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Additional file 1: Fig. S1. Identification of the phosphorylated GP (p-GP) antibody. (a) The absorbance at 450 nm of the p-GP antibody toward phosphorylated antigen and unphosphorylated antigen using indirect ELISA with an increasing dilution ratio (n = 4). (b) Recognition of p-GP by the p-GP antibody in coronal slices of mouse frontal cortex area 1 by immunofluorescence (dilution ratio of 1:500). The scale bar represents 20 μm. Fig. S2. STAT3 ablation suppresses the A2-like astrocyte formation following OGD/R. (a) Verification of STAT3 knockdown cultured astrocytes (kd-STAT3) using immunoblotting (n = 6). Vehicle represents unaffected astrocytes. Ve represents astrocytes affected by blank lentiviruses. (b) Protein levels of phosphorylated STAT3 (p-STAT3) determined by immunoblotting (n = 6). (c) Heat map of relative mRNA levels of 12 target genes of A2-like astrocyte at 72 h following reoxygenation, determined by RNA sequencing (n = 4).*P

Additional file 1: Figure S1. Quantile-quantile (Q-Q) and Manhattan plots from the genome-wide association study (GWAS) results for bacterial leaf blight (BLB) resistance used 240 indica rice varieties. (A, B, C) GWAS for BLB resistance in (A) P3_2018, (B) P3_2019 and (C) Best linear unbiased prediction (BLUP) values of P3 at two years. (D, E, F) GWAS for BLB resistance in (D) P6_2018, (E) P6_2019 and (F) Best linear unbiased prediction (BLUP) values of P6 at two years. The x-axis shows the single nucleotide polymorphism (SNPs) along each chromosome; the y-axis is the –log10P for the association.

When a space heating ASHP unit is operated in frosting conditions, accurate defrosting is necessary to ensure its operating efficiency and output heating capacity. Therefore, to improve the accuracy of defrosting initiation of ASHPs under frosting-defrosting operations, a study on applying image recognition to frost built-up detection in ASHPs has been carried out and the study results are presented in this paper. Firstly, the principle of a novel frost built-up detection method based on image recognition is presented. Secondly, a series of experiments to examine the applicability of the novel frost built-up detection method with respect to shooting angle, imaging pixels, illumination level, and the temperature of outdoor coil surface are carried out. Thirdly, the novel frost built-up detection method was further modified based on the experimental result obtained, and the verification of the modified novel detection method is reported. It is shown that the use of the modified novel frost built-up detection method could properly account for the impact of changing illuminance level on the accuracy of image recognition, to ensure the accuracy of frost built-up detection when ASHPs are operated in frosting conditions.

Oxygen evolution reaction (OER) has a high overpotential, which can significantly reduce the energy efficiency in water decomposition. Using urea oxidation reaction (UOR) to replace OER has been a feasible and energy-saving approach because of its lower electrode potential. Furthermore, UOR is also an important process in wastewater treatment. This paper successfully synthesizes a high-performance bifunctional catalyst for urea electrolysis. The catalyst is nickel nitride bead-like nanospheres array supported on Ni foam (Ni₃N/NF). Several characterization methods are used to analyze the catalyst’s morphology, structure, and composition as well as catalytic activity/stability, including X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and electrochemical methods (cyclic voltammetry, linear sweep voltammetry, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, and CAM). A concurrent two-electrode electrolyzer (Ni₃N/NF∥Ni₃N/NF) is constructed and used to validate the catalyst performance, and the results show that the cell achieves 100 mA·cm–² at 1.42 V, while the cell voltage of Pt/C∥IrO₂ is 1.60 V, indicating that the Ni₃N/NF catalyst is superior to precious metals.

Tillering is an important agronomic trait which has a direct impact on plant type and grain yield. Strigolactones are a class of important phytohormones regulating rice tillering. ATMAX1 is an important gene involved in strigolactone biosynthesis through encoding the protein P450 in Arabidopsis . Based on sequence BLASTp, we identified five homologous genes of ATMAX1 in rice, i.e., OsMAX1a , OsMAX1b , OsMAX1c , OsMAX1d and OsMAX1e . Among them, OsMAX1a and OsMAX1e showed stable and high expression in rice tissues. In addition, we observed that OsMAX1a and OsMAX1e can rescue the branched phenotype and the influences caused by MAX1 mutation in Arabidopsis . Moreover, the expression of OsMAX1a and OsMAX1e can respond to phosphate deficiency and different phytohormones, especially GR24, a strigolactone analogue. Therefore, it is concluded that OsMAX1a and OsMAX1e are involved in the biosynthesis of strigolactones and regulated rice tillering.

