -traps,rectangular and star traps were also used. Although Z (or S) -traps are considered the most productive trap design, fishermen prefer the smaller-sized arrowhead and squaretraps because they are easier and less expensive to build, and larger numbers of them can be safely deployed. The cost of a fish trap, complete with rope and buoys, variedsignificantly due to the wide range of construction materials utilized. On average, arrowhead traps commanded $94 in Puerto Rico, $251 in St. Thomas and St. John, and$119 in St. Croix.The number of trips per week ranged between 1 and 6. However, 72% of the respondents mentioned that they took two trips per week. On average, Puerto Rican fishermen took2.1 trips per week, St. Thomian and St. Johnian fishermen took 1.4 trips per week, and Crucian fishermen took 2.5 trips per week. Most fishing trips started at dawn and finished early in the afternoon. Over 82% of the trips lasted 8 hours or less.On average, Puerto Rican fishermen hauled 27 fish traps per trip whereas St. Thomian and St. Johnian fishermen and Crucian fishermen hauled 68 and 26 fish traps per trip,respectively. The number of traps per string and soak time varied considerably across islands. In St. Croix, 84% of the respondents had a single trap per line, whereas in St.Thomas and St. John only 10% of the respondents had a single trap per line. Approximately, 43% of Puerto Rican fishermen used a single trap line. St. Thomian and St. Johnian fishermen soaked their traps for 6.9 days while Puerto Rican and Crucian fishermen soaked their traps for 5.7 and 3.6 days, respectively.The heterogeneity of the industry was also evidenced by the various economic surpluses generated. The survey illustrated that higher gross revenues did not necessarily translate into higher net revenues. Our analysis also showed that, on average, vessels in the trap fishery were able to cover their cash outlays, resulting in positive vessel income (i.e., financial profits). In Puerto Rico, annual financial profits ranged from $4,760 in thelowest trap tier to $32,467 in the highest tier, whereas in St. Thomas and St. John annual financial profits ranged from $3,744 in the lowest tier to $13,652 in the highest tier. In St. Croix, annual financial profits ranged between $9,229 and $15,781. The survey also showed that economic profits varied significantly across tiers. Economic profits measure residual income after deducting the remuneration required to keep the various factors of production in their existing employment. In Puerto Rico, annual economic profits ranged from ($9,339) in the lowest trap tier to $ 8,711 in the highest trap tier. In St. Thomas and St. John, annual economic profits ranged from ($7,920) in the highest tier to ($18,486) in the second highest tier. In St. Croix, annual economic profits ranged between ($7,453) to $10,674.The presence of positive financial profits and negative economic profits suggests that higher economic returns could be earned from a societal perspective by redirecting some of these scarce capital and human resources elsewhere in the economy. Furthermore, the presence of negative economic earnings is evidence that the fishery is overcapitalized and that steps need to be taken to ensure the long-run economic viability of the industry. Thepresence of positive financial returns provides managers with a window of opportunity to adopt policies that will strengthen the biological and economic performance of the fishery while minimizing any adverse impacts on local fishing communities. Finally, the document concludes by detailing how the costs and earnings information could be used to develop economic models that evaluate management proposals. (PDF contains 147 pages)

New observations from the Microwave Limb Sounder (MLS) on NASA's Aura satellite give a detailed picture of the spring Antarctic polar vortex breakup throughout the stratosphere, with the first daily global HCl profiles providing an unprecedentedly clear view of transport in the lower stratosphere. Poleward transport at progressively lower levels, filamentation, and mixing are detailed in MLS HCl, N2O, H2O, and O3 as the 2004 Antarctic vortex broke up from the top down in early October through late December. Improved MLS H2O data show the subvortex, below the tropical tropopause, breaking up almost simultaneously with the lower stratospheric vortex in December. Vortex remnants persisted in MLS tracers for over a month after the breakup in the midstratosphere, but no more than a week in the lower stratosphere. MLS observations show diabatic descent continuing throughout November, but weak ascent after late October in the lower stratospheric vortex core. Our results extend previous observational transport studies and show consistency with mixing and vortex evolution in meteorological analyses, and with model studies.

The Microwave Limb Sounder (MLS) on Aura is providing an extensive data set on stratospheric winter polar processing, including the first daily global observations of HCl, together with simultaneous measurements of ClO, HNO3, H2O, O3, N2O, and temperature (among others). We present first results charting the evolution of these quantities during the 2004 Antarctic late winter. MLS observations of chlorine deactivation and ozone loss during this period are shown to be consistent with results from the SLIMCAT chemical transport model.

Measurements of H2O in the tropopause region have been obtained by production of a new data set from the Microwave Limb Sounder (MLS) on the Upper Atmosphere Research Satellite (UARS). A modified version of the retrieval scheme used to produce upper tropospheric humidity (UTH) from the MLS 203 GHz radiometer was applied to the MLS 183 GHz radiometer measurements to produce useful H2O data at 147, 121, 100, 83, 68, and 56 hPa. These new data, for the first 18 months of the UARS mission when the MLS 183 GHz radiometer was operational, fill an important “gap” around 100 hPa where previous MLS H2O data were generally not useful. Characteristics of the new data set are discussed and compared with National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), Climate Monitoring and Diagnostics Laboratory (CMDL) frost-point hygrometer, and UARS Halogen Occultation Experiment (HALOE) measurements.

Measurements of H2O from the Microwave Limb Sounder (MLS) on the Upper Atmosphere Research Satellite (UARS) are used to investigate the structure of H2O in the near tropopause region and dehydration mechanisms in the tropical tropopause layer (TTL). The new MLS data are consistent with convective input of H2O into the bottom of the TTL followed by slow ascent with a maximum relative amplitude in the seasonal cycle occurring near the tropopause nearly in phase with the tropopause temperature seasonal cycle. The relative amplitude of the seasonal cycle shows a minimum at 121 hPa in the upwelling moist phase. These features are reproduced with the “cold-trap” dehydration hypothesis. Seasonal maps show wettest tropical 100 hPa H2O colocated with continental convection.

