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Cylindrical borings assigned to ichnospecies Trypanites mobilis Neumann, Wisshak & Bromley, 2008, are common in bulbous echinoid spines (Tylocidaris baltica and Ty. vexilifera) and globular calcareous sponges (Porosphaera globularis) from the Maastrichtian chalk and Danian limestone of eastern Denmark. Trypanites mobilis was originally described as being restricted to these substrates but is here reported also from crinoid fragments and asteroid ossicles. A revised diagnosis of Tr. mobilis is proposed to accommodate the broader spectrum of host bioclasts and the fact that some bioclasts, notably Porosphaera, are fully penetrated. Trypanites mobilis is interpreted as a mobile shelter for sipunculan worms and the first appearance of this trace fossil around the Early/Late Cretaceous transition is inferred to reflect intensified predation pressure, and a general shortage of hard substrates on the muddy chalk sea floor. Trypanites mobilis is very common in the Maastrichtian of Denmark. It then nearly disappears in the lower Danian, re-occurs in the middle Danian, at first with smaller sizes and in low numbers, before becoming numerous and large-sized again around the middle/upper Danian transition. The near absence of Tr. mobilis in the lower Danian and its low abundance in the middle Danian is suggested to reflect that the `substrate makers' were affected by ecological instability following the Cretaceous-Palaeogene mass extinction. Trypanites mobilis disappeared after the mid/late Danian transition, i.e. before extinction of its Danian substrate-maker Ty. vexilifera.

I believe part of the drive in my writing is an impulse to define poetry. The desire to fully satisfy this curiosity is something I find endlessly interesting, and amusing. In conclusion, I have found that a creative approach is the only authentic response. Therefore, my thesis has come to represent a personal exploration towards this interest. I have used my writing to flesh out what this might mean and always had the ambition these poems would add further mystery to the question. This is the underlying ethos of my work. Here, I attempt to sometimes communicate feeling more than sense, sensation over rational thought – all things I find poetry satisfies in myself. This has encouraged me to use sound and sense in experimental ways, as well as further investigate the spaces created by the imagination in the normal workaday reality of the world. As a result, I discovered a surreal approach comes very naturally to me. However, I strive to create a balance as well as a unique take towards this style. I think poetry should be fun to read, too. Quiet and loud. Abstract and grounded. And I assert that prose poems can be just as poetical as more recognisable forms. Just like the mythical hill worms talked about in ancient folklore, I think poetry should be intangible and mysterious. Funny and profound. This also ties into other themes which encourage my writing: childhood, imagination, love, art, animals, hobbies, our environment, and perhaps an overarching theme of how our individuality interacts within these – what I believe to be – spiritual spheres. And whether individuality as well as the imagination, like poetry, is something that cannot be specified, and is perhaps, moreover, a complex, evolving idea involving our geography and our shared and personal histories.

Vermifiltration is a low-energy and low-cost option to reduce the environmental impact of aquaculture. A comparative study was performed for two different stocking densities of the epigeic worm Dendrobaena veneta (Michaelsen, 1890, Annelida: Oligochaeta), which were fed with sediment sludge from African catfish, Clarias gariepinus (Burchell, 1822), recirculation aquaculture systems (RAS). The intensive (I) and extensive (E) systems were stocked with 15 and 10 g of worm/L filter substrate, respectively, and were compared with a control (C) for four weeks. The total weight gain was 9.4–13.5% for (I) and 13.8–19.5% for (E), with low mortality rates of 3.46–5.84% (I) and 3.57–5.19% (E). The temperature inside the vermifilters was slightly higher than that in the control, indicating a favorable milieu for microbial activity. The worms supported the pH buffering capacity in the systems, with the effluent reaching 7.10 ± 0.02 (I) and 7.26 ± 0.04 (E) at the end of the experiment while the pH in the (C) was significantly higher (7.51 ± 0.05). The removal rates were 68.02–98.84% (I), 71.85–98.67% (E), and 72.80–98.68% (C) for the total nitrogen bound (TNb); 82.77–96.64% (I), 81.65–94.84% (E), and 77.79–94.74% (C) for the total organic carbon (TOC); and 50.43–97.51% (I), 50.89–96.84% (E), and 48.23–96.34% (C) for the chemical oxygen demand (COD). By utilizing the sludge as feed, the worms and associated microbiota significantly altered the African catfish sediments, removing organic loads, upgrading the composition, and reducing the possible environmental impacts.

As universities migrate online due to the advent of Covid-19, there is a need for enhanced security in information systems in the institution of higher learning. Many opted to invest in technological approaches to mitigate cybersecurity threats; however, the most common types of cybersecurity breaches happen due to the human factor, well known as end-user error or actions. Thus, this study aimed to identify and explore possible end-user errors in academia and the resulting vulnerabilities and threats that could affect the integrity of the university's information system. The study further presented state-of-the-art humanoriented security threats countermeasures to compliment universities' cybersecurity plans. Countermeasures include well-tailored ICT policies, incident response procedures, and education to protect themselves from security events (disruption, distortion, and exploitation). Adopted is a mixedmethod research approach with a qualitative research design to guide the study. An open-ended questionnaire and semi-structured interviews were used as data collection tools. Findings showed that system end-user errors remain the biggest security threat to information systems security in institutions of higher learning. Indeed errors make information systems vulnerable to certain cybersecurity attacks and, when exploited, put legitimate users, institutional network, and its computers at risk of contracting viruses, worms, Trojan, and expose it to spam, phishing, e-mail fraud, and other modern security attacks such as DDoS, session hijacking, replay attack and many more. Understanding that technology has failed to fully protect systems, specific recommendations are provided for the institution of higher education to consider improving employee actions and minimizing security incidents in their eLearning platforms, post Covid-19. &nbsp

Marine dwelling in Diptera has been relatively unexplored and the frequency of transitions to the marine environment and the evolutionary history remain poorly understood. By reviewing records from the World Register of Marine Species and using ancestral state reconstruction methods, we build on the fly tree of life phylogeny and ecological descriptions of marine life history. Our ancestral state reconstruction analyses suggest marine dwelling is lacking as an ancestral trait for the most recent common ancestor to Diptera. While many transitions in Empidoidea, Sciomyzoidea, Tipulomorpha, and Culicomorpha seem to have been gradual, other transitions in Tephritoidea and Tabanomorpha were found likely to have been stochastic occurrences. From the collection of 532 marine species, we reveal several independent transitions to the marine environment throughout the fly tree of life. Considering the results from our analysis, we outline potential adaptations for marine flies and discuss the barriers of colonizing the marine environment and the implications to the mechanisms for salt tolerance., Highlights of the marine fly tree of life show several independent transitions to the marine environment. The distribution of marine‐dwelling Diptera has challenged the notion that marine flies are a rare phenomenon. Multiple mechanisms for adapting to the marine conditions are likely at play.

Els Caenorhabditis Eleganssón un tipus de nematode àmpliament utilitzat com a model en diferents tipus d'estudis de locomoció i d’interaccions amb el sistema nerviós. Malgrat això, el mecanisme que aquests organismes utilitzen per a desplaçar-se no està completament definit pel moment i és per aquest motiu que es té com a objectiu final aconseguir generar un model mecànic computacional que sigui capaç de simular el moviment del cuc en dues dimensions. Aquest projecte és una contribució a una recerca major la qual ha tingut precedents a aquest estudi i tindrà estudis posteriors. L'abast d'aquest projecte en concret és el d'aportar elements de valor necessaris per a la computació del model mecànic, com ara l'obtenció i verificació de les velocitats del cuc i, l'obtenció de la relació existent entre els coeficients de la força fricció que el cuc experimenta en el seu desplaçament. Com a objectiu secundari es té el definir també una metodologia amb els resultats del qual es sigui capaç de comparar quantitativament paràmetres i comportaments de diferents cucs en diferents condicions presentades en un experiment de locomoció (en el cas d'aquest projecte cucs desplaçant-se en diferents substrats amb diferents nivells de rigidesa). Fins al moment les úniques tècniques d'obtenció i comparació de resultats per a experiments mecànics de locomoció són purament visuals i qualitatives. El projecte treballa amb dades reals facilitades per l'organisme de recerca Institut de Ciències Fotòniques. Los Caenorhabditis Elegans son un tipo de nematodo ampliamente utilizado como modelo en diferentes tipos de estudios de locomoción e interacciones con el sistema nervioso. A pesar de esto, el mecanismo que estos organismos utilizan para desplazarse no está completamente definido por el momento y es por eso que se tiene como objetivo final conseguir generar un modelo mecánico computacional que sea capaz de simular el movimiento del gusano en dos dimensiones. Este proyecto es una contribución a una investigación mayor la cual ha tenido precedentes a este estudio y tendrá estudios posteriores. El alcance de este proyecto en concreto es el de aportar elementos de valor necesarios para la computación del modelo mecánico, tales como la obtención y verificación de las velocidades del gusano y, la obtención de la relación existente entre los coeficientes de la fuerza fricción que el gusano experimenta en su desplazamiento. Como objetivo secundario se tiene el definir también una metodología con los resultados del cual se sea capaz de comparar cuantitativamente parámetros y comportamientos de diferentes gusanos en diferentes condiciones presentadas en un experimento de locomoción (en el caso de este proyecto gusanos desplazándose en diferentes sustratos con diferentes niveles de rigidez). Hasta el momento las únicas técnicas de obtención y comparación de resultados para experimentos mecánicos de locomoción son puramente visuales y cualitativas. El proyecto trabaja con datos reales facilitados por el organismo de investigación Instituto de Ciencias Fotónicas. Caenorhabditis Elegans are a type of nematode widely used as a model in different types of locomotion studies and interactions with the nervous system. However, the displacement mechanism used by these organisms is not fully defined nowadays, and it is for this reason that the main goal is to generate a computational mechanical model that is capable of simulating the displacement of the worm in two dimensions. This project is a contribution to further research, which has had precedents and will have subsequent studies. The scope of this particular project is to provide elements of value necessary for mechanical model computation, such as obtaining and verifying worm velocities and obtaining the relationship between the friction coefficients forcesthe worm experiences in its displacement. As a secondary objective, it is to define a methodology whose results help to quantitatively compare parameters and behaviours of different worms performing in different conditions for a locomotion experiment (in the case of this project, worms displacing in different substrates with different levels of stiffness). So far, the only obtaining and comparison techniques for mechanical locomotion experiments are purely visual and qualitative. The project works with real data provided by the research organism Instituto de Ciencias Fotónicas.

