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Awareness of World Heritage Sites (WHS) is a marketing tool used to promote a destination. Once a tourist arrives, the ‘trip experience’ becomes a vital tool to ensure repeat visits and showcase a positive image of a destination to potential tourists. This study has tried to link the impact of the ‘trip experience’ of tourists to awareness of WHS aiming to understand the relationship of the six ‘domains’ and forming a proposed model. The data was collected from an on-site survey of 309 tourists from July to December 2019 using a structured questionnaire following a pilot study. For data analysis, logistic regression analysis was used. This revealed that four out of six domains increase the probability of tourists’ awareness of WHS status during a trip, namely: welcoming, local travel, tour leader and tour guide. The earlier model for using WHS awareness only for promotional purposes has been shifted by adding the trip experience of the tourists. The findings can be applied by tourism and hospitality facilitators in providing services to tourists. Świadomość istnienia miejsc i obiektów światowego dziedzictwa UNESCO (World Heritage Sites – WHS) to narzędzie marketingowe wykorzystywane w promowaniu destynacji turystycznych. Przeżycia turysty w czasie podróży stają się ważnym instrumentem zachęcającym do powtórnych wizyt oraz przedstawiającym pozytywny wizerunek danej miejscowości innym potencjalnym odwiedzającym. Celem autorów artykułu było wykazanie wpływu doświadczenia podróży turystów na ich świadomość statusu światowego dziedzictwa, zrozumienie jej sześciu składowych oraz stworzenie zaproponowanego modelu. Dane zostały zebrane podczas lokalnego badania ankietowego obejmującego 309 turystów, w okresie od czerwca do grudnia 2019 r., przy użyciu ustrukturyzowanego kwestionariusza, po przeprowadzeniu badania pilotażowego. Do analizy danych zastosowano metodę analizy regresji logistycznej. Wykazała ona, że cztery spośród sześciu składowych potencjalnie zwiększają podczas podróży u odwiedzających świadomość statusu światowego dziedzictwa. Są to: powitanie, podróżowanie po okolicy, pilot wycieczki i miejscowy przewodnik. Wcześniejszy model, w którym świadomość przebywania w miejscu światowego dziedzictwa była wykorzystywana wyłącznie do celów promocyjnych, został zmodyfikowany przez dodanie do niego elementu doświadczenia podróżniczego turystów. Wyniki mogą być przydatne dla osób zajmujących się turystyką i hotelarstwem przy organizacji usług turystycznych.

This study aims to examine the determinants of destination loyalty toward World Heritage Sites (WHSs) along Silk Road tourism in Uzbekistan. It could enable the profiling of inbound tourists visiting WHSs and identification of the important determinants of destination loyalty. The results of this study could present valuable empirical evidence of Silk Road tourism among inbound travelers in Uzbekistan. An online survey was conducted to collect data from U.S. residents who experienced Silk Road tourism in Uzbekistan. A total of 419 questionnaires were used for this study. The present study explored the determinants of destination loyalty among inbound travelers who had visited WHSs along Silk Road destinations in Uzbekistan. Regarding the effect of length of stay on destination loyalty, travelers who visit for 7–13 days are inclined to show higher destination loyalty than the other groups. Free independent travelers to cultural and heritage sites showed a higher level of destination loyalty than other traveler types. The results indicated that travelers who reported visiting the Historic Centre of Bukhara in the Province of Bukhara and Western Tien-Shan in the Province of Tashkent showed higher destination loyalty. The proposed model consists of travel characteristics, WHS destinations, and demographic characteristics. This study provides several important theoretical and managerial implications. Moreover, this study can contribute to knowledge regarding WHSs and increase sustainable destination management to achieve sustainable development goals (SDGs).

This article analyses the production of audiovisual fiction as an instrument for disseminating the image of the Alhambra (Granada) and the Royal Alcazar (Seville) for tourism purposes. The methodology used was twofold: qualitative, carrying out an exhaustive bibliographic review, but also quantitative, using primary sources, through the identification of the films shot, visualization and collection of metadata of the scenes filmed. The information, previously structured, also allows a double analysis: temporal, considering five stages, and spatial, identifying and mapping more than twenty significant places within both sites. In its temporal dimension, the main conclusion refers to the different significance of cinema in the dissemination of the image of both sites: very prominent during Franco’s regime, with a profusion of foreign productions (Alhambra), while from the democratic period onwards it is the Royal Alcazar which offers a greater number of filming. In its spatial dimension, it has been verified that the 19th century formats in charge of disseminating images established a canon of places according to a certain degree of exoticism, which has been perpetuated by cinematography without significant changes.

The purpose of this paper is to explore the main profiles of tourist segments in the agave-tequila industry in Mexico. The blue agave landscape and the ancient tequila facilities are part of the UNESCO’s World Cultural Heritage. Heritage sites may operate as a brand and generate tourism externalities. Investigations combining heritage and sustainable tourism are a promising research field, still underexplored, particularly in emerging destinations. This study contributes to the debate on heritage and sustainable tourism through the identification of different tourist profiles visiting the Tequila region. The study applies a market segmentation approach grounded in the concept of ‘involvement’. Involvement is a good predictor of tourist behavior. Therefore, our investigation identifies distinctive homogenous segments with different levels of tourist involvement. The data in the empirical study was collected through a questionnaire applied to a sample of 700 domestic and international visitors to the city of Tequila. The questionnaire was directly administered to collect data during a 6-month period in order to avoid seasonal issues. Cluster analysis was performed to identify three distinct segments on the basis of the degree of tourists’ ‘involvement’. Findings suggest that the agave landscape and knowledge about tequila are the most salient attributes for high- and low-involved visitors. As those factors are closely related to cultural heritage, the study provides guidance for policy makers and marketers protecting and/or promoting the agave-tequila industry. This research project is an initial attempt to segment agave-tequila tourists and creates a pathway for further investigations into this area.