Patiriella medius sp. nov. Figures 1 (as ‘central’), 4a–f, 7c Material examined. Holotype. Victoria, Port Fairy, Griffith I., rocky shallows, 0–2 m, M. O’Loughlin and M. Mackenzie, 29 Dec 2001, NMV F92986 (MOL 72). Paratypes. Type locality and date, NMV F92987 (3) (MOL 73, 74, 79); NMV F92988 (2 dry, 2 cleared) (MOL 69, 70, 75, 76). Other material (selected for molecular confirmation, distribution and depth data). Vic. W of Wilsons Promontory, Walkerville South, Bear Gully, NMV F71869 (1); Western Port, McHaffie Point, NMV F93174 (4); Flinders, ocean platform, NMV F93171 (2); Port Phillip Bay, Popes Eye, 5–12 m, NMV F93730 (1); Point Addis, 8–13 m, NMV F93165 (3) (MOL 170, 172); “Mullet Holes”, 10 km NE Apollo Bay, 0–2 m, NMV F92990 (3) (MOL 94–96); Port Fairy, Griffith I., rocky shallows, NMV F83593 (2) (MOL 50); NMV F93164 (1) (MOL 176); NMV F87171 (1) (MOL 177); Portland, Nelson Bay, 24 m, NMV F73193 (2). Tas. Port Arthur, below low tide, TM H809 (1); Bass Strait, Waterhouse Passage, rocky shallows, NMV F71872 (1) (MOL 46); Tamar River, Greens Beach, TM H1107 (21); Somerset, near Burnie, under rocks at low tide, WAM Z9394 (5); Rocky Cape, 5 m, NMV F92989 (2) (MOL 211). SA. Cape Jaffa, 14–20 m, SAM K1938 (2); Kangaroo I., Western River, 8–10 m, SAM K1917 (1); Gulf Saint Vincent, Fleurieu Peninsula, Rapid Bay jetty, 8–12 m, NMV F93166 (4) (MOL 163–165); Normanville, rocky shallows, NMV F93163 (4) (MOL 104–107); F93167 (1) (MOL 103); Port Noarlunga, under stones, 1 m, WAM Z9390 (1); Yorke Peninsula, Edithburg, Troubridge Light, 18 m, TM H1359 (1); Sir Joseph Banks Group, 3–14 m, SAM K1923 (3); Investigator Group, 6–8 m, SAM K1901 (1); Eyre Peninsula, near Streaky Bay, Point Westall, rocky shallows, NMV F71856 (1 cleared) (MOL 47, 57); Nuyts Archipelago, 34 m, SAM K1933 (1). WA. Hopetoun, east of jetty, rock platform, NMV F73201 (3); Cheyne Bay, intertidal reef, WAM Z9472 (1); Yallingup, under boulders with P. ‘brevispina’ (= P. gunnii here) and P. ‘gunnii’ (= P. occidens here), 0–1 m, WAM Z9477 (5); Cape Naturaliste, 9 m, WAM Z9404 (1); Dunsborough, Eagle Bay, under rock, 10 m, NMV F93172 (1); Bunbury, 4 km N, WAM Z9411 (1); Fremantle, Halls Bank, under rock, 8 m, NMV F73178 (1). Description (dry and cleared specimens). Up to R = 38 mm; 5–7 rays, predominantly 6 (134 of 145 SAM, TM and WAM specimens with 6 rays, 9 with 7 rays, 2 with 5 rays); form variable from 6 short predominantly pointed rays with interradial margin incurved, to hexagonal; body flat orally, flattened dome aborally, acute angle at margin; madreporite conspicuous; lacking pedicellariae; gonopores abactinal. Abactinal surface even; papulate areas slightly more extensive than non-papulate areas; secondary plates few, very irregular in size and form; proximal radial and interradial plates fairly closely imbricate; proximal papular spaces not large, frequently 1–3 secondary plates and 2–4 papulae in proximal papular spaces outside disc when R = 20–30 mm; abactinal plates crescentic in papulate areas, carinally with double notch and proximal lobe; carinal series variably regular from close to disc to near end of ray, rarely doubly papulate beyond half ray length; distal interradial non-papulate plates closely imbricate, domed, rounded proximally; disc variably distinct, bordering plates variably regular crescentic radial and smaller interradial plates, frequently obscured by irregular large plates within and distal to disc; abactinal plates granular, covered by glassy convexities, lacking spine-bearing ridge; abactinal spinelets with variable form, subcolumnar to narrowing and rounded distally with swollen base, minutely spinous distally, typically about 0.36 mm long when R = 30 mm (0.30 mm when R = 20 mm), distributed over projecting surface of plates; superomarginal plates aligned distally with inferomarginal plates; lacking internal superambulacral plates between ambulacrals and actinals; distal abactinal and actinal interradial plates with internal tapered vertical contiguous projections. Projecting inferomarginal plates form margin, widely rounded distally, frequently 10–14 spinelets per plate when R = 20–30 mm; actinal plates in regular series, curving acutely from furrow to margin; some proximal actinal areas not calcified; actinal interradial spines generally fairly slender, tapered, short; actinal interradial proximal plates with 1–4 spines (predominantly 2–3), distally 2–4 very short tapered spines (frequently 3), minutely spinous distally; adradial row of actinal interradial proximal plates with predominantly 2 tapered spines, minutely spinous distally, significantly shorter than subambulacral spines (about half to two-thirds length); adambulacral proximal plates with frequently 2–3 thick tapered subambulacral spines, minutely spinous distally, frequently unequal, form variable from digitate to spatulate to distally bulbous, commonly slightly longer than furrow spines; furrow spines slender, webbed, tapering, predominantly 3–4 (sometimes 5) per plate proximally when R = 20 mm and larger, minutely spinous distally; suboral spines frequently present (at least 1 suboral spine on 68 of 115 AM, SAM and TM specimens examined; 10–12 suboral spines on 42 of 115 specimens); oral spines 5–7, predominantly 6. Live colour. Abactinally very variable; dark-coloured disc not reported; frequently overall maroon red or red or reddish brown appearance, sometimes fairly uniform pale brown or orange or pink, sometimes with red or mauve or orange or brown or cream or white flecks; a few with margin or rays and interradii coloured differently, or with colour patches; some mottled with dark red, red, maroon, mauve, brown, orange, white; actinally typically off-white with prominent maroon flecking. Distribution. Walkerville South (W of Wilsons Promontory, Vic.), Bass Strait, Tas., continuous to Fremantle (WA); under rocks; 0–34 m (molecular confirmation for Point Addis (Vic.) to western Eyre Peninsula (SA)). Etymology. From medius (Latin, as a noun in apposition) meaning “between the two”, and referring to a distribution across southern Australia between the most easterly distribution of Patiriella oriens sp. nov. (below) and the most westerley distribution of Patiriella occidens sp. nov. (below). Remarks. The combination of characters which distinguishes P. medius from other six-rayed species of Patiriella is: rarely doubly papulate carinally for more than half ray length; abactinal spinelets small and fine; frequent presence of some sub-oral spines; adradial row of actinal interradial spines up to about two-thirds the length of subambulacral spines; actinal interradial spines short, thin. The limited live colour data available for confirmed determinations indicates that maroon red is a common abactinal overall colour, with no reports of grey or blue or a black disc.

