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Wang Chun Kwok,1 Terence Chi Chun Tam,1 Chor Wing Sing,2 Esther Wai Yin Chan,2 Ching-Lung Cheung2 1Department of Medicine, Queen Mary Hospital, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, People’s Republic of China; 2Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, People’s Republic of ChinaCorrespondence: Ching-Lung Cheung, Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, 21 Sassoon Road, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, People’s Republic of China, Tel +852 3917 9024, Fax +852 2817 0859, Email lung1212@hku.hkBackground: Electronic health record (EHR) databases can facilitate epidemiology research into various diseases including asthma. Given the diagnostic challenges of asthma, the validity of the coding in EHR requires clarification. We aimed to assess the validity of International Classification of Diseases, 9th Revision (ICD-9) code algorithms for identifying asthma in the territory-wide electronic medical health record system of the Clinical Data Analysis and Reporting System (CDARS) in Hong Kong.Methods: Adult patients who had the diagnosis of asthma input from all public hospitals in Hong Kong and those from Queen Mary Hospital in 2011– 2020 were identified using the ICD-9 code of 493 (493.0, 493.1, 493.2, and 493.9) by CDARS. Patients’ clinical record and spirometry were reviewed by two respiratory specialists to confirm the presence of asthma in the randomly selected cases.Results: There were 43,454 patients who had the diagnostic code of asthma among all public hospitals in Hong Kong and 1852 in Queen Mary Hospital in the same period. A total of 200 cases were randomly selected and validated using medical record and spirometry review by a respiratory specialist. The overall positive predictive value (PPV) was 85.0% (95% CI 80.1− 89.9%).Conclusion: This was the first ICD-9 code validation for CDARS (EHR) in Hong Kong on asthma. Our study demonstrated that using ICD-9 code (493.0, 493.1, 493.2 and 493.9) to identify asthma can result in a PPV that was reliable to support the utility of the CDARS database for further research on asthma among the Hong Kong population.Keywords: asthma, algorithms, EHR, electronic health record, validation

Wang Chun Kwok,1,* Sze Him Isaac Leung,2,* Terence Chi Chun Tam,1 James Chung Man Ho,1 David Chi-Leung Lam,1 Mary Sau Man Ip,1 Pak Leung Ho3 1Department of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Queen Mary Hospital, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, People’s Republic of China; 2Department of Statistics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, People’s Republic of China; 3Department of Microbiology and Carol Yu Centre for Infection, The University of Hong Kong, Queen Mary Hospital, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, People’s Republic of China*These authors contributed equally to this workCorrespondence: Pak Leung Ho, Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong, Queen Mary Hospital, 102 Pokfulam Road, Pok Fu Lam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, People’s Republic of China, Tel +852 2255 2584, Fax +852 2855 1241, Email plho@hku.hkBackground: While different COVID-19 vaccines have been developed, there has been lack of data on the efficacy comparison between mRNA and inactivated whole virus vaccine among patients with chronic respiratory diseases, including asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and bronchiectasis.Methods: This was a retrospective case control study on the efficacy of BNT162b2 (mRNA vaccine) and CoronaVac (inactivated whole virus vaccine) against COVID-19 in patients with chronic respiratory diseases. A total of 327 patients were included, with 109 patients infected with COVID-19 matched with 218 patients without COVID-19. The co-primary outcomes were vaccine effectiveness against symptomatic COVID-19, COVID-19-related hospitalization and COVID-19-related respiratory failure. Vaccine effectiveness was calculated using the formula (1-adjusted odds ratio) x 100.Results: Patients who received at least 2 doses of CoronaVac had lower risk of being hospitalized for COVID-19 and developing respiratory failure than those who did not have vaccination, with adjusted odds ratio (OR) of 0.189 (95% CI = 0.050– 0.714, p = 0.014) and 0.128 (95% CI = 0.026– 0.638, p = 0.012) respectively. Patients who received at least 2 doses of BNT162b2 had lower risk of being hospitalized for COVID-19 and developing respiratory failure than those who did not have vaccination with adjusted OR of 0.207 (95% CI = 0.043– 0.962, p = 0.050) and 0.093 (95% CI = 0.011– 0.827, p = 0.033) respectively. There was no statistically significant difference in the risks of being hospitalized for COVID-19 and developing respiratory failure between patients who received at least 2 doses of CoronaVac or BNT162b2.Conclusion: BNT162b2 and CoronaVac vaccines are effective in preventing hospitalization for COVID-19 and respiratory failure complicating COVID-19 among patients with chronic respiratory diseases. Patients with chronic respiratory diseases should be encouraged to have COVID-19 vaccination.Keywords: COVID-19, COPD, asthma, bronchiectasis, vaccine