Small businesses in world heritage sites provide services to visitors and livelihood for residents. Besides the cultural and religious values promoted by these businesses, they also provide socioeconomic support to their owners. The Pashupatinath temple is known as Hindu’s major religious and pilgrimage destination in South Asia. Hundreds of businesses around the temple provide services to visitors. This study evaluates the socioeconomic impacts of these small businesses around Pashupatinath temple. Using a survey of 110 businesses, binary logistic regression models find that the owners of larger businesses selling religious supplies in this area are more likely to own houses in Kathmandu and to be more satisfied with their businesses. The study also finds that businesses without permanent stalls faced severe hardship during the COVID-19 pandemic. This study assessed the socioeconomic status of a business owner through house ownership in Kathmandu, and finds that small businesses operating in the premises of the religious heritage site of Pashupatinath temple have a positive relation to the livelihood of the business owners and their families. It concludes that small-scale business in world heritage sites directly contributes to local livelihoods and economies.

The purpose of the article is to figure out the issues of Ukraine’s interaction with the UNESCO World Heritage Committee in the preservation of Ukrainian monuments included in the UNESCO World Heritage List; to propose measures to address existing challenges. The research methodology is based on the use of general scientific and special methods: comparative, analysis, synthesis, deduction, and induction. From the standpoint of a systemic approach, Ukraine’s interaction with the World Heritage Committee is considered as a set of measures that ensures the preservation of Ukrainian world heritage sites in accordance with Ukraine’s international legal obligations. The scientific novelty of the study is that for the first time the specified issue was comprehensively analysed and proposals were made to optimise cooperation in order to ensure the effective preservation of Ukrainian world heritage sites as the most valuable asset of the nation, including those that are threatened as a result of the war of the Russian Federation against Ukraine. Conclusions. The analysed facts regarding Ukraine’s interaction with the UNESCO World Heritage Committee show the need for more specific actions on the part of our state than so far. It is necessary to modernise the national legislation with special, much more specific than as of 2022, standards for the protection of world heritage sites. It is time for a detailed standardisation of the regulations for the preparation and passing of the documentation, which Ukraine should send to the World Heritage Committee by way of advance notification of intentions to carry out construction in the zone protected by the Convention Concerning the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage.

The purpose of the article is to figure out the issues of Ukraine’s interaction with the UNESCO World Heritage Committee in the preservation of Ukrainian monuments included in the UNESCO World Heritage List; to propose measures to address existing challenges. The research methodology is based on the use of general scientific and special methods: comparative, analysis, synthesis, deduction, and induction. From the standpoint of a systemic approach, Ukraine’s interaction with the World Heritage Committee is considered as a set of measures that ensures the preservation of Ukrainian world heritage sites in accordance with Ukraine’s international legal obligations. The scientific novelty of the study is that for the first time the specified issue was comprehensively analysed and proposals were made to optimise cooperation in order to ensure the effective preservation of Ukrainian world heritage sites as the most valuable asset of the nation, including those that are threatened as a result of the war of the Russian Federation against Ukraine. Conclusions. The analysed facts regarding Ukraine’s interaction with the UNESCO World Heritage Committee show the need for more specific actions on the part of our state than so far. It is necessary to modernise the national legislation with special, much more specific than as of 2022, standards for the protection of world heritage sites. It is time for a detailed standardisation of the regulations for the preparation and passing of the documentation, which Ukraine should send to the World Heritage Committee by way of advance notification of intentions to carry out construction in the zone protected by the Convention Concerning the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage., Мета дослідження — з’ясувати проблематику взаємодії України з Комітетом всесвітньої спадщини ЮНЕСКО в питаннях збереження українських пам’яток, внесених до Списку всесвітньої спадщини ЮНЕСКО; запропонувати заходи щодо розв’язання наявних проблем. Методологія дослідження базується на використанні загальнонаукових та спеціальних методів: порівняльного, аналізу, синтезу, дедукції та індукції. З позицій системного підходу взаємодія України з Комітетом всесвітньої спадщини розглядається як комплекс заходів, що забезпечує збереження українських пам’яток всесвітньої спадщини відповідно до міжнародно-правових зобов’язань України. Наукова новизна дослідження полягає в тому, що вперше комплексно проаналізовано зазначену проблематику й вироблено пропозиції щодо оптимізації співпраці заради забезпечення ефективнішого збереження українських пам’яток всесвітньої спадщини як найціннішого надбання нації, зокрема й тих, які є загроженими внаслідок війни Російської Федерації проти України. Висновки. Проаналізований фактаж щодо взаємодії України з Комітетом всесвітньої спадщини ЮНЕСКО показує необхідність конкретніших, ніж дотепер, дій з боку нашої держави. Слід провести модернізацію національного законодавства зі спеціальними, значно конкретнішими, ніж станом на 2022 рік, нормами щодо охорони пам’яток всесвітньої спадщини. На часі детальне унормування регламенту підготовки й проходження документації, яку Україна має надсилати в Комітет всесвітньої спадщини порядком завчасного інформування про наміри здійснювати будівництво в зоні, що захищається Конвенцією про охорону всесвітньої культурної і природної спадщини.

Rich in history and culture, heritage sites often evoke stirring emotions and memories. We analyzed historical poetry using grounded theory and high-frequency word and semantic analysis to construct historic landscape images (HLIs) of the West Lake UNESCO World Heritage Site in Hangzhou, China. GPS trajectory data were used to identify hot and cold tourist spots and understand the site’s intra-attraction tourist behaviors (IATBs). Finally, we analyzed the HLI–IATB relationship. We found that the tourist distribution was uneven, and different attractions had different visitor behaviors. Our findings should inform future heritage site management—and neighboring cities—about the benefits of using HLIs to predict attraction visitors’ behaviors and leveraging those insights to optimize multiple-attraction sites proportionally. Such projections can provide new perspectives for heritage studies, landscape planning, and tourism image-making.