Patiriella oriens sp. nov. Figures 1 (as ‘eastern’), 6a–f, 7e Patiriella gunnii E.— Hart et al., 1997: 1848–1861, figs 1–4, tabs 1, 2.— Byrne et al., 1999: 188–194, figs 1, 3D, 6 (non Patiriella gunnii (Gray, 1840)). Material examined. Holotype. Tasmania, Recherche Bay, Black Reef, 8 m, N. Barrett, 6 Jun 2002, NMV F92983 (MOL 193). Paratypes. Type locality and date, NMV F92984 (1 dry, 1 cleared) (MOL 191, 192); Bicheno, rocky coast, 5 m, N. Barrett, 1 Apr 2002, NMV F92982 (6) (MOL 201–203, 205). Other material (selected for molecular confirmation, distribution and depth data). Lord Howe I., AM J19339 (1). Qld. Rockhampton, Satellite I., 6 m, NMV F73165 (1). NSW. Byron Bay, Julian Rocks, 12 m, AM J14869 (1); Minnie Water, AM J12953 (26); Wooli, AM J15570 (6); Woolgoola, North Solitary I., 30 m, AM J14910 (4); Coffs Harbour, Solitary I., 9 m, AM J14942 (13); South Solitary I., 27 m, AM J14899 (1); Broughton I., near Port Stephens, 25 m, AM J12963 (3); Wyong, Nora Head, WAM Z9382 (1); Manly, Long Reef, SAM K1909 (18); Port Jackson, Camp Cove, AM J20059 (1); Swansea Channel, near Heads, 3 m, AM J21893 (4); Clovelly, NMV F93180 (9) (MOL 215, 218, 219, 220); Little Bay, AM J4794 (5); Shellharbour, rock pools, AM J4419 (15); Jervis Bay, under rocks, 25 m, AM J15610 (1); Ulladulla, 24 m, AM J14179 (1); Batemans Bay, 12 km S, Pretty Point Bay, rocky shallows, NMV F71858 (1, cleared) (MOL 184); Montague I., 27–30 m, AM J13972 (1); Merimbula, rocky, 9 m, AM J14651 (2); Eden, Twofold Bay, sublittoral platform, AM J19853 (2). Vic. Walkerville South, NMV F93448 (2); Western Port, McHaffie Point, NMV F93175 (1); Flinders, ocean platforms, 0–2 m, NMVF 92979 (1) (MOL 175); NMV F92985 (2) (MOL 2); NMV F92980 (1) (MOL 5); NMV F92981 (2) (MOL 116, 117); Port Phillip Bay, Portsea jetty; under rubble, 4–5 m, NMV F73200 (1); Torquay, Point Danger, rocky shallows, NMV F92976 (1, cleared) (MOL 65); Port Fairy, Griffith I., rocky shallows, NMV F92978 (3) (MOL 77, 78, 80); NMV F92977 (1, cleared) (MOL 71); Portland, Nelson Bay, 24 m, NMV F93462 (4). Tas. Cape Tourville, rocky shallows, NMV F71870 (3); Maria I., 10 m, TM H1792 (1); Forestier Peninsula, 4–9 m, SAM K1911 (4); Eaglehawk Neck, TM H1109 (2); Hobart, Tinderbox, under rocks, 2 m, NMV F73993 (2); Port Davey, Sarah I., 3 m, TM H1789 (4); Bass Strait, Ringarooma Bay, TM H1114 (5); Tamar River, Low Head, TM H1352 (1); Circular Head, TM H1765 (34); King I., Narracoopa, NMV F93447 (1). SA. Encounter Bay, 2–4 m, SAM K1919 (1); Kangaroo I., Western River, 10–12 m, SAM K1915 (1); Spencer Gulf, Gambier Is, Wedge I., under stones, 1–1.5 m, AM J23763 (2); Nuyts Archipelago, 6 m, SAM K1937 (1). WA. Perth, Cottesloe, beach after storm, TM H2945 (1). Description (dry and cleared specimens). Up to R = 39 mm; 4–8 rays, predominantly 6 (373 of 396 AM, SAM and TM specimens with 6 rays, 18 with 7 rays, 3 with 5 rays, 1 with 4 rays, 1 with 8 rays); form variable, from 6 short pointed to rounded rays with interradial margin incurved, to subhexagonal; body flat orally, flattened dome aborally, acute angle at margin; madreporite conspicuous; lacking pedicellariae; gonopores abactinal. Abactinal surface even; papulate areas more extensive than non-papulate areas; secondary plates numerous, very irregular in size and form; proximal radial and interradial plates fairly openly imbricate; proximal papular spaces fairly large, frequently 3–5 secondary plates and 4–6 papulae in proximal papular spaces outside disc when R = 30 mm (2–4 secondary plates and 4–5 papulae when R = 20 mm); abactinal plates crescentic in papulate areas, carinally with double notch and proximal lobe; carinal series frequently regular from close to disc to end or near end of rays, doubly papulate for more than half up to three quarters ray length when R = 20 mm and larger; distal interradial non-papulate plates closely imbricate, domed, rounded proximally; disc variably distinct, bordering plates variably regular crescentic radial and smaller interradial plates, disc frequently obscured by irregular large plates within and distal to disc; abactinal plates granular, covered by glassy convexities, lacking spine-bearing ridge; abactinal spinelets slightly less than twice as long as wide, variable form, not widened distally, most frequently with swollen base and narrowing distally, sometimes columnar, sometimes with slight waist, rounded with small spines distally, typically up to 0.44 mm long when R = 30 mm (0.34 mm long when R = 20 mm), distributed evenly over projecting surface of plates; superomarginal plates aligned distally with inferomarginal plates; lacking internal superambulacral plates between ambulacrals and actinals; distal abactinal and actinal interradial plates with internal tapered vertical contiguous projections. Projecting inferomarginal plates form margin, frequently 10–15 spinelets per plate when R = 20–30 mm; actinal plates in regular series, curving acutely from furrow to margin; some proximal actinal areas not calcified; actinal interradial spines generally fairly thick, digitate, moderately tall; actinal interradial proximal plates with 1–3 slightly tapered spines, predominantly 1, distally 3–4 short thick spines, columnar to slightly tapered, spinous distally; adradial row of actinal interradial proximal plates with predominantly 1–2 thick spines, minutely spinous distally, slightly shorter than subambulacral spines; adambulacral proximal plates with 1–3, predominantly 2, thick subambulacral spines, frequently unequal, form variable from digitate to spatulate to widening distally, minutely spinous distally, frequently slightly shorter than furrow spines; furrow spines slender, tapering, webbed, minutely spinous distally, 2–4 per plate proximally, frequently slightly longer than subambulacral spines; suboral spines very rare (9 of 273 AM speciems with at least 1 suboral spines, 1 with 7 spines, 1 with 9 spines, 1 with 11 spines); oral spines 4–6, predominantly 5. Live colour. Abactinally very variable; frequently pale or light coloured; commonly dark coloured disc; some fairly uniform white or pink or mauve or orange or bright red, sometimes with dark red or brown or white flecks; some with rays, interradii or margin coloured differently; some finely mottled with brown, red, mauve, pink, orange, yellow, green, white (NSW specimens sometimes with grey); actinally typically off-white with rare to sparse colour flecks. Distribution. Lord Howe I.; Rockhampton (Qld) continuous to Nuyts Archipelago (western SA); Cottesloe, Perth (WA); Bass Strait; Tas.; under rocks; 0–30 m (molecular confirmation for Batemans Bay (NSW) to Port Fairy (Vic.)). Etymology. From oriens (Latin, as a noun in apposition) meaning “east”, and referring to the uniquely easterly distribution in Australia. Remarks. Hart et al. (1997) and Byrne et al. (1999) found from molecular evidence that specimens of Patiriella ‘gunnii’ from eastern and western Australia had divergent lineages. The eastern material was collected from Clovelly, Sydney (M. Byrne, pers. comm.). Eastern Australian specimens are confirmed by molecular and morphological evidence and described here as Patiriella oriens sp. nov. Byrne (1991, 1992, 1995, 1996), Byrne and Anderson (1994), Byrne and Cerra (1996), Cerra and Byrne (2001), and Long and Byrne (2001) reported extensively on the reproductive and developmental biology of Patiriella ‘gunnii’. Since this research was based on material collected from Clovelly (M. Byrne, pers. comm.), the species was not P. gunnii but the new species P. oriens (used hereafter for P. ‘gunnii’ from Clovelly). Byrne (1992) reported broadcast spawning during spring and summer and some habitat overlap for Clovelly populations of P. oriens (typically under subtidal boulders) and P. calcar (typically intertidal reef). Byrne and Anderson (1994) subsequently reported viable laboratory hybrids (high frequency of seven rays) of P. oriens (typically six rays) and P. calcar (typically eight rays). Field and museum specimens of P. oriens observed by Byrne and Anderson (1994), and material seen in this study, showed a low frequency of seven rays, suggesting variation of arm number (within the species) or hybridization or both. Relevant to this consideration is the fact that about 10% of specimens of P. occidens (above) have more than six arms across a distribution range where P. calcar is mostly absent. The spawning of P. oriens is earlier (spring and summer) than P. occidens (late summer, discussed above), a factor which may be significant in the maintenance of genetic identity in these similar species. In this study a single specimen (TM H2945) which was collected on a beach at Cottesloe (Perth) after a storm was identified as P. oriens. It is the only specimen in Australian museums, determined as P. oriens, which has been collected west of Nuyts Archipelago. The combination of morphological characters which distinguishes P. oriens from other species of six-rayed Patiriella is: frequently subhexagonal form; carinal series of plates frequently doubly papulate for about two-thirds ray length; abactinal spinelets frequently columnar and moderately spinous distally, creating a fairly coarsely spinous surface appearance; normal absence of suboral spines; furrow spines frequently slightly longer than subambulacral spines; actinal spines continuous in declining height with subambulacral spines; actinal interradial spines digitate; up to about 15 spinelets per inferomarginal plate. The limited live colour data available for confirmed determinations indicates that white or pink or mauve or orange or bright red, with a dark centre, are frequently evident abactinally.