Objective: The feasibility of fermented litter as an alternative feed material for ruminant livestock is measured by organoleptic quality, fiber profile, heavy metal contamination, and the presence of worm eggs. This study aimed to examine the influence of broiler chicken litter fermentation with different fermentation lengths on organoleptic quality, and contents of cuprum (Cu), lead (Pb), worm eggs, fiber fractions including hemicellulose, cellulose, neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF), lignin, and fermented litter fiber profile through analysis of scanning electron microscope-energy dispersive X-ray (SEM-EDX). Materials and Methods: This study used a complete randomized design of a unidirectional pat¬tern with four treatments and four repeats with long fermentation treatments of 0, 3, 6, and 9 weeks. Result: The results showed a real influence (p ≤ 0.05) of fermentation length on organoleptic qual¬ity, NDF, ADF, lignin, hemicellulose, and fiber profile with SEM-EDX observations, with no presence of worm eggs and heavy metal content is still at a safe level for feed materials. Conclusion: This study concluded that the processing of broiler chicken litter with 6 weeks of fer¬mentation gave the best results on organoleptic observations, fiber profile, no presence of worm eggs, and heavy metal contamination that is safe for livestock. [J Adv Vet Anim Res 2021; 8(2.000): 312-322]

In recent years, hazardous e-mails arose, such as the e-mails infected with ‘viruses’ or ‘worms’ spreading destructive programs and the ‘Phishing Mails’ defrauding e-mail accounts of the users. The number of spams continue to grow. With the related problems of spam coming to be more severe, the spam topics have become significant in various research domains. The common filtering methods include black/white list, rule learning, and those based on text classification, such as Naive Bayes, support vector machine, and boosting trees, multi-agent and genetic algorithm. Among these, the methods based on text classification are most widely applied. Moreover, some efficient methods were proposed to consider only the e-mail's header section, based on which both operating efficiency and classification efficiency could be improved. By applying machine learning technique and decision tree data mining algorithm C4.5, this study aims to propose an efficient spam filtering method with the following features: (i) proposing a two-phase filtering mechanism to scan mainly e-mail's header and auxiliary content. (ii) Reducing the problem of false positive. The experimental results show that the authors’ method has a considerably high accuracy rate of 98.76%. Compared with some other methods of using the same spam data sets or of deep learning-based, their method obviously has an excellent performance.

Made available in DSpace on 2022-04-29T08:39:37Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2022-01-01 Aquatic Oligochaeta are one of most dominant taxa in freshwater sediments. Additionally, they have low dispersal capacity, and are highly sensitive to environmental changes. These characteristics make them important bioindicators to assess aquatic environment quality. Although many groups require experienced taxonomists for identification, the cytochrome C oxidase subunit I gene (COI) has been successfully used to identify Oligochaeta groups. Therefore, molecular barcoding strategy and evaluation, along with already deposited sequences, may be used to simplify Oligochaeta identification and environmental quality monitoring. A total of 1267 COI sequences, with 615–660 length, of fifteen genera of Oligochaeta and three genera of Polychaeta, as outgroups, were retrieved from NCBI GenBank. The sequences were aligned with MAFFT, curated with BMGE and Maximum Likelihood (ML) tree was inferred with GTR as evolutionary model, empirical equilibrium frequencies, SPR tree topology search and approximate Bayes branch support as statistical test. All analyses were performed with NGPhylogeny.fr server and ML tree editing was performed with MEGA X software. The inferred ML tree was able to robustly group different orders, and to satisfactorily differentiate the studied genera. Herein a method using free and intuitive bioinformatics tools is presented to assist non-specialists with a method to identify Oligochaeta genus, using molecular data. To improve the reliability of the method, including other genera, more efforts should be taken to increase the number of available COI sequences along with high quality morphological identification, especially for Neotropical environments. Departmento de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde Universidade de Araraquara (UNIARA), SP Departamento de Bioquímica e Química Orgânica Instituto de Química Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), SP Programa de Pós-graduação em Desenvolvimento Territorial e Meio Ambiente Universidade de Araraquara (UNIARA), SP Departamento de Bioquímica e Química Orgânica Instituto de Química Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), SP

The objective was to evaluate the antiparasitic effect of different dosages of the alcoholic extract of propolis in the control of verminosis in sheep. Thirty-two Santa Inês sheep were used in a randomized complete block design with four treatments and eight replicates. The treatments were: 10 mL of water; 10 mL of alcohol 70%; 5 mL of propolis alcoholic extract (PAE) 30%; and 10 mL of PAE 30%. The treatments were administered orally, in a single dose. The effects of the treatments were evaluated by counting eggs per gram of faeces (EPG) for days 1; 3; 7 and 21 after administration. Oral administration of 10 mL of water or 10 mL of alcohol 70% had no effect on EPG reduction. The use of 5 mL of PAE 30% reduced EPG on days 3 and 7, reducing its efficacy on day 21, while the use of 10 mL of PAE 30% reduced EPG on all evaluated days. Thus, oral administration, in a single dose, of 10 mL of propolis alcoholic extract 30%, effectively reduced the number of EPG demonstrating antiparasitic effect and can be used in the control of verminoses as an alternative method to chemical products synthetic. Objetivo fue evaluar el efecto antiparasitario de diferentes dosis de extracto alcohólico de propóleo en el control de helmintos gastrointestinales en ovejas Santa Inês. Se utilizaron 32 ovejas Santa Inês, distribuidas en un diseño experimental en bloques completos al azar, con cuatro tratamientos y ocho repeticiones. Los tratamientos fueron: 10 mL de agua; 10 mL de alcohol al 70%; 5 mL de extracto alcohólico de propóleo (EAP) al 30% y 10 mL de EAP al 30%. Los tratamientos se administraron por vía oral, en una sola dosis. Los efectos de los tratamientos se evaluaron contando huevos por gramo de heces (OPG), referidos a 1, 3, 7 y 21 días después de la administración. Las administraciones orales de 10 mL de agua o 10 mL de alcohol al 70% no mostraron ningún efecto en la reducción de OPG. El uso de 5 mL de EAP al 30% redujo la OPG los días 3 y 7, reduciendo su efectividad el día 21, mientras que el uso de 10 mL de EAP al 30% redujo la OPG en todos los días evaluados, ambos por vía oral. Así, la administración oral, en una sola dosis, de 10 mL de extracto alcohólico de propóleo al 30%, redujo de manera más efectiva el número de OPG, demostrando un efecto antiparasitario, pudiendo ser utilizado en el control de la verminosis como método alternativo para productos químicos sintéticos. Objetivou-se avaliar o efeito antiparasitário de diferentes dosagens do extrato alcoólico da própolis no controle de helmintos gastrointestinais em ovinos Santa Inês. Foram utilizadas 32 ovelhas da raça Santa Inês, distribuídas em delineamento experimental de blocos completos casualizados, com quatro tratamentos e oito repetições. Os tratamentos foram: 10 mL de água; 10 mL de álcool 70%; 5 mL de extrato alcoólico de própolis (EAP) a 30% e 10 mL de EAP 30%. Os tratamentos foram administrados por via oral, em dose única. Os efeitos dos tratamentos foram avaliados pela contagem de ovos por gramas de fezes (OPG), referentes aos 1, 3, 7 e 21 dias após a administração. As administrações orais de 10 mL de água ou 10 mL de álcool 70% não demonstraram efeito na redução da OPG. A utilização de 5 mL de EAP 30% reduziu a OPG nos dias 3 e 7, reduzindo sua eficácia no dia 21, enquanto a utilização de 10 mL de EAP 30% reduziu a OPG em todos os dias avaliados, ambas por via oral. Desse modo, a administração via oral, em dose única, de 10 mL de extrato alcoólico da própolis a 30%, reduziu de maneira mais efetiva a número de OPG, demonstrando efeito antiparasitário, podendo ser utilizada no controle de verminoses como um método alternativo aos produtos químicos sintéticos.

