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Water lilies (Nymphaea L.) are ancient angiosperms that can be cultivated in both fresh and brackish water. Water lily plants have adapted morphologically and physiologically to the aqueous environment. Nonetheless, little is known about the regulatory mechanisms that enable water lily to acclimate to saline conditions, restricting its production and distribution. To illustrate the role of roots in water lily salinity tolerance, we investigated the adaptive regulation of the water lily root system under high salinity. Aspects of its root architecture, including root length, surface area, volume, and tip number, were significantly reduced by salt stress. Transcriptome sequencing showed that 120 genes were upregulated and 1214 genes were downregulated under salt stress. The differentially expressed genes were mainly enriched in oxidoreductase activity, structural molecule activity, and transmembrane transporter activity. Most ion transporter genes were downregulated, suggesting that water lily may partially close ion channels and/or transporters to avoid excessive ion accumulation or ion imbalance under long-term salt stress. Genes related to NO3− transport were both up- and downregulated, whereas genes related to ammonium transport were uniformly downregulated, suggesting that transcriptional changes may play a role in balancing nitrogen metabolism under long-term saline conditions. The roots showed relatively high concentrations of Na+ and had the ability to hyper-accumulate Na+ under salt stress. These findings provide insight into the regulatory mechanisms that enable water lily roots to tolerate salinity and lay a foundation for the breeding of salt-tolerant cultivars.

Phytoremediation consists of taking advantage of the capacity of certain plants to absorb, accumulate, or metabolize contaminants. In this study, Eichornia crassipes (water lily) treated with water (WLW) and NaOH (WLN) was investigated as an adsorbent for removal of Ni(II) and Cu(II) present in aqueous solution, focusing on determining the most efficient conditions (adsorbent concentration, contact time, pretreatment, temperature). The results showed that equilibrium adsorption was favorable and carried out by a multilayer physical process with both bioadsorbents. The maximum adsorption at 30 °C in WLW and WLN was 349 and 293.8 mg/g of Ni(II), respectively, and 294.1 and 276.3 mg/g of Cu(II), respectively. The thermodynamic analysis indicated that the removal in both metals was spontaneous and exothermic. The Avrami model was the most adequate in the kinetic study of Ni(II) and Cu(II) removal in both treatments, which revealed that the adsorption process was carried out by several mechanisms. In the characterization of the adsorbents, it was determined that the functional groups of WL as well as the attractive forces on the surface of the materials participated in the metal removal process.

Durgā Śaptaśatī is an important, spiritual and renowned text of Hindu religious scripture describes the glory of Goddess Durgā with deep mysteries and learning's inside it. The beautiful description of this text reveals the trio combination of work-worship and knowledge like the three Mandākinī at one place. In this way, medicinal plants like Padma (Lotus), Akṣa, Bandhūka (Midday Flower), Candana (Sandalwood), Pāṭala (Rose), Kalhāra (Red water lily), Mātuluṇga (Citron) and Pārijāta (Night-flowering coral jasmine) are also described in "Durgā Śaptaśatī". This paper deals with the taxonomic description, medicinal properties and uses of medicinal plants described in Durgā Śaptaśatī.

The Egyptian word seshen (“water lily,” a cognate of the Hebrew name Susanna, written with hieroglyphs depicting a door bolt, a garden pool, and water), may have inspired the setting of the Theodotion form of Daniel 13:1–27. This may constitute a novel type of “bilingual visual paronomasia,” and point to an Egyptian source of the details of Susanna’s bath, absent in the earliest (Old Greek) form of the biblical text of Daniel.

Generate electricity through the photosynthesis of the water lily; releasing electrons at their roots, to be collected by the anode (copper wire) and cathode (metallic foil) conductors, to transport them through copper conductors and be able to use them, in light energy, in a 3-volt led. Plastic containers on average have a higher voltage, compared to metal containers, on average they reached 0.747 volts, R6 was the one with the highest voltage production and the lowest 0.518 volts on average was R4. The voltage produced by metal containers, which did not reach the maximum values of plastic containers, the highest average is R7, with a voltage of 0.576 volts and the lowest of all averages is 0.216 volts R10, On 09/17/2019 at 4:45 PM, the highest average voltage of 7.11 volts was recorded.

Pink Water lily flower, with the scientific name of Nymphaea alba in the family of Nymphaeaceae, was collected from North of Iran, Mazandaran in spring, dried in shade and powdered. The powdered fl...

The water lily (Nymphaea tetragona) is an ancient angiosperm that belongs to the Nymphaeaceae family. As a rooted floating-leaf plant, water lilies are generally cultivated in fresh water, therefore, little is known about their survival strategies under salt stress. Long-term salt stress causes morphological changes, such as the rapid regeneration of floating leaves and a significant decrease in leaf number and surface area. We demonstrate that salt stress induces toxicity soon after treatment, but plants can adapt by regenerating floating leaves that are photosynthetically active. Transcriptome profiling revealed that ion binding was one of the most-enriched GO terms in leaf-petiole systems under salt stress. Sodium-transporter-related genes were downregulated, whereas K+ transporter genes were both up- and downregulated. These results suggest that restricting intracellular Na+ importing while maintaining balanced K+ homeostasis is an adaptive strategy for tolerating long-term salt stress. ICP-MS analysis identified the petioles and leaves as Na-hyperaccumulators, with a maximum content of over 80 g kg−1 DW under salt stress. Mapping of the Na-hyperaccumulation trait onto the phylogenetic relationships revealed that water lily plants might have a long evolutionary history from ancient marine plants, or may have undergone historical ecological events from salt to fresh water. Ammonium transporter genes involved in nitrogen metabolism were downregulated, whereas NO3−-related transporters were upregulated in both the leaves and petioles, suggesting a selective bias toward NO3− uptake under salt stress. The morphological changes we observed may be due to the reduced expression of genes related to auxin signal transduction. In conclusion, the floating leaves and submerged petioles of the water lily use a series of adaptive strategies to survive salt stress. These include the absorption and transport of ions and nutrients from the surrounding environments, and the ability to hyperaccumulate Na+. These adaptations may serve as the physiological basis for salt tolerance in water lily plants.