Patiriella medius sp. nov. Figures 1 (as ‘central’), 4a–f, 7c Material examined. Holotype. Victoria, Port Fairy, Griffith I., rocky shallows, 0–2 m, M. O’Loughlin and M. Mackenzie, 29 Dec 2001, NMV F92986 (MOL 72). Paratypes. Type locality and date, NMV F92987 (3) (MOL 73, 74, 79); NMV F92988 (2 dry, 2 cleared) (MOL 69, 70, 75, 76). Other material (selected for molecular confirmation, distribution and depth data). Vic. W of Wilsons Promontory, Walkerville South, Bear Gully, NMV F71869 (1); Western Port, McHaffie Point, NMV F93174 (4); Flinders, ocean platform, NMV F93171 (2); Port Phillip Bay, Popes Eye, 5–12 m, NMV F93730 (1); Point Addis, 8–13 m, NMV F93165 (3) (MOL 170, 172); “Mullet Holes”, 10 km NE Apollo Bay, 0–2 m, NMV F92990 (3) (MOL 94–96); Port Fairy, Griffith I., rocky shallows, NMV F83593 (2) (MOL 50); NMV F93164 (1) (MOL 176); NMV F87171 (1) (MOL 177); Portland, Nelson Bay, 24 m, NMV F73193 (2). Tas. Port Arthur, below low tide, TM H809 (1); Bass Strait, Waterhouse Passage, rocky shallows, NMV F71872 (1) (MOL 46); Tamar River, Greens Beach, TM H1107 (21); Somerset, near Burnie, under rocks at low tide, WAM Z9394 (5); Rocky Cape, 5 m, NMV F92989 (2) (MOL 211). SA. Cape Jaffa, 14–20 m, SAM K1938 (2); Kangaroo I., Western River, 8–10 m, SAM K1917 (1); Gulf Saint Vincent, Fleurieu Peninsula, Rapid Bay jetty, 8–12 m, NMV F93166 (4) (MOL 163–165); Normanville, rocky shallows, NMV F93163 (4) (MOL 104–107); F93167 (1) (MOL 103); Port Noarlunga, under stones, 1 m, WAM Z9390 (1); Yorke Peninsula, Edithburg, Troubridge Light, 18 m, TM H1359 (1); Sir Joseph Banks Group, 3–14 m, SAM K1923 (3); Investigator Group, 6–8 m, SAM K1901 (1); Eyre Peninsula, near Streaky Bay, Point Westall, rocky shallows, NMV F71856 (1 cleared) (MOL 47, 57); Nuyts Archipelago, 34 m, SAM K1933 (1). WA. Hopetoun, east of jetty, rock platform, NMV F73201 (3); Cheyne Bay, intertidal reef, WAM Z9472 (1); Yallingup, under boulders with P. ‘brevispina’ (= P. gunnii here) and P. ‘gunnii’ (= P. occidens here), 0–1 m, WAM Z9477 (5); Cape Naturaliste, 9 m, WAM Z9404 (1); Dunsborough, Eagle Bay, under rock, 10 m, NMV F93172 (1); Bunbury, 4 km N, WAM Z9411 (1); Fremantle, Halls Bank, under rock, 8 m, NMV F73178 (1). Description (dry and cleared specimens). Up to R = 38 mm; 5–7 rays, predominantly 6 (134 of 145 SAM, TM and WAM specimens with 6 rays, 9 with 7 rays, 2 with 5 rays); form variable from 6 short predominantly pointed rays with interradial margin incurved, to hexagonal; body flat orally, flattened dome aborally, acute angle at margin; madreporite conspicuous; lacking pedicellariae; gonopores abactinal. Abactinal surface even; papulate areas slightly more extensive than non-papulate areas; secondary plates few, very irregular in size and form; proximal radial and interradial plates fairly closely imbricate; proximal papular spaces not large, frequently 1–3 secondary plates and 2–4 papulae in proximal papular spaces outside disc when R = 20–30 mm; abactinal plates crescentic in papulate areas, carinally with double notch and proximal lobe; carinal series variably regular from close to disc to near end of ray, rarely doubly papulate beyond half ray length; distal interradial non-papulate plates closely imbricate, domed, rounded proximally; disc variably distinct, bordering plates variably regular crescentic radial and smaller interradial plates, frequently obscured by irregular large plates within and distal to disc; abactinal plates granular, covered by glassy convexities, lacking spine-bearing ridge; abactinal spinelets with variable form, subcolumnar to narrowing and rounded distally with swollen base, minutely spinous distally, typically about 0.36 mm long when R = 30 mm (0.30 mm when R = 20 mm), distributed over projecting surface of plates; superomarginal plates aligned distally with inferomarginal plates; lacking internal superambulacral plates between ambulacrals and actinals; distal abactinal and actinal interradial plates with internal tapered vertical contiguous projections. Projecting inferomarginal plates form margin, widely rounded distally, frequently 10–14 spinelets per plate when R = 20–30 mm; actinal plates in regular series, curving acutely from furrow to margin; some proximal actinal areas not calcified; actinal interradial spines generally fairly slender, tapered, short; actinal interradial proximal plates with 1–4 spines (predominantly 2–3), distally 2–4 very short tapered spines (frequently 3), minutely spinous distally; adradial row of actinal interradial proximal plates with predominantly 2 tapered spines, minutely spinous distally, significantly shorter than subambulacral spines (about half to two-thirds length); adambulacral proximal plates with frequently 2–3 thick tapered subambulacral spines, minutely spinous distally, frequently unequal, form variable from digitate to spatulate to distally bulbous, commonly slightly longer than furrow spines; furrow spines slender, webbed, tapering, predominantly 3–4 (sometimes 5) per plate proximally when R = 20 mm and larger, minutely spinous distally; suboral spines frequently present (at least 1 suboral spine on 68 of 115 AM, SAM and TM specimens examined; 10–12 suboral spines on 42 of 115 specimens); oral spines 5–7, predominantly 6. Live colour. Abactinally very variable; dark-coloured disc not reported; frequently overall maroon red or red or reddish brown appearance, sometimes fairly uniform pale brown or orange or pink, sometimes with red or mauve or orange or brown or cream or white flecks; a few with margin or rays and interradii coloured differently, or with colour patches; some mottled with dark red, red, maroon, mauve, brown, orange, white; actinally typically off-white with prominent maroon flecking. Distribution. Walkerville South (W of Wilsons Promontory, Vic.), Bass Strait, Tas., continuous to Fremantle (WA); under rocks; 0–34 m (molecular confirmation for Point Addis (Vic.) to western Eyre Peninsula (SA)). Etymology. From medius (Latin, as a noun in apposition) meaning “between the two”, and referring to a distribution across southern Australia between the most easterly distribution of Patiriella oriens sp. nov. (below) and the most westerley distribution of Patiriella occidens sp. nov. (below). Remarks. The combination of characters which distinguishes P. medius from other six-rayed species of Patiriella is: rarely doubly papulate carinally for more than half ray length; abactinal spinelets small and fine; frequent presence of some sub-oral spines; adradial row of actinal interradial spines up to about two-thirds the length of subambulacral spines; actinal interradial spines short, thin. The limited live colour data available for confirmed determinations indicates that maroon red is a common abactinal overall colour, with no reports of grey or blue or a black disc., Published as part of O'Loughlin, P. M., Waters, J. M. & Roy, M. S., 2003, A molecular and morphological review of the asterinid, Patiriella gunnii (Gray) (Echinodermata: Asteroidea), pp. 181-195 in Memoirs of Museum Victoria 60 (2) on pages 184-187, DOI: 10.24199/j.mmv.2003.60.19, http://zenodo.org/record/8064713, {"references":["Hart, M. W., Byrne, M., and Smith, M. J. 1997. Molecular phylogenetic analysis of life-history evolution in asterinid starfish. Evolution 51 (6): 1848 - 1861.","Gray, J. E. 1840. A synopsis of the genera and species of the class Hypostoma (Asterias Linnaeus). The Annals and Magazine of Natural History 1 (6) 12: 175 - 184; 275 - 290.","Clark, H. L. 1938. Echinoderms from Australia. An account of collections made in 1929 and 1932. Memoirs of the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College 55: 1 - 597, 28 pls."]}