Chao-Jen Li,1,* Hung-Wen Tsai,2,* Yi-Li Chen,3 Chun-I Wang,4 Yang-Hsiang Lin,5 Pei-Ming Chu,6,7 Hsiang-Cheng Chi,8,9 Yi-Ching Huang,3 Cheng-Yi Chen3 1Department of General & Gastroenterological Surgery, An Nan Hospital, China Medical University, Tainan, Taiwan; 2Department of Pathology, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan; 3Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan; 4Molecular Medicine Research Center, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan; 5Liver Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan; 6Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan; 7Department of Medical Education, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan; 8Graduate Institute of Integrated Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan; 9Chinese Medicine Research Center, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan*These authors contributed equally to this workCorrespondence: Cheng-Yi Chen, Tel/Fax +886-6-2353535#5329, Email cychen@gs.ncku.edu.twIntroduction: Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) accounts for 80% of all liver cancers and is the 2nd leading cause of cancer-related death in Taiwan. Various factors, including rapid cell growth, a high recurrence rate and drug resistance, make HCC difficult to cure. Moreover, the survival rate of advanced HCC patients treated with systemic chemotherapy remains unsatisfactory. Hence, the identification of novel molecular targets and the underlying mechanisms of chemoresistance in HCC and the development more effective therapeutic regimens are desperately needed.Methods: An MTT assay was used to determine the cell viability after cisplatin or doxorubicin treatment. Western blotting, qRT‒PCR and immunohistochemistry were utilized to examine the protein tyrosine phosphatase IVA3 (PTP4A3) level and associated signaling pathways. ELISA was utilized to analyze the levels of the inflammatory cytokine IL-6 influenced by cisplatin, doxorubicin and PTP4A3 silencing.Results: In this study, we found that PTP4A3 in the cisplatin/doxorubicin-resistant microarray was closely associated with the overall and recurrence-free survival rates of HCC patients. Cisplatin or doxorubicin significantly reduced cell viability and decreased PTP4A3 expression in hepatoma cells. IL-6 secretion increased with cisplatin or doxorubicin treatment and after PTP4A3 silencing. Furthermore, PTP4A3 was highly expressed in tumor tissues versus adjacent normal tissues from HCC patients. In addition, we evaluated the IL-6-associated signaling pathway involving STAT3 and JAK2, and the levels of p-STAT3, p-JAK2, STAT3 and JAK2 were obviously reduced with cisplatin or doxorubicin treatment in HCC cells using Western blotting and were also decreased after silencing PTP4A3. Collectively, we suggest that cisplatin or doxorubicin decreases HCC cell viability via downregulation of PTP4A3 expression through the IL-6R-JAK2-STAT3 cascade.Discussion: Therefore, emerging evidence provides a deep understanding of the roles of PTP4A3 in HCC cisplatin/doxorubicin chemoresistance, which can be applied to develop early diagnosis strategies and reveal prognostic factors to establish novel targeted therapeutics to specifically treat HCC.Keywords: hepatocellular carcinoma, chemoresistance, cisplatin, doxorubicin, PTP4A3, IL-6

Background Oxidative stress and memory impairment have been implicated, a common functional brain disease. Nuclear factor E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) is highly induced in oxidative stress, indicating that Nrf2 is an emerging target of memory therapy. This study aimed to investigate the effect of Noni on brain memory impairment induced by hydrocortisone and its protection mechanism in mice. Methods Male Kuming mice were (n = 8/group) given hydrocortisone by gastric gavage for 14 consecutive days to establish the memory impairment model except for those in the control group. At the same day, the corresponding drugs were given by gastric gavage. The changes in ethology were examined. Brains were extracted and subjected to western blot analysis and biochemical analyses to assess the activities of oxidative stress. Results The middle and high-dose Noni groups ameliorated the ethology and the high-dose Noni group increased cerebral protein expressions of Nrf2, kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 (KEAP1) and heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), as compared to the model group. The arrangement of CA3 vertebral cells in hippocampus of mice was slightly compact and hyperchromatic and pyknosis were alleviated. Furthermore, the biochemical analyses showed the activities of related enzymes of oxidative stress in high-dose Noni group were increased. Conclusions Noni might be a powerful antioxidant that can protect nerve cell and may possess as a potential benefit for the treatment of memory impairment.

Alzheimer’s disease (AD), a main cause of dementia, is commonly seen in aging populations with a strong genetic component. AD is one of the most common neurodegenerative disorders; it is a genetically and clinically heterogeneous disease. Specific demographic factors and genetic variants have been identified in non-Hispanic populations; however, limited studies have observed the Hispanic population. Therefore, we focused on investigating a known gene, APOE, associated with AD-related phenotypes and two psychiatric diseases (depression and anxiety) within the U.S. Hispanic population in our current study. A total of 1382 subjects were studied based on data collected from the Texas Alzheimer’s Research and Care Consortium (TARCC, N = 1320) and the Initial Study of Longevity and Dementia from the Rio Grande Valley (ISLD-RGV, N = 62). Questionnaires regarding demographics, medical history, and blood/saliva samples were collected. We genotyped the APOE gene. The current findings indicated that APOE-ε4 was associated with not only AD (p < 0.0001) but also with anxiety (p < 0.0001) and depression (p = 0.0004). However, APOE-ε3 was associated with depression (p = 0.002) in the Hispanic population. We provide additional evidence in which APOE-ε4 increased the risk for AD in Hispanics. For the first time, APOE alleles show increased risks for anxiety and depression in Hispanics. Further research is warranted to confirm the current findings.

Let F be the usual real field. Let W be a symplectic vector space over F. It is known that there are two different Weil representations of a Meteplectic covering group $\widetilde{Sp}(W)$. By some twisted actions, we reorganize them into a representation of $\widetilde{Sp}^{\pm}(W)$, a covering group over a subgroup $Sp^{\pm}(W)$ of $GSp(W)$. Based on the works of MVW, Kudla, and Howe on reductive dual pairs in $Sp(W)$, we explore the analogous dual pairs in $Sp^{\pm}(W)$ . Finally, following Lion-Vergne's classical book on Weil representations and theta series, we investigate some simple theta series in $Sp^{\pm}(W)$ where $W$ has dimension two., 67 pages, comments welcome

Here, we study quantum coherence of N-partite GHZ and W states in the multiverse consisting of N causally disconnected de Sitter spaces. Interestingly, N-partite coherence increases monotonically as the curvature increases, while the Unruh effect destroys multipartite coherence in Rindler spacetime. Conversely, the curvature effect destroys quantum entanglement and discord, meaning that the curvature effect is beneficial to quantum coherence and harmful to quantum correlations in the multiverse. We find that, with the increase of n expanding de Sitter spaces, N-partite coherence of the GHZ state increases monotonically for any curvature, while quantum coherence of the W state decreases or increases monotonically depending on the curvature. We find a distribution relationship, which indicates that the correlated coherence of N-partite W state is equal to the sum of all bipartite correlated coherence in the multiverse. Multipartite coherence exhibits unique properties in the multiverse, which argues that it may provide some evidence for the existence of the multiverse., 24 pages, 7 figures