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to explore the trajectories of the urbanization process in Saudi Arabia in its regional context from the unification of the country by King Abdul Aziz Al Saud in 1932 to the present time, and the urbanization impact on the status and management of cultural heritage in the Kingdom.Design/methodology/approachOur study design integrated a well-articulated theoretical frame of sustainability to gain a heuristical understanding of urbanization in Saudi Arabia, and its link to cultural heritage. The methodological approach was mixed in nature involving (1) literature search and review, (2) analysis of public documents and databases, (3) analysis of photographs and (4) expert interviews.FindingsOne of the most obvious findings reached in this study is that there is considerable trade-off between heritage site conservation, population and economic demand for increased urbanization. Hence, with increasing urbanization pressures, the value of the heritage site may be rethought based on Saudi Arabia's economic and cultural conservation perspectives.Research limitations/implicationsSince our data are mostly of textual narrative in origin, precise predictions were difficult or impossible for many reasons such as non-linearity, and non-equilibrium dynamics, context and scale dependence as well as the historical exigency of urbanization. However, the same theoretical framework can be applied to appropriate longitudinal/ time series data for predictive analyses, which can be taken up as a future research agenda.Originality/valueThis paper analyzes the urbanization process and sustainability challenges of cultural heritage sites employing a mixed methodological approach, embedded in a holistic theoretical framework of sustainability.

This study aimed to assess the determinants of ICT usage at UNESCO World Heritage Sites in Tanzania. Data for this study were collected from August 2017 to February 2018 from 238 World Heritage Site decision-makers. The study stratified these respondents into three strata based on UNESCO’s categorization of WHSs type (nature, mixed, and culture). Systematic random sampling was then used to select respondents from each stratum according to their ratio in the population. Descriptive statistics examined the kurtosis and skewness indices of the output. Testing of the hypotheses involved structural equation modeling (SEM) analysis techniques. The results indicated that WHSs decision-makers would increasingly use ICT when they perceive a relative advantage (PR) and a higher level of perceived less complexity (PCL). Moreover, a higher level of ICT support infrastructures (INF) and support skills (SS) would result in a greater level of ICT usage. Lastly, a higher level of perceived competitive pressure (PCP) and perceived pressure from customers (PPC) would result in a greater level of ICT usage.Only one variable, perceived compatibility, did not have a statistical significant relationship on ICT usage and determine to be an insignificant factor that can influence ICT usage at WHSs. A significant contribution is that the study contributes to expanding the knowledge base of the use of ICT technologies in the tourism industry. The study could be used to develop more robust models concerning ICT determinant factors, not only to WHSs but to other tourism sectors such as training institutions, hotels, ICT vendors, consultants, and the government in Tanzania.

Among the instruments elaborated for protecting and promoting cultural heritage, the UNESCO World Heritage Convention (WHC) and related policies remain dominant, despite criticism in academia. Stud...

The Jordan Country Private Sector Diagnostic (CPSD) is a joint International Finance Corporation (IFC)-World Bank report that highlights the constraints as well as the opportunities facing the private sector in Jordan. It considers three sectors—tourism, logistics, and information and communication technology (ICT) - and the potential they offer for greater private sector contributions to the Jordanian economy, as well as the obstacles that they face from general or sector-specific policies and regulations. The CPSD also offers concrete recommendations to address some of these constraints. Although this report was largely prepared prior to the COVID-19 outbreak, its analysis and recommendations remain as, if not more, valid in the context of the pandemic and of an eventual recovery. A dynamic and resilient private sector is necessary if Jordan is to break the low-growth, high-unemployment trajectory it finds itself in today. The CPSD argues that tackling some of the major obstacles facing the private sector is essential to firm performance, investment, and productivity. These actions are as critical in times of crisis and especially afterwards to pave the way for a vigorous and sustainable recovery. Similarly, the sectors assessed by the CPSD continue to hold promise for the country. The pandemic has underscored the important role that digitalization, a strong ICT infrastructure, and supportive services have in creating a resilient economy and business continuity. E-commerce and logistics capabilities and services are an area put forward by the CPSD as an opportunity for Jordan in the coming years; they have boomed during the current crisis and are expected to be one of the post-pandemic growth sectors. Conversely, tourism, which had been experiencing a strong rebound in Jordan over the past few years, is one of the sectors hardest hit across the globe by the COVID-19 crisis. In Jordan the sector accounts for about 19.2 percent of gross domestic product and 32 percent of exports. Crafting a strategy that effectively addresses the many obstacles that prevent the tourism sector from attaining its potential is a necessary investment for a strong recovery - and a good use of what is likely to be a transitional period until travel re-commences.