Small ruminants are affected by gastrointestinal nematodes that cause great economic losses in sheep and goat farming. Alternatives have been studied to control these parasites, such as the use of taniniferous plants; however, few studies have reported the effects of condensed tannins on blood parameters. This study aimed to verify the effect of condensed tannin for the treatment of goats infected by gastrointestinal nematodes on hematological, biochemical, and serum protein parameters. Blood samples were collected weekly from 24 six-month-old male Boer goats experimentally infected with gastrointestinal nematodes weighing 15 ± 2.5 kg live weight and reared in a feedlot system for 28 days. The animals were divided into four groups of six animals, one group was treated with Mimosa caesalpiniifolia condensed tannin (CT), the second group was treated with CT and polyethylene glycol (CT + PEG), the third group was treated with 5 mg kg-1 BW-1 monepantel (positive control), and the fourth group did not receive any treatment (negative control). The results obtained for erythrocytes, hemoglobin, hematocrit, and total plasma protein showed no statistically significant differences among the groups, and neither did the biochemical variables alkaline phosphatase, aspartate aminotransferase, urea, creatinine, glucose, iron, calcium, phosphorus, and magnesium. Proteinogram data were evaluated, including total protein, albumin, ceruloplasmin, transferrin, haptoglobin, and ?1-acid glycoprotein. There was no statistically significant difference among the groups for ceruloplasmin, transferrin, haptoglobin, and ?1-acid glycoprotein. Therefore, the treatment of goats infected by gastrointestinal nematodes with M. caesalpiniifolia CT did not interfere in hematological, biochemical, and serum protein parameters. Os pequenos ruminantes são acometidos por nematoides gastrintestinais que causam grandes prejuízos econômicos na ovinocaprinocultura. Alternativas têm sido estudadas para controle desses parasitas, como o uso de plantas taniníferas. Poucas pesquisas relatam os efeitos causados pelos taninos condensados sobre aspectos sanguíneos. Este trabalho teve como objetivo verificar o efeito do tanino condensado no tratamento de caprinos infectados por nematoides gastrintestinais sobre os parâmetros hematológicos, bioquímicos e proteinograma sérico. Foram coletadas amostras sanguíneas semanalmente de 24 caprinos mestiços da raça Boer, experimentalmente infectados com nematoides gastrintestinais, com seis meses de idade e pesando 15 ± 2,5 Kg de peso vivo (PV), criados em sistema de confinamento, durante 28 dias. Os animais foram divididos em quatro grupos de seis animais, sendo um grupo tratado com tanino condensado (TC) da Mimosa caesalpinifolia, o segundo grupo tratado com Tanino Condensado e Polietilenoglicol (TC+PEG), o terceiro grupo com monepantel (5mg kg-1/PV) (controle positivo) e o quarto grupo que não recebeu nenhum tipo de tratamento (controle negativo). Os resultados obtidos com eritrócitos, hemoglobina, hematócrito e proteína plasmática total não apresentaram diferenças estatisticamente significativas, bem como as variáveis bioquímicas fosfatase alcalina, aspartato aminotransferase, ureia, creatinina, glicose, ferro, cálcio, fósforo e magnésio. Foram avaliados dados de proteinograma, como proteína total, albumina, ceruloplasmina, transferrina, haptoglobina e ?1-glicoproteína ácida. Não houve diferença estatisticamente significativa entre os grupos para ceruloplasmina, transferrina, haptoglobina e ?1-glicoproteína ácida. Conclui-se que o tratamento de caprinos infectados por nematoides gastrintestinais com M. caesalpinifolia não interferiu nos parâmetros hematológicos, bioquímicos e proteinograma sérico.

Nereis sp. contains amino acids and unsaturated fatty acids that can improve the quality of gamete stem cells and the quality of the resulting larvae. Nereis sp. can increase gamete cell maturation in the parent shrimp up to 70%. This triggers the exploitation these worms excessively in nature since there are no cultivation efforts to meet their needs. This condition encourages research on the biological aspects of Nereis sp. to complement the information that can support the cultivation of the worms. This research was conducted on Nereis sp. from the Jeruklegi Cilacap area with different types of feed. This study aims to determine the metabolic rate of the worms Nereis sp. at different sizes by giving different types of feed. This research use immature Nereis sp. which was maintained at 15 ppt salinity with three different body weight (0.3-0.6 g; 1.1-1.3 g and 1.8-2.04 g) with three different types of feed (D0 feed, feed flour of Spirulina sp. and ornamental fish feed tetra blitsz). The study was conducted experimentally with a randomized block design (RBD) method with six replications. The results showed the rate of oxygen consumption of Nereis sp. influenced by the size and type of feed given (P

The negative impact of the modern-day lifestyle on the environment is aggravated during the COVID-19 pandemic through the increased use of single-use plastics from food takeaways to medical supplies. Similarly, the closure of food outlets and disrupted supply chains have also resulted in significant food wastage. As the pandemic rages on, the aggravation of increased waste becomes an increasingly urgent problem that threatens the biodiversity, ecosystems, and human health worldwide through pollution. While there are existing methods to deal with the organic and plastic waste, many of the solutions also cause additional problems. Increasingly proposed as a natural solution to man-made unnatural problems, there are insect solutions for dealing with the artificial and organic waste products towards a circular economy, making the use of natural insect solutions commercially sustainable. This review discusses the findings and how some of these insects, particularly the Hermetia illucens, Tenebrio molitor, and Zophobas morio, can play an increasing important role in food and plastics, with a focus on the latter.

We have previously demonstrated that poly(N-cyanomethylacrylamide) (PCMAm) exhibits a typical upper-critical solution temperature (UCST)-type transition, as long as the molar mass of the polymer is limited, which was made possible through the use of reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) radical polymerization. In this research article, we use for the first time N-cyanomethylacrylamide (CMAm) in a typical aqueous dispersion polymerization conducted in the presence of poly(N,N-dimethylacrylamide) (PDMAm) macroRAFT agents. After assessing that well-defined PDMAm-b-PCMAm diblock copolymers were formed through this aqueous synthesis pathway, we characterized in depth the colloidal stability, morphology and temperature-responsiveness of the dispersions, notably using cryo-transmission electron microscopy (cryo-TEM), dynamic light scattering (DLS), small angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) and turbidimetry. The combined analyses revealed that stable nanometric spheres, worms and vesicles could be prepared when the PDMAm block was sufficiently long. Concerning the thermoresponsiveness, only diblocks with a PCMAm block of a low degree of polymerization (DPn,PCMAm < 100) exhibited a UCST-type dissolution upon heating at low concentration. In contrast, for higher DPn,PCMAm, the diblock copolymer nano-objects did not disassemble. At sufficiently high temperatures, they rather exhibited a temperature-induced secondary aggregation of primary particles. In summary, we demonstrated that various morphologies of nano-objects could be obtained via a typical polymerization-induced self-assembly (PISA) process using PCMAm as the hydrophobic block. We believe that the development of this aqueous synthesis pathway of novel PCMAm-based thermoresponsive polymers will pave the way towards various applications, notably as thermoresponsive coatings and in the biomedical field.

Highlights • 38-year-old man working as an offshore welding inspector presenting with shortness of breath, eosinophilia, and cough productive of ‘worms’ • The worms were subsequently identified as mucinous bronchial casts using the patient’s own photos. • Patients’ own medical photography can facilitate diagnosis and, in this case, macroscopic specimen examination. • Remote diagnosis via image or video has become more common during the COVID-19 pandemic and will play a significant role in future consultations., A 38-year old male was referred from an Acute Medical Unit to a regional Tropical Infectious Disease Unit with a seven-week history of dyspnoea, wheeze and cough reportedly productive of worms. The patient had taken photographs of the expectorated substance which allowed macroscopic examination by a consultant in infectious diseases. Fresh samples were also sent for histological examination. Initial investigations showed a prominent eosinophilia of 2.5 × 109/ml (0.0-0.4 × 109/ml).

The present study evaluated the wound healing, anthelmintic and antioxidant potentials of crude methanol extracts and fractions (petroleum ether, ethyl acetate and methanol) of the leaves and stem bark of Amphimas pterocarpoides. Wound healing activity was determined by the dermal excision model in rats; anthelmintic activity was evaluated by the adult worm motility test using the adult Indian worm, Pheretima postuma. Total flavonoid, phenolic content and antioxidant activity were assessed by the aluminum chloride colorimetric, Folin Ciocalteu, 1, 1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging and total antioxidant capacity (TAC) assays respectively. HPLC/UV fingerprints were developed for quality control. The maximum amount of phenolics and flavonoids were detected in the methanol fractions of the stem bark (225.0 ± 20.0 mg/g gallic acid equivalent (GAE) and 201.0 ± 1.41 mg/g quercetin equivalent (QCE) respectively) and leaves (84.54 ± 1.36 mg/g GAE and 130.7 ± 1.71 mg/g QCE, respectively). Both leaf and bark displayed remarkable free radical scavenging and TAC with the highest effect given by the methanol fractions. Significant (p < 0.05) wound contraction was achieved by topical application of the leaf (APL) and stem bark (APS) ointments (5–15%) with >90 % wound surface closure for 1% silver sulphadiazine, APS 15% and APL 10% treated groups by day 15. APL and APS demonstrated a concentration- and time-dependent paralysis and mortality of the P. posthuma with APL (6.25 mg/mL) causing worm paralysis at 82.60 min and death at 93 min, better than 10 mg/mL albendazole (paralysis at 76.30 min; death at 117 min). Tannins, triterpenoids, phytosterols, flavonoids, saponins and coumarins were detected in the leaves and bark. The results have proven the potential of A. pterocarpoides as a wound healing and anthelmintic agent, giving scientific credence to its use in traditional medicine., Highlights • Amphimas pterocarpoides leaves and stem bark are used in traditional medicine. • The leaf and stem bark ointments increased the rate of wound healing in rats. • The leaf and stem bark methanol extracts caused worm paralysis and death. • The leaf and stem bark extracts had high phenolic and flavonoid content. • Remarkable antioxidant activity was shown by the leaf and bark extracts., Amphimas pterocarpoides; Dermal excision; Worms; Oxidative stress; HPLC.

The visualization of biological processes using fluorescent proteins and dyes in living organisms has enabled numerous scientific discoveries. The nematode Caenorhabditis elegans is a widely used model organism for live imaging studies since the transparent nature of the worm enables imaging of nearly all tissues within a whole, intact animal. While current techniques are optimized to enable the immobilization of hermaphrodite worms for live imaging, many of these approaches fail to successfully restrain the smaller male worms. To enable live imaging of worms of both sexes, we developed a new genetic, conditional immobilization tool that uses the auxin-inducible degron (AID) system to immobilize both adult and larval hermaphrodite and male worms for live imaging. Based on chromosome location, mutant phenotype, and predicted germline consequence, we identified and AID-tagged three candidate genes (unc-18, unc-104, and unc-52). Strains with these AID-tagged genes were placed on auxin and tested for mobility and germline defects. Among the candidate genes, auxin-mediated depletion of UNC-18 caused significant immobilization of both hermaphrodite and male worms that was also partially reversible upon removal from auxin. Notably, we found that male worms require a higher concentration of auxin for a similar amount of immobilization as hermaphrodites, thereby suggesting a potential sex-specific difference in auxin absorption and/or processing. In both males and hermaphrodites, depletion of UNC-18 did not largely alter fertility, germline progression, nor meiotic recombination. Finally, we demonstrate that this new genetic tool can successfully immobilize both sexes enabling live imaging studies of sexually dimorphic features in C. elegans.

