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Underpinned by critical feminist psychology and in response to repeated calls to explore how the dynamics of gender inform coaching practices, this study aimed to explore the experiences of men and women coaches to better understand the role of gendered expectations in elite sport environments and how these are reproduced within a Western European country’s elite sport system. Data were collected over 18 months via fieldwork observations and semi-structured interviews with 10 elite coaches, from five Olympic and professional sports. Data were analyzed using reflexive thematic analysis. Using Gramsci’s theory of hegemony as a theoretical lens to interpret the data, macro (i.e., wider socio-cultural norms), meso (i.e., organizational practices), and micro (i.e., coaches experiences working with women athletes) levels were identified. The findings demonstrate that each level plays a role in actively producing and reproducing the broader power relations between genders within and beyond the sporting environment. ‘Moments of intervention’ are offered to coaches and sport personnel to create more inclusive environments to provide optimal support for women athletes.

Underpinned by critical feminist psychology and in response to repeated calls to explore how the dynamics of gender inform coaching practices, this study aimed to explore the experiences of men and women coaches to better understand the role of gendered expectations in elite sport environments and how these are reproduced within a Western European country’s elite sport system. Data were collected over 18 months via fieldwork observations and semi-structured interviews with 10 elite coaches, from five Olympic and professional sports. Data were analyzed using reflexive thematic analysis. Using Gramsci’s theory of hegemony as a theoretical lens to interpret the data, macro (i.e., wider socio-cultural norms), meso (i.e., organizational practices), and micro (i.e., coaches experiences working with women athletes) levels were identified. The findings demonstrate that each level plays a role in actively producing and reproducing the broader power relations between genders within and beyond the sporting environment. ‘Moments of intervention’ are offered to coaches and sport personnel to create more inclusive environments to provide optimal support for women athletes.

Supplemental material, sj-pdf-1-ajs-10.1177_0363546519830656 for Back to Normal Symmetry? Biomechanical Variables Remain More Asymmetrical Than Normal During Jump and Change-of-Direction Testing 9 Months After Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction by Enda King, Chris Richter, Andy Franklyn-Miller, Ross Wadey, Ray Moran and Siobhan Strike in The American Journal of Sports Medicine

This thesis examined hardiness throughout the sport injury process. Study 1 investigated the affect of hardiness on the prediction of, and response to, sport injury. The data were analysed using hierarchical logistic regression and a two-way multivariate analysis of variance. Findings revealed that negative major life events predicted sport injury and hardiness moderated this relationship. Furthermore, main effects were found for hardiness and time on injured athletes’ psychological responses and use of coping strategies. But despite these significant findings, this study was limited in that it failed to explain why these phenomena occurred. As a result, Study 2 aimed to enhance the interpretability and meaningfulness of the findings from Study 1. Semi-structured interviews were conducted and transcribed, which were then analysed and displayed using composite sequence analysis. Findings revealed that athletes high in hardiness were less susceptible to injury as a result of negative major life events and were able to facilitate their recovery from injury because they used a refined repertoire of problem- and emotion-focused coping strategies. In contrast, athletes low in hardiness exacerbated the impact of negative major life events and injury by using avoidance coping strategies. The depth of these findings offered implications for professional practice in terms of minimising rates of injury occurrence and facilitating recovery from injury. Study 3 aimed to evaluate a hardiness intervention throughout the sport injury process. Within the framework of action research proposed by Evans, Fleming, and Hardy (2000), multiple methods of data collection were used. Findings revealed that the pre-injury intervention increased non-injured athletes’ awareness of how to improve their practice when coping with negative major life events, whereas the post-injury intervention improved the practice of an injured athlete by facilitating his recovery. The thesis concludes with a discussion of its strengths and limitations, practical implications and future research directions.

The research-practice gap is an ongoing concern for sport and exercise science researchers. Despite ongoing efforts to ‘bridge’ the gap between research and practice, a know-do gap remains. Drawing from alternative fields of research (e.g., healthcare, implementation science), the purpose of this article is to outline an emerging research approach to maximise research uptake in practice. Specifically, this article explains the what, why, and how of integrated knowledge translation (iKT), and how this approach to research is well suited to qualitative researchers. Challenging the traditional way academics have conducted research, iKT proposes that researchers work with and not on those in practice settings. As an approach to research under which many forms of qualitative inquiry can fall, the article illustrates how the practical nature of iKT aligns with what qualitative researchers from various traditions do in action. We discuss how iKT possesses three synergies with qualitative inquiry: meaningful researcher engagement, understanding context, and tolerating flexible research designs.

Additional file 1. Interview topic guide.

This is a critical resource for any upper-level student enrolled in sports coaching science or practice classes, sports coaching academics with an interest in professional practice, and practicing sports coaches.

Place kicks present valuable opportunities to score points in Rugby Union, which are typically performed under varying constraints in competitive performance environments. Previous quantitative studies suggest these interacting constraints can influence fluctuations in place kick success. To further the understanding of how fluctuations in place kicking success emerge, our aim was twofold: i) to explore and identify the key constraints that professional place kickers and experienced place kicking coaches perceive to influence the difficulty of a place kick and ii) to understand the level to which current place kicking practice environments represent these key constraints experienced in performance environments. Six professional place kickers and six experienced place kicking coaches were interviewed. Using a deductive thematic analysis, 11 key constraints were identified: individual constraints of expectation for success and fatigue, task constraints of angle and distance to goalposts, environmental constraints of wind, weather, pitch, and crowd, and situational constraints of previous kicking performance, time remaining and current score margin. Place kicking is typically practised individually or with a small number of place kickers in isolation from team sessions. Where possible, coaches should be encouraged to include place kicking in simulated game scenarios during practice to represent key constraints from performance environments. Our study demonstrates how experiential knowledge can enrich the understanding of sport performance and inform the design of practice environments which simulate relevant constraints of competitive performance to enhance skill adaptation of athletes.

Supplemental material, sj-pdf-1-spo-10.1177_1747954120943073 for Understanding key constraints and practice design in Rugby Union place kicking: Experiential knowledge of professional kickers and experienced coaches by Chris Pocock, Neil E Bezodis, Keith Davids, Ross Wadey and Jamie S North in International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching

Despite recent conceptual, methodological, and theoretical advancements on sport injury-related 26 growth (SIRG), there is no research on sport psychology consultants’ (SPCs) experiential 27 knowledge of working with injured athletes to promote SIRG. Toward this end, this study examined 28 SPCs’ perspectives on facilitating SIRG to provide an evidence-base for professional practice. 29 Participants were purposefully sampled (4 females, 6 males; Mean of 19 years’ applied experience) 30 and interviewed. Transcripts were thematically analyzed. Methodological rigor and generalizability 31 were maximized through self-reflexivity and eliciting external reflections. Five themes were 32 identified: Hear the Story, Contextualize the Story, Reconstruct the Story, Live the Story, and Share 33 the Story. Findings offer practitioners a novel approach to working with injured athletes. Rather than 34 focusing on returning to preinjury level of functioning, the findings illustrate how SPCs can work 35 with injured athletes to help transform injury into an opportunity to bring about positive change.

This study explored the efficacy of a gratitude intervention (i.e., gratitude visit) to promote sport injury-related growth (SIRG). Participants (N=30) were purposefully assigned to either the experimental or non-treatment control group. The intervention required injured athletes to write and share a gratitude letter with an intended recipient. Social validation interviews (N=30) were conducted with the experimental group and recipients (e.g., parents, siblings, partners, physiotherapists). Findings revealed a significant difference between the experimental and control group over time for one growth dimension (i.e., relating to others). Other growth dimensions were nonsignificant. Findings illustrate the importance of aligning interventions with growth dimensions.

Informed by and drawing on both the integrated model of response to sport injury (Wiese-Bjornstal, Smith, Shaffer, & Morrey, 1998) and the biopsychosocial model of challenge and threat states (Blascovich, 2008), this multi-study paper examined whether preinjury adversity affected postinjury responses over a five-year time period. Study 1 employed a prospective, repeated-measures methodological design. Non-injured participants (N=846) from multiple-sites and sports completed a measure of adversity (Petrie, 1992); 143 subsequently became injured and completed a measure of coping (Carver, Scheier, & Weintraub, 1989) and psychological responses (Evans, Hardy, Mitchell, & Rees, 2008) at injury onset, rehabilitation, and return to sport. MANOVAs identified significant differences between groups categorized as low, moderate, and high preinjury adversity at each time phase. Specifically, in contrast to low or high preinjury adversity groups, injured athletes with moderate preinjury adversity experienced less negative psychological responses and used more problem-and emotion-focused coping strategies. Study 2 aimed to provide an in-depth understanding of why groups differed in their responses over time, and how preinjury adversity affected these responses. A purposeful sample of injured athletes from each of the three groups were identified and interviewed (N=18). Using thematic analysis, nine themes were identified that illustrated that injured athletes with moderate preinjury adversity responded more positively to injury over time in comparison to other groups. Those with high preinjury adversities were excessively overwhelmed to the point that they were unable to cope with injury, while those with low preinjury adversities had not developed the coping abilities and resources needed to cope postinjury. Practical implications and future research directions are discussed.

Purpose: To understand the cognitive processing that occurs in relation to a disabling life event among para sport athletes, as well as the role of para sport participation in shaping these cognitions, and subsequent\ud perceptions of posttraumatic growth or distress.\ud Methods: Participants were 75 para sport athletes with acquired disability. Serial multiple mediation analysis\ud was conducted to identify the various pathways through which posttraumatic growth or distress is\ud experienced.\ud Results: Findings suggested that a disabling event initiated challenges to one’s core beliefs which influenced\ud subsequent perceptions of posttraumatic growth and distress through cognitive processing at two\ud separate time frames. Moreover, the utility of deliberate rumination (at both time points) was evident in\ud experiencing posttraumatic growth, while intrusive rumination only appeared beneficial if it prompted\ud deliberate ruminations.\ud Conclusions: As several unique paths to posttraumatic growth were found, results suggest that a multitude\ud of paths to growth may be possible. Para sport participation may have utility in facilitating deliberate\ud ruminations and subsequent posttraumatic growth for those unable to deliberately ruminate in the\ud immediate disability aftermath.

Whilst anterior cruciate ligament injury commonly occurs during change of direction (CoD) tasks, there is little research on how athletes execute CoD after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLR). The aims of this study were to determine between-limb and between-test differences in performance (time) and joint kinematics and kinetics during planned and unplanned CoD. One hundred and fifty-six male subjects carried out 90 maximal effort, planned and unplanned CoD tests in a 3D motion capture laboratory 9 months after ACLR. Statistical parametric mapping (2 x 2 ANOVA; limb x test) was used to identify differences in CoD time and biomechanical measures between limbs and between tests. There was no interaction effect but a main effect for limb and task. There was no between-limb difference in\ud the time to complete both CoD tests. Between-limb differences were found for internal knee valgus moment, knee internal rotation and flexion angle, knee extension and external rotation moment and ankle external rotation moment with lower values on the ACLR side (effect size 0.72-0.5). Between tests differences were found with less contralateral pelvis rotation, distance from centre of mass to the ankle in frontal plane, posterior ground reaction force and greater hip abduction during the unplanned CoD (effect size 0.75-0.5). Findings demonstrated that kinematic and kinetic differences between limbs are evident during both CoD tests 9 months after surgery,despite no statistical differences in performance time. Biomechanical differences between tests were found in variables, which have previously been associated with ACL injury mechanism during unplanned CoD.

**Introduction**\ud \ud Previous studies examining jump tasks after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLR) have focused on performance measures without examining joint kinematic and kinetic variables. The aim of this study was to identify differences in biomechanical and performance measures between limbs across tests nine months after surgery.\ud \ud **Methods**\ud \ud Four jump tests (double leg drop jump (DLDJ), single leg drop jump (SLDJ), single leg hop for distance (SLHD) and hurdle hop (HH)) were carried out on 156 male subjects in a 3D‐motion capture laboratory nine months after surgery. Statistical parametric mapping was used to identify differences in jump performance and biomechanical variables between limbs.\ud \ud **Results**\ud \ud Biomechanical measures were lower on the ACLR‐side across all four tests for internal knee valgus moment (Effect Size (ES) 0.77 – 0.92), knee internal rotation angle (ES 0.59 – 0.8) and ankle external rotation moment (ES 0.59 – 0.73), with the centre of mass less posterior to the knee during the single leg tests (ES 0.61 – 0.82). The timing of the largest difference between limbs was not at the same % stance between variables within a test or for any variable across tests. Large ES differences were observed in performance in the SLDJ (ES 0.73‐0.81; LSI 78%) and small differences in the SLHD (ES 0.36; LSI 94%) between the limbs.\ud \ud **Conclusion**\ud \ud Findings highlighted biomechanical differences between limbs which are consistent for jump tasks suggesting insufficient rehabilitation at 9 months post. Results indicate that the SLDJ may identify greater performance deficits between limbs than SLHD, which may over‐estimate rehabilitation status.

Purpose: To provide an understanding of the everyday experiences of individuals with a limb amputation. Method: Twenty-two participants (14 female, 8 male) with a mean-age of 42 years (SD = 10 years) were recruited to take part in two focus groups. The participants reported a range of lower-limb amputations (i.e., congenital, acquired, transfemoral, trantibial, unilateral, and bilateral) and on average were 5 years post-surgery (SD = 7 years). Each focus group comprised of 11 participants and was moderated by either the first or second author. The moderator asked participants to discuss their everyday experiences of life with an amputation using Charmaz’s good day/bad day approach. Focus groups were transcribed verbatim and analysed using an inductive thematic analysis. Results: Four themes were identified: pain, organization and planning, the embodied experience after amputation, and interactions with others. Conclusions: These themes provide a key resource for understanding daily fluctuations in physical, social, and psychological functioning.

Purpose: To examine the relevance of key components of Organismic Valuing Theory of Growth through Adversity in understanding posttraumatic growth amongst paratriathletes with acquired disability. \ud Methods: Semi-structured interviews informed by organismic valuing theory of growth through adversity were conducted with 14 elite paratriathletes (8 male, 6 female). To increase the likelihood that participants had experienced posttraumatic growth, a short form of the Posttraumatic Growth Inventory was completed prior to interview participation. Interview data were analyzed using directed content analysis. \ud Results: Although the initial response to disability was largely negative, paratriathlon experiences were reported to be a mechanism through which growth was facilitated. In particular, participants suggested that social, competence, empowerment, and identity development processes were instrumental in facilitating posttraumatic growth.\ud Conclusions: Analysis identified themes largely consistent with the main tenets of organismic valuing theory of growth through adversity, supporting its utility in understanding response to a traumatic event and subsequent growth. These findings also suggest that para sport may be an efficacious means for promoting posttraumatic growth, especially for individuals with severe initial reactions to their disability. Lastly, findings suggest that fostering perceptions of competence, autonomy, and social connection may promote posttraumatic growth.

This study used narrative inquiry to understand the retirement experiences of rhythmic gymnasts. Eight female former competitive gymnasts (M age = 24.5, SD = 8.33) each participated in four life-history interviews. Following dialogical narrative analysis, three narrative typologies were outlined: Entangled Narrative, Going Forward Narrative and Making Sense Narrative. The entangled narrative shows an individual with a monological athletic identity, who is unable to develop a new identity following her retirement to the detriment of her well-being, and wishes to return to being a\ud gymnast. The going-forward narrative describes those former gymnasts who were able to develop multiple identities during their gymnastics career, and\ud are now flourishing in their life post-retirement. The making sense narrative is an emergent narrative, which transcends the previous two narratives. Findings expand narrative research by providing new narrative resources\ud to understand the experience of retirement from gymnastics. These narrative resources might assist gymnasts to expand their narrative repertoire by\ud raising awareness of different narratives available in their culture.

This study explored the applicability of Organismic Valuing Theory (OVT; Joseph & Linley, 2005) to stress-related growth (SRG) following sport injury. Specifically, the direct and indirect relationships between need satisfaction (i.e., autonomy, competence, and relatedness), SRG, and subjective well-being (i.e., positive affect) were examined. Previously injured athletes (N=520), ranging from 18 to 59 years of age (Mage = 23.3 years; SD = 6.5), completed three measures: Needs Satisfaction Scale, Stress-Related Growth Scale, and Positive Affect Scale. Structural equation modeling with maximum likelihood estimation revealed a significant positive relationship between competence and relatedness and SRG, and between SRG and positive affect. In line with OVT, SRG was also found to mediate the relationship between need satisfaction (competence and relatedness) and subjective well-being. The findings offer preliminary support for the applicability of OVT in aiding our understanding of the antecedents and consequences of SRG. Future avenues of research are discussed, together with recommended methodologies to further extend and refine knowledge and understanding of the phenomenon of SRG following sport injury

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The research-practice gap is an ongoing concern for sport and exercise science researchers. Despite ongoing efforts to ‘bridge’ the gap between research and practice, a know-do gap remains. Drawing from alternative fields of research (e.g., healthcare, implementation science), the purpose of this article is to outline an emerging research approach to maximise research uptake in practice. Specifically, this article explains the what, why, and how of integrated knowledge translation (iKT), and how this approach to research is well suited to qualitative researchers. Challenging the traditional way academics have conducted research, iKT proposes that researchers work with and not on those in practice settings. As an approach to research under which many forms of qualitative inquiry can fall, the article illustrates how the practical nature of iKT aligns with what qualitative researchers from various traditions do in action. We discuss how iKT possesses three synergies with qualitative inquiry: meaningful researcher engagement, understanding context, and tolerating flexible research designs.

Background\ud Following anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLR), athletes have demonstrated performance asymmetries compared to healthy cohorts but little research has investigated if biomechanical asymmetries are also different during jump and change of direction (CoD) tasks between groups. \ud \ud Purpose\ud To identify if differences in magnitude of asymmetry of biomechanical and performance variables exist between these groups. \ud \ud Study Design\ud Case-Control Study\ud \ud Methods\ud Analysis of 156 male subjects nine months after surgery and 62 healthy subjects was conducted. 3D motion capture and analysis was carried out on double leg drop jump (DLDJ), single leg drop jump (SLDJ), single leg hop for distance (SLHD) and planned and unplanned change of direction (CoD). Asymmetry between limbs was calculated for each variable using root mean square difference between limbs. Statistical parametric mapping was used to identify the between group differences in magnitude of asymmetry of performance and biomechanical variables.\ud \ud Results\ud There were differences in asymmetry of biomechanical variables across all jump and CoD tests with greater asymmetries in the ACLR group. The majority of differences between groups were in the sagittal and frontal planes with more differences found in the jump than CoD tests. The SLDJ demonstrated large differences in performance asymmetry (effect size 0.94) with small differences for both CoD tests (0.4) and none for SLHD. \ud \ud Conclusion\ud This study demonstrated greater asymmetry of biomechanical variables 9 months after ACL reconstruction compared to healthy subjects across all tests suggesting insufficient rehabilitation of normal symmetry. This highlights the importance of including biomechanical as well as performance variables when assessing rehabilitation status after ACLR.

This chapter provides a review of current perspectives on the role of parents in relation to their children’s sport injuries. Starting with a critical review of existing research, the chapter develops focusing on adopting an ecological system view of the sport injury process, and discussing how parents are both impacted by, and impact upon, children’s sport injuries. Autoethnographic extracts are presented alongside the review to encourage readers to reflect, and become more aware of, the challenges parents encounter when facing injury situations. The chapter concludes with suggestions for future research to achieve a more in-depth understanding of parents’ experiences of sport injuries (e.g., explore the role of coercive behaviors in the coach-parent relationship), as well as to provide effective tools for sport psychologists to support them (e.g., interventions to allow sharing, discussing, and reflecting on one’s experience). Finally, it closes posing three critical questions to provoke debate.