Il progetto di ricerca portato avanti durante i tre anni di dottorato si propone di mettere in evidenza come, attraverso l’utilizzo di strumenti di governance reticolare, si possano migliorare il dialogo e la collaborazione tra elementi di eccellenza culturale e culturale-turistica, nello specifico Patrimoni ed eventualmente altri riconoscimenti UNESCO, amministratori locali e portatori d’interesse su scala territoriale/regionale, sfruttando anche strumenti di comunicazione innovativi come piattaforme web e social. Tutto ciò andando a favorire progetti e strategie comunicative e di valorizzazione comuni, in grado di implementare le ricadute positive date dal riconoscimento, migliorando le capacità e le possibilità di valorizzazione individuali e fornendo a cittadini e visitatori esperienze più articolate, attrattive ed integrate. Per raggiungere tale obiettivo, la ricerca (e di conseguenza la tesi) è stata suddivisa in quattro parti principali: la prima, la seconda e la terza sono caratterizzate da contenuti di tipo più analitico e mirano a definire il contesto entro il quale muoversi, le sue origini e le sue regole, mentre la quarta parte si configura in maniera più operativa e riguarda le proposte di intervento. Più nello specifico, la prima parte riguarda la contestualizzazione del mondo UNESCO, prima in maniera più generale andando ad individuare quali sono i suoi programmi e le sue liste, i suoi documenti principali e in particolare la Convenzione del Patrimonio Mondiale del 1972, poi in maniera più focalizzata sulla lista del Patrimonio Mondiale, individuando le tipologie di siti, i criteri di riconoscimento, approfondendo il tema dei beni seriali e il processo di candidatura a Patrimonio Mondiale, includendo anche l’evoluzione delle modalità di comunicazione (e dei loro obiettivi) messe in atto durante le diverse fasi. La seconda parte, invece, approfondisce il tema delle reti, cercando di farne una categorizzazione a seconda dei temi e degli obiettivi che interpretano e andando ad analizzare quelle che sono le reti regionali di Patrimoni UNESCO già esistenti in Italia e i loro strumenti di comunicazione. Successivamente, la terza parte introduce ed approfondisce il caso studio, ovvero il territorio del Friuli Venezia Giulia con i suoi Patrimoni Mondiali, le proposte di candidatura e gli altri riconoscimenti UNESCO. Infine, la quarta ed ultima parte si pone come obiettivo quello di individuare e proporre delle linee guida per la messa in rete di Patrimoni UNESCO in ambito territoriale (e, più nello specifico, regionale), anche in questo caso con un focus sulla comunicazione, testandole tramite la loro applicazione al caso del Friuli Venezia Giulia. Il risultato atteso di questa ricerca, dunque, è duplice: da una parte ci si prefigge di individuare delle linee guida comuni per la messa in rete di beni culturali d’eccellenza come i Patrimoni UNESCO anche a livello territoriale/regionale; dall’altra, l’obiettivo è capire come i nuovi strumenti di comunicazione (piattaforme web e social) possano supportare la valorizzazione di questi siti e di queste reti, andando ad avvicinarli ai cittadini che li abitano e ai possibili visitatori, coinvolgendoli maggiormente, agevolando il processo di visita e creando relazioni tra chi li gestisce e chi li abita/visita. The research project carried out during the PhD program aims to highlight, through the use of network governance tools, how dialogue and collaboration between different stakeholders can be improved. In particular, focusing on World Heritage Sites (and other UNESCO recognitions), local administrators and stakeholders on a territorial / regional scale, taking into account also innovative communication tools such as web and social platforms. To achieve this goal, the research has been divided in four main parts: the first, second and third are characterized by a more analytical approach and aim to define the context and its rules, while the fourth part is configured in a more operational way regarding new proposals for intervention. More specifically, the first part is split in two sections: the first contextualizes UNESCO in the cultural field in a more general way, whereas the second focuses on the World Heritage list. The second part, on the other hand, explores network structures, trying to categorize them according to the themes and aims, analyzing also already existing regional UNESCO World Heritage Sites networks in Italy and their communication tools. In addition to that, the third part introduces the case study focusing on the territory of Friuli Venezia Giulia with its World Heritage Sites, the nominations and the other UNESCO recognitions. Eventually the fourth and last part aims to identify and propose guidelines in order to create a regional UNESCO World Heritage Sites network, focusing also on web communication. Subsequently, this guidelines are validated through their application to the case of Friuli Venezia Giulia. Therefore the expected result of this research is twofold: on one hand, the aim is to identify common guidelines for the networking of UNESCO World Heritage Sites also at a territorial / regional scale; on the other hand, the goal is to understand how the new communication tools (web and social platforms) can support the enhancement of these sites and networks.

Freely available satellite data at Google Earth Engine (GEE) cloud platform enables vegetation phenology analysis across different scales very efficiently. We evaluated seasonal and annual phenology of the old-growth Hyrcanian forests (HF) of northern Iran covering an area of ca. 1.9 million ha, and also focused on 15 UNESCO World Heritage Sites. We extracted bi-weekly MODIS-NDVI between 2017 and 2020 in GEE, which was used to identify the range of NDVI between two temporal stages. Then, changes in phenology and growth were analyzed by Sentinel 2-derived Temporal Normalized Phenology Index. We modelled between seasonal phenology and growth by additionally considering elevation, surface temperature, and monthly precipitation. Results indicated considerable difference in onset of forests along the longitudinal gradient of the HF. Faster growth was observed in low- and uplands of the western zone, whereas it was lower in both the mid-elevations and the western outskirts. Longitudinal range was a major driver of vegetation growth, to which environmental factors also differently but significantly contributed (p < 0.0001) along the west-east gradient. Our study developed at GEE provides a benchmark to examine the effects of environmental parameters on the vegetation growth of HF, which cover mountainous areas with partly no or limited accessibility.