Nymphaeaceae are early diverging angiosperms with large flowers characterized by showy petals and stamens not clearly whorled but presenting a gradual morphological transition from the outer elements to the inner stamens. Such flower structure makes these plant species relevant for studying flower evolution. MADS-domain transcription factors are crucial components of the molecular network that controls flower development. We therefore isolated and characterized MADS-box genes from the water lilyNymphaea caerulea. RNA-seq experiments on floral buds have been performed to obtain the transcript sequences of floral organ identity MADS-box genes. Maximum Likelihood phylogenetic analyses confirmed their belonging to specific MADS-box gene subfamilies. Their expression was quantified by RT-qPCR in all floral organs at two stages of development. Protein interactions among these transcription factors were investigated by yeast-two-hybrid assays. We found especially interesting the involvement of two differentAGAMOUS-likegenes (NycAG1andNycAG2) in the water lily floral components. They were therefore functionally characterized by complementing Arabidopsisagandshp1 shp2mutants. The expression analysis of MADS-box genes across flower development inN. caeruleadescribed a complex scenario made of numerous genes in numerous floral components. Their expression profiles in some cases were in line with what was expected from the ABC model of flower development and its extensions, while in other cases presented new and interesting gene expression patterns, as for instance the involvement ofNycAGL6andNycFL. Although sharing a high level of sequence similarity, the twoAGAMOUS-likegenesNycAG1andNycAG2could have undergone subfunctionalization or neofunctionalization, as only one of them could partially restore theeuAGfunction in Arabidopsisag-3mutants. The hereby illustratedN. caeruleaMADS-box gene expression pattern might mirror the morphological transition from the outer to the inner floral organs, and the presence of transition organs such as the petaloid stamens. This study is intended to broaden knowledge on the role and evolution of floral organ identity genes and the genetic mechanisms causing biodiversity in angiosperm flowers.

Background: The essential oil content of the water lily is extremely low; thus, finding a new method that can extract essential oil from water lilies with a high extraction rate and no residual organic solvents is essential. Objective: The optimal processing conditions for the ultrasound-enhanced subcritical fluid extraction of essential oil from Nymphaea alba var (red water lily) and the antioxidant activity of the essential oil in vitro are investigated to provide theoretical bases for identification and development. Methods: Single-factor experiments and orthogonal designs are performed to determine the effects of extraction conditions on essential oil yields. The chemical composition of essential oil is analyzed using GC–MS. Results: The optimum extraction parameters are established as follows: extraction temperature, 35°C; extraction time, 30 min/time for four times; ratio of material to liquid, 1:3; ultrasound power, 250 W/L; and ultrasonic frequency, 20 kHz. The extraction rate of essential oil is 0.315% under these conditions. Eleven components comprise more than 1% content. The main chemical constituents are 8-hexadecyne (31.04%) and 2,6,10-trimethyl-tetradecane (3.95%). The essential oil from N. alba var has an antioxidant activity in vitro; however, its antioxidant activity is weaker than that of butylated hydroxytoluene. Conclusions: Subcritical fluid is suitable for the extraction of essential oil from N. alba var, and the essential oil has a good antioxidant activity. Highlights: The essential oil content of N. alba var is 0.315%. Forty-seven chemical constituents are identified and isolated from N. alba var and analyzed by GC–MS.

Nymphaeaceae are early diverging angiosperms with large flowers characterized by showy petals and stamens not clearly whorled but presenting a gradual morphological transition from the outer elements to the inner stamens. Such flower structure makes these plant species relevant for studying flower evolution. MADS-domain transcription factors are crucial components of the molecular network that controls flower development. We therefore isolated and characterized MADS-box genes from the water lily Nymphaea caerulea. RNA-seq experiments on floral buds have been performed to obtain the transcript sequences of floral organ identity MADS-box genes. Maximum Likelihood phylogenetic analyses confirmed their belonging to specific MADS-box gene subfamilies. Their expression was quantified by RT-qPCR in all floral organs at two stages of development. Protein interactions among these transcription factors were investigated by yeast-two-hybrid assays. We found especially interesting the involvement of two different AGAMOUS-like genes (NycAG1 and NycAG2) in the water lily floral components. They were therefore functionally characterized by complementing Arabidopsis ag and shp1 shp2 mutants. The expression analysis of MADS-box genes across flower development in N. caerulea described a complex scenario made of numerous genes in numerous floral components. Their expression profiles in some cases were in line with what was expected from the ABC model of flower development and its extensions, while in other cases presented new and interesting gene expression patterns, as for instance the involvement of NycAGL6 and NycFL. Although sharing a high level of sequence similarity, the two AGAMOUS-like genes NycAG1 and NycAG2 could have undergone subfunctionalization or neofunctionalization, as only one of them could partially restore the euAG function in Arabidopsis ag-3 mutants. The hereby illustrated N. caerulea MADS-box gene expression pattern might mirror the morphological transition from the outer to the inner floral organs, and the presence of transition organs such as the petaloid stamens. This study is intended to broaden knowledge on the role and evolution of floral organ identity genes and the genetic mechanisms causing biodiversity in angiosperm flowers.

International audience; Nymphaea lotus L. or water lily is a well-known traditional medicinal plant in Thailand, Indonesia, Vietnam, India, Sri Lanka, China, Nepal, Egypt and many African countries. This species has been reported as a promising flavonoid-rich raw material that can be used as an active ingredient for the development of cosmetic/cosmeceutical products. This review aims to illustrate the cosmetic potential of this species by providing botanical information, traditional uses, flavonoid accumulation, biological activities and future research challenges in the production of N. lotus extracts for cosmetic applications.