Soil salinity and sodicity caused by saline water irrigation are widely observed globally. Clay dispersion and swelling are influenced by sodium (Na+) concentration and electrical conductivity (EC) of soil solution. Specifically, soil potassium (K+) also significantly affects soil structural stability, but for which concern was rarely addressed in previous studies or irrigation practices. A soil column experiment was carried out to examine the effects of saline water with different relative concentrations of K+ to Na+ (K+ / Na+), including K+ / Na+ of 0:1 (K0Na1), 1:1 (K1Na1) and 1:0 (K1Na0) at a constant EC (4 dS m−1), and deionized water as the control (CK), on soil physicochemical properties. The results indicated that at the constant EC of 4 dS m−1, the infiltration rate and water content were significantly (P) affected by K+ / Na+ values, and K0Na1, K1Na1 and K1Na0 significantly (P) reduced saturated hydraulic conductivity by 43.62 %, 29.04 % and 18.06 %, respectively, compared with CK. The volumetric water content was significantly (P) higher in K0Na1 than CK at both 15 and 30 cm soil depths. K1Na1 and K1Na0 significantly (P) reduced the desalination time and required leaching volume. K0Na1 and K1Na1 reached the desalination standard after the fifth and second infiltration, respectively, as K1Na0 did not exceed the bulk electrical conductivity required for the desalination prerequisite throughout the whole infiltration cycle at 15 cm soil layer. Furthermore, due to the transformation of macropores into micropores spurred by clay dispersion, soil total porosity in K0Na1 dramatically decreased compared with CK, and K1Na0 even increased the proportion of soil macropores. The higher relative concentration of K+ to Na+ in saline water was more conducive to soil aggregate stability, alleviating the risk of macropores reduction caused by sodicity.

Wang Chun Kwok,1 Chi Hung Chau,2 Terence Chi Chun Tam,1 Fai Man Lam,1 James Chung Man Ho1 1Department of Medicine, Queen Mary Hospital, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, People’s Republic of China; 2Tuberculosis and Chest Unit, Grantham Hospital, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, People’s Republic of ChinaCorrespondence: James Chung Man Ho, Department of Medicine, Queen Mary Hospital, 4/F, Professorial Block, 102 Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, People’s Republic of China, Tel +852 2255 4542, Fax +852 2816-2863, Email jhocm@hku.hkBackground: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) phenotyping using stable-state blood eosinophil level was shown to have prognostic implication in terms of exacerbation risk. However, using a single cut-off of blood eosinophil level to predict clinical outcome has been challenged. There have been suggestions that variability of blood eosinophil count at stable-state could provide additional information on exacerbation risk.Methods: A retrospective cohort study was conducted in a major regional hospital and a tertiary respiratory referral centre in Hong Kong, including 275 Chinese patients with COPD, to investigate the possible role of variability of blood eosinophil count at stable-state to predict COPD exacerbation risk in one year.Results: Higher variability of baseline eosinophil count, which is defined as the difference of the minimal and maximal eosinophil count at stable-state, was associated with increased risk of COPD exacerbation in the follow-up period with adjusted OR (aOR) of 1.001 (95% CI = 1.000– 1.003, p-value = 0.050) for 1 unit (cells/μL) increase in variability of baseline eosinophil count, aOR of 1.72 (95% CI = 1.00– 3.58, p-value = 0.050) for 1 SD increase in variability of baseline eosinophil count and aOR of 1.06 (95% CI = 1.00– 1.13) for 50 cells/μL increase in variability of baseline eosinophil count. The AUC by ROC analysis was 0.862 (95% CI = 0.817– 0.907, p-value < 0.001). The cut-off for variability of baseline eosinophil count identified was 50 cells/μL, with sensitivity of 82.9% and specificity of 79.3%. Similar findings were also shown in the subgroup with stable-state baseline eosinophil count below 300 cells/μL.Conclusion: Variability of baseline eosinophil count at stable-state might predict the exacerbation risk of COPD, exclusively among patients with baseline eosinophil count below 300 cells/μL. The cut-off value for variability was 50 cells/μValidation of the study findings in large scale prospective study would be meaningful.Keywords: COPD, eosinophil, phenotype, COPD exacerbation

Zhou C, He X, Zeng Q, Zhang P, Wang C. Onco Targets Ther. 2020;13:6229-6244. The Editor and Publisher of OncoTargets and Therapy are retracting the published article. The authors requested to correct the duplication of images in Figure 7, however it was found that several other images within the article were also duplicated. Specifically, The image for Figure 2B, Vector; Merge has been duplicated with the image for Figure 9A, -++-. The images for Figure 2B, Control; Hochst 33342, EdU and Merge have been duplicated with the images for Figure 3B, siControl; Hochst 33342, EdU and Merge. The images for Figure 7A, CCDC7; NS and Control are duplicated. The images for Figure 8, normal; anti-CCDC7, anti-IL-6 and anti-VEGF all share overlapping regions and are derived from the same image. The image for Figure S2, Control 1 has been duplicated with the image for Figure 3B siCCDC7-3, Merge. The image for Figure S2, Inhibited 2 has been duplicated with Figure S2, Control 6. The image for Figure S2, Inhibited 4 has been duplicated with the image for Figure 9A+---. The image for Figure S2, Inhibited 5 has been duplicated with the image for Figure9A-+--. The authors cooperated with our queries and explained that errors were made during the assembly of the figures. In addition, the authors also provided the journal with original data from their study. However, the errors did raise concerns over the reliability and validity of the findings and the Editor and Publisher made the decision to retract the article and the authors agreed with this decision. We have been informed in our decision-making by our editorial policies and the COPE guidelines. The retracted article will remain online to maintain the scholarly record, but it will be digitally watermarked on each page as “Retracted”.

This meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) investigated the usefulness of mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) to treat patients with COVID-19.PubMed, Embase, Ovid MEDLINE, the Cochrane Library, and Clinicaltrials.gov were searched for RCTs published before November 7, 2021. Only RCTs that compared the clinical efficacy and safety of MSCs with other alternative treatments or placebos in the treatment of patients with COVID-19 were included.Six RCTs were included, in which the MSC and control groups consisted of 158 and 135 patients, respectively. The patients who received MSCs had a significantly lower 28-day mortality rate (7.6% vs 21.5%; OR, 0.18; 95% CI, 0.06-0.52; IMSC treatment may help to improve the clinical outcomes of patients with COVID-19. In addition, MSC treatment appears to be a safe therapeutic option for patients with COVID-19.