Simple Summary The mara is a large endemic rodent, which major threats are habitat loss, hunting, and overgrazing. Maras live in arid and semiarid areas of Argentina. We studied the influence of environment variables and tourist activity on mara’s habitat use. We used different ecological approaches, from plant communities to floristic composition, in order to know at which level we can better detect the tourism effects on mara’s habitat use. We counted feces of maras as a habitat use index and recorded environmental variables along 80 samples in two plant communities, near and away-from the tourist circuit. To evaluate habitat use, we made statistical models using plant communities, plant strata, cover of trees, shrubs, and grasses, and plant species abundance as explaining factors. We detected the tourism effects on habitat use utilizing cover of trees, shrubs, and grasses, and cover of more abundant plant species, but not plant communities and plant strata, as explicative factors. Maras also selected areas with low bare soil with few pebbles on it. We found complex interactions between abiotic, biotic, and anthropic variables, studying maras’ preferred places near tourism activities, which they probably perceive as safer from predators. Abstract The mara is a large endemic rodent, which presents a marked decline in its populations, mainly because of habitat loss, hunting, and overgrazing. The Ischigualasto Provincial Park is a hyper-arid protected area at the Monte Desert of Argentina with an overall low plant cover. Our objective was to determine the influence of environmental variables and tourist activities on mara’s habitat use. We used different biological levels to explain it, from plant community to floristic composition, in order to know at which level we can better detect the effects of tourist activities. We registered fresh feces and habitat variables along 80 transects in two communities, near and far away from the tourist circuit. To evaluate habitat use, we fitted models at different biological levels: plant community, plant strata, plant biological forms, and floristic composition. At the community and plant strata levels, we could not detect any tourism effects on habitat use. However, we detected effects of tourist activities on mara’s habitat use at the plant strata and floristic composition levels. Maras also selected areas with a low proportion of both bare soil and pebbles cover. We found complex interactions between abiotic, biotic variables and tourism, studying mara’s places near tourism activities, probably because they perceive those places as predator-safe areas.

The paper deals with the relationship between the presence of world heritage sites in a country and the volume of international tourist arrivals and international tourism receipts. World heritage sites are unique tourist attractions with enhanced attention paid to their protection, preservation and sustainability. The paper analyses whether the needs of sustainability can be harmonised with the requirements of a profitable and successful tourism sector, by statistical analysis of data about world heritage sites and tourism performance, for 129 countries of the world from 2014 to 2017. The results show that both cultural and natural world heritage sites are generally strong attractions for tourists and can contribute to increased arrivals and receipts. Cultural sites were found to have higher impact on arrivals, while natural heritage sites seemed to have more impact on receipts, which suggest, that visitors of natural world heritage sites are usually higher spenders, than tourists visiting cultural sites. Countries widely differ, however, in this respect by their geographical locations. Countries in Europe and Latin-America & the Caribbean region benefit most from cultural world heritage sites, while African, and North American countries experienced the benefits of natural world heritage sites more. The general level of development measured by per capita GNI also mattered for the less developed areas, but not so much for developed regions that possess a suitable level of infrastructure, health and education, and living standards.

Influences exerted by cultural heritage properties on developments in architecture, town planning, or landscape design represent one of the criteria that are used to evaluate the Outstanding Universal Value of the properties nominated for listing as World Heritage Sites, which is criterion (ii). In 1996, the wording of criterion (ii) was revised to address the interchange of human values exhibited by cultural heritage properties. The main aim of this study was to discuss the changes that occurred to the application of criterion (ii) following the revision of its wording of 1996, particularly in relation to historic towns. The study also aimed at investigating the applicability of the revised version of criterion (ii) to the particularity of the cultural heritage of an Egyptian historic town and a potential World Heritage Site, which is &ldquo, Historic quarters and monuments of Rosetta/Rachid&rdquo, To achieve these aims, a sample of World Heritage Sites, or potential ones, representing both the pre-1996 and the post-1996 historic towns whose Outstanding Universal Value was justified based on criterion (ii), was adopted for the analysis of the changes in the application of criterion (ii). Subsequently, a brief preview of the major features that represent the mutual influences experienced throughout Rosetta&rsquo, s wider cultural context was carried out. The findings revealed that the prevalent trend in the post-1996 listings of historic towns is the emphasis on other cultures&rsquo, influences exerted on the concerned historic towns through interchanges of human values that take the form of exchanges of technical know-how, traditions and religious values. The findings also indicated the applicability of the revised version of criterion (ii) to the particularity of Rosetta&rsquo, s cultural heritage. The study recommends inscribing Rosetta on the World Heritage List based on criterion (ii).

本報告では，観光雑誌・ガイドブックとして知られている「旅」や「るるぶ」の文字情報や写真情報を活用しながら，1993年に世界自然遺産に登録された屋久島の観光イメージの変遷を明らかにした。その結果，時代ごとに観光地「屋久島」のイメージが変化してきたことが明らかとなった。1950年代には秘境としての屋久島が強調され，山域よりも里の暮らしなどが観光資源と表現されていた。国立公園に編入された時期を除いて，1980年代までは里の温泉や滝が主要な観光資源として頻繁に写真などにも掲載された。しかし 1990年代以降になり，世界遺産登録も一つの契機となり，観光イメージの中心が，縄文杉や白谷雲水峡といった山域に移行した。とりわけ近年は，エコツーリズムを活用した新たな観光形態が紹介されるようになる。例えば，太鼓岩やウィルソン株のハート形の空洞などに代表される新しい観光資源が誕生し，観光地「屋久島」イメージの変化にも影響を与えていた。こうした観光地のイメージ変化をもたらす要因として，観光発展の初期の段階では，観光地へのアクセスが大きく影響しているものと考察された。そして飛行場といった交通機関や道路環境や木道といった登山道整備が改善される中で，アクセスが容易となり，山岳記事が少しずつ増えていったと考えられる。山岳記事が増える中で，大衆観光地化やエコツーリズム産業の発展も進み，観光雑誌・ガイドブックの出版社側も新たな情報の更新を繰り返してきた。ただしこうした迅速な観光資源化は，コンフリクトを生み出してきた。持続的な観光発展のために，行政側が提供する観光情報を検討する時期に来ている。, This paper clarifies the chronological changes in promotional tourism images of Yakushima Island as a tourist site, designated as a world natural heritage site in 1993, using textual as well as visual information for photos published in Japanese travel guidebooks, such as "Tabi" and "Rurubu." This study found that the images of Yakushima have changed across the ages. In the 1950s, Yakushima's images emphasized its remoteness and local livelihoods, which were favored as tourism resources over its mountainous areas. Photos of hot springs and falls adjacent to the seashore were frequently picked up until the 1980s except for the age (around 1965) mountainous area of Yakushima Island was designated as a part of a National Park. After the 1990s, however, the main tourism resources in Yakushima shifted to the mountainous areas, such as Jomon-sugi Cedar and Shiratani-Unsuikyo. Recently, other tourism resources related to the ecotourism industry, such as Taiko-Iwa, known as Drum Rock, and Wilson's stump, with its heart-shaped cavity, were newly exploited. These newly developed resources had a strong influence on changing images of Yakushima.There are several reasons the images of Yakushima have shifted over time. In the early stages of tourism development, limited means of transportation to Yakushima Island and to its mountainous areas critically affected the production of tourism images. Development of infrastructure, such as an an airport, roads, and footpaths, enabled visitors to Yakushima to venture into its mountainous areas, and articles in tourism magazines focusing on the mountainous areas gradually increased as a result. Disclosure of information about the mountainous areas led the penetration of mass tourism and the development of the ecotourism industry in Yakushima. With this increase in interest in the mountainous areas, publishers repeatedly updated their tourism magazines with newly found Yakushima information. However, the quick commodification of natural resources might cause conflicts, including issues of overuse and of alpine accidents. Public authorities must consider to what extent information about the mountainous region should be disclosed for the purpose of sustainable tourism development in Yakushima.