Patiriella gunnii (Gray) Figures 1 (as P. ‘brevispina’), 2a–f, 3a–f, 7b Asterina gunnii Gray, 1840: 289–290.— Gray, 1866: 16.—McCoy, 1890: 372, pl. 200 fig. 2 (part). Patiriella gunnii. — Verrill, 1913: 484.— Dartnall, 1970: 74–76, pl. 1. Patiriella brevispina H.L. Clark, 1938: 166–167, pl. 22 figs 2–3.— Cotton and Godfrey, 1942: 202.—H.L. Clark, 1946: 134–135.—A.M. Clark, 1966: 320.— Shepherd, 1968: 745, 747.— Dartnall, 1969: 55.— Dartnall, 1970: 75–76.— Dartnall, 1971: 47, fig. 1.— Dartnall, 1980: 34, 65.— Rowe and Vail, 1982: 222.— Zeidler and Shepherd, 1982: 402, 412; figs 10.7c, d.— O’Loughlin, 1984: 136.— Bennett, 1987: 346–347, fig.— Rowe and Gates, 1995: 39.— Campbell and Rowe, 1997: 130.— Edgar, 1997: 346, fig.— Hart et al., 1997: 1848–1861, figs 1–4, tabs 1, 2.— Byrne et al., 1999: 188–191, figs 1, 3C, 6 (new synonymy). Material examined. Asterina gunnii Gray, 1840. Australia, Tasmania, Hobart, Sandy Bay, 2 m, R. Gunn, BMNH 40.3.9.10 (Lectotype: dry; partly cleared; designation by Dartnall, 1970); BMNH 40.3.9.-11, 12, 13 (3 specimens). Patiriella brevispina H.L. Clark, 1938. Western Australia, Koombana Bay, Bunbury, 9–14 m, E.W. Bennett and H.L. Clark, 26 Oct 1949, AM J6181 (2 paratypes, dry). Other material (selected for molecular confirmation, distribution and depth data). Vic. East Gippsland, off Ninety Mile Beach, 38&ring;42’ S, 147&ring;53’ E, 22 m, NMV F73255 (1); Western Port, Honeysuckle Point, TM H723 (4); Flinders, ocean platforms, NMV F71744 (3) (MOL 54); NMV F93430 (1) (MOL 180); NMV F93429 (1) (MOL 10); NMV F93435 (4) (MOL 130–131); Port Phillip Bay, Altona, NMV F72130 (1) (MOL 53); Geelong, Mackey St jetty, 2 m, NMV F93441 (1) (MOL 51, 56); “Mullet Holes”, 10 km NE Apollo Bay, NMV F93433 (3) (MOL 97–99); Port Fairy, Griffith I., rocky shallows, NMV F93432 (1) (MOL 81); Portland, below lighthouse, 2–3 m, NMV F93440 (1). Tas. Eaglehawk Neck, rocky shallows, NMV F71873 (1); Bass Strait, Cape Portland, TM H596 (1); Jacobs Boat Harbour, TM H2941 (1). SA. Gulf Saint Vincent, Normanville, NMV F74628 (1) (MOL 60); NMV F74629 (1) (MOL 59); NMV F93434 (1) (MOL 111); NMV F93436 (1) (MOL 102); Eyre Peninsula, Point Westall, near Streaky Bay, NMV F93437 (1) (MOL 55); Nuyts Archipelago, Goat I., 29 m, NMV F93446 (1). WA. Esperance, Sandy Hook I., WAM Z9471 (1); Busselton, jetty piles, 4 m, WAM Z8948 (3) (MOL 146); Cockburn Sound, TM H1116 (4); Trigg I., WAM Z9539 (2); Yanchep, lagoon, NMV F93443 (2). Description (dry and cleared specimens). Up to R = 56 mm; 5–9 rays, predominantly 6 (102 of 116 AM specimens with 6 rays, 10 with 7 rays, 2 with 5 rays, 1 with 8 rays, 1 with 9 rays); form variable from 6 short rounded to pointed rays with interradial margin incurved, to hexagonal; body thick, flat orally, flattened dome aborally, acute angle at margin; madreporite conspicuous; lacking pedicellariae; gonopores abactinal. Abactinal surface uneven; papulate areas more extensive than non-papulate areas; secondary plates abundant, very irregular in size and form; proximal radial and interradial plates openly imbricate; proximal papular spaces large, frequently up to 16–20 secondary plates and 16–20 papulae in proximal papular spaces outside disc when R = 30 mm (5–6 secondary plates and 5–6 papulae when R = 20 mm); abactinal plates thick, raised, prominent, crescentic in papulate areas, carinally with double notch and proximal lobe; carinal series variably regular from close to disc to end or near end of rays, frequently doubly papulate to near end of ray when R = 20 mm and larger; distal interradial non-papulate plates closely imbricate, domed, rounded proximally; disc variably distinct, bordering plates variably regular crescentic radial plates and smaller interradial plates, disc frequently obscured by irregular large plates within and distal to disc; abactinal plates granular, covered by glassy convexities, lacking spine-bearing ridge; abactinal spinelets with variable form, frequently widened distally, some capitate or truncate or columnar or narrowing distally or with swollen base, long spines distally, typically about 0.40 mm long when R = 30 mm (0.32 mm when R = 20 mm), distributed over projecting surface of plates; superomarginal plates aligned longitudinally with inferomarginal plates; lacking internal superambulacral plates between ambulacrals and actinals; distal abactinal and actinal interradial plates with internal tapered vertical contiguous projections. Projecting inferomarginal plates form margin, up to about 11 spinelets per plate when R = 20–30 mm; actinal plates in regular series, curving acutely from furrow to margin, some proximal actinal areas not calcified; actinal interradial spines generally thick, very short, columnar to bulbous, distally minutely spinous; actinal interradial proximal plates with 1–2 spines, distally 2–3 (4 rare); adradial row of actinal interradial proximal plates with predominantly 1 short, thick, bulbous to tapered spine, typically up to only half the length of subambulacral spines; adambulacral proximal plates with predominantly 1 (2 rare) thick subambulacral spines, frequently bulbous with waist, form variable from columnar to subspatulate to spatulate, minutely spinous distally; furrow spines 2–3 (4 rare) proximally, fairly thick, form variable from tapered to slightly widened distally; suboral spines rare (7 suboral spines on 1 of 116 AM specimens); oral spines 4–6, predominantly 5. Live colour. Abactinally uniform dark crimson or reddishbrown (a few AM labels refer to “purple” and “indigo blue”), paler actinally; orange tube feet. Distribution. Eastern Vic. (off Ninety Mile Beach) continuous to Abrolhos Islands off WA (Loisette Marsh, pers. comm.); Bass Strait; Tas.; under rocks; 0–29 m (molecular confirmation for Flinders (Vic.) to Busselton (WA)). Remarks. The lectotype of Asterina gunnii and the two paratypes of Patiriella brevispina seen in this study do not exhibit any significant morphological differences and in particular have single stout subambulacral spines per plate and very short actinal interradial spines. These two diagnostic characters were used by Clark (1938) to distinguish his new species. Clark (1938) also considered the “consistent deep purple to brownish-crimson colour and orange tube feet” of P. brevispina to be diagnostically reliable. This observation is confirmed and specimens with these characteristic colours consistently exhibit the morphological diagnostic characters of A. gunnii. Dartnall (1970) followed H.L. Clark (1938) when designating and describing the lectotype of A. gunnii, and noted that paired subambulacral spines distinguished P. gunnii from P. brevispina. Dartnall (1970) then considered the lectotype of A. gunnii to be exceptional in having single subambulacral spines. The lectotype of