Modular steel constructions (MSCs) have been widely used for buildings with repetitive units and a lot of research demonstrated that the overall structural performance was highly influenced by the connection between the modules. Due to the special configuration, the connection for assemble-type of light-steel modular house (ALTS modular house) was more complex than ordinary MSCs. In order to study the seismic performance of connection for ATLS modular house, three specimens were designed and tested under different axial load in this paper. The failure mode and seismic performance of the connection were evaluated and discussed in detail based on the test results. In addition, the load-transferring mechanism of the column were explored by strain monitoring. Three failure modes of connection were found. The ultimate bearing capacity, stiffness degradation, and energy dissipation of the connection were significantly influenced by the axial load. Further, a three-dimensional (3D) nonlinear finite element model (FEM) was established by the general-purpose finite element software ABAQUS. The failure mode and hysteretic curves were in good agreement with the test results and the FEM can be adopted for the analysis of the seismic behavior of the connection.

Although the neuroprotective effect of ceftriaxone (CTX) has been reported, the underlying mechanisms are still uncertain. In this study, we investigated if rats recover better from CTX pretreatment against cerebral ischemia by inhibiting the inflammatory response.Rats were pretreated with CTX (200 mg/kg, 1/day, i.p.) for 5 d. At 24 h after the end of the last CTX pretreatment, focal cerebral ischemia was induced by middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) for 120 min in male Sprague Dawley rats. The neurological deficit scores (NDS) and infarct volumes were evaluated. Microglia cells were observed by immunofluorescence staining and IL-1β was assayed by ELISA and Western Blot.The results showed that CTX pretreatment improved the neurological deficit scores and decreased the infarct volumes 24 h after reperfusion. The activation of microglia cells was reduced and the expression of IL-1β was partially inhibited 24 h after reperfusion.These findings demonstrate that CTX pretreatment may provide a neuroprotective effect against transient cerebral ischemic injury, partially inhibit in microglial activation and reduce the expression of IL-1β.

With the development of optical techniques, scanning laser vibrometers have been applied successfully in measuring particle velocities and distributions in ultrasonic fields. In this paper, to develop the optical interferometry in measuring focused fields with small amplitude, the "effective" refractive index used for plane waves and extended for spherical waves is presented, the piezo-optic effect as a function of the incident angle of the laser beam is simulated, and the ultrasonic field produced by a concave spherical transducer is calculated numerically around its focal region. To verify the feasibility of the optical method in detecting focused ultrasonic fields, a measurement system was set up that utilized both a scanning laser vibrometer and a membrane hydrophone. Measurements were made in different zones of a focusing transducer, and good results were acquired from the optical interferometry in regions where acoustic waves travel in plane form or spherical form. The data obtained from the optical method are used to reconstruct acoustic fields, and it is found that the focal plane, the maximum pressure, and the beamwidth of the transducer can be forecasted accurately.

This paper reported an electrical stimulation instrument in order to meet the tenderizing requirements for different varieties and parts of the beef. Based on pulse-width modulation (PWM), this instrument has at its core single-chip microcomputer MSP430 and H-bridge with four MOSFET. By controlling the duty cycle of the PWM/SPWM (Sinusoidal PWM) produced by single-chip microcomputer, this instrument could realise the inversion of direct current by H-bridge, thus generating different wave forms. This paper introduced the functions, operation principles, hardware and software structure of the instrument. The results showed that: The instrument was able to produce 5 types of the waveforms, namely, DC, square wave, sine wave, triangular wave and sawtooth wave. The each parameters of electrical stimulation instrument were all adjustable. The peak voltage range of each waveform was 0∼110V and frequency adjustment range was 1∼450HZ. Finally the paper concludes with an experiment whose result shows that the output of electrical stimulation parameters could achieve the tenderizing requirements with its high precision, which has provided the technical support for the beef tenderizing processing.

Hydrothermal factors in Ningxia, an arid and semi-arid area in Northwestern China, were examined to determine their influence on the geographical differentiation of the wool quality of Tan sheep lambskin. Prospective areas for extension of the Tan sheep industry were also investigated. Two sheep groups were sampled; one consisted of artificial insemination flocks (1241 lambs sampled from 25 flocks) and the other of natural mating flocks (1009 lambs from 38 flocks). Six phenotypical traits were measured for each lamb and six hydrothermal factors were collected from the meteorological stations located in the sampling areas. A significant correlation was found between wool characteristics of the lambskin and hydrothermal conditions. Data further indicated that among all the hydrothermal factors measured, those causing the geographical differentiation of soil and vegetation were the major factors responsible for the corresponding differentiation of the lambskin and wool quality of Tan sheep. Thermal factors were mostly positively correlated with wool quality, while the influence of moisture was negative. Three eco-geographical regions were defined based on a combination of the hydrothermal conditions and corresponding wool characters: (i) typical region or super-suitable region, (ii) sub-typical region or suitable region and (iii) transitional region. The delimitation could be used as a basis for the extension of the Tan sheep industry. It is also suggested that the wool quality of lambskin of Tan sheep in these three regions could be improved by means of controlled breeding and selection.