International audience; In this paper, I evaluate the impacts of a World Heritage property listing in terms of conservation, using as a case study the Maloti-Drakensberg Park, a transboundary area located in South Africa and Lesotho. More precisely, I assess the degree to which the 2013 extension of the UNESCO property initially listed in 2000, to include the Sehlabathebe Park in Lesotho, led to changes in the modalities of rock art site conservation, these sites being key heritage resource sites on the World Heritage List. I demonstrate that the conservation outcomes of a World Heritage listing depend on several interacting parameters, such as the type of property listed, the listing procedure, the list functioning, the actors involved, and the multi-scale issues associated with the listed property. In conclusion, I emphasise the need for multiscale contextualisation of the effectiveness of a World Heritage listing for the conservation of a property.

UNESCO’s world heritage program aims to protect sites of cultural and natural heritage worldwide. Issues of local communities and well-being have been given increasing attention by heritage conservation scholars, but a systemic review of UNESCO guidelines has not been performed. Here, we examine the evolution of the ‘Operational Guidelines for the Implementation of the World Heritage Convention,’ documents representing the heritage conservation policies of UNESCO over the period 1994–2019. Using keyword analysis and document analysis, the findings show evidence of an increasing emphasis on local communities, growing primarily since 2005. However, the theme of well-being only first emerged in the operational guidelines in 2019. Political, economic, and environmental challenges idiosyncratic to specific places often complicate the role of local communities and well-being in heritage conservation priorities. Future research should investigate the potential implementation and implications of these changes for the guidelines at specific UNESCO world heritage sites.

The aim of the present research was to present the typologies of foreign tourists in the city of Granada, Spain, based on their emotional perception and interest in culture using different fieldwork methods. The main obtained results determine four segments of tourists: cultural, alternative, heritage, and emotional. The results also show that, in addition to cultural reasons, tourists presented other types of attractions that encouraged them to visit the city. Regarding the satisfaction variable, the obtained results show that satisfaction increased when cultural reasons had a strong influence on the tourists’ choice of destination. This research contributes to identifying the characteristics of the different visitor segments, with the aim of designing tourist and cultural products that can more efficiently satisfy their needs. This will have a positive impact on the economic development of the city of Granada with an increase in tourist spending, which will lead to an increase in employment and urban development.

No consensus has been reached on the effectiveness of World Heritage Sites (WHSs) in attracting tourism. This paper analyzes the impact of WHSs on tourist demand in Spain at a disaggregated level for all Spanish provinces (NUTS-3 regions), based on original panel data for 50 Spanish provinces for the 2000–2019 period. The results show a positive impact of WHSs on domestic and foreign tourism demand when considering all the provinces together and that the first WHSs (designated in the 1980s) have a greater tourism-enhancing effect (“first generation effect”). However, there are differences between Spanish inland and coastal provinces: only cultural WHSs have an impact on tourism in inland provinces, whereas, in coastal provinces, only natural WHSs have the power of tourism attraction.

This paper falls within the scope of cultural tourism studies, focusing on a World Heritage Site and intends to contribute to tourism literature by trying to better understand the differences between the tourists visiting it. A survey was conducted by self-administered questionnaires designed to identify different types of cultural tourists in post-UNESCO Coimbra (Portugal) so as to understand what they look for, the importance they assign to motivational factors, whether they are interested in participatory activities which call for cognitive, intellectual or affective engagement and their degree of satisfaction. A hierarchical cluster analysis was carried out based on age, education, family income, nationality, and length of stay. To perform this analysis of identification of homogeneous groups, Ward's method and the Squared Euclidean distance were used as a measure of similarity. The variables were standardized to avoid bias due to the different scales. The results of this analysis allowed the identification of two groups. Chi-square analyses and Mann-Whitney U tests were also carried out for better characterizing the clusters. Results seem to be useful for destination managers to provide what tourists seek, to enhance their experiences and satisfaction, and strengthen this destination competitiveness and value creation Este artículo se inscribe en el ámbito de los estudios de turismo cultural, se centra en un sitio del Patrimonio Mundial y tiene la intención de contribuir a la literatura turística tratando de comprender mejor las diferencias entre los turistas que lo visitan. Se realizó una encuesta mediante cuestionarios autoadministrados diseñados para identificar diferentes tipos de turistas culturales en Coimbra (Portugal) post-UNESCO con el fin de comprender lo que buscan, la importancia que asignan a los factores motivacionales, si están interesados ​​en actividades participativas que requieren un compromiso cognitivo, intelectual o afectivo y su grado de satisfacción. Se realizó un análisis de conglomerados jerárquicos en función de la edad, la educación, los ingresos familiares, la nacionalidad y el tiempo de estadía. Para realizar este análisis de identificación de grupos homogéneos, Ward ' El método s y la distancia euclidiana al cuadrado se utilizaron como medida de similitud. Las variables se estandarizaron para evitar sesgos debido a las diferentes escalas. Los resultados de este análisis permitieron identificar dos grupos. También se realizaron análisis de chi-cuadrado y pruebas U de Mann-Whitney para caracterizar mejor los conglomerados. Los resultados parecen ser útiles para que los gestores de destinos brinden lo que buscan los turistas, para potenciar sus experiencias y satisfacción, y fortalecer la competitividad y creación de valor de este destino