A. gunnii (R = 24 mm) and paratypes of P. brevispina (up to R = 20 mm) are similar in size, and are small specimens of A. gunnii (up to R = 56 mm). On the morphological evidence P. brevispina is considered here to be a junior synonym of A. gunnii. Hart et al. (1997) and Byrne et al. (1999) found from molecular evidence that P. ‘brevispina’ specimens from eastern Australia (Mornington Peninsula, Vic.) and Western Australia (Perth) were closely related. Eastern and Western Australian specimens of P. ‘brevispina’ were found to be conspecific in this study. Byrne (1995, 1996), Byrne and Cerra (1996), and Long and Byrne (2001) have reported on the reproductive and developmental biology of P. gunnii (as P. ‘brevispina’). The combination of characters which distinguishes P. gunnii from other six-rayed species of Patiriella is: consistent uniform dark crimson to reddish brown colour; orange tube feet; larger maximum size; prominent papular spaces with numerous papulae and secondary plates; noticeably spinous abactinal spinelets; predominantly single thick subambulacral spines per plate; and very short thick actinal interradial spines. No evidence was found to confirm the occurrence of P. gunnii in NSW, or the depth of 39 m reported by Rowe and Gates (1995, as P. ‘brevispina’)., Published as part of O'Loughlin, P. M., Waters, J. M. & Roy, M. S., 2003, A molecular and morphological review of the asterinid, Patiriella gunnii (Gray) (Echinodermata: Asteroidea), pp. 181-195 in Memoirs of Museum Victoria 60 (2) on pages 183-184, DOI: 10.24199/j.mmv.2003.60.19, http://zenodo.org/record/8064713, {"references":["Gray, J. E. 1840. A synopsis of the genera and species of the class Hypostoma (Asterias Linnaeus). The Annals and Magazine of Natural History 1 (6) 12: 175 - 184; 275 - 290.","Gray, J. E. 1866. Synopsis of the species of starfish in the British Museum (with figures of some of the new species). London: van Voorst. iv + 17 pp., 16 pls.","Verrill, A. E. 1913. Revision of the genera of starfishes of the subfamily Asterininae. American Journal of Science (4) 35 (209): 477 - 485.","Dartnall, A. J. 1970. The asterinid sea stars of Tasmania. Papers and Proceedings of the Royal Society of Tasmania 104: 73 - 77, 1 pl.","Clark, H. L. 1938. Echinoderms from Australia. An account of collections made in 1929 and 1932. Memoirs of the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College 55: 1 - 597, 28 pls.","Cotton, B. C., and Godfrey, F. K. 1942. Echinodermata of the Flindersian Region, southern Australia. Records of the South Australian Museum 7 (2): 193 - 234, 1 pl.","Clark, H. L. 1946. The echinoderm fauna of Australia. Its composition and its origin. Carnegie Institution of Washington Publication 566: 1 - 567.","Clark, A. M. 1966. Port Phillip Survey, 1957 - 1963. Echinodermata. Memoirs of the National Museum of Victoria 27: 289 - 384, 10 figs, 4 pls, 1 tab.","Shepherd, S. A. 1968. The shallow water echinoderm fauna of South Australia. 1. The asteroids. Records of the South Australian Museum 15 (4): 729 - 756.","Dartnall, A. J. 1969. New Zealand sea stars in Tasmania. Papers and Proceedings of the Royal Society of Tasmania 103: 53 - 55.","Dartnall, A. J. 1971. Australian sea stars of the genus Patiriella (Asteroidea, Asterinidae). Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales 96 (425): 39 - 49, pls 3 - 4.","Dartnall, A. 1980. Fauna of Tasmania Handbook 3. Tasmanian echinoderms. University of Tasmania: Hobart. 82 pp., 36 figs, 5 pls, 18 maps.","Rowe, F. W. E., and Vail, L. L. 1982. The distributions of Tasmanian echinoderms in relation to southern Australian biogeographic provinces. Pp. 219 - 225, 1 fig. in: Lawrence J. M. (ed.), Echinoderms: Proceedings of the International Conference, Tampa Bay. Balkema: Rotterdam.","Zeidler, W., and Shepherd, S. A. 1982. Sea-stars (class Asteroidea). Pp. 400 - 418, figs 10.3 - 10.9, pl. 30 (2) in: Shepherd, S. A., and Thomas, I. M. (eds), Marine Invertebrates of Southern Australia. Part 1. South Australian Government Printer: Adelaide.","O'Loughlin, P. M. 1984. Class Asteroidea. Pp. 130 - 138 in: Phillips, D. A. B., Handreck, C. P., Bock, P. E., Burn, R., Smith, B. J., and Staples, D. A. (eds), Coastal invertebrates of Victoria. An atlas of selected species. Marine Research Group of Victoria in association with the Museum of Victoria: Melbourne.","Bennett, I. 1987. Australian Seashores (W. J. Dakin 1952). Fully revised and illustrated. 411 pp. Angus and Robertson: Sydney.","Rowe, F. W. E., and Gates, J. 1995. Echinodermata. In: Wells, A. (ed.), Zoological Catalogue of Australia Vol. 33. CSIRO: Melbourne. xiii + 510 pp.","Campbell, A. C., and Rowe, F. W. E. 1997. A new species in the asterinid genus Patiriella (Echinodermata, Asteroidea) from Dhofar, southern Oman: a temperate taxon in a tropical locality. Bulletin of the British Museum, Natural History (Zoology) 63 (2): 129 - 136.","Edgar, G. J. 1997. Australian Marine Life. Reed Books: Kew. 544 pp.","Hart, M. W., Byrne, M., and Smith, M. J. 1997. Molecular phylogenetic analysis of life-history evolution in asterinid starfish. Evolution 51 (6): 1848 - 1861.","Byrne, M., Cerra, A., Hart, M. W., and Smith, M. J. 1999. Life history diversity and molecular phylogeny in the Australian sea star genus Patiriella. Pp. 188 - 196 in: Ponder, W. and Lunney, D. (eds), The other 99 %. The conservation and biodiversity of invertebrates. Transactions of the Royal Zoological Society of New South Wales: Mosman.","Byrne, M. 1995. Changes in larval morphology in the evolution of benthic development by Patiriella exigua (Asteroidea: Asterinidae), a comparison with the larvae of Patiriella species with planktonic development. Biological Bulletin 188: 293 - 305.","Byrne, M., and Cerra, A. 1996. Evolution of intragonadal development in the diminutive asterinid seastars Patiriella vivipara and P. parvivipara with an overview of development in the Asterinidae. Biological Bulletin 191: 17 - 26.","Long, S., and Byrne, M. 2001. Maternal control of development in five Patiriella species. P. 185 in: Barker, M. (ed.), Echinoderms 2000. Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference, Dunedin. Swets and Zeitlinger: Lisse."]}