The impact of warming and wetting on the ecological environment of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau (TP) underthe background of climate change has been a concern of the global scientific community. In this paper, the optimizedinterpolation variational correction approach is adopted for the analysis of monthly high-resolution satellite precipitationproducts and observations from meteorological stations during the past 20 years. As a result, the corrected precipitationproducts can not only supplement the“blank area”of precipitation observation stations on the TP, but also improve theaccuracy of the original satellite precipitation products. The precipitation over the TP shows different spatial changes inthe vegetation growing season, known as the time from May to September. The precipitation in the vegetation growingseason and leaf area index (LAI) in the following month show a similar change pattern, indicating a“one-month lag”response of LAI to precipitation on the TP. Further analysis illustrates the influence of water vapor transport driven bythe Asian summer monsoon. Water vapor derived from trans-equatorial air flows across the Indian Ocean and ArabianSea is strengthened, leading to the increase of precipitation in the central and northern TP, where the trend of warmingand wetting and the increase of vegetation tend to be more obvious. By contrast, as a result of the weakening trend ofwater vapor transport in the middle and low levels in southern TP, the precipitation decreases, and the LAI shows adowntrend, which inhibits the warming and wetting ecological environment in this area.

Epidermal growth factor receptor-tyrosine kinase inhibitors (EGFR-TKIs) are recommended as first-line treatment in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients with sensitizing EGFR mutations. The sequential use of different EGFR-TKIs has been reported to demonstrate improvement in overall survival of NSCLC patients with EGFR mutations. There are limited reports on comparisons between regimens with first-line use of afatinib, gefitinib or erlotinib, followed by osimertinib upon disease progression with acquired T790M mutation.A retrospective cohort study of Chinese patients with metastatic NSCLC harboring EGFR mutations who received first-line gefitinib, erlotinib or afatinib treatment, followed by osimertinib upon disease progression with acquired T790M mutation, was conducted. The differences in overall survival (OS) and progression-free survival (PFS) with first-line EGFR-TKI (PFS1) and time to second objective disease progression (PFS2) were compared among patients on different first-line EGFR-TKIs.Among 155 patients, 101 (65.2%), 38 (24.5%) and 16 (10.3%) patients were on first-line gefitinib, erlotinib or afatinib, respectively. Patients treated with afatinib in the first-line setting had significantly longer OS compared with those on gefitinib or erlotinib, while the PFS1 and PFS2 were longer for patients on afatinib but did not reach statistical significance.First-line afatinib, followed by osimertinib upon disease progression with T790M mutation, demonstrated significantly longer OS compared to that using other EGFR-TKI in the first-line setting.

Lung cancer has always threatening human health and life. As small pulmonary nodules are main early features of lung cancer, early screening for small pulmonary nodules through computed tomography (CT) imaging is essential for the treatment of lung cancer. In this paper, the YOLOv5 model is improved to improve the ability of detection and recognition of small pulmonary nodules in complex CT lung images. Firstly, the preprocessing step is put into effect to obtain the lung parenchyma in CT images. Then, the backbone structure of YOLOv5 is improved by iResNet to improve the ability of feature extraction, and the feature fusion network is improved by BiFPN to improve the detection ability of small pulmonary nodules. Finally, the strategy of group normalization is used to improve the model performance under small batch size training condition. The experimental results on LUNA16 data set show that the detection AP of the improved model reach 94.8%, the competitive index score is 0.895, and the sensitivity is 78.1%, 94.4%, under 1/8 and 1/4 FPs, respectively. Compared with other two-dimensional target detection models, the improved yolov5 model has better detection ability of small pulmonary nodules. And, the results are better than most other two-dimensional pulmonary nodule detection methods. In addition, compared with other three-dimensional pulmonary nodule detection methods. &nbsp

BACKGROUND: Afatinib is an epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) tyrosine kinase inhibitor with significant serum protein binding. Total protein level was found to be associated with plasma afatinib level. The trough serum concentration was shown to be associated with development of adverse effects. This study aims to explore the association between serum protein levels and clinical responses and adverse effects in advanced stage non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) treated with afatinib. METHODS: This was a retrospective cohort study of Chinese patients with metastatic NSCLC harboring EGFR mutations who received first or second line afatinib treatment. The association of serum protein and album levels, as well as their ratio, and the development of adverse effects was investigated. RESULTS: Among 217 patients included, 91 were on afatinib as first line treatment and 126 as second line treatment. Higher serum protein levels, albumin levels and albumin to globulin ratio, were found to be associated with clinical response to afatinib among patients on first or second line setting. Among patients on first line afatinib with Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group Performance State (ECOG PS) at 1 or above, those with lower serum protein levels at baseline had higher risks of developing grade 2 or above gastrointestinal adverse effects. Among patients on second line afatinib and with ECOG PS at 1 or above, patients with lower serum protein levels at baseline had higher risks of developing grade 3 or above cutaneous adverse effects. Lower serum albumin to globulin ratio at baseline was associated with increased risks of grade 3 or above gastrointestinal adverse effects among patients with ECOG PS at 1 or above and no prior systemic chemotherapy. CONCLUSIONS: Serum protein, albumin level and serum albumin to globulin ratio may predict the response to afatinib and occurrence of adverse effects with afatinib treatment.

We construct a catalogue of stellar masses and ages for 696,680 red giant branch (RGB) stars, 180,436 primary red clump (RC) stars, and 120,907 secondary RC stars selected from the LAMOST\,DR8. The RGBs, primary RCs, and secondary RCs are identified with the large frequency spacing ($\Delta \nu$) and period spacing ($\Delta P$), estimated from the LAMOST spectra with spectral SNRs $> 10$ by the neural network method supervised with the seismologic information from LAMOST-Kepler sample stars. The purity and completeness of both RGB and RC samples are better than 95\% and 90\%, respectively. The mass and age of RGBs and RCs are determined again with the neural network method by taking the LAMOST-Kepler giant stars as the training set. The typical uncertainties of stellar mass and age are, respectively, 10\% and 30\% for the RGB stellar sample. For RCs, the typical uncertainties of stellar mass and age are 9\% and 24\%, respectively. The RGB and RC stellar samples cover a large volume of the Milky Way (5 $< R < 20$\,kpc and $|Z, Comment: 13 pages, 16 figures, 1 table, accepted for publication in A&A

OBJECTIVE: To demonstrate measurement precision of cognitive domains in the Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI) data set. METHOD: Participants with normal cognition (NC), mild cognitive impairment (MCI), and Alzheimer's disease (AD) were included from all ADNI waves. We used data from each person's last study visit to calibrate scores for memory, executive function, language, and visuospatial functioning. We extracted item information functions for each domain and used these to calculate standard errors of measurement. We derived scores for each domain for each diagnostic group and plotted standard errors of measurement for the observed range of scores. RESULTS: Across all waves, there were 961 people with NC, 825 people with MCI, and 694 people with AD at their most recent study visit (data pulled February 25, 2019). Across ADNI's battery there were 34 memory items, 18 executive function items, 20 language items, and seven visuospatial items. Scores for each domain were highest on average for people with NC, intermediate for people with MCI, and lowest for people with AD, with most scores across all groups in the range of -1 to +1. Standard error of measurement in the range from -1 to +1 was highest for memory, intermediate for language and executive functioning, and lowest for visuospatial. CONCLUSION: Modern psychometric approaches provide tools to help understand measurement precision of the scales used in studies. In ADNI, there are important differences in measurement precision across cognitive domains. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).

The prevalence of heart failure is increasing, causing a tremendous burden on health care systems around the world. Although mortality rate of heart failure has been significantly reduced by several effective agents in the past 3 decades, yet it remains high in observational studies. More recently, several new classes of drugs emerged with significant efficacy in reducing mortality and hospitalization in chronic heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF) and preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF). To integrate these effective therapies and prioritize them in the management of Asian patients, Taiwan Society of Cardiology has recently appointed a working group to formulate a consensus of pharmacological treatment in patients with chronic heart failure. Based on most updated information, this consensus provides rationales for prioritization, rapid sequencing, and in-hospital initiation of both foundational and additional therapies for patients with chronic heart failure.

Background: Drug-induced liver injury (DILI) is a potentially serious adverse drug reaction. Due to the lack of definite etiology, specific clinical manifestations, and diagnostic methods, its prediction and diagnosis are challenging. Elderly individuals are deemed to be at high risk for DILI due to abnormal pharmacokinetics, aging tissue repair function, comorbidities, and taking multiple drugs. This study aimed to identify the clinical characteristics and explore the risk factors associated with the severity of illness in elderly patients with DILI.Methods: In the present study, the clinical characteristics at the time of liver biopsy of consecutive patients with biopsy-proven DILI who presented at our hospital from June 2005 to September 2022 were evaluated. Hepatic inflammation and fibrosis were assessed according to the Scheuer scoring system. The presence of autoimmunity was considered if IgG level >1.1 × ULN (1826 mg/dL), or high titer (>1:80) of ANA, or SMA.Results: In total, 441 patients were enrolled, and the median age was 63.3 years (IQR, 61.0–66.0); 122 (27.7%), 195 (44.2%), or 124 (28.1%) were classified as having minor, moderate, or severe hepatic inflammation, respectively; and 188 (42.6%), 210 (47.6%) or 43 (9.8%) patients presented minor, significant fibrosis or cirrhosis, respectively. Female sex (73.5%) and the cholestatic pattern (47.6%) were dominant in elderly DILI patients. Autoimmunity existed in 201 patients (45.6%). Comorbidities were not directly associated with the severity of DILI. PLT (OR: 0.994, 95% CI: 0.991–0.997; p < 0.001), AST (OR: 1.001, 95% CI: 1.000–1.003, p = 0.012), TBIL (OR: 1.006, 95% CI: 1.003–1.010, p < 0.001), and autoimmunity (OR: 1.831, 95% CI: 1.258–2.672, p = 0.002) were associated with the degree of hepatic inflammation. Meanwhile, PLT (OR: 0.990, 95% CI: 0.986–0.993, p < 0.001), TBIL (OR: 1.004, 95% CI: 1.000–1.007, p = 0.028), age (OR: 1.123, 95% CI: 1.067–1.183, p < 0.001), and autoimmunity (OR: 1.760, 95% CI: 1.191–2.608, p = 0.005) were associated with the stage of hepatic fibrosis.Conclusion: This study revealed that the presence of autoimmunity represents a more serious illness state of DILI, deserving more intensive monitoring and progressive treatment.

BackgroundWhile the public is under serious pressure from the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), the final impact and possible contributing factors to postpartum depression symptoms (PPDS) remain unknown. Therefore, a meta-analysis to investigate the association between PPDS and the COVID-19 pandemic was carried out by comparing the data between pre-pandemic and post-pandemic timeframes and exploring the influencing factors.MethodsThis systematic review was prospectively registered and recorded in a study protocol (Prospero CRD42022336820, http://www.crd.york.ac.uk/PROSPERO). A comprehensive search of PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, CINALH, Cochrane and Scopus was cmpleted on June 6, 2022. Studies that compared the prevalence of PPD before and during the COVID-19 pandemic period were included.ResultsOf 1766 citations identified, 22 studies were included with 15,098 participates before the COVID-19 pandemic and 11,836 participants during the COVID-19 pandemic. Overall, the analysis showed that the epidemic crisis was associated with an increased prevalence of PPDS (OR: 0.81 [0.68, 0.95], P = 0.009, I2 = 59%). Subgroup analysis was conducted according to the study characteristics and regions. Within the study characteristics classification, results showed an obvious increase in the prevalence of PPDS during the COVID-19 pandemic if PPDS cutoff was defined as Edinburgh postpartum depression score (EPDS) ≥13 points (OR: 0.72 [0.52, 0.98], P = 0.03, I2 = 67%) and an increased prevalence in follow-ups that happened after 2 weeks (≥ 2 weeks postpartum) (OR: 0.81 [0.68, 0.97], P = 0.02, I2 = 43%). Selected studies that were high-quality (OR: 0.79 [0.64, 0.97], P = 0.02, I2 = 56%) demonstrated an increased prevalence of PPDS during the COVID-19 pandemic period. Sorting by regional factors, studies conducted in Asia (OR: 0.81 [0.70, 0.93], P = 0.003, I2 = 0%) showed an increase of PPDS prevalence rates during the COVID-19 period, while studies conducted in Europe (OR: 0.82 [0.59, 1.13], P = 0.23, I2 = 71%) and North America (OR: 0.66 [0.42, 1.02], P = 0.06, I2 = 65%) showed no significant difference. All studies conducted in the developed (OR: 0.79 [0.64, 0.98], P = 0.03, I2 = 65%) and developing countries (OR: 0.81 [0.69, 0.94], P = 0.007, I2 = 0%) showed an increase of PPDS during the COVID-19 period.ConclusionsThe COVID-19 pandemic is associated with an increased prevalence of PPDS, especially after long-term follow-up and among the group with a high possibility of depression. The negative influence from the pandemic, causing more PPDS was significant in studies from Asia.

Background While there are postulations that asthma is potentially associated with severe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), there has been conflicting results from studies on the impact mild-to-moderate COVID-19 on asthma control after recovery. Methods A case control study on the association between mild-to-moderate COVID-19 and asthma control post infection was conducted. The primary outcome was a reduction in Asthma Control Test (ACT) score by ≥ 3 points post-COVID infection. The secondary outcomes included the change in ACT score, the proportion of patient with ACT score who dropped to ≤ 15 on enrolment visit and the need for escalation of asthma maintenance therapy. Results Out of the total of 221 adult patients with asthma recruited, 111 had mild-to-moderate COVID-19 within 30 to 270 days prior to study enrolment. The adjusted odds ratio (aOR) for a reduction in ACT score by ≥ 3 points after COVID-19 was 3.105 (95% CI = 1.385–6.959, p = 0.006). The odds of escalation of asthma maintenance therapy by at least 1 Global Initiative for Asthma (GINA) step was 4.733 (95% CI = 1.151–19.467, p = 0.031) and asthma patient are more likely to become uncontrolled after COVID-19 [aOR = 5.509 (95% CI = 1.061–28.600, p = 0.042)]. Conclusion Mild-to-moderate COVID-19 among asthma patients, upon recovery, was associated with worsening of asthma symptom, lower ACT score, a higher need for escalation of asthma maintenance therapy and more uncontrolled asthma.

Land use and land cover (LULC) change is a pattern of alteration of the Earth’s land surface cover by human society and have a significant impact on the terrestrial carbon cycle. Optimizing the distribution of LULC is critical for the redistribution of land resources, the management of carbon storage in terrestrial ecosystems, and global climate change. We integrated the patch-generating land use simulation (PLUS) model and integrated valuation of ecosystem services and trade-offs (InVEST) model to simulate and assess future LULC and ecosystem carbon storage in the Nanjing metropolitan circle in 2030 under four scenarios: natural development (ND), economic development (ED), ecological protection (EP), and collaborative development (CD). The results showed that (1) LULC and carbon storage distribution were spatially heterogenous in the Nanjing metropolitan circle for the different scenarios, with elevation, nighttime lights, and population being the main driving factors of LULC changes; (2) the Nanjing metropolitan circle will experience a carbon increase of 0.50 Tg by 2030 under the EP scenario and losses of 1.74, 3.56, and 0.48 Tg under the ND, ED, and CD scenarios, respectively; and (3) the CD scenario is the most suitable for the development of the Nanjing metropolitan circle because it balances ED and EP. Overall, this study reveals the effects of different development scenarios on LULC and ecosystem carbon storage, and can provide a reference for policymakers and stakeholders to determine the development patterns of metropolitan areas under a dual carbon target orientation.

Recent advances in neural implicit surfaces for multi-view 3D reconstruction primarily focus on improving large-scale surface reconstruction accuracy, but often produce over-smoothed geometries that lack fine surface details. To address this, we present High-Resolution NeuS (HR-NeuS), a novel neural implicit surface reconstruction method that recovers high-frequency surface geometry while maintaining large-scale reconstruction accuracy. We achieve this by utilizing (i) multi-resolution hash grid encoding rather than positional encoding at high frequencies, which boosts our model's expressiveness of local geometry details; (ii) a coarse-to-fine algorithmic framework that selectively applies surface regularization to coarse geometry without smoothing away fine details; (iii) a coarse-to-fine grid annealing strategy to train the network. We demonstrate through experiments on DTU and BlendedMVS datasets that our approach produces 3D geometries that are qualitatively more detailed and quantitatively of similar accuracy compared to previous approaches.

Organophosphate diesters (Di-OPEs) are biotic or abiotic degradation products of organophosphate esters (OPEs). Current analytical methods focus on detecting Di-OPEs in human urine. Human exposure to Di-OPEs in environmental matrices has not been systematically studied. Soil plays an important role in the environmental migration and transformation of organic pollutants. Previous studies found that OPEs are ubiquitous in soil. However, few studies reported OPEs metabolite pollution in soil, especially in facility vegetable soil. In this study, an ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-electrostatic field orbitrap high resolution mass spectrometry (UPHLC-Orbitrap HRMS) method was developed for the determination of five Di-OPEs (bis(2-chloroethyl) phosphate (BCEP), bis(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate (BDCP), di-n-butyl phosphate (DnBP), diphenyl phosphate (DPhP), and bis(2-ethylhexyl) phosphate (DEHP)) in the facility vegetable soil. The pretreatment process and chromatographic and mass spectrometric conditions were optimized in the present study. Comparative study of the purification effects of different solid-phase extraction columns showed that Oasis WAX cartridge had best purification efficiency for the five Di-OPEs. The cartridge was first activated using 3 mL methanol, 3 mL methanol containing 5% (v/v) ammonia, and 3 mL 0.1 mol/L sodium acetate-acetic acid buffer solution. Then, the cartridge was rinsed with 3 mL of 30% (v/v) methanol aqueous solution, and finally eluted using 8 mL methanol containing 5% (v/v) ammonia. The effects of mobile phase (with respect to solvent composition and flow rate) and column temperature on the shape and intensity of chromatographic peaks were studied. The optimized UHPLC conditions were as follows: chromatographic column, Thermo Accucore RP-MS; column temperature, 30 ℃; mobile phase, 0.2 mmol/L ammonium acetate aqueous solution and methanol; flow rate, 0.2 mL/min. In the UHPLC-Orbitrap HRMS experiment, the five Di-OPEs were analyzed in full MS mode with negative ionization. Instrumental parameters, such as sheath gas and auxiliary gas, were optimized to determine the MS conditions. The optimized Orbitrap HRMS conditions were as follows: heating electrospray ionization source (HESI), full MS mode with negative ionization; scan range, m/z 100-500; ion transfer tube temperature, 320 ℃; automatic gain control of target particle count, 1×10(6); sheath gas flow rate, 8.58 L/min; auxiliary gas flow rate, 17.40 L/min; spray voltage, 3.2 kV; and S-lens voltage, 50 V. The limits of detection and quantification were 0.001-0.047 ng/g and 0.004-0.156 ng/g, respectively. The correlation coefficients of the calibration curve were 0.9985-0.9999. At three spiked levels, 5.0, 25.0, and 50.0 ng/g, the recoveries of the five Di-OPEs ranged from 56.9% to 133.0% with relative standard deviations of 4.4%-18.9%. The established method was applied to the analysis of the five Di-OPEs in 16 facility vegetable soils. The detection frequencies of the five Di-OPEs exceeded 60% in all soil samples, indicating that the Di-OPEs were ubiquitous in the facility vegetable soil. The contents of the five Di-OPEs in the facility vegetable soil samples ranged from 2.53-6.94 ng/g. DnBP (1.37-3.20 ng/g) and DPhP (0.47-2.44 ng/g) were the predominant congeners in the facility vegetable soil samples, accounting for 23.4%-68.8% and 16.3%-35.9% of the five Di-OPEs, respectively. The developed method is simple, sensitive, and reproducible and can be used effectively for the determination of Di-OPEs in soil. The results of this study will be helpful for understanding the environmental behavior of Di-OPEs and their human exposure in facility vegetable soils.