This research involved the Mobile Media Group, from the Bauhaus-University Weimar - Germany. Technological improvements and access provide a fertile scenario for the creation and development of mobile applications. This scenario of intense production of new software for mobile devices results in a myriad of apps providing information about almost all the cultural segments, including those dedicated to UNESCO World Heritage Sites (WHS). However, not all of the apps have the same efficiency. In order to have a successful app, its development must consider usability aspects aligned with reliable content. Despite the guidelines for mobile usability being broadly available, they are generic, and none of them concentrates specifically in cultural heritage. This article aims to fulfil this literature gap and discusses how to develop specific guidelines for a better WHS experience. It uses an empirical approach applied to an open-air WHS city: Weimar and its Bauhaus and Classical Weimar sites. To build the guidelines, this research compared literature-based guidelines to industry-based ones, extracted from a vast compendium of available apps dedicated to WHS. The instructions compiled from both sources have been comparatively tested by using two built prototypes from the distinctive guidelines.

[EN] This text presents a study on the city of Cuenca, carried out as part of the Project 3DPast-Living & virtual visiting European World Heritage. Nine case studies were selected within the project, when Cuenca was selected as the Spanish case study. The case studies selected had to be cases of inhabited vernacular architecture in places still preserving the traditional constructive techniques. In addition the selection was expected to cover all of Europe in some way. This is therefore a case study for a city declared World Heritage site, aiming to analyse the characteristics of vernacular architecture which have earned it the title of World Heritage Site (through different analyses and 3D methodologies), such as the management strategies currently used there, learning from those proving successful, and even showing these as an example of management for other World Heritage cities which may be encountering similar problems., This work has been carried out as part of the project 3D Past - Living and virtual visiting world heritage site (2016-1740/001- 001).

Community-based ecotourism (CBET) shares many of the values and challenges of community-based tourism (CBT) but must also consider the interaction of local communities and the environment, often in areas of controlled or restricted use. Although CBT and CBET have been part of South Africa’s economic strategy, governance, and social structures and hierarchies may constrain opportunities for entry. This article reviews the relevant literature with specific reference to South African CBT and CBET enterprises and uses the iSimangaliso Wetland Park as a case study to build a general framework for CBT around conservation areas. In particular, the framework describes a pathway for CBET ventures to move from an internal partnership model to an external model and ultimately complete self-sufficiency and independence if desired. We show that despite numerous challenges, CBET can be viable in conservation areas, provided all parties involved in the venture make a concerted effort to ensure that the main objectives of poverty alleviation and improved environmental management are met.

In recent years, there has been an increase in international tourist arrivals worldwide. In this respect, Art Cities are among the most favorable tourist destinations, as they exhibit masterpieces of art and architecture in a cultural environment. However, the so-called phenomenon of overtourism has emerged as a significant threat to the residents&rsquo, quality of life, and, consequently, the sustainability of Art Cites. This research aims to develop a management toolkit that assists site managers to control tourism flows in Art Cities and World Heritage Sites and promotes the residents&rsquo, quality of life. The research methodology was developed within the framework of the Atlas Project in 2019. In this project, five European Art Cities, including Florence, Edinburgh, Bordeaux, Porto, and Santiago de Compostela, discussed their common management challenges through the shared learning method. After developing selection criteria, the Atlas&rsquo, partners suggested a total of nine strategies as best practices for managing overtourism in Art Cities in multiple sections of accommodation policies, monitoring tactics, and promotional offerings. The Atlas project was conducted before the outbreak of the COVID-19 virus pandemic. Based on the current data, it is somehow uncertain when and how tourism activities will return to normal. The analysis of the Atlas findings also highlights some neglected dimensions in the current strategies in terms of environmental concerns, climate change impacts, crisis management, and cultural development plans, which require further research to boost the heritage planning process.

There are difficult and often conflicting agendas to balance with regard to managing historic and archaeological sites as visitor attractions. This article discusses the significant impact of high visitor numbers at archaeologically sensitive sites in the care of Historic Environment Scotland and the approaches taken to mitigate the consequent erosion and manage access. Understanding a monument's significance, a robust management plan and stakeholder and community engagement are essential to successful long-term conservation. Two cases studies are discussed: Holyrood Park, Edinburgh, and the Ring of Brodgar, Orkney.

This is the Author’s Original Manuscript of an article published by Taylor & Francis in the Journal of Sustainable Tourism on 16 March 2020, available online at https://doi.org/10.1080/09669582.2020.1738444. In light of the recent conflicts in Carthage over land use, cultural heritage preservation, and sustainable tourism, this work utilized a value-belief-norm (VBN) theoretical framework to consider psychological antecedents of residents’ behavioral intentions to support cultural heritage tourism. As such, personal values, cultural worldview, awareness of consequences, ascription of responsibility, and subjective norms were considered antecedents of intentions to support cultural heritage tourism. Data were collected from 475 Carthage residents in nine neighborhoods adjacent to UNESCO World Heritage Sites using an on-site self-administered questionnaire. The proposed model was assessed through confirmatory factor analysis (to demonstrate sound psychometric properties across all 11 factors within the model), followed by structural equation modelling. Overall, 15 of the 19 proposed hypotheses were supported, ultimately contributing to 28% of the variance explained in residents’ behavioral intentions to support cultural heritage tourism. This work not only provides support for the utilization of the VBN model within the context of cultural heritage tourism, it also deepens our understanding of the theoretical framework through the inclusion of the multi-dimensional construct cultural worldview.