Patiriella occidens sp. nov. Figures 1 (as ‘western’), 5a–f, 7d Patiriella gunnii W.— Hart et al., 1997: 1848–1861, figs 1–4, tabs 1, 2.— Byrne et al., 1999: 188–194, figs 1, 3D, 6 (non Patiriella gunnii (Gray, 1840)). Material examined. Holotype. Western Australia, Perth, Cottesloe, on reef amongst algae, 1 m, L. Marsh, 29 Dec 2001, WAM Z8951 (MOL 151). Paratypes. Type locality and date, NMV F92971 (1, cleared) (MOL 150); Albany, Cape Vancouver, Quaranup, amongst boulders, 1 m, L. Marsh, 13 Dec 2001, WAM Z8949 (1) (MOL 148); under boulder, 1 m, WAM Z8950 (1) (MOL 149); Cockburn Sound, Woodman Point, under rocks, 1 m, L. Marsh, 1 Jan 2002, WAM Z8953 (3) (MOL 154–156). Other material (selected for molecular confirmation, distribution and depth data). Vic. Port Fairy, causeway beach, NMV F73149 (1). SA. Victor Harbour, The Bluff wharf, NMV F92975 (1) (MOL 67); Cape Jervis, rocky shallows, NMV F74638 (1) (MOL 182); Kangaroo I., Eastern Cove, rocky shallows, NMV F71862 (2) (MOL 181); Gulf Saint Vincent, Glenelg, SAM K1932 (3); Yorke Peninsula, Edithburg, 0–4 m, SAM K1904 (3); Sir Joseph Banks Group, 0–1 m, SAM K1899 (2); Eyre Peninsula, Point Labatt, 0–1 m, SAM K1907 (1); Nuyts Archipelago, 14 m, SAM K1898 (2). WA. E of Hopetoun, Mason Bay, East Mason Point, granite/dolerite with algae and seagrass, 0–3 m, WAM Z9470 (1); Cheyne Bay, under stones, WAM Z9479 (6); Two Peoples Bay, WAM Z9576 (2); Albany, Middleton Beach, under rocks, WAM Z9478 (2); Torbay, Mutton Bird I., under boulders, intertidal, WAM Z9474 (2); Kilkarnup, Cape Mentelle, WAM Z9466 (1); Cowaramup Bay, under boulders, 0–1 m, WAM Z9400 (1); Yallingup, limestone reef, under boulders with P. ‘brevispina’ (= P. gunnii here), WAM Z9396 (4); Cape Naturaliste, under intertidal granite boulders, WAM Z9405 (2); Geographe Bay, Dunsborough, WAM Z9402 (1); Rockingham, Point Peron, H.L. Clark, Oct 1929, WAM Z9440-2 (3); SAM K712 (3); Rottnest I., reef, WAM Z9530 (9); Trigg I., reef platform, WAM Z9454 (1); Yanchep, reef, WAM Z9433 (1); Port Gregory, N of Geraldton, top of reef in pool, NMV F73179 (1); Kalbarri (Murchison River), reef top, WAM Z9413 (2). Description (dry and cleared specimens). Up to R = 38 mm; 4–9 rays, predominantly 6 (292 of 331 AM, SAM, TM and WAM specimens with 6 rays, 25 with 7 rays, 9 with 8 rays, 3 with 5 rays, 1 with 4 rays, 1 with 9 rays); form variable from 6 distinct pointed rays with interradial margin deeply incurved (common for larger specimens) to subhexagonal (rare except for smaller specimens); body flat orally, flattened dome aborally, acute angle at margin; madreporite conspicuous; lacking pedicellariae; gonopores abactinal. Abactinal surface slightly uneven; papulate areas more extensive than non-papulate areas; secondary plates numerous, very irregular in size and form; proximal radial and interradial plates fairly openly imbricate; proximal papular spaces fairly large, frequently 2–6 secondary plates and 6–7 papulae in proximal papular spaces outside disc when R = 30 mm (2–4 secondary plates and 4–6 papulae when R = 20 mm); abactinal plates crescentic in papulate areas, carinally with double notch and proximal lobe; carinal series frequently regular from close to disc to end or near end of rays, doubly papulate for at least three quarters ray length when R = 20 mm and larger; distal interradial non-papulate plates closely imbricate, domed, rounded proximally; disc variably distinct, bordering plates variably regular crescentic radial plates and smaller interradial plates, disc frequently obscured by irregular large plates within and distal to disc; abactinal plates granular, covered by glassy convexities, lacking spine-bearing ridge; abactinal spinelets frequently twice as long as wide, variable form, most frequently columnar, sometimes slightly widened or narrowing distally, sometimes with slight waist, truncate and prominently spinous distally, typically up to 0.48 mm long when R = 30 mm (0.36 mm when R = 20 mm), distributed over projecting surface of plates; superomarginal plates aligned longitudinally with inferomarginal plates; lacking internal superambulacral plates between ambulacrals and actinals; distal abactinal and actinal interradial plates with internal tapered vertical contiguous projections. Projecting inferomarginal plates form margin, frequently 8–11 spinelets per plate when R = 20–30 mm; actinal plates in regular series, curving acutely from furrow to margin, some proximal actinal areas not calcified; actinal interradial spines generally thick, long, digitate, distally spinous; actinal interradial proximal plates with 1–2 spines, distally 2 (rarely 3) shorter, digitate to slightly bulbous, distally spinous spines; adradial row of actinal interradial proximal plates with predominantly 1 thick digitate spine, rarely 2, typically about four fifths length of subambulacral spines, some slightly bulbous; adambulacral proximal plates with 1–3, predominantly 2, thick subambulacral spines, frequently unequal, form variable from digitate to slightly bulbous to subcapitate to spatulate to widending distally, minutely spinous distally; furrow spines slender, tapering, webbed, 2–4 per plate proximally, predominantly 3, minutely spinous distally, subequal in length with subambulacral spines; suboral spines rare (at least 1 suboral spine on 23 of 307 AM, SAM, TM and WAM specimens examined; more than 10 suborals on 2 of 307); oral spines 4–6, predominantly 5. Live colour. Very variable abactinally; commonly dark coloured disc, sometimes red; frequently grey appearance; sometimes fairly uniform grey or red or blue-green or grey-blue or blue or brown or orange, sometimes with black or white flecks; some with rays, interradii and margin coloured differently, or with colour patches; frequently mottled with grey, white, green, red, brown, blue, orange, mauve, black. Distribution. Port Fairy (Vic.) continuous to Kalbarri (WA); predominantly on reef flat, sometimes with seagrass; 0–14 m (molecular confirmation for Victor Harbour (SA) to Perth (WA)). Etymology. From occidens (Latin, as a noun in apposition) meaning “west” and referring to the westerly distribution in southern Australia. Remarks. Hart et al. (1997) and Byrne et al. (1999) found from molecular evidence that specimens of Patiriella ‘gunnii’ from eastern and western Australia had divergent lineages. The western material was collected from Margaret River in WA (L. Marsh, pers. comm.). Western Australian specimens are confirmed by molecular and morphological evidence and described here as Patiriella occidens sp. nov. Grice and Lethbridge (1988) reported on the reproductive and developmental biology of Patiriella ‘gunnii’. Since the research was based on material collected from the region of Perth, it is assumed here that the species was not P. gunnii but probably the readily found and collected new species P. occidens (used hereafter for P. ‘gunnii’ from western Australia). It is improbable that the collections included the cryptic P. medius, which is sympatric with P. occidens in the Perth region. Grice and Lethbridge (1988) found that spawning by P. occidens occurred in late summer and early autumn. Spawning is thus later than P. oriens (see below), a factor which may be significant in the maintenance of genetic identity in these similar species. P. occidens is found most frequently on intertidal reef platform, a habitat frequently occupied by P. calcar. This potential competitive factor may have resulted in the absence of P. calcar in most of the distribution range of P. occidens. The combination of morphological characters which distinguishes P. occidens from other six-rayed Patiriella species is: frequently distinct long rays; carinal series of plates frequently doubly papulate for at least three-quarters ray length; abactinal spinelets frequently columnar, distally slightly swollen and spinous, and creating a very coarsely spinous surface appearance; normal absence of suboral spines; subambulacral spines projecting significantly above furrow and actinal interradial spines; actinal interradial spines digitate; up to about 11 spinelets per inferomarginal plate. The limited live colour data available for confirmed determinations indicates that grey or brown or blue are frequently evident abactinally, and red infrequently.