In pharaonic times, religion, magic and medicine had little distinction between each other due to the commonly held belief that all parts of life were influenced and even controlled by divinity and the supernatural. To navigate life easier, and in true Egyptian fashion, a large corpus of text was composed of magic, medicine and religion. The latter includes the arguably most well-known work, the Egyptian Book of the dead, the religious scripture that would help the deceased navigate the netherworld in the hopes for eternal life. The papyri depict numerous plants and remedies as well as spell and healing methods accompanied by magical incorporation such as incantation or invocation of a god or goddess. These can be considered a basis for the fundamental ideas of religion and daily life of ancient Egypt, always consisting of divine involvement. This essay will deal with a symbol that the ancient Egyptians saw as synonymous with life, and immortality: The narcotic blue water lily, Nymphaea Caerulea. The study will be a work on the human religious experience with a plant that I will theorize as having been used for an entheogenic effect in order to connect with the divine by asking some key questions: How and why was the lily used? How is the flowers depiction on art, in texts, and different iconography indicative to a usage in religious experience and through the mythology produced in the civilisation?

We report on self-propelled rotating liquid marbles fabricated using droplets of alcoholic solution encapsulated in hollow microtetrapods of GaN with hydrophilic free ends of their arms and hydrophobic lateral walls. Apart from stationary rotation, elongated-spheroid-like liquid marbles were found, for the first time, to exhibit pulsed rotation on water surfaces characterized by a threshold speed of rotation, which increased with the weight of the liquid marble while the frequency of pulses proved to decrease. To throw light upon the unusual behavior of the developed self-propelled liquid marbles, we propose a model which takes into account skimming of the liquid marbles over the water surface similar to that inherent to flying water lily beetle and the so-called helicopter effect, causing a liquid marble to rise above the level of the water surface when rotating.

At first, we do not know whether we can succeed in doing it. About 10% of things will work well, but that 10% success will only come to mind when you reflect on it later. Forgetting about a lot of unsuccessful results during the research of surface emitting lasers, I collected things that looked like water lily flowers floating on the surface and summarized them as rules {1998 IGA}.