[European research project]. This collective work gathers three European universities and integrates contributions from all the project’s partners. In addition to the editors, the main contributors are: ESG / Escola Superior Gallaecia, Portugal; UPV / Universitat Politècnica de València, Spain; UNIFI / Università degli Studi di Firenze

This study aimed to assess the determinants of ICT usage at UNESCO World Heritage Sites in Tanzania. Data for this study were collected from August 2017 to February 2018 from 238 World Heritage Site decision-makers. The study stratified these respondents into three strata based on UNESCO’s categorization of WHSs type (nature, mixed, and culture). Systematic random sampling was then used to select respondents from each stratum according to their ratio in the population. Descriptive statistics examined the kurtosis and skewness indices of the output. Testing of the hypotheses involved structural equation modeling (SEM) analysis techniques. The results indicated that WHSs decision-makers would increasingly use ICT when they perceive a relative advantage (PR) and a higher level of perceived less complexity (PCL). Moreover, a higher level of ICT support infrastructures (INF) and support skills (SS) would result in a greater level of ICT usage. Lastly, a higher level of perceived competitive pressure (PCP) and perceived pressure from customers (PPC) would result in a greater level of ICT usage.Only one variable, perceived compatibility, did not have a statistical significant relationship on ICT usage and determine to be an insignificant factor that can influence ICT usage at WHSs. A significant contribution is that the study contributes to expanding the knowledge base of the use of ICT technologies in the tourism industry. The study could be used to develop more robust models concerning ICT determinant factors, not only to WHSs but to other tourism sectors such as training institutions, hotels, ICT vendors, consultants, and the government in Tanzania.

Protected areas (PAs) are expected to conserve nature and provide ecosystem services in perpetuity, yet widespread protected area downgrading, downsizing, and degazettement (PADDD) may compromise these objectives. Even iconic protected areas are vulnerable to PADDD, although these PADDD events are often unrecognized. We identified 23 enacted and proposed PADDD events within World Natural Heritage Sites and examined the history, context, and consequences of PADDD events in 4 iconic PAs (Yosemite National Park, Arabian Oryx Sanctuary, Yasuní National Park, and Virunga National Park). Based on insights from published research and international workshops, these 4 cases revealed the diverse pressures brought on by competing interests to develop or exploit natural landscapes and the variety of mechanisms that enables PADDD. Knowledge gaps exist in understanding of the conditions through which development pressures translate to PADDD events and their impacts, partially due to a lack of comprehensive PADDD records. Future research priorities should include comprehensive regional and country‐level profiles and analysis of risks, impacts, and contextual factors related to PADDD. Policy options to better govern PADDD include improving tracking and reporting of PADDD events, establishing transparent PADDD policy processes, coordinating among legal frameworks, and mitigating negative impacts of PADDD. To support PADDD research and policy reforms, enhanced human and financial capacities are needed to train local researchers and to host publicly accessible data. As the conservation community considers the achievements of Aichi Target 11 and moves toward new biodiversity targets beyond 2020, researchers, practitioners, and policy makers need to work together to better track, assess, and govern PADDD globally., Article impact statement: Legal changes affect even iconic protected areas. Sustaining conservation progress requires research, policies, and human‐capacity investments.

There are well-established links between mental health and the environment. Mental illness is a global issue, and international policies increasingly focus on promoting mental health well-being through community-based approaches, including non-clinical initiatives such as therapeutic landscapes and the use of heritage assets. However, the empirical evidence-base for the impact of such initiatives is limited. This innovative study, known as Human Henge, used a mixed-methods approach to investigate the impact of immersive experiences of prehistoric landscapes on the well-being of participants with mental health issues. Uniquely, the study followed participants for a year after their participation in the project to explore the long-term impact of their experiences on their mental well-being. Findings highlight that, overall, participants experienced improved mental health well-being from baseline to mid- and end-of programme (p = 0.01 & 0.003), as well as one-year post-programme (p = 0.03). Qualitative data indicated the reconnection of participants with local communities, and with other people, in ways that improved their mental health well-being. These data highlight the effectiveness of using heritage as a means of improving the well-being of people with mental health issues.

Earthquakes have been responsible for the destruction of hundreds of monuments throughout human history. Due to their size, conservation state, and lack of seismic provisions, monuments are particu...

This study aims to investigate the overall impacts of the World Heritage List (WHL) inscription in China from different socioeconomic aspects. Kaiping Diaolou and Villages was chosen as the case study because the long period of preparation for WHL inscription led to residents’ deep understanding of its heritage values. Results are as follows. (1) Cultural cognition, sense of belonging, community cohesion and infrastructure were positively improved by the WHL inscription, whereas damage to the community cultural environment slightly increased. (2) In the economic domain, the WHL inscription had generated positive (increase in tourism development and villagers’ income and employment and solution to the Diaolou property rights problem) and negative impacts (worse tourism development, unequal income and unsolved property rights problems). (3) The WHL inscription improved the ecological environment and people’s attention to environmental protection. Although it also caused environmental damage due to an increase in tourists. (4) The positive impacts on the political domain were reflected by government leadership, community participation and plan and legislation, whereas the negative impacts included limited community participation and insufficient planning. Innovations of this study include constructing a theoretical framework to evaluate the impacts of WHL inscription, analysing the present factors of WHL inscription’s impacts and providing development suggestions. First published online 22 October 2019

The tourism industry, being one of the key economic sectors, has to play a crucial role in bringing about sustainable development to Ethiopia. In spite of the fