Search

Additional file 1: Table S1. Lifestyle changes between 2019 and 2020. Table S2. Generalized estimating equations (GEE) with repeated measures of hearing loss, n=2345 (univariable analysis).

Supplemental material, sj-pdf-1-qch-10.1177_0272684X211022584 for Risks of Anaemia Among Pre-School Children Following Maternal Nutrition Education and Counselling in Urban Informal Settlements of Nairobi, Kenya by Carolyn Kemunto Nyamasege, Elizabeth W. Kimani-Murage, Jasper K. Imungi, Dasel W. M. Kaindi and Yukiko Wagatsuma: on behalf of the PHAR Investigators in International Quarterly of Community Health Education

Additional file 1: Table S1. Participants’ body composition and handgrip strength by age group. Table S2. Adjusted odds ratios for having DM or pre-DM for 5kg increase in handgrip strength.

Supplemental material, sj-pdf-1-qch-10.1177_0272684X211022584 for Risks of Anaemia Among Pre-School Children Following Maternal Nutrition Education and Counselling in Urban Informal Settlements of Nairobi, Kenya by Carolyn Kemunto Nyamasege, Elizabeth W. Kimani-Murage, Jasper K. Imungi, Dasel W. M. Kaindi and Yukiko Wagatsuma: on behalf of the PHAR Investigators in International Quarterly of Community Health Education

BackgroundVitamin A deficiency (VAD) impairs T-cell-mediated immunity. In regions where VAD is prevalent, vitamin A supplementation (VAS) reduces child mortality, perhaps by improving immune function.ObjectiveOur objective was to determine if neonatal VAS would improve thymic function in Bangladeshi infants, and to determine if such effects differed by sex or nutritional status (i.e., birth weight above/below the median).MethodsThree hundred and six infants were randomly assigned to 50,000 IU vitamin A (VA) or placebo (PL) within 48 h of birth. Primary outcomes were measured at multiple ages and included 1) thymic index (TI) at 1, 6, 10, and 15 wk; 2) T-cell receptor excision circles (TREC), an index of thymic output of naïve T cells; and 3) total/naïve T cells in peripheral blood at 6 wk, 15 wk, and 2 y. A mixed linear model for repeated measures was used to assess group differences at each age and identify interactions with sex and birth weight.ResultsVAS did not significantly (P=0.21) affect TI overall (i.e., at all ages) but decreased TI by 7.8% (P=0.029) at 6 wk: adjusted TI means for the PL and VA groups at 1, 6, 10, and 15 wk were 4.09 compared with 3.80 cm2, 7.78 compared with 7.18 cm2, 8.11 compared with 7.84 cm2, and 7.91 compared with 7.97 cm2, respectively. VAS did not significantly (P=0.25) affect TREC overall but decreased TREC by 19% (P=0.029) at 15 wk: adjusted TREC means for the PL and VA groups at 6 wk, 15 wk, and 2 y were 13.6 compared with 16.1 copies/pg DNA, 19.4 compared with 15.7 copies/pg DNA, and 11.8 compared with 10.0 copies/pg DNA, respectively. VAS did not significantly affect overall total (P=0.10) or naïve (P=0.092) T cells: adjusted naïve T-cell means for the PL and VA groups at 6 wk, 15 wk, and 2 y were 3259 compared with 3109 cells/µL, 3771 compared with 3487 cells/µL, and 1976 compared with 1898 cells/µL, respectively.ConclusionIn contrast to our hypothesis, VAS decreased thymic function early in infancy but health effects are presumably negligible owing to the transience and small magnitude of this effect. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT01583972 and NCT02027610.

Additional file 1: Table S1. Multivariable logistic regression analysis for in-hospital mortality.

Stress can impair T cell-mediated immunity. To determine if infants with high stress responses had deficits in T-cell mediated immunity, we examined the association of pain-induced cortisol responsiveness with thymic function and vaccine responses in infants. This study was performed among 306 (male = 153 and female = 153) participants of a randomized, controlled trial examining the effect of neonatal vitamin A supplementation on immune function in Bangladesh (NCT01583972). Salivary cortisol was measured before and 20 min after a needle stick (vaccination) at 6 weeks of age. The thymic index (TI) was determined by ultrasonography at 1, 6, 10 and 15 weeks. T-cell receptor excision circle and blood T-cell concentrations were measured at 6 and 15 weeks. Responses to Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG), tetanus toxoid, hepatitis B virus and oral poliovirus vaccination were assayed at 6 and 15 weeks. Cortisol responsiveness was negatively associated with TI at all ages (p

Table S2. Correlates of pneumonia deaths compared to other causes of deaths in children aged 4Â weeks to 59Â months in rural Bangladesh. (DOC 56Â kb)

Table S1. Distribution of gestational age (GA, week) at the 14, 19 and 30 weeks clinic visits, with LMP dates. Table S2. Growth chart for fetal biparietal diameter (BPD, mm) by percentile with SD. Table S3. Growth chart for fetal head circumference (HC, mm) by percentile with SD. Table S4. Growth chart for fetal abdominal circumference (AC, mm) by percentile with SD. Table S5. Growth chart for fetal femur length (FL, mm) by percentile with SD. Table S6. Growth chart for estimated fetal weight (g) by percentile with SD. (DOC 348 kb)

Table S1. Correlation between pneumonia and co-variates. (DOC 42Â kb)

Community-based treatment is recommended for endemic populations with urinary schistosomiasis; however, the optimal target group for treatment and retreatment interval have not been established. Using ultrasound, this study identified subpopulations whose lesions were most likely to respond to treatment and characterized resurgence of pathology. Ultrasound examination of 1202 infected patients was followed by chemotherapy with praziquantel. A sample of 698 patients was followed for 18 months after treatment. Nearly all types of bladder pathologies resolved after treatment, regardless of patient's age or intensity of initial infection. However, many patients' upper urinary tract pathologies (62.5%) did not resolve. During the 18-month follow-up period, reappearance of severe bladder pathologies was rare, and < 10% of persons had resurgence of mild bladder pathologies. For this population, re-treatment is not needed annually but might be cost effective if given several years later. Confirmation from other areas is required before general policies can be formed

a. Variance inflation factor (VIF) of birth length at 6Â weeks before birth. b. Variance inflation factors (VIF) of birth length at 4Â weeks before birth. c. Variance inflation factors (VIF) of birth length at 2Â weeks before birth. d. Variance inflation factors (VIF) of birth length at birth. (DOC 1119 kb)

Regression coefficients for the association between birth weight and temperature at different gestational points (using 1-week moving average temperature; nâ =â 3267). (DOC 1478 kb)

Regression coefficients for the association between birth length and temperature at different gestational points (using 1-week moving average temperature; nâ =â 3267). (DOC 34 kb)

Fructooligosaccharide (FOS) is a typical prebiotic agent. A randomized, double-masked, placebo-controlled study was performed to evaluate the prebiotic effect of daily intake of an isotonic solution containing FOS on body weight gain and the reduction of diarrhea in children in an urban slum in Bangladesh over six consecutive months. We enrolled a total of 150 children, aged 25-59 months. Sixty-four children in the FOS group received 50 mL of isotonic solution with 2 g of FOS added, and 69 children in the placebo group were given an identical solution with 1 g of glucose added, once a day. The measurement of body weight was carried out every other day; height and arm circumference were measured once a month; and the children‘s mothers were interviewed to obtain data about diarrhea, the consistency and constitution of stool, other symptoms, and antibiotic treatment. As a result, the body weight gain during the six-month period was 0.86±0.55 kg in the FOS group and 0.89±0.48 kg in the placebo group, while the increase in height and arm circumference were not significantly different between the two groups. The number of diarrhea episodes during the six-month period was not significantly different. A significant reduction in the duration of diarrhea days and of duration per episode was observed in the FOS group (p=0.039 and p=0.008, respectively). In conclusion, daily intake of FOS was associated neither with the children‘s growth nor with the number of diarrhea episodes, but a significant reduction in the duration of diarrhea days was observed. Further studies are needed to confirm the effects of FOS by changing the doses and eliminating the influence of antibiotics., Tropical Medicine and Health Vol. 34 No. 3, 2006, pp. 125-131

Controversy persists as to whether helminth infections cause or protect against asthma and atopy. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of helminth infection on asthma and atopy among Bangladeshi children. A total of 912 children aged 4.5 years (mean = 54.4, range = 53.5-60.8 months) participated in a cross-sectional study nested into a randomized controlled trial in Bangladesh. Ever-asthma, ever-wheezing and current wheezing were identified using the International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood questionnaire. Current helminth infection was defined by the presence of helminth eggs in stools, measured by routine microscopic examination. Repeated Ascaris infection was defined by the presence of anti-Ascaris IgE ≥ 0.70 UA/ml in serum measured by the CAP-FEIA method. Atopy was defined by specific IgE to house dust mite (anti-DP IgE) ≥ 0.70 UA/ml measured by the CAP-FEIA method and/or positive skin prick test (≥ 5 mm). Anti-Ascaris IgE was significantly associated with ever asthma (odds ratio (OR) = 1.86, 95% CI: 1.14-3.04, highest vs. lowest quartile; P for trend 0.016). Anti-Ascaris IgE was also significantly associated with positive anti-DP IgE (OR = 9.89, 95% CI: 6.52-15.00, highest vs. lowest; P for trend < 0.001) and positive skin prick test (OR = 1.69, 95% CI: 1.01-2.81, highest vs. lowest, P for trend 0.076). These findings suggest that repeated Ascaris infection is a risk factor for asthma and atopy in rural Bangladeshi children. Further analysis is required to examine the mechanism of developing asthma and atopy in relation to helminth infection.

第７回南アジアにおける自然環境と人間活動に関する研究集会 : インド亜大陸・インドシナの自然災害と人間活動, 京都大学防災研究所大会議室S519D, 2012/02/04-05

Background: The morbid effects of urinary bilharziasis are becoming more evident with the advent of sophisticated diagnostics such as ultrasound. However, such diagnosis of Schistosoma haematobium morbidity is often hampered by lack of funds, proper equipment, or training. Objective: We performed a cross-sectional investigation of schoolchildren in a highly endemic area of east central Zimbabwe in order to assess the utility of a number of simple clinical indicators to predict Schistosoma haematobium morbidity. Methods: Prevalence and intensity of S. haematobium infection was determined in 551 schoolchildren, with ultrasound examination of the kidneys and bladder performed on 222. The association of a number of demographic, parasitological, and clinical parameters with clinical outcome was evaluated. Results: Overall, 60% of the children were infected with S. haematobium. Although lacking specificity, proteinuria and parasite eggs count best predicted bladder pathology. Presence of kidney dilation was associated with fatigue and pain upon urination, but these variables were not very sensitive. Conclusions: None of the variables assessed were ideal predictors of morbidity. However, the results suggest that a combination of inexpensive, simple indicators may allow for improved targeting of S. haematobium treatment to those with severe morbidity and better monitoring of the progress of control campaigns when more expensive diagnostic methods are not available. African Health Sciences Vol.4(2) 2004: 115-118

Objective Previous studies have shown that relative handgrip strength, handgrip measure divided by body mass index (BMI), affects the future onset of diabetes and prediabetes. However, fat free mass (FFM) has been suggested to adjust for this effect better than BMI. In this study, we examined applicability of models that adjusted handgrip-diabetes relationship with either BMI or FFM. Results Of 1940 participants (56.2% male, average (SD) age, 57.2 [11.2] years), 267 (13.8%) had diabetes (DM) and 912 (47.0%) had prediabetes (pre-DM). The average handgrip measure for men was 40.0 kg (tertile measures, 37.4 kg and 42.5 kg) and for women 24.2 kg (tertile measures, 22.6 kg and 25.7 kg). Among both sexes, the percentage of people unaffected by DM or pre-DM was highest in the strong handgrip group and lowest in the weak handgrip group. Analysis using binary logistic models showed that an increase in handgrip measure was associated with a decrease in the chance of having either pre-DM or DM. This effect was detected by both BMI models and FFM models, even after adjustment for medical and lifestyle factors. Either or both should be used depending on the research aims, setting and methods.