Additional file 5. Datapreprocessing and quality control process for GSE150825

Supplementary Material 1

We present a method for pretraining a recurrent mixture density network (RMDN). We also propose a slight modification to the architecture of the RMDN-GARCH proposed by Nikolaev et al. [2012]. The pretraining method helps the RMDN avoid bad local minima during training and improves its robustness to the persistent NaN problem, as defined by Guillaumes [2017], which is often encountered with mixture density networks. Such problem consists in frequently obtaining "Not a number" (NaN) values during training. The pretraining method proposed resolves these issues by training the linear nodes in the hidden layer of the RMDN before starting including non-linear node updates. Such an approach improves the performance of the RMDN and ensures it surpasses that of the GARCH model, which is the RMDN's linear counterpart.

Additional file 1: Table S1. Sequences of proteasomal β5 subunits used for phylogenetic and alignment analysis. Table S2. Oligonucleotide primers (5’-3’) used in the present study.

Background : Proton flash therapy is an emergency research topic in radiation therapy since the Varian announced the promising results from the first in human clinical trial of Flash therapy recently. However, it still needs a lot of researches on this topic, not only to understand the mechanism of the radiobiological effects but also to develop an appropriate dose monitoring system. Purpose : In this study we setup an experimental station for small animal proton Flash irradiation in a clinical machine. The dose monitoring system is able to provide real-time irradiation dose and irradiation time structure. Methods : The dose monitoring system includes homebrewed transmission ionization chamber (TIC), plastic scintillator based beam position monitor, and Poor Man Faraday Cup (FC). Both TIC and FC are equipped with a homebrewed fast reading current integral electronics device. The imaging guidance system comprises a moveable CT, laser, as well as attaching a bead on the body surface of the mouse can accurately guide the testing small animal in position. Results : The dose monitoring system can provide the time structure of delivered dose rate within 1 ms time resolution. Experimental testing results show that the highest dose in one pulse of 230 MeV proton that can be delivered to the target is about 20 Gy during 199 ms pulse period at 100 Gy/s dose rate. Conclusion : A proton research irradiation platform dedicated for studying small animal Flash biological effects has been established at Chang Gung Memorial Hospital. The final setup data represent a reference for the beam users to plan the experiments as well as for the improvement of the facility.

Small-molecule hole-transporting materials (HTMs) have gained much attention due to their structural flexibility, material properties, and stabilities, allowing for enhanced operational durability in perovskite photovoltaics. We synthesized and investigated a...

Supplemental Material for A Testlet Diagnostic Classification Model with Attribute Hierarchies by Wenchao Ma, Chun Wang, and Jiaying Xiao in Applied Psychological Measurement

This study is published in Nature metabolism 2023 in title "An ATP-sensitive phosphoketolase regulates carbon fixation in cyanobacteria".We discovered a CBB brake mechanism by a phosphoketolase in cyanobacterium Synechococcus elongatus PCC7942 (SeXPK), under low ATP conditions such as light to dark transitions. SeXPK is inhibited by high level of ATP (~1mM), as its kinetics data shown in Fig1 and ED_Fig 1, When ATP drops under the transition from light to dark, the XPK deletion mutant continues to fix carbon for mintues, while the WT strain reduces carbon fixation immediately (Fig. 2). Isotopic NaH13CO3 feeding experiments showed that the XPK deletion strain fixed more carbon to synthesize hexose phosphates, typically glucose-6-phosphate, glucose-1-phosphate, and fructose-6-phosphate (Fig. 3) under transitions from light to dark. This data suggesting that XPK regulates carbon fixation brake by removing the rubisco substrate precursors of RuBP in CBB pathway. We also found that ATP levels of the cell cultures were reduced when cell cultures at high optical densities (Fig. 4 a). In this condition, the carbon incorporation rate is increased by deletion of XPK (Fig. 4 b-e) and the sucrose is synthesized then excreted out of cells into culture medium (Fig. 4 g). The biomass and protein levels were not changed by deletion of SeXPK, while less glycogen was found in the deletion strain (ED_Fig. 2). The increase of carbon fixation by deletion of SeXPK is mainly resulted in sucrose production (Fig 4. h). However, deletion of SeXPK does not influence carbon release in dark (Fig. 4 f), photosynthesis, and dark respiration (Suppl table. 2). We observed the growth retardation of the XPK deletion strain under high frequency light/dark cylces by imaging their autofluoresence increases in four days (Fig. 5). We proposed mechanism schemes showing the regulatable role of SeXPK in carbon fixation (Fig. 8 and ED_Fig10). The RNA-seq data (ED_Fig3_RNAseq_TPM) of the WT and the XPK deletion mutant is deposited in NCBI GEO DataSets, and its accession number is GSE227397. The cryoEM structure of SeXPK with unique ATP binding mode is discovered, and the original maps have been deposited in the Protein Data Bank (PDB) and the Electron Microscopy Data Bank (EMDB) with the accession codes listed in Supplementary Table 3 in the manuscript. The PDB validation files as the zip file for SeXPK and BlXPK structures and the protein data bank search (source data file I) are provided here. The blast result (source data file II) showed the unique ATP binding mode of SeXPK not only presenting in cyanobacteria but also many species.

Supplementary Material 1

Supplemental material, sj-docx-1-wso-10.1177_17474930231158226 for Ten-year trends in sex differences in cardiovascular risk factors, in-hospital management, and outcomes of ischemic stroke in China: Analyses of a nationwide serial cross-sectional survey from 2005 to 2015 by Hong-Qiu Gu, Chun-Juan Wang, Xin-Miao Zhang, Yong Jiang, Hao Li, Xia Meng, Xin Yang, Li-Ping Liu, Xing-Quan Zhao, Yi-Long Wang, Yong-Jun Wang and Zi-Xiao Li in International Journal of Stroke

Medical soft robotics constitutes a rapidly developing field in the treatment of cardiovascular diseases, with a promising future for millions of patients suffering from heart failure worldwide. Herein, the present state and future direction of artificial muscle-based soft robotic biomedical devices in supporting the inotropic function of the heart are reviewed, focusing on the emerging electrothermally artificial heart muscles (AHMs). Artificial muscle powered soft robotic devices can mimic the action of complex biological systems such as heart compression and twisting. These artificial muscles possess the ability to undergo complex deformations, aiding cardiac function while maintaining a limited weight and use of space. Two very promising candidates for artificial muscles are electrothermally actuated AHMs and biohybrid actuators using living cells or tissue embedded with artificial structures. Electrothermally actuated AHMs have demonstrated superior force generation while creating the prospect for fully soft robotic actuated ventricular assist devices. This review will critically analyze the limitations of currently available devices and discuss opportunities and directions for future research. Last, the properties of the cardiac muscle are reviewed and compared with those of different materials suitable for mechanical cardiac compression. in press

Additional file 1: Figure S1. Characterizations of the specificity of BLA- and NAc- projecting neurons in mPFC. A Representative images showing the co-labeling of mPFC→BLA PNsand pyramidal neuronal marker-CaMKIIα. Scale bar: 100 μm. B Summary plots showing the ratio of CaMKIIα expressing cells in mPFC→BLA PNs. C Representative images showing the colabeling of mPFC→NAc PNsand CaMKIIα. Scale bar: 100 μm. D Summary plots showing the ratio of CaMKIIα expressing cells in mPFC→NAc PNs. Figure S2. CUS significantly induces anxiety-like behavior in mice. A Experimental procedures. B Representative activity tracking in EPMT. C, D Summary plots of time in open arms and open-arm entries during EPMT. E Representative activity tracking in center area OFT. F Summary plots of time in center area during OFT. G Summary plots of total distance travelled during OFT. H Summary plots of mean speed during OFT. Figure S3. CUS markedly decreases inhibitory synaptic transmission onto dmPFC→BLA PN in layer V. A Representative traces showing mEPSCs in dmPFC layer II/III. B, C Summary plots of averaged mEPSCs frequency and amplitude . D Representative traces showing mEPSCs in dmPFC layer V. E,F Summary plots of averaged mEPSCs frequency and amplitude . G Representative traces showing mIPSCs in dmPFC layer II/III. H, I Summary plots of averaged mIPSCs frequency and amplitude. J Representative traces showing mIPSCs in dmPFC layer V. K, L Summary plots of averaged mIPSCs frequency and amplitude. M Summary plots of I/E frequency ratio in dmPFC layer II/III. N Summary plots of I/E amplitude ratio in dmPFC layer II/III. O Summary plots of I/E frequency ratio in dmPFC layer V. P Summary plots of I/E amplitude ratio dmPFC layer V. Figure S4. CUS does not changes synaptic transmission onto both vmPFC→BLA or vmPFC→NAc PN. A Representative traces showing mEPSCs in vmPFC layer II/III. B, C Summary plots of averaged mEPSCs frequency and amplitude. D Representative traces showing mEPSCs in vmPFC layer V. E,F Summary plots of averaged mEPSCs frequency and amplitude. G Representative traces showing mIPSCs in vmPFC layer II/III. H, I Summary plots of averaged mIPSCs frequency and amplitude. J Representative traces showing mIPSCs in vmPFC layer V. K, L Summary plots of averaged mIPSCs frequency and amplitude. M Summary plots of I/E frequency ratio in vmPFC layer II/III. N Summary plots of I/E amplitude ratio in vmPFC layer II/III. O Summary plots of I/E frequency ratio in vmPFC layer V. P Summary plots of I/E amplitude ratio in vmPFC layer V.

Additional file 2. Baseline characteristics between included and excluded participants, between different sexual risk behaviour trajectories. Table S1. Baseline characteristics of included and excluded participants. Table S2. Baseline characteristics of sexual risk behaviour trajectories.

We perform an exploratory data analysis on a data-set for the top 16 professional players from the 2019 season. The goal is to use this data-set to fit player skill models which can then be used in dynamic zero-sum games (ZSGs) that model real-world matches between players. We identify several problems that arise due to natural limitations in the data and propose an empirical Bayesian approach - the Dirichlet-Multinomial (DM) model - that overcomes some of these problems. We explain how the remaining problems can be finessed using the DM model with a limited action set in the ZSGs., Comment: arXiv admin note: text overlap with arXiv:2011.11031

Additional file 1. Sexual risk behaviour score and fitting results of sexual risk behaviour trajectories. Table S1. Sexual risk behaviour score. Table S2. Five subgroups (3 3 3 3 3). Table S3. Five subgroups (3 1 3 1 1). Table S4. Four subgroups (3 3 3 3). Table S5. Four subgroups (1 1 1 3). Table S6. Three subgroups (3 3 3). Table S7. Three subgroups (3 1 2) (used in the main document)