RESUMEN Antecedentes: El jacinto de agua (Eichhornia crassipes) es una de las plantas con mejor reproducción y adaptabilidad a ambientes contaminados, los estudios han demostrado que el lirio de agua es un colector de metales pesados en el agua; aprovechando su rápido crecimiento y facilidad de recolección. Objetivo: Evaluar la eliminación de plomo (Pb) utilizando el lirio de agua como bioacumulador en un proceso de biorremediación. Metodología: Se realizaron análisis para la caracterización del lirio de agua y el agua. Se recolectó lirio de agua, el requisito fue a veces un período de pre-adaptación, posteriormente, se colocó en diferentes pruebas con el agua recolectada de una laguna de oxidación y el plomo como contaminante. La duración de los ensayos fue de 15 días, en los cuales el lirio de agua estuvo en contacto directo con el agua contaminada, durante todo este período se monitoreó el comportamiento del lirio. Resultados: el agua de la llave no presentó plomo, el agua de la laguna tuvo una concentración de 0.025 mg/L, agua control con plomo tuvo una concentración de 3.14 mg/L de plomo, teniendo una remoción final del 13.05 % en el agua en las muestras de bioacumulación. El lirio ya contenía un valor significativo de plomo al iniciar el ensayo de 0.127 mg/kg, con la adición de plomo en el inicio del experimento nos da un valor de 0.169 mg/kg, obteniendo un valor final del experimento de 0.284 mg/Kg, lo que indica un incremento en el contenido de plomo del 91.84% en 15 días; por lo que se confirma el poder de bioabsorción de metales para esta planta con la capacidad para absorber es de más de 90 veces su peso en agua. ABSTRACT Background: Water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) is one of the plants with better reproduction and adaptability to polluted environments, studies have shown that water lily is a collector of heavy metals in the water; taking advantage of its fast growth and ease of collection. Objective: To evaluate the elimination of lead (Pb) using the water lily as a bioaccumulator in a bioremediation process. Methodology: Analyzes were performed for the characterization of water lily and water. Water lily was collected, the requirement was sometimes a period of pre-adaptation, subsequently, it was placed in different tests with the water collected from an oxidation lagoon and lead as a contaminant. The duration of the trials was 15 days, in which the water lily was in direct contact with the contaminated water, during this period the behavior of the lily was monitored. Results: the tap water does not have lead, the lagoon water had a concentration of 0.025 mg/L lead, and control water had a concentration of 3.14 mg/L lead, having a final removal of 13.05% in the water in bioaccumulation samples. The lily already contained a significant value of lead at the start of the 0.127 mg/kg test, with the addition of lead at the beginning of the experiment it gives us a value of 0.169 mg/kg, obtaining a value end of the experiment of 0.284 mg/kg which indicates a 91.84% increase in lead content in 15 day; which confirms the bioabsorption power of metals for this plant with the capacity to absorb more than 90 times its weight in water., {"references":["González-Alonso S, Esteban-Hernández J, Valcárcel-Rivera Y, et al. Contaminación del agua en fuentes cercanas a campos petrolíferos de Bolivia. Rev Panam Salud Pública. 2010, 28(4):235-43.","Mancilla-Villa, O, Ortega-Escobar, H., Ramírez- Ayala C, Uscanga-Mortera E, Ramos-Bello, R. et al. Metales pesados totales y arsénico en el agua para riego de Puebla y Veracruz, México. Rev. Int. Contam. Ambie. 2012, 28 (1):39-48.","Delgadillo-López A, González-Ramírez C, Prieto-García F, et al. Fitorremediación: una alternativa para eliminar la contaminación. Tropical and Subtropical Agroecosystems. 2011, 14:597- 612.","Camón, C., Ponce-de León, C., Cram, S., Sommer, I., Hernández, M., Vanegas, C. Potential use of water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) in Xochimilco for metal phytoremediation. Agrociencia. 2012, 6(46):609-620.","NOM-001-SEMARNAT-1996. Que establece los límites máximos permisibles de contaminantes en las descargas de aguas residuales en aguas y bienes nacionales. \tDisponible \ten: http://biblioteca.semarnat.gob.mx/j anium/Document os/Ciga/agenda/DOFsr/60197.pdf citado 10 diciembre de 2019.","NMX-AA-003-1980 Aguas Residuales. Muestreo. Disponible en: https://www.gob.mx/cms/uploads/attachment/file/1 66762/NMX-AA-003-1980.pdf \tcitado 02 de diciembre de 2019.","NMX-AA-008-SCFI-2000 Análisis de agua - Determinación del pH - Método de prueba. Disponible en: https://agua.org.mx/wp-content/uploads/2011/01/nmx-aa-008-scfi-2000.pdf citado 02 de diciembre de 2019.","NMX-AA-051-SCFI-2016 Análisis de Agua.-Medición de metales por absorción atómica en aguas naturales, potables, residuales y residuales tratadas método de prueba. Disponible en: https://agua.org.mx/biblioteca/nmx-aa-051-scfi- 2001 -analisis-de-agua-determinacion-de- metales-por-absorcion-atomica-en-aguas- naturales-potables-residuales-y-residuales- tratadas-metodo-de-prueba/ citado el: 1 de diciembre de 2019.","NMX-AA-030/1-SCFI-2012 Análisis de Agua - Medición de la demanda química de oxígeno en aguas naturales, residuales y residuales tratadas. - método de prueba - parte 1 Método de reflujo abierto. Disponible en: https://www.gob.mx/cms/uploads/attachment/file /166774/NMX-AA-030-1 -SCFI-2012.pdf. citado 03 diciembre de 2019.","NMX-AA-034-SCFI-2015 Análisis de Agua - Medición de sólidos y sales disueltas en aguas naturales, residuales y residuales tratadas- método de prueba. Disponible en : https://www.gob.mx/cms/uploads/attachment/file /166146/nmx-aa-034-scfi-2015.pdf citado el 03 de diciembre de 2019.","Rzedowski GC y Rzedowski J. Manual de Malezas de la Región de Salvatierra, Guanajuato. Flora del Bajío y de Regiones Adyacentes. Instituto de Ecología-Centro Regional del Bajío. Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología y Comisión Nacional para el Conocimiento y Uso de la Biodiversidad. Pátzcuaro, Michoacán, México. Disponible en: http://www1.inecol.edu.mx/publicaciones/resumeness/FLOBA/ConvolvulaceaeI151.pdf. Citado 04 de diciembre de 2019.","Correll DS y Johnston MC. Manual of the vascular plants of Texas. Texas Research Foundation. Renner, Texas. 1970 https://www.cabdirect.org/cabdirect/abstract/19729 703762. Citado 05 de diciembre de 2019.","Novelo A y Ramos L. Pontederiaceae. Flora del Bajío y de regiones adyacentes. Instituto de Ecología-Centro Regional del Bajío. Consejo Nacional \tde \tDisponible \ten: http://www1.inecol.edu.mx/publicaciones/resumeness/FLOBA/Saxifragaceae128.pdf citado: 05 de diciembre de 2019","Miranda MG y Lot A. El lirio acuático, ¿Una planta nativa de México? Ciencias 1999, 53:50- 54. \t[En \tlínea] https://www.revistaciencias.unam.mx/es/106- revistas/revista-ciencias-53/928-el-lirio-acuatico- iuna-planta-nativa-de-mexico-.html. Citado 05 de diciembre de 2019.","Lissy PNA y Madhu G. Removal of heavy metals from waste water using water hyacinth ACEEE Int. J. on Transportation and Urban Development, 2011.\t01(01): 47-51 01 DOI: 01.IJTUD.01.01.39 \tDisponible \ten: https://es.scribd.com/document/162434445/Remova l-of-Heavy-Metals-from-W aste-W ater-UsingW ater- Hyacinth citado 06 de diciembre de 2019","Paredes J, Ñique M. Optimización de la fitorremediación de mercurio en humedales de flujo continuo empleando Eichhornia crassipes \"jacinto de agua\" Investigación y Amazonía 2015, 5 (2): 44­49","Galadima LG, Wasagu RSU, Lawal M, et al. Biosorption Activity of Nymphaea lotus (Water Lily). The International Journal of Engineering and Science (JES). 2015, 3 (4): 2319 - 1813.","Romero-Hernández JA, Amaya-Chávez A, Balderas-Hernández, P., et al. Tolerance and hyperaccumulation of a mixture of heavy metals (Cu, Pb, Hg, and Zn) by four aquatic macrophytes, \tInternational\tJournal of Phytoremediation, 2015, 19 (3): 239-245.","Palta-Prado GHP, Morales-Velasco SM, Fitodepuración de aguas residuales domesticas con peceas: Brachiaria mutica, Pennisetum purpureum y Panicum maximun en el municipio de Popayán, Cauca. Biotecnología en el Sector Agropecuario y Agroindustrial. 2013, 11 (2): 57-65."]}

Water lilies (Nymphaea spp.) have diverse floral morphologies. Water lilies are not only commonly used as ornamental plants, but they are also important for understanding the diversification of basal angiosperms. Although the diversity in floral morphology of water lily provides useful information for evolutionary biology, horticulture, and horticultural science, it is difficult to describe and analyze the three-dimensional morphology of flowers. In this study, we propose a method to describe the floral morphology of water lily using a three-dimensional theoretical morphological model. The theoretical model was constructed based on three components, i.e., (1) the gradual change in size of floral organs, (2) spiral phyllotaxis, and (3) the interpolation of elevation angles, which were integrated into the model. We generated three-dimensional representation of water lily flowers and visualized theoretical morphospaces by varying each morphological parameter. The theoretical morphospace is a mathematical space of morphological spectrum generated by a theoretical morphological model. These morphospaces seems to display the large part of morphological variations of water lily. We measured morphological parameters of real flowers based on our theoretical model and display the occupation pattern of morphological parameters. We also surveyed the relation between morphological parameters and flower shape descriptions found in a catalog. In some parameters, we found breeders' description can link to our morphological model. In addition, the relationship between the global features of floral morphology and the parameters of the theoretical model was calculated with flower silhouettes simulated with a range of parameter values and the global features of the silhouette. We used two simple indices to assess the global morphological features, which were calculated with the convex hull. The results indicated that our method can effectively provide an objective and quantitative overview of the diversity in the floral morphology of water lily.