The overall objective of this thesis was to investigate ways to improve the extent and rate of waste activated sludge (WAS) hydrolysis by researching the WAS degrading activities and mechanisms of the aquatic worm Tubifex tubifex (T. tubifex) as a starting point. The WAS degrading aquatic worms were taken as a model “biochemical reactor” of which its conversion processes still need to be unravelled. Because the worms are known for their excellent performance in WAS-solids reduction, i.e., up to 45% volatile solids (VS) reduction in 4 – 5 days, the focus was on worm-based enzymatic processes for improving WAS hydrolysis.Generally, T. tubifex predation shows significantly higher WAS conversion rates compared to anaerobic and aerobic digestion processes. However, information on the effect of WAS predation on the overall WAS biodegradability was lacking. Hereto, experiments were conducted to assess the ultimate WAS biodegradability potential, after which results were used as a reference to compare the biodegradability potential of different combinations of worm predation and anaerobic digestion. Interestingly, worm predation combinations showed superior solids removal rates and superior overall conversion rates, compared to solely conventional anaerobic digestion. However, the overall WAS biodegradability potential was similar in both experimental set-ups, reaching 58% and 49% removal for chemical oxygen demand (COD) and VS respectively.The improved WAS conversion rates during worm predation were related to the efficient removal of protein-like and, to a smaller extent, polysaccharide-like substances from the sludge matrix. Additionally, alginate-like exopolysaccharides (ALE), were partly consumed during worm treatment of WAS. The removal of protein, polysaccharide and ALE-like substances resulted in the disintegration of sludge flocs and the release of fulvic and humic substances as well as the cations Mg2+, Al3+ and Fe3+ from the sludge matrix. The cations and the humic and fulvic substances have a known structural function in the extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) of sludge flocs and are therefore, most likely tightly associated with the removed protein-like fraction.Corroborating with the removal of a protein-like fraction, an increased protease activity was observed in the predated WAS. The improved protease activity was likely related to T. tubifex based enzymes and/or the excretion of intestinal proteolytic bacteria. More specifically, a maximum of 73% of the proteolytic activity, related to the conversion of the model substrate casein, was due to the activity of the worms, while the remaining activity could be linked to the intestinal proteolytic bacteria.The synergy between bacteria and worms was further investigated using microbial community analysis. We showed that the worm faeces produced through WAS predation shared more similarities in microbial structure with predated protein rich substrates as compared to the WAS itself. The microbial change towards a microbiome, which was apparently related to protein degradation, was probably due to favourable conditions in the worm gut that facilitated a protein-degrading microbial community. It was further found that the genera Burkholderiales, Chryseobacterium and Flavobacterium were associated with predation by T. tubifex and are likely related to protein degradation.Overall, the research demonstrated that the key aspects of efficient WAS hydrolysis are related to the removal and conversion of protein- and alginate-like substances as well as elevated protease activity. The type of proteases and possibly other mechanisms such as the lytic capabilities of the aquatic wormsare yet to be investigated.

Moniezia expansa (M. expansa) parasitizes the small intestine of sheep and causes inhibited growth and development or even death. Being globally distributed, it causes considerable economic losses to the animal husbandry industry. Here, using Illumina, PacBio and BioNano techniques, we obtain a high-quality genome assembly of M. expansa, which has a total length of 142 Mb, a scaffold N50 length of 7.27 Mb and 8,104 coding genes. M. expansa has a very high body fat content and a specific type of fatty acid metabolism. It cannot synthesize any lipids due to the loss of some key genes involved in fatty acid synthesis, and it may can metabolize most lipids via the relatively complete fatty acid β-oxidation pathway. The M. expansa genome encodes multiple lipid transporters and lipid binding proteins that enable the utilization of lipids in the host intestinal fluid. Although many of its systems are degraded (with the loss of homeobox genes), its reproductive system is well developed. PL10, AGO, Nanos and Pumilio compose a reproductive stem cell regulatory network. The results suggest that the high body lipid content of M. expansa provides an energy source supporting the high fecundity of this parasite. Our study provides insight into host interaction, adaptation, nutrient acquisition, strobilization, and reproduction in this parasite and this is also the first genome published in Anoplocephalidae.

Myiasis is an infestation of live vertebrates (humans and/or animals) by larvae of dipterous fly. Although, it usually infects domestic and wild animals but humans may be rarely affected if they are reared in unhygienic condition. The index case is a seven-day-old male neonate born by normal vaginal delivery, who presented to the Emergency Department with complaint of passage of worms from umbilicus which do not extend to deeper tissues. On examination, periumbilical erythema was also visible along with white glistening worms. After application of turpentine oil to the umbilical stump, the worms were mechanically removed with the help of forceps. Umbilical myiasis is a very rare presentation indicating poor hygiene and a preventable condition.

Organophosphate pesticides are widely used to eliminate pests in agriculture. In Arica- Chile, they were used to control and eliminate the plague of fruit fly (Ceratitis capitata). They act as acetylcholinesterase inhibitors and induce DNA damage. The aim of this study was to analyze the effects of malathion and methamidophos two organophosphate pesticides on male reproductive parameters of red earthworm Eisenia foetida. After determining the LD50 in mg per kilogram of soil (malathion= 880 mg/kg and methamidophos= 85.3 mg/kg), we proceeded to subdue Eisenia foetida at a dose of 1/10, 1/6, 1/3 and 2/3 of the LD50. The control groups were sprayed with water. All groups were analyzed at 1, 6, 15 and 30 days post treatment. The weight and external morphological changes was determined. Sperm count was held in camera Neubaur, DNA integrity was determined with Acridine orange test. The Ethics / Bioethics Committee at the University of Tarapaca, approved the research protocols. The results show that both organophosphate express a significant decrease in body weight in all animals treated with 100% of coiled tail. A significant rise in the number of sperm at 1, 6 and 15 days followed by a significant decrease from 15 to 30 days was observed. A significant increase of abnormal metachromatic sperm (red fluorescence) in all treated animals was observed. It is concluded that malathion and methamidophos, alter the external morphology, sperm count and quality of Eisenia foetida red earthworm. The use of these chemicals needs better handling and storage procedures to avoid altering human health and the environment.

A fact sheet about jumping worms, invasive species of earthworms recently found in Virginia.

This is a fact sheet about pickleworm, a pest of curcubits in Virginia. revised

A fact sheet about the beet webworm. revised

Arranged in a spatial-temporal gradient for germ cell development, the adult germline of Caenorhabditis elegans is an excellent system for understanding the generation, differentiation, function, and maintenance of germ cells. Imaging whole C. elegans germlines along the distal-proximal axis enables powerful cytological analyses of germ cell nuclei as they progress from the pre-meiotic tip through all the stages of meiotic prophase I. To enable high-content image analysis of whole C. elegans gonads, we developed a custom algorithm and pipelines to function with image processing software that enables: (1) quantification of cytological features at single nucleus resolution from immunofluorescence images; and (2) assessment of these individual nuclei based on their position within the germline. We show the capability of our quantitative image analysis approach by analyzing multiple cytological features of meiotic nuclei in whole C. elegans germlines. First, we quantify double-strand DNA breaks (DSBs) per nucleus by analyzing DNA-associated foci of the recombinase RAD-51 at single-nucleus resolution in the context of whole germline progression. Second, we quantify the DSBs that are licensed for crossover repair by analyzing foci of MSH-5 and COSA-1 when they associate with the synaptonemal complex during meiotic prophase progression. Finally, we quantify P-granule composition across the whole germline by analyzing the colocalization of PGL-1 and ZNFX-1 foci. Our image analysis pipeline is an adaptable and useful method for researchers spanning multiple fields using the C. elegans germline as a model system.

Ушбу мақолада Semina Nigelli ўруғини майдаланган кукунини таркибидаги элементлар ва уларнинг бирикмаларини фойизлардаги миқдори аниқланган ҳамда кимѐвий таркиби ва тиббиѐтда ишлатилишлари ҳақида маълумотлар келтирилган, This article provides information on the percentage of elements and their compounds in the powder of Semina Nigelli seed powder and their chemical composition and use in medicine.

Over time, insects have developed complex strategies to defend themselves against presenting threats. However, in the evolutionary arms race of survival, pathogens have adapted to quickly overcome the immune response mounted by the host. In this thesis, we assess how quickly entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs) can overcome the host, Drosophila melanogaster. We then look at the clotting reaction at a hypothetical point of entry for the nematode and bring resolution to the order of protein interaction focusing on three proteins important in the anti-nematode defense. Finally, we look closer into detail at how crystal cells secrete one of those proteins, prophenoloxidase (PPOII) using a mode of programmed cell death. (Paper I) In the course of EPN infection, little was known about how quickly the worms can overcome the host immune system. Here we found that after penetrating the host, EPNs cause septicemia within 4 to 6 hours. (Paper II) Three proteins, Glutactin (Glt), Transglutaminase (Tg), and PPOII have been found to be important in the anti-nematode response. Here we created GFP-tagged fly constructs to follow their role in clot formation. In early clot formation, Tg was immediately secreted from hemocytes though it was localized around the cell membrane, Glt then entered clot fibers followed by PPOII which acted in late clot formation. (Paper III) Here we looked closer into Tg and PPOII secretion variability. PPOII from immature, but not mature crystal cells colocalized with a membrane marker. Tg, when driven with a pan tissue driver, was found located in clotting fibers, in contrast with paper II. (Paper IV) In an in vivo immune scenario, crystal cells were recruited to the wound site and burst rapidly in a caspase-dependent manner. We demonstrate that the mode of programmed cell death, pyroptosis, exists in Drosophila by way of convergent evolution. This thesis brings to light the variation found within the infection process for EPNs as well as the clotting response based on larval age, tissue type, and the maturity of a single cell type. Timing in each of these immune scenarios can give very different indications about the kind of immune response mounted and even the role of an individual cell.