Key to six-rayed species of Patiriella 1. Subambulacral spines predominantly 1 per plate, up to twice length of adradial actinal spines; actinal interradial spines very short, frequently bulbous; abactinal surface uneven; abactinal spinelets prominently spinous, frequently low to subcapitate; proximal papular spaces large, frequently with more than 10 secondary plates and more than 10 papulae per space when R = 30 mm; abactinal colour of adults consistently uniform crimson to brownish red, tube feet orange..... Patiriella gunnii (Gray, 1840) — Subambulacral spines predominantly 2–3 per plate, not up to twice the length of adradial actinal spines; actinal interradial spines not very short or bulbous; abactinal surface even; abactinal spinelets moderately to minutely spinous, frequently columnar; proximal papular spaces not large, fewer than 10 secondary plates and 10 papulae per space when R = 30 mm; abactinal colour variable, not uniform crimson to brownish red, with orange tube feet...... 2 2. At least a few suboral spines frequently present; adradial actinal spines up to about two-thirds length of subambulacral spines; actinal interradial spines short and fine; carinal plates normally doubly papulate for less than two-thirds ray length, frequently less than half ray length; proximal papular spaces small, frequently up to 3 secondary plates and 3 papulae per space when R = 30 mm; abactinal spinelets relatively small and fine, predominantly narrowing distally, minutely spinous; abactinal colour variable, frequently overall maroon red (not reported with grey or blue, or with black disc); actinal colour off-white, frequently with prominent flecking......................................... Patiriella medius sp. nov. — Suboral spines rarely present; adradial actinal spines frequently more than two-thirds length of subambulacral spines; actinal interradial spines digitate; carinal plates normally doubly papulate for more than half ray length, frequently more than two-thirds ray length; proximal papular spaces fairly open, frequently with about 6 secondary plates and 6 papulae per space when R = 30 mm; abactinal spinelets relatively coarse, predominantly columnar, slightly narrowing to slightly widening distally, moderately spinous; abactinal colour variable, not overall maroon red................................. 3 3. Form variable, commonly distinctive short rays with interradial margin deeply indented; subambulacral spines frequently projecting fairly prominently; abactinal spinelets coarse, columnar, moderately spinous, frequently widened distally; up to about 8 spinelets on inferomarginal plates when R = 20 mm, up to about 11 when R = 30 mm; abactinal colour frequently dark, with grey or brown or blue, infrequently with red.. Patiriella occidens sp. nov. — Form variable, commonly subhexagonal with interradial margin slightly incurved; subambulacral spines not projecting significantly; abactinal spinelets fairly coarse, columnar, moderately spinous, frequently narrowing distally, up to about 10 spinelets on inferomarginal plates when R = 20 mm, up to about 15 when R = 30 mm; abactinal colour frequently pale, with white or pink or mauve or orange or bright red, disc frequently black (not reported with grey (except in NSW), or blue)......................................... Patiriella oriens sp. nov., Published as part of O'Loughlin, P. M., Waters, J. M. & Roy, M. S., 2003, A molecular and morphological review of the asterinid, Patiriella gunnii (Gray) (Echinodermata: Asteroidea), pp. 181-195 in Memoirs of Museum Victoria 60 (2) on page 183, DOI: 10.24199/j.mmv.2003.60.19, http://zenodo.org/record/8064713, {"references":["Gray, J. E. 1840. A synopsis of the genera and species of the class Hypostoma (Asterias Linnaeus). The Annals and Magazine of Natural History 1 (6) 12: 175 - 184; 275 - 290."]}

This paper describes the latest and (for most products) definitive data set from the Microwave Limb Sounder (MLS) on the Upper Atmosphere Research Satellite (UARS). MLS data have formed the basis of numerous studies, and the version 5 data, produced using more advanced algorithms than earlier versions, represent a significant improvement in quality and scientific applicability for most of the MLS data products. The version 5 data include midstratospheric to lower mesospheric temperature and geopotential height (the latter is a new product from MLS), water vapor from the upper troposphere to the mesosphere, stratospheric and mesospheric ozone, and stratospheric nitric acid, chlorine monoxide, and methyl cyanide (also a new product). The vertical retrieval grid over the stratosphere and lower mesosphere has been doubled, to six surfaces per decade change in pressure (∼2.5 km), compared to three surfaces per decade in previous versions. The accuracy and precision of lower stratospheric ozone, chlorine monoxide, and nitric acid have been improved. For each product, a description of relevant changes to the algorithms is given, along with an update on its validation, a description of the accuracy, precision, and vertical resolution of the data, and information on what quality control methods to apply when using the data.

Using a combination of data from Match, POAM II, POAM III and MLS we show that the chemical loss rate of Arctic O3 during January of four cold winters (1992, 1995, 1996, and 2000) is consistently faster than can be accounted for by assuming complete activation of reactive chlorine and standard reaction kinetics. However, O3 loss rates measured during late February and early March 1996 are shown to be consistent with observations of ClO. The faster than expected O3 loss rates during January are shown to occur when air parcels are illuminated at high solar zenith angles (SZAs between ~85 and 94°), and to result in cumulative O3 loss of ~0.5 ppmv. The cause of the rapid January O3 loss is unclear, but may be related to a photolytic process at high SZA that is poorly represented by current photochemical models.

In an experiment performed at the CERN PS using the HYperon BUbble Chamber (HYBUC), the authors have measured the asymmetry parameter alpha /sub gamma / for the decay Sigma /sup +/ to p gamma . The result is alpha /sub gamma /=0.53/sub -0.36//sup +0.38/. For the branching ratio they find Gamma ( Sigma /sup +/ to p gamma )/ Gamma ( Sigma /sup +/ to p pi /sup 0/)=(2.11+or-0.38)*10/sup -3/. (9 refs).