Background: Nymphaea spp., Thai water lilies are aquatic plants. They contain phenolic pigments that play a major role in free radical scavenging. Melanoma is strong aggressive skin cancer-associated with oxidative stress. This study, to determine the effect of Nymphaea spp. extracts on cell apoptosis, cellular migration and invasion through the role of cellular oxidants in B16 melanoma cells. Methods: Free radical scavenging activity and total phenolic were investigated by 1, 1-diphenyl-2 picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and Ferric reducing anti-oxidant power (FRAP) methods and Folin-Denis test, respectively. Cytotoxic were assessed by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) method. Cell apoptosis was confirmed by flow cytometry. Cellular oxidants, cellular migration and invasion were determined with 2,7-dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate (DCFH-DA), wound healing and Boyden chamber assay, respectively. Results: Nymphaea pubescens showed higher capacity of scavenging free radical activity than Nymphaea stellate and also related phenolic content. Nymphaea pubescens extract was toxic to B16 melanoma cells. High concentrations cell apoptosis was induced. Contrastingly, low concentrations showed a decrease in cellular oxidants associated with the suppression of cancer cell progression. In B16 melanoma cell, Nymphaea pubescens extract was able to inhibit B16 melanoma cell migration and invasion through the low doses. Interestingly, the high doses of extract showed a potential of cytotoxicity to induce melanoma cell death. At the low doses, Nymphaea pubescens extract might suppress melanoma cells progression by interfering with both cellular migration and invasion capacity. Conclusion: Hence, Nymphaea pubescens extract induced cellular apoptosis and it also suppressed cancer cell progression by reducing oxidative stress in B16 melanoma cells.

Due to the high lactic acid levels and the contractility of the muscle soft-tissue hydatid disease is unusual even in endemic areas, and skeletal muscle involvement is extremely rare. Here we discuss an extremely unusual and rare case of hydatid disease found in the medial aspect of the soleus muscle in 46 years old female. MRI imaging is essential for identification and differential diagnosis.

In interspecific hybridizations of water lily (Nymphaea), the existence of cross barriers makes it difficult to obtain hybrids and seriously influences the utilization of admirable characters from tropical water lilies. To determine the causes, pollen viability, pistil receptivity, and embryo and endosperm development were investigated in three water lily crosses, including Nymphaea odorata ‘Peter Slocum’ × Nymphaea micranthar (PM), ‘Peter Slocum’ × Nymphaea gigantea (PH), and ‘Peter Slocum’ × Nymphaea colorata (PC). The results indicated that the viability of pollen grains was 17.3% for ‘Peter Slocum’, 19.3% for N. colorata, 10.3% for N. micrantha, and 17.6% for N. gigantea. In the self-pollinated ‘Peter Slocum’, the number of germinated pollen grains on stigmas peaked at 12 hours after pollination (HAP), indicating its good pollen germinability. However, only a few pollen grains germinating on the sigma between 2 and 24 HAP in the crosses of PM, PH, and PC. In addition, a high percentage (81.2%) of normal embryos developed to different stages within 20 d after pollination in the self-pollinated ‘Peter Slocum’. But only 3.5% and 3.7% of normal globular embryos were observed in the PC and PM combinations, respectively. Moreover, no normal embryos were observed in the PH cross. At the same time, no seeds were obtained in PM, PC, and PH crosses. The results suggest that prefertilization barriers existed in the PH cross, whereas pre- and postfertilization barriers existed together in the PC and PM crosses. These may be the main causes resulting in the failure of interspecific hybridizations in water lily.

This study proposes novel bio-inspired fractal multi-cell circular (BFMC) tubes for energy absorption. The inner structures of the proposed BFMC tubes were constructed based on the fractal tree-like forms found in many biological structures such as giant water lily and dragon blood tree. The crashworthiness performances of the proposed structures with different fractal orders and mass were numerically investigated. The numerical results indicated that the specific energy absorption (SEA) increased with the fractal order and the SEA of the 2nd-order BFMC tube was 35.43% higher than that of the conventional multi-cell circular tube. Furthermore, the complex proportional assessment (COPRAS) method was adopted to optimize the performance of the BFMC. The results demonstrated that the proposed structure with four number of tree-like branches and 2nd-order fractal provided the best performance. Finally, a theoretical derivation of the mean crushing force (MCF) was developed for the proposed tubes based on the simplified super folding element theory. The theoretical results of MCF agreed well with the numerical results. The findings of this study provide an effective guide for using the biomimetic approach with the fractal tree-like forms for the design of a multi-cell energy absorber with high energy absorption efficiency.

Background: Hydatid cyst is a common zoonotic condition in endemic areas. Intraventricular hydatid cyst is a rare entity with less than 50 cases published in literature. Floating water lily sign (also called Camalote sign) is very rare in intracranial hydatid cysts. Only a single case report of this sign exists in literature in intraventricular hydatidosis suggesting rupture of hydatid cyst leading to CSF dissemination and frequent poor outcome. Case Description: This case report describes the successful management of a 5-year-old child who presented with signs and symptoms of raised intracranial pressure due to large intraventricular hydatid cyst in the right frontal horn, and magnetic resonanace imaging of the brain showed hydatid cyst with typical camalote sign. Conclusion: Although very rare, the presence of camalote sign in intraventricular cysts is very categorical in establishing preoperative diagnosis of hydatid cyst, especially in endemic areas.

A convenient and easy-moving, modified, headspace solid-phase microextraction (HS-SPME) device was developed for monitoring a living plant&rsquo, s volatile organic compounds (VOCs). It consisted of a polyethylene terephthalate (PET) bottle as a sampling chamber, and certain variables were considered when using the HS-SPME device, including the material used and the fiber position, the direction of the airstream, and the distance between the sample and the fan. The results from varying those factors, generated by the orthogonal array design (OAD) method, were used to optimize the modified HS-SPME conditions. Based on the current literature regarding extracting fragrances by SPME, we selected polydimethylsiloxane/divinylbenzene (PDMS/DVB) and polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) as the fiber materials. Using the OAD method, PDMS/DVB was found to be the better fiber material when it was parallel to the fan, and also when the airstream provided positive pressure to the sample with the fan near the sample. The device was used to sample biogenic volatile compounds emitted from fresh Nymphaea caerulea (water lily) flowers, followed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis. For the method validation, under the optimum conditions, the calculated detection limit value of the model compound (butyl decanoate) was 0.14 ng on column, which was equal to 1.41 ppm for the injection. The relative standard deviations of the intra-day and inter-day precisions were 1.21% and 3.05%. Thirty-three compounds were separated and identified. The main components in the vapor phase of N. caerulea were benzyl acetate (10.4%), pentadecane (15.5%), 6,9-heptadecadiene (40.1%), and 8-heptadecene (15.3%).

This paper considers 2.5D printing in a number of ways: by exploring the relationship between textural appearance of objects as seen in the real world and how these are interpreted by artists and rendered as paintings and drawings. This is significant in order to gain deeper insights into the appearance of texture in both realworld and computer-based image processing. Secondly as a practical understanding and development of methods for the application of texture or 2.5D printing, in which the authors have worked on the development of algorithms that can translate pictorial statements as reproducible textured images. It departs from halftoning methods (dots, pixels, pattern screens), and presents vector based (non-photographic rendering methods and autographic) methods for image generation. We also present recent developments on the application of vector driven methods to drive brushes, pens and other artists' tools to create reproducible artworks.

The order Nymphaeales, consisting of three families with a record of eight genera, has gained significant interest from botanists probably due to its position as a basal-angiosperm. The phylogenetic relationships within the order have well been studied and resolved; however, a few controversial nodes still remain in the Nymphaeaceae including the position of the genus Nuphar. The position of the genus Nuphar and the monophyly of the Nymphaeaceae family remain uncertain. This study adds to the increasing number of completely sequenced plastid genomes of the Nymphaeales and applies large chloroplast gene data set in reconstructing the intergeneric relationships within the Nymphaeaceae. Five complete chloroplast genomes were newly generated, including a first one for the monotypic genus Euryale. Using a set of 66 protein coding genes from the chloroplast genomes of 17 taxa, the phylogenetic position of Nuphar was determined and a monophyletic Nymphaeaceae family was obtained with a convincing statistical support from both partitioned and unpartitioned data schemes. Although genomic comparative analyses revealed a high degree of synteny among the chloroplast genomes of the ancient angiosperms, key minor variations were evident particularly in the contraction/expansion of the Inverted Repeat regions and in RNA editing events. Genome structure, gene content and arrangement were highly conserved among the chloroplast genomes.

The order Nymphaeales, consisting of three families with a record of eight genera, has gained significant interest from botanists, probably due to its position as a basal angiosperm. The phylogenetic relationships within the order have been well studied, however, a few controversial nodes still remain in the Nymphaeaceae. The position of the Nuphar genus and the monophyly of the Nymphaeaceae family remain uncertain. This study adds to the increasing number of the completely sequenced plastid genomes of the Nymphaeales and applies a large chloroplast gene data set in reconstructing the intergeneric relationships within the Nymphaeaceae. Five complete chloroplast genomes were newly generated, including a first for the monotypic Euryale genus. Using a set of 66 protein-coding genes from the chloroplast genomes of 17 taxa, the phylogenetic position of Nuphar was determined and a monophyletic Nymphaeaceae family was obtained with convincing statistical support from both partitioned and unpartitioned data schemes. Although genomic comparative analyses revealed a high degree of synteny among the chloroplast genomes of the ancient angiosperms, key minor variations were evident, particularly in the contraction/expansion of the inverted-repeat regions and in RNA-editing events. Genome structure, and gene content and arrangement were highly conserved among the chloroplast genomes. The intergeneric relationships defined in this study are congruent with those inferred using morphological data.

The association between art and brain (. . .) has proven difficult because its components are elusive. What abilities of Michelangelo’s mind went into painting the Sistine Chapel or sculpting Moses or the Pieta? What in Monet’s mind controlled his water lily paintings, or in Gauguin’s his Ancestors of Tehamana painting, or, in ancient artists, the cave walls at Lascaux and Altamira? Similarly, what were the components of Verdi’s mind when he composed Aida? (2005, p. 1)

The anxiolytic effect of the leaves of water lily was investigated using mice as experimental animals. Thirty (30) were mice randomly divided into group 1, 2 and 3. Before the neurobehavioral parameters were assessed, the LD50 and the phytochemical screening of the leaves of the plant were determined. The open field maze and the transition box apparatus were used to determine the level of fear and anxiety related behaviors in mice. In the open field arena, the grooming frequency was statistically not different when compared to control. Stretch attend posture frequency (SAP) was statistically higher in the test groups when compared to control (P

The study on the productivity of water lily seeds in South Kalimantan’s backswamps using Wageningen method and the interview with middle traders could give more information about water lily as food commodity. Rainfall pattern in Tabalong, Hulu Sungai Utara (HSU) and Hulu Sungai Selatan (HSS) regencies is like U letter. U type is sensitive with Monsoon. This Monsoon area is affected by easterly wind and local wind. When the sun is at the south side in October to March, the Monsoon moves from west to south east, and in the other way around in April to September, the wind moves from south east to west. In April, the height of water level in some different areas was the same. The highest water level was in Paharangan subdistrict that could reach more than 100 cm and the lowest was in Hambuku subdistrict, about 80 cm. Based on the interview with middle traders, it was found out that in Hambuku subdistrict and its surrounding area, there was about 1.0 to 1.7 t/ha of water lily seeds each period. In Ampukung, Hambuku and Paharangan subdistricts, the water lily seeds were about 1.121 t/ha, 1.057 t/ha and 0.653 t/ha, respectively. If the paddy fields in Tabalong, HSU and HST regencies are 10,683 ha, 21,2252 ha, and 18,763 ha, respectively, those areas potentially can yield about 11,976.661 t/ha, 224,456.2 t/ha and 12,254.6778 t/ha. Whereas, based on radiation (Rg), the photosynthetically active radiation on very clear days (Ac), in cal cm-2 day-1, and daily gross photosynthesis rate of crop canopies on very clear days (bc) in kg ha-1 day-1 for Pm = 20 kg CH2O ha-1 hr-1, it showed that the yield of hairy water lily seeds in Ampukung, Hambuku and Paharangan subdistricts was 1.1560 t/ha, 1.1425 t/ha and 1.1021 t/ha, respectively. Hairy water lily naturally grows with seeds in soil and water in paddy field, so it can grow, develop, and produce seeds. Therefore, agronomical technique is important for further study. Keywords: hairy water lily, Wageningen, yield potential.

As the higher education sector experiences the impact of globalisation and declining public funding, sustainability remains a compelling issue for educators to address at an institutional level and more broadly, for future societies. Within this context, this paper examines the role landscape can play as a platform for Education for Sustainability. Understanding the term Education for Sustainability to be holistic, systemic, connective and ecological rather than content specific, the paper outlines the genesis of landscape as a formal learning environment, and then through case studies reviews the efficacy of landscape as an agent for an integrated pedagogy towards sustainable literacy.

Two plants having tubular stems were examined. Water lily belongs to nymphaeaceae, while butterbur belongs to asteraceae. These plants are not relatives; however both have large leaves with lacinia. Furthermore, these plants have tubular long stems. Observations of leaf surface are described. Water lily leaf has an inside layer consisting of a network polygonal structure. The leaf has three layers at the microscopic level including small transparent skin tissue, and a middle layer showing a polygonal green structure where photosynthesis can be performed. The bottom layer shows fine tubular tissues. Stomas are observed on the surface of the leaf, with transparent tissue on the top layer and the stem of the butterbur with honeycomb (polygonal) structures in the leaves and stems. Plants are of interest for technology because their remarkable functional structure may provide clues for applications in materials science. In this study, the fine structures of the two plants were observed to learn their functional structure. Water lily (nymphaeaceae) shows similarities with lotus although a different species. The leaf is highly distinctive with photosynthesis carried out by the leaf floating on the water. Oxygen and carbon dioxide can be sent to roots beneath the water surface through an air duct in the stem. In this study, we observed the characteristic surface of the water lily and discuss the function of the leaf. Butterbur has large leaf, similar in appearance to that of the water lily. The tubular stem of the butterbur provides mechanical strength and flexibility. Furthermore, the stem can send gases toward roots. This function may allow it to perform internal photosynthesis. Plants are of interest for technology because their remarkable functional structure may provide clues for applications in materials science. In this study, the fine structures of the two plants were observed to learn their functional structure.

Reproductive barriers exist in some water lily crosses that result in low seed set and low breeding efficiency. We investigated pollen morphology, pollen viability, microspore development, pistil receptivity, and embryo and endosperm development in six water lily crosses using paraffin section as well as light and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) techniques. The results indicated that the percentage of pollen with normal morphology ranged from 8.9% to 55.2%. The pollen viabilities of ‘Fen Zhuang’, ‘Bai Lu’, and ‘Hong Ying’ were 33.9%, 3.3%, and 20.7%, respectively. Stigmatic pollen germination peaked at 12 h after pollination and varied from 0.3 to 65.7 grains per stigma among the crosses. The production of embryos with normal morphology ranged from 0% to 43.6% at 5 days after pollination, from 0% to 31.4% at 15 days after pollination, and from 0% to 19.7% by 20 days after pollination. The seed sets of the six crosses were from 0% to 10.9%. Our results suggest that the low seed set in some crosses is the result of low pollen viability, low pistil receptivity, and embryo abortion.

Empirical evidence suggests that three-dimensional (3D) images of nature promote physiological relaxation in humans by providing more realistic effects compared with two-dimensional (2D) images. However, no studies have evaluated the physiological relaxation effects of nature-derived 3D images on prefrontal cortex and autonomic nerve activity. The present study aimed to clarify the physiological relaxation effects of visual stimulation by 3D flower images on prefrontal cortex and autonomic nerve activity. Nineteen male university students (22.2 ± 0.6 years) were presented with 3D and 2D images of the water lily for 90 s. Prefrontal cortex activity was measured using near-infrared spectroscopy, while autonomic nerve activity was measured using heart rate variability (HRV). Psychological effects were determined using a modified semantic differential method (SD). Compared with visual stimulation by 2D images, that by 3D images resulted in a significant decrease in oxyhemoglobin concentration in the right prefrontal cortex, lower sympathetic activity as calculated by the ratio of the low-frequency to high-frequency HRV component, and a significantly greater realistic feeling as evidenced by higher SD ratings. In conclusion, visual stimulation by realistic 3D floral images promotes physiological relaxation more effectively than the corresponding 2D image.

Volatile organic compounds in the stamens, petals, and pistils of 56 water lily cultivars were determined by headspace solid-phase microextraction coupled with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. The stamens released a majority of the volatiles. A total of 117 volatile organic compounds were determined. Alkanes and alkenes were the most abundant, followed by aldehydes and ketones. Cluster analysis was used to divide the cultivars into three subsets characterized by specific aromatic compounds and associated aromas. Discriminant analysis confirmed the results of the cluster analysis. Three tropical water lily cultivars Colorata, 34, and Ai Ji Bai and one hardy water lily cultivar Somptuosa had particularly high aromatic compound concentrations and are recommended to produce fragrant, colorful, and hardy specimens.