International audience; Capitella spp. is considered as an important ecological indicator of eutrophication due to its high densities in organic-rich, reduced, and sometimes polluted coastal ecosystems. We investigated whether such ability to cope with adverse ecological contexts might be a response to the microorganisms these worms are associated with. In populations from the French Atlantic coast (Roscoff, Brittany), we observed an epibiotic association covering the tegument of 20–30% specimens from an anthropized site while individuals from a reference, non-anthropized site were devoid of any visible epibionts. Using RNAseq, molecular and microscopic analyses, we described and compared the microbial communities associated with the epibiotic versus the non-epibiotic specimens at both locations. Interestingly, data showed that the epibiosis is characterized by sulfur-oxidizing bacteria among which the giant bacterium Thiomargarita sp., to date only described in deep sea habitats. Survey of Capitella combined with the geochemical analysis of their sediment revealed that epibiotic specimens are always found in muds with the highest concentration of sulfides, mostly during the summer. Concomitantly, tolerance tests demonstrated that the acquisition of epibionts increased survival against toxic level of sulfides. Overall, the present data highlight for the first time a peculiar plastic adaptation to seasonal variations of the habitat based on a transcient epibiosis allowing a coastal species to survive temporary harsher conditions.

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L’objectiu del present treball és avançar en l’anàlisi de la biomecànica d’exemplars de Caenorhabditis Elegants(C. Elegants) ,una espècie de cuc àmpliament estudiat en recerca biomèdica, a partir de les dades proporcionades per l’Institut de Ciències Fotòniques (ICFO) a Castelldefels, Esoanya. Aquest projecte pren com a base teòrica i metodològica el treball previ efectuat tant pels membres del grup de recerca de neuro fotònica i biologia de sistemes mecànics liderat per el Prof. Dr. Michael Krieg al ICFO, així com el TFM de l’estudiant de la UPC David Doste. En aquest treball per tant, en base a les dades de desplaçament i forma del cuc proporcionat per l’ICFO s’ha analitzat el moviment de la càmera que mitjançant microscòpia de rastreig, capta el moviment d’exemplars de C. Elegans. A través de funcions programades amb el software MATLAB R2020b s’ha efectuat el càlcul de les magnituds més rellevants per l’estudi global del moviment de la càmera: Desplaçaments relatius de la càmera respecte el fons així com el comportament de les components tangencials i normals del vector velocitat corresponent. Per tant el contingut d’aquest projecte permet seguir aprofundint en l’estudi de la biomecànica dels organismes tipus cuc en vista de poder desenvolupar un model computacional el qual serveixi com a base sòlida per l’estudi del comportament d’aquest model in vivo davant estímuls externs. El objetivo del presente trabajo es avanzar en el análisis de la biomecánica de ejemplares de Caenorhabditis Elegants (C. Elegants), una especie de gusano ampliamente estudiado en investigación biomédica, a partir de los datos proporcionados por el Instituto de Ciencias Fotónicas (ICFO) en Castelldefels, España. Este proyecto toma como base teórica y metodológica el trabajo previo efectuado tanto por los miembros del grupo de investigación de neuro fotónica y biología de sistemas mecánicos liderado por el Prof. Dr Michael Krieg en el ICFO, así como el TFM del estudiante de la UPC David Doste. En este trabajo, por lo tanto, en base a los datos de desplazamiento y forma del gusano proporcionado por el ICFO se ha analizado el movimiento de la cámara la cual, mediante microscopía de barrido, capta el movimiento de ejemplares de C. Elegans. A través de funciones programadas con el software MATLAB R2020b se ha efectuado el cálculo de las magnitudes más relevantes para el estudio global del movimiento de la cámara: Desplazamientos relativos de la cámara respecto al fondo, así como el comportamiento de las componentes tangenciales y normales del vector velocidad correspondiente. Por lo tanto, el contenido de este proyecto permite seguir profundizando en el estudio de la biomecánica de los organismos tipo gusano en vista de poder desarrollar un modelo computacional que sirva como base sólida para el estudio del comportamiento de este modelo in vivo ante estímulos externos. The aim of this work is to advance in the analysis of the biomechanics of specimens of Caenorhabditis Elegants (C. Elegants) which is a species of worm widely used in biomedical research, working with data provided by the Institute of Photonic Sciences (ICFO) in Castelldefels, Spain. This project has as theoretical and methodological background the previous work carried out by the members of the neurophotonics and mechanical systems biology research group headed by Prof. Dr. Michael Krieg at ICFO, as well as the TFM authored by the UPC student David Doste's. This work with the displacement and shape data of the worm provided by the ICFO, focuses on analysing the displacements of the camera that throughout scanning microscopy, follows the movement of the C. elegans specimens. With the use of functions programmed with the MATLAB R2020b software, the most relevant magnitudes for the global study of camera movement have been obtained: relative displacements of the camera in relation to the background, as well as the behaviour of the tangential and normal components of the corresponding velocity vector. Therefore, this project will allow further study of the biomechanics of worm-like organisms to be able to develop a computational model which will be a solid basis for studying the response of this in vivo model against external stimuli.

The knowledge of boring worms in the coral reefs of the Colombian Tropical Eastern Pacific (TEP) is scarce. To know which species bore into coralline substrates, experimental units made of dead branches of Pocillopora spp. were deployed and exposed in the coral reefs of Gorgona Island (Colombian Pacific) during various periods of time. A total of 571 worms in 21 species were collected. Of these, 18 were polychaetes and 3 sipunculids. Most of these species correspond to new records in the Colombian TEP, specifically 13 of the 18 species of polychaetes and 2 of the 3 species of sipunculids. These findings suggest that more research is needed to gain knowledge about the biodiversity of these poorly-known groups in understudied regions like the Colombian TEP. RESUMEN El conocimiento de los gusanos bioerosionadores en los arrecifes coralinos del Pacífico Tropical Oriental (PTO) colombiano es escaso. Para saber qué especies perforan estos sustratos coralinos se utilizaron unidades experimentales hechas de ramas muertas de Pocillopora spp., las cuales estuvieron expuestas en los arrecifes coralinos de la isla Gorgona (Pacífico colombiano) durante varios periodos de tiempo. Un total de 571 gusanos de 21 especies fueron recolectados; de estas, 18 son poliquetos y 3 sipúnculos. La mayoría de estas especies corresponden a nuevos registros para el PTO colombiano, en concreto, 13 de las 18 especies de poliquetos y 2 de las 3 de sipúnculos. Estos hallazgos sugieren la necesidad de realizar más estudios con el objetivo de generar conocimiento sobre la biodiversidad de estos grupos poco conocidos en regiones poco estudiadas, como es el caso del PTO colombiano.

Ovim radom je opisan proces izrade pogonskog alata (engl. game engine) u kojem će biti napravljena igra, sve napisano u C++ jeziku. U prvom dijelu rada se razvija grafički dio alata korištenjem OpenGL tehnologije, GLEW-a za dohvaćanje najnovijih verzija OpenGL funkcija s GPU te GLFW biblioteke za upravljanje prozora, ulaz s tipkovnice i miša i mijenjanje međuspremnika. GL funkcije i objekti se apstrahiraju u strukture koje će koristiti batch renderer, koji se bavi slanjem podataka za crtanje preko OpenGL cjevovoda na GPU. Stvaraju se klase Spriteova, Labela koji sadržavaju podatke objekata igre, koji se šalju rendereru. Za izradu audio dijela alata se koristi Gorilla Audio biblioteka. U drugom dijelu se radi sistem scena, par kompleksnijih struktura te specijalizirani oblik ECS-a (Entity Component System) u kojem se radi igra. Tip igre je 2D strateška artiljerija, tzv. „Crvi“ (engl. Worms) tip igre. Igra se na uništivoj mapi koja je učitana sa slike s diska ili na mapama generiranim korištenjem 2D Perlin Noise. Igrači su timovi crva, koji imaju arsenal oružja koje koriste za uništavanje jedni drugih i mape. Igra je zasnovana na potezima, svaki potez se miče po jedan crv, koji se može kretati, skakati, skupljati kutije i pucati oružja. Fizika igre je realizirana kao jedan od sistema u ECS-u., This work describes the process of creating a game engine which will be used to make a game, all written in C++. In the first part of the work, the graphics part is developed using OpenGL technology, GLEW wrangler to fetch the latest version of OpenGL functions, GLFW library, which manages windows, input and swapping framebuffers. GL functions and objects are abstracted into structures used by a batch renderer, which sends data for rendering via the OpenGL pipeline to the GPU. Sprite and Label classes are created, which hold data used for rendering. For creating the audio part of the engine, the Gorilla Audio library is used. In the second part of the work a scene system is developed, along with a few complex structures and a specialised type of ECS (Entity Component System) to make the game. The type of game is a 2D strategic artillery, a so called “Worms” game. The game is played on a destructible map which is loaded from an image from the disk or a noise generated map using 2D Perlin Noise. The players are teams of worms, who have an arsenal of weapons which they use to wreak havoc upon one another and the map. The game is turn-based, one worm moves per turn. The worm can move, jump, collect crates, and shoot weapons. The physics part of the game is realised as one of the systems in the ECS.

Background Cratera is a genus of land planarians endemic to the Brazilian Atlantic forest. The species of this genus are distinguished from each other by a series of external and internal characters, nonetheless they represent a challenging taxonomic issue due to the extreme alikeness of the species analysed in the present work. To resolve these difficulties, we have performed morphological analyses and used three nuclear markers (ribosomal 18S and 28S, Elongation Factor, a new anonymous marker named Tnuc813) and two mitochondrial fragments (Cytochrome c oxidase subunit I gene, and a fragment encompasing NADH deshydrogenase subunit 4 gene, trnF and the beginning of the Cytochrome c oxidase I gene) in an integrative taxonomic study. Methods To unveil cryptic species, we applied a molecular species delimitation approach based on molecular discovery methods, followed by a validation method. The putative species so delimited were then validated on the basis of diagnostic morphological features. Results We discovered and described four new species, namely Cratera assu, C. tui, C. boja, and C. imbiri. A fifth new species, C. paraitinga was not highly supported by molecular evidence, but was described because its morphological attributes are unique. Our study documents for the genus Cratera the presence of a number of highly similar species, a situation that is present also in other genera of land planarians. The high number of poorly differentiated and presumably recent speciation events might be explained by the recent geological history of the area.