Im Marz 2010 fand die feierliche Grundsteinlegung fur das FIFA WM Stadion in Manaus statt. Das als einfaches aber hocheffizientes Gebaude geplante Stadion stellt das Herzstuck eines Sportparks in einem der wichtigsten Zentren des Okotourismus in Sudamerika dar. Es lag nahe, fur das Leitbild des Entwurfs regelmasige Strukturen technisch zu interpretieren, die in der Manaus alles umgebenden Natur vorkommen. Die Riesenseerose Victoria Regia, ein perfektes Vogelnest oder ein aus Palmblattern geflochtener regionaler Korb, alles lasst sich hier wiederfinden. Das Resultat ist die nun fertiggestellte intelligente, rautenformige Stahlgitterschalenstruktur, die an Dach und Fassade mit, in der Aquatorsonne hell leuchtenden, Membranpaneelen eingedeckt ist (Bilder 1 und 2). Arena da Amazonia, Manaus. The basic and efficient new Stadium in Manaus, inaugurated in March 2014, forms the centre part of a large sports complex. For the design of a stadium, situated in one of the most important hubs of eco tourism in South America, a technical interpretation of natural structures have been performed. It seemed to be obvious to interpret technically all the regular structures which can be found in the Manaus completely surrounding nature. The giant water lily Victoria Regia, a perfect bird’s nest or a local basket woven from palm leafs, everything can be interpreted. The result is the now completed intelligent diamond-shaped steel grid shell structure, which is covered at roof and facade by in the equatorial sun brightly shining membrane panels (Figs. 1 and 2).

Ten flavonoids were obtained from the flowers of Nymphaea alba L. Their structures were determined mainly on the basis of spectral analyses (UV, 'H NMR, MS). The following aglycons were isolated: quercetin, kaempferol, isokaempferide and apigenin as well as the following glycosides: quercetion 4'-β-xyloside, 3-methylquercetin 3'-β-xyloside and a mixture of quercetin 3-galactoside and 3-glucoside. The structures of three compounds obtained in very small amounts were determined in part.

Ththe Maya, Central America, water, water management, aguadas, chultunes, water lily, ancient civilisations e main task of this paper is to demonstrate how the ancient Maya solved the problem of collecting and storing water, which due to geological and hydrological conditions was in very short supply at a certain period. For this reason, the indigenous population developed a range of methods which enabled them to resolve the problem; for instance, they built reservoirs or utilised natural hollows to increase the capacity of water storage. This study aims to present their major hydrotechnological measures, which permitted normal functioning of a society in the very demanding climatic conditions.

For as long as there has been civilization, there have been mind-altering drugs. Alcohol has been around for at least 10,000 years, but recent advances in chemical analysis of old pots reveal that other psychoactive drugs were present at the dawn of the first complex societies some 5000 years ago in the ancient Middle East. Ancient people from Turkey to Egypt experimented with local substances such as blue water lily, while imports like cannabis and opium made from poppies spread through early international trade networks. Armed with the new data, archaeologists are probing just how these drugs impacted early societies and beliefs. Some argue that the impact of these psychoactive substances has been underestimated, and that a drug culture was central to ritual in Mesopotamia, Anatolia, Egypt, and the Levant.

Only a few cases of intraventricular hydatid cysts have been described. The camalote or water lily sign is described when there is detachment of the endocyst membrane, resulting in a floating appearance like a water lily. This sign has been described most commonly in hepatic cysts. Here, we describe the camalote sign in an iatrogenically ruptured intraventricular hydatid cyst. Rupture of an intraventricular hydatid cyst poses the threat of widespread dissemination and is described in our case.

Hidatik kist hastaligi dunyanin bircok yerinde gorulen onemli bir zoonotik enfeksiyondur. Hastaliga neden olan parazit Echinococcus granulosus’un kopekler ve otcul hayvanlar arasindaki yasam dongusunde insanlar rastlantisal ara konaktir. Dogu ve Guneydogu Anadolu bolgesi basta olmak uzere Turkiye hastalik icin endemiktir. On yasinda erkek hasta bir haftadan beri olan ates, oksuruk ve kusma nedeniyle basvurdu. Akciger grafisinde sag akcigerde tipik nilufer cicegi belirtisi gorulerek hidatik kist tanisi ile opere edildi. Cerrahi tedavi sonrasi 20. gunde, cikarilan kistin yerinde kavite enfeksiyonu gelistigi icin piperasilin-sulbaktam tedavisi baslandi. On dort gun sureyle uygulanan medikal tedavi sonrasinda akciger grafisinde belirgin duzelme goruldu. Akciger hidatik kist hastaliginda cerrahi tedavi sonrasi gelisebilecek komplikasyonlar acisindan hastanin yakin izleminin onemine dikkat cekmek amaciyla bu olgu sunulmustur. (J Pediatr Inf 2013; 7: 72-5) Anahtar kelimeler: Pulmoner hidatik kist, postoperatif komplikasyonlar Abstract Hydatid cyst disease is an important zoonotic infection commonly seen in various parts of the world. Humans are coincidental intermediate hosts in the lifecycle of the parasite Echinococcus granulosus (the cause of this disease), the definitive hosts of which are dogs and herbivorous animals. Turkey, primarily the Eastern and Southeastern Anatolian regions, is endemic for the disease. A 10-year-old male patient presented to our hospital with complaints of fever, cough and vomiting over the last week. The patient’s chest X-ray revealed a typical water lily sign, and he was operated with the diagnosis of hydatid cyst. On post-operative day 20, piperacilin-sulbactam therapy was initiated, since cavity infection developed in the area from which the cyst had been removed. At the end of the 14-day medical treatment, a significant improvement was observed in the chest radiography. This case is presented to draw attention to the importance of monitoring patients closely for possible post-operative complications in pulmonary hydatid cyst disease. (J Pediatr Inf 2013; 7: 72-5)