Ribosomal proteins are highly conserved, many universally so among organisms. All ribosomal proteins are structural parts of the same molecular machine, the ribosome. However, when ribosomal proteins are mutated individually, they often lead to distinct and intriguing phenotypes, including specific human pathologies. This review is an attempt to collect and analyse all the reported phenotypes of each ribosomal protein mutant in several eukaryotes ( Saccharomyces cerevisiae , Caenorhabditis elegans , Drosophila melanogaster , Danio rerio , Mus musculus , Homo sapiens ). These phenotypes were processed with unbiased computational approaches to reveal associations between different phenotypes and the contributions of individual ribosomal protein genes. An overview of gene expression changes in ribosomal protein mutants, with emphasis on ribosome profiling studies, is also presented. The available data point to patterns that may account for most of the observed phenotypes. The information presented here may also inform future studies about the molecular basis of the phenotypes that arise from mutations in ribosomal proteins.

Consistent study of the animal world in accordance with the natural system - from the lower to the higher - not only gives an idea of the diversity of animals and the specifics of their groups, but allows tracing their origin and family relationships, as well as to identify the role of factors of evolution. However, the characteristics of individual groups of animals cannot be limited to describing the features of the structure (morphology and anatomy of their representatives), and should include a description and analysis of their functions, as well as features of behavior.The purpose of the work is determined by the need to choose effective methods of teaching biology in institutions of higher medical education of Ukraine. The subject of the study was served as morpho-anatomical features of the taxonomic group of Worms (Vermes) represented by types: Flatworms (Plathelmintes), Nematodes (Nemathelminthes) and Annelids (Annelida). From the point of view of durability of knowledge assimilation, it is not important what methods will be acquired. The relevance of the application of different logical methods of cognition increases in the period of globalization of the volume of scientific information. Cognition goes from the general conception to the comprehension of the individual components connected in a hierarchical way. In particular, complications of the morpho-anatomical structure are observed in the line of Flatworms, Nematodes and Annelids worms, which are primarily manifested in the structure of the body cavity and other systems.Conclusions. The materials and generalizations accumulated over the last decades in the field of comparative morpho-anatomy make it possible to more comprehensively describe the peculiarities of the structure of individual groups of living organisms, to identify specific ways of their evolution. This allows you to better understand the causes of biological progress or regression of a group of animals and give it more diverse biological characteristics., Последовательное изучение животного мира в соответствии с природной системой - от низших к высшим - не только дает представление о многообразии животных и специфики их групп, но позволяет проследить их возникновения и родственные связи, выявить роль факторов эволюции. При этом характеристика отдельных групп животных не может ограничиться описанием особенностей строения (морфологии и анатомии их представителей), а должна включать описание и анализ их функций, а также особенностей поведения.Цель работы определяется необходимостью выбора эффективных методов обучения биологии в учреждениях высшего медицинского образования Украины. Объектом исследования послужили морфоанатомические особенности таксономической группы таксонов Черви (Vermes) представлена типам: Плоские черви (Plathelmintes), Первичнополостные черви или Круглые черви (Nemathelmintes) и Кольчатые черви, Кольчецы, или Аннелиды (Annelida). С точки зрения прочности усвоенных знаний не важно с привлечением каких методов они будут приобретены. Актуальность применения различных логических методов познания возрастает в период глобализации объема научной информации. Собственно это объясняет популярность дедуктивного метода усвоения знаний, при котором познания идет от общего представления к осмыслению отдельных составляющих, связанных между собой иерархически. В частности, осложнения морфоанатомического строения наблюдается в линейке плоские, круглые, кольчатые черви, что в первую очередь касается полости тела, а также и других систем.Выводы. Накопленные в течение последних десятилетий материалы и обобщения в области сравнительной морфоанатомии открывают возможность более разносторонне описывать особенности строения отдельных групп живых организмов, выделять специфические пути их эволюции. Это позволяет лучше понимать причины биологического прогресса или регресса той или иной группы животных и дать ей более разностороннюю биологическую характеристику., Послідовне вивчення тваринного світу відповідно до природної системи – від нижчих до вищих – не лише дає уявлення про різноманіття тварин і специфіки їх груп, але дозволяє прослідкувати їх виникнення і родинні зв’язки, виявити роль факторів еволюції. При цьому характеристика окремих груп тварин не може обмежитися описанням особливостей будови (морфології та анатомії їх представників), а повинна включати опис і аналіз їх функцій, а також особливостей поведінки.Мета роботи - визначення необхідності вибору ефективних методів навчання біології у закладах вищої медичної освіти України. Об`єктом дослідження визначено особливості морфоанатомічної будови групи таксонів Черви (Vermes), представленої типами: Плоскі черви (Plathelmintes), Круглі черви, або Первиннопорожнинні (Nemathelmintes) та Кільчасті черви (Annelida). З точки зору міцності засвоєних знань, не важливо із залученням яких методів вони будуть набуті. Актуальність застосування різних логічних методів пізнання зростає в період глобалізації обсягу наукової інформації. Власне, це пояснює популярність дедуктивного методу засвоєння знань, при якому пізнання іде від загального уявлення до осмислення окремих складових, пов’язаних між собою ієрархічно. Зокрема, ускладнення морфоанатомічної будови спостерігається в лінійці плоскі, круглі, кільчасті черви, що в першу чергу торкається порожнини тіла , а також інших систем.Висновки. Накопичені протягом останніх десятиліть матеріали та узагальнення в галузі порівняльної морфоанатомії відкривають можливість більш різнобічно описувати особливості будови окремих груп живих організмів, виділяти специфічні шляхи їх еволюції. Це дозволяє краще розуміти причини біологічного прогресу чи регресу тої чи іншої групи тварин і дати їй більш різнобічну біологічну характеристику.

Organic flocculants are typically only applied in the sludge line and sometimes in quaternary treatment of conventional sewage treatment plants (STPs) that aim for enhanced nutrient removal. However, with the ongoing societal changes directing towards a higher degree of circularity of resources and a higher degree of wastewater treatment demands, there is a need to re-asses the potentials that flocculants may offer in new wastewater treatment concepts. Our work investigated new possible applications of flocculants in an STP. Applying flocculants for chemically enhanced primary treatment (CEPT) increases the primary sludge production for biogas production, which may lead to a more positive energy balance of an STP. Results showed that 66% more influent COD could be used for biogas production via anaerobic digestion (AD), meanwhile the aerobic oxidation of this COD in the aeration tanks was prevented. However, removing the COD in CEPT with cationic flocculants led to a COD/N ratio of 3.75 g COD/g N in the water line, which is lower than the minimum ratio that is required for a conventional biological nutrient removal STP (BNR-STP). However, recently, novel N removal technologies have been introduced that function well at low COD/N ratios, such as N removal over nitrite, or that do not need any COD at all, such as the Anammox process in the waterline of an STP. With the application of these novel N removal techniques, CEPT with flocculants could be advantageous for the overall energy balance and space requirements of the future STP. Besides the STP energy balance, the application of cationic flocculants for CEPT also impacted the AD: the additional COD that was removed by CEPT was more readily biodegradable, leading to a 9% higher biomethane potential of the primary sludge. Also, in separate batch tests, it was found that flocculants decreased the viscosity of the sludge and, concomitantly, an increase in the hydrolysis rate up to 27% was observed. However, in contrast to the rate of digestion, the results showed that refractory polyacryl amide (PAM) flocculants, irreversibly bound the particles, and thus partially reduced the biomethane potential. Besides the energy aspects of an STP, also there are increasing challenges in the treatment of micro pollutants. STP effluents are one of the main sources of pharmaceuticals in the environment. Literature reports that a large part of the pharmaceuticals in an aquatic matrix, such as present in an STP, are sorbed to colloids. Since flocculation can remove colloids, flocculants in principle could be used to concentrate pharmaceuticals into a smaller sludge flow that subsequently could be treated more efficiently. The possibility of concentrating pharmaceuticals by flocculation in the primary settler was investigated. A jar test showed that pharmaceuticals were hardly removed from sewage with coagulation/flocculation. To investigate the discrepancy between reported colloidal sorption and the lack of removal when removing colloids, we tested a commonly applied experimental setup for determining the colloidal sorption of pharmaceuticals. Colloids were removed from a solution containing pharmaceuticals in two ways: by ultra-filtration (UF) and by flocculation. Both methods showed similar removal of colloids. However, during UF the observed retention of pharmaceutical was 93±4%. In contrast, when removing the colloids with flocculation, no pharmaceuticals removal was observed. These results strongly indicate that an analysis bias is introduced when using UF membranes in the determination of colloidal sorption of pharmaceuticals. Very likely, a direct retention of pharmaceuticals on the UF membrane occurred. Overall results of current work showed that pharmaceuticals hardly sorb to colloids and herewith the absence of removal of pharmaceuticals during coagulation/flocculation is explained. Therefore, flocculation does not seem to be a viable option for concentrating pharmaceuticals from sewage streams. As the cities grow, and the land becomes scarcer, there is an increasing requirement for compact STPs. To achieve this reduction in footprint, the digester volume may be decreased by uncoupling the solids retention time (SRT) from the hydraulic retention time (HRT). Separation of liquid and solids retention is a typical feature of an anaerobic membrane bioreactor (AnMBR) where a membrane keeps the solids inside the reactor, while the liquid can permeate. Membrane filtration of sludge will immediately result in the formation of a cake layer on top of the membrane’s surface. This cake layer or fouling layer forms an excellent barrier for solids and acts as a secondary membrane during the filtration process. Therefore, a simple woven cloth can also act as a support for this cake layer, avoiding the need for purchasing actual membranes, which would decrease the investment costs significantly. An AnMBR equipped with a woven cloth as filter medium is referred to as an anaerobic dynamic membrane bioreactor (AnDMBR).Challenges in operating an An(D)MBR are the filterability and viscosity of the sludge, which limits the maximum SRT that can be achieved. Our results showed that flocculants reduced the viscosity and increased the filterability of the emulsion. Therefore, flocculants may play a positive role in the optimization of an AnDMBR. Our results showed that increased filterability was only obtained after adding a high concentration of flocculants. However, these high concentrations caused a significant decrease in biomethane potential of the sludge, as the VS destruction was lowered from 32% to 24% after adding the flocculants. In addition, a decrease in the mean particle size (d50) was observed from 58 µm to 32 µm. This was likely to be caused by refractory flocculants that shielded small particles which were turned refractory as well, a phenomenon that is described in literature as well. Likely, the accumulation of these small refractory particles affected the filterability of the sludge, which led to a doubling of the trans membrane pressure (TMP) from about 150 mbar to 300 mbar. Therefore, adding flocculants to an AnDBMR did not yield the benefits that were initially expected. A potential solution to prevent irreversible binding, and thus a decreased filterability, is to use biodegradable flocculants. Further research is needed to evaluate this possibility. As the disposal of sludge forms a large part of the operational costs of an STP, waste sludge reduction in an STP may have a big impact on the operational costs. A proven concept for waste sludge reduction in an STP, although not yet applied in practice, is predation of sludge by aquatic worms. In literature, several reactor configurations were studied in which secondary sludge is successfully predated by aquatic worms in lab-scale bioreactors. However, in contrast to AD, secondary sludge reduction by aquatic worms will cost energy for aeration, meanwhile the converted organic matter is not available anymore for energy recovery. Therefore, the ideal configuration would be to have AD followed by worm predation (WP) of the digested sludge, allowing for both energy recovery and a larger extent of sludge reduction. So far, this had not been considered a viable option, due to the low ammonia tolerance of aquatic worms and the high ammonium concentrations present in the anaerobic digester. However, by flocculating anaerobically digested sludge, the sludge solids can be easily separated from the ammonia-rich liquid creating the possibility of WP of digested sludge, reducing the amounts of solids that need to be disposed. Our results revealed an additional removal of 40% VS of the digested sludge in 12 days when applying worm predation. The solids remained well separated from the liquid, which facilitates further treatment. However, the cationic flocculants caused mortality of the used worms, due to toxicity. The assessed 4-day LD50 value was between 50 and 100 mg/L. For the possible full-scale application of WP for AD sludge degradation, a process could be designed with continuous worm addition. However, a non-toxic flocculant could also be the solution prevent mortality of the worms. Further research is needed to elucidate the best option and to validate the full-scale possibilities. The main barrier identified in this thesis for the application of flocculants in the current and future BNR-STP are i) the economic viability of flocculant applications other than the conventional applications ii) the refractory characteristics of flocculants and iii) the toxicity to aquatic worms. A solution for the above-mentioned challenges may lie in the production of polysaccharide bio-based flocculants such as alginate, chitosan, cellulose and starch. The performance of bio-based flocculants has been investigated for specific cases in numerous successful laboratory and full-scale studies. However, full-scale application is still marginal due to the high costs of production. A possible solution to make bio-based flocculants cost-effective is to find an organic waste source from which these polymers could be synthesized or extracted. However, thus far, there is only limited research in waste-based flocculants in STPs. Therefore, more research is needed in this field that could lead to new bio- and waste-based flocculants to be applied in sewage treatment.

Joint pain and osteoarthritis (OA) are some of the most common causes of lameness in horses, and most of the available treatments focus on symptomatic relief without a disease-modifying effect. TRPV1 is a potential target for treating joint diseases, including OA, and the present study aims to investigate if the TRPV1 receptor is present in equine articular tissue and determine whether the number of receptors is upregulated in joint inflammation. Metacarpo/metatarsophalangeal (MCP/MTP) joints from 15 horses euthanised for reasons unrelated to this study were included. Based on synovial fluid analysis, macroscopic evaluation, and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), joints were divided into two groups: healthy joints and joints with pathology. ELISA analysis was performed on synovial tissue harvested from all joints. TPRV1 was found in all joints. The mean concentration of TRPV1 compared to total protein in healthy joints (8.4 &times, 10&minus, 7 ng/mL) and joints with pathology (12.9 &times, 7 ng/mL) differed significantly (p = 0.01, t-test with Welch correction). Quantitative real-time reverse transcriptase PCR analysis was performed on RNA isolates from synovial tissue from all joints. TRPV1 mRNA expression ratio normalized to glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) in healthy joints (0.16 (SD: 0.19)) and joints with pathology (0.24 (SD: 0.14)) did not differ significantly (p = 0.43, t-test with Welch correction). mRNA expression of interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-) was very low for both groups. In conclusion, TRPV1 was detected both on mRNA and the protein level, with a higher expression of TRPV1 in samples from joints with pathology. Future studies will determine the clinical potential of equine TRPV1 as a target in the management of joint pain and inflammation.

At Deltares in the Netherlands, a research team is developing a portfolio of technologies dedicated to the management of the finest and most challenging fraction of soft sediments. These technologies may unambiguously be called nature based because they make use of natural processes to enhance dewatering and strengthening, induce flocculation and the settling of fines, and protect the muddy bed from erosion.

Garlic has long been utilizing as a folk remedy for various diseases. In this study, the effect of aqueous garlic extract (AGE) (125 mg kg-1), garlic oil extract (GOE) (125 mg kg-1), and the combination of both extracts (AGE+GOE) (62.5 from each) was studied over a parasitic disease namely schistosomiasis. Determination of some radical scavenging activities including Ferric Reducing Ability Power, Hydrogen peroxide, DPPH and nitric oxide radical scavenging activities were studied. The antioxidant properties of the mentioned extracts on both normal and Schistosoma mansoni-infected mice was also studied. The liver tissues were analyzed for the level of Malondialdehyde (MDA) and glutathione (GSH) known as biomarkers for oxidative and reducing status, respectively. The results showed that almost all tested extracts showed high effect of radical scavenging activity. Furthermore, remarkable decrease in worms and tissue eggs were analyzed in all tested extracts as AGE+ GOE (1015 ± 1.41) represented higher level of prohibition in total number of worms and eggs compared to infected untreated mice (1502 ± 2.13). The garlic extracts were potent antioxidants with slight differences.

Fragestellung: Das Knochenmarködem ist ein häufiger, unspezifischer Befund bei der MR-Diagnostik von Gelenkpathologien. Die Verlaufsdokumentation beruht auf subjektiven Kriterien, wie Schmerzangaben oder lediglich qualitativ befundeten radiologischen Bilddaten. Für die medikamentöse[zum vollständigen Text gelangen Sie über die oben angegebene URL], Deutscher Kongress für Orthopädie und Unfallchirurgie (DKOU 2019)

The genus Waminoa currently contains two described species, which each contains two types of endosymbiotic algae. Warninoa individuals are basically brown in body color, derived from these algal symbionts, and their body shape has been described as "discoid to obcordate". They have been found as associates of various anthozoans (Cnidaria) in the Indo-Pacific Ocean and the Red Sea. In order to reveal the diversity of the genus Wanunoa and their hosts, we conducted phylogenetic and morphological analyses on acoelomate flatworms specimens collected from Japan, Palau and Indonesia. At least 18 Waminoa morphotypes were found on at least 20 anthozoan host species, and two specimens were found on species of two sea stars. Overall, there were two main body shapes of specimens; obcordate, as seen in W. Titus and W. brickneri, and the other molar-like with an elongated body. These two body shapes each represented a separate Glade in 18S rDNA and mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (COI) phylogenetic trees, with W. brickneri included in the obcordate subclade. Automatic Barcode Gap Discovery (ABGD) analyses on COI sequences of our specimens revealed the presence of at least five operational taxonomic units (OTUs). These five OTUs consisted of one large group of all obcordate animals, three OTUs consisting of one specimen each within the molar-like Glade, and one large group of the remaining molar-like specimens. Both clades contain numerous morphotypes and were associated with a variety of hosts. Finally, based on genetic distances, the molar-like specimens are considered as an unnamed genus group separate from Waminoa, which needs to be clarified in future studies.

A laboratory experiment, carried out for five months, was designed to assess effects produced by the neonicotinoid Actara 25 WG, used at a dose recommended by the manufacturer, in the dynamics of populations of epigeic earthworms Eisenia fetida (Sav.) and Dendrobena veneta (Rosa). The study was conducted in a climatic chamber and involved balanced biomass of mature specimens representing both species, in 3 replications of soil medium with the insecticide, in addition to controls. The growing populations were inspected five times, by means of manual segregation of the substrate. The insecticide led to an increase in both the number of specimens and biomass of E. fetida population (overall as well as mature and immature worms), yet it reduced their reproduction (decreased number of cocoons) (p

Live-imaging of C. elegans is essential for the study of conserved cellular pathways (e.g. EGFR/Wnt signaling) and morphogenesis in vivo. However, the usefulness of live imaging as a research tool has been severely limited by the need to immobilize worms prior to and during imaging. Conventionally, immobilization is achieved by employing both physical and chemical interventions. These are known to significantly affect many physiological processes, and thus limit our understanding of dynamic developmental processes. Herein we present a novel, easy-to-use microfluidic platform for the long-term immobilization of viable, normally developing C. elegans, compatible with image acquisition at high resolution, thereby overcoming the limitations associated with conventional worm immobilization. The capabilities of the platform are demonstrated through the continuous assessment of anchor cell (AC) invasion and distal tip cell (DTC) migration in larval C. elegans and germ cell apoptosis in adult C. elegans in vivo for the first time. ispartof: LAB ON A CHIP vol:18 issue:9 pages:1359-1368 ispartof: location:England status: published

We have previously demonstrated that poly(N-cyanomethylacrylamide) (PCMAm) exhibits a typical upper-critical solution temperature (UCST)-type transition, as long as the molar mass of the polymer is limited, which was made possible through the use of reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) radical polymerization. In this research article, we use for the first time N-cyanomethylacrylamide (CMAm) in a typical aqueous dispersion polymerization conducted in the presence of poly(N,N-dimethylacrylamide) (PDMAm) macroRAFT agents. After assessing that well-defined PDMAm-b-PCMAm diblock copolymers were formed through this aqueous synthesis pathway, we characterized in depth the colloidal stability, morphology and temperature-responsiveness of the dispersions, notably using cryo-transmission electron microscopy (cryo-TEM), dynamic light scattering (DLS), small angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) and turbidimetry. The combined analyses revealed that stable nanometric spheres, worms and vesicles could be prepared when the PDMAm block was sufficiently long. Concerning the thermoresponsiveness, only diblocks with a PCMAm block of a low degree of polymerization (DPn,PCMAm < 100) exhibited a UCST-type dissolution upon heating at low concentration. In contrast, for higher DPn,PCMAm, the diblock copolymer nano-objects did not disassemble. At sufficiently high temperatures, they rather exhibited a temperature-induced secondary aggregation of primary particles. In summary, we demonstrated that various morphologies of nano-objects could be obtained via a typical polymerization-induced self-assembly (PISA) process using PCMAm as the hydrophobic block. We believe that the development of this aqueous synthesis pathway of novel PCMAm-based thermoresponsive polymers will pave the way towards various applications, notably as thermoresponsive coatings and in the biomedical field.

The adenosine-to-inosine (A-to-I) RNA editomes have been systematically characterized in various metazoan species, and many editing sites were found in clusters. However, it remains unclear whether the clustered editing sites tend to be linked in the same RNA molecules or not. By adopting a method originally designed to detect linkage disequilibrium of DNA mutations, we examined the editomes of ten metazoan species and detected extensive linkage of editing in Drosophila and cephalopods. The prevalent linkages of editing in these two clades, many of which are conserved between closely related species and might be associated with the adaptive proteomic recoding, are maintained by natural selection at the cost of genome evolution. Nevertheless, in worms and humans, we only detected modest proportions of linked editing events, the majority of which were not conserved. Furthermore, the linkage of editing in coding regions of worms and humans might be overall deleterious, which drives the evolution of DNA sites to escape promiscuous editing. Altogether, our results suggest that the linkage landscape of A-to-I editing has evolved during metazoan evolution. This present study also suggests that linkage of editing should be considered in elucidating the functional consequences of RNA editing.

A delayed SEIQRS-V model with quarantine describing the dynamics of worm propagation is considered in the present paper. Local stability of the endemic equilibrium is addressed and the existence of a Hopf bifurcation at the endemic equilibrium is established by analyzing the corresponding characteristic equation. By means of the normal form theory and the center manifold theorem, properties of the Hopf bifurcation at the endemic equilibrium are investigated. Finally, numerical simulations are also given to support our theoretical conclusions.

Bacterial endosymbionts have been detected in some groups of plant-parasitic nematodes, but few cases have been reported compared to other groups in the phylum Nematoda, such as animal-parasitic or free-living nematodes. This study was performed on a wide variety of plant-parasitic nematode families and species from different host plants and nematode populations. A total of 124 nematode populations (previously identified morphologically and molecularly) were screened for the presence of potential bacterial endosymbionts using the partial 16S rRNA gene and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) and confocal microscopy. Potential bacterial endosymbionts were only detected in nematode species belonging to the genus Xiphinema and specifically in the X. americanum group. Fifty-seven partial 16S rRNA sequences were obtained from bacterial endosymbionts in this study. One group of sequences was closely related to the genus ‘Candidatus Xiphinematobacter’ (19 bacterial endosymbiont sequences were associated with seven nematode host species, including two that have already been described and three unknown bacterial endosymbionts). The second bacterial endosymbiont group (38 bacterial endosymbiont sequences associated with six nematode species) was related to the family Burkholderiaceae, which includes fungal and soil–plant bacterial endosymbionts. These endosymbionts were reported for the first time in the phylum Nematoda. Our findings suggest that there is a highly specific symbiotic relationship between nematode host and bacterial endosymbionts. Overall, these results were corroborated by a phylogeny of nematode host and bacterial endosymbionts that suggested that there was a high degree of phylogenetic congruence and long-term evolutionary persistence between hosts and endosymbionts., This research was supported by grants P12-AGR 1486 and AGR-136 from ‘Consejería de Economía, Innvovación y Ciencia’ from Junta de Andalucía, and Union Europea, Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo regional, ‘Una manera de hacer Europa’, grant AGL2012-37521 from ‘Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad’ of Spain, grant 219262 ArimNET_ERANET FP7 2012–2015 Project PESTOLIVE ‘Contribution of olive history for the management of soilborne parasites in the Mediterranean basin’ from Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA). A. J. Archidona-Yuste is a recipient of contract BES-2013-063495 from ‘Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación’ of Spain.

An annotated checklist of the stony corals (Scleractinia, Milleporidae, Stylasteridae, and Helioporidae) of American Sāmoa is presented. A total of 377 valid species has been reported from American Sāmoa with 342 species considered either present (251) or possibly present (91). Of these 342 species, 66 have a recorded geographical range extension and 90 have been reported from mesophotic depths (30–150 m). Additionally, four new species records (AcanthastreasubechinataVeron, 2000,FavitesparaflexuosusVeron, 2000,EchinophylliaechinoporoidesVeron & Pichon, 1980,TurbinariairregularisBernard, 1896) are presented. Coral species of concern include species listed under the US Endangered Species Act (ESA) and the International Union for Conservation of Nature’s (IUCN) Red List of threatened species. Approximately 17.5% of the species present or possibly present are categorized as threatened by IUCN compared to 27% of the species globally. American Sāmoa has seven ESA-listed or ESA candidate species, includingAcroporaglobiceps(Dana, 1846),AcroporajacquelineaeWallace, 1994,Acroporaretusa(Dana, 1846),Acroporaspeciosa(Quelch, 1886),Fimbriaphylliaparadivisa(Veron, 1990),Isoporacrateriformis(Gardiner, 1898), andPocilloporameandrinaDana, 1846. There are two additional species possibly present, i.e.,Pavonadiffluens(Lamarck, 1816) andPoritesnapoporaVeron, 2000.

Submitted by Jorge Silva (jorgelmsilva@ufrrj.br) on 2021-09-27T20:48:22Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2019 - Erivaldo Erbo Alves dos Santos.pdf: 1472606 bytes, checksum: 8f4d2545909158ecadbf0665288032f7 (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2021-09-27T20:48:23Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2019 - Erivaldo Erbo Alves dos Santos.pdf: 1472606 bytes, checksum: 8f4d2545909158ecadbf0665288032f7 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2019-04-23 Pedagogical tools are being very widespread for teaching and learning. These tools are created with the aim of facilitating learning if used for pedagogical purposes. In this context, the work aims to create, know and analyze the Minhobucket kit as a pedagogical tool for teaching and learning, as well as to evaluate its use with the students of the Bachelor of Animal Science course of IFCE ? Campus Crato (Cear?). The research has walked paths in the form of action-research and participant, with a qualitative approach investigating the subjective and quantitative aspects with the expectation of measuring or quantifying from intense mathematical models and statistical data The search for explanations or solutions that clarify observed phenomena. As a methodological route, the literature review was used. Twenty students were recruited to perform the research activities, which among them used a semi-structured questionnaire, workshop, experiment and the reapplication of a questionnaire. For the analysis of the data regarding the questionnaire, we used the tabulation of responses using Microsoft Excel software with comparative graphs between the first application of the questionnaire and the second one in which resulted in a breakthrough in the investigation of assimilated subjects. For the analysis of the Pedagogical tool Minhobucket, the experiment was carried out in a completely randomized design, with five treatments in different proportions between bovine manure and guinea-grass and four replications, inoculated in each, 3 Adult worms and cliteladas. The data were subjected to analysis of variance and the averages by the Scott & Knott Test (1974) at 5% probability, presenting important results in the learning and teaching of the students, noting that the pedagogical tool in addition to facilitating the teaching and Learning, is also an appropriate tool for the creation and multiplication of earthworms, where in the EB-based substrates (100%) and 25% of CC + 75% of EB, there was no statistical difference, but showed higher quantitative of earthworms, suggesting better habitats for reproduction of them. As ferramentas pedag?gicas est?o sendo muito difundidas para o ensino e a aprendizagem. Essas ferramentas s?o criadas com o objetivo de facilitar o aprendizado se utilizadas para fins pedag?gicos. Nesse contexto, o trabalho tem por objetivo criar, conhecer e analisar o kit Minhobucket enquanto ferramenta pedag?gica de ensino e aprendizagem, bem como avaliar sua utiliza??o junto aos alunos do Curso de Bacharel em Zootecnia do IFCE ? Campus Crato (Cear?). A pesquisa trilhou caminhos nos moldes da pesquisa-a??o e participante, com abordagem qualitativa investigando os aspectos subjetivos e quantitativos com a expectativa de mensurar ou quantificar a partir de intensos modelos matem?ticos e dados estat?sticos pela busca de explica??es ou solu??es que esclare?am fen?menos observados. Como percurso metodol?gico se utilizou da revis?o bibliogr?fica sobre o assunto. Recrutou-se 20 alunos para a realiza??o das atividades de pesquisa, que entre elas, utilizou-se de question?rio semiestruturado, oficina, experimento e a reaplica??o de question?rio. Para a an?lise dos dados referentes ao question?rio, utilizou-se o tabelamento das respostas por meio do software Microsoft Excel com gr?ficos comparativos entre a primeira aplica??o do question?rio e a segunda no que resultou em um avan?o na averigua??o da assimila??o dos assuntos trabalhados. Para an?lise da ferramenta pedag?gica Minhobucket, o experimento foi realizado em delineamento inteiramente casualizados, com cinco tratamentos em propor??es diferentes entre esterco bovino e capim-coloni?o e quatro repeti??es, inoculando em cada, 3 minhocas adultas e cliteladas. Os dados foram submetidos a an?lise de vari?ncia e as m?dias pelo teste de Scott & Knott (1974) a 5% de probabilidade, apresentando resultados importantes na aprendizagem e no ensino dos alunos, constatando-se que a ferramenta pedag?gica al?m de facilitar o ensino e a aprendizagem, tamb?m ? uma ferramenta adequada para a cria??o e multiplica??o de minhocas, onde nos substratos ? base de EB (100%) e 25% de CC + 75% de EB, n?o houve diferen?a estat?stica, mas apresentaram maiores quantitativos de minhocas, sugerindo melhores habitats para a reprodu??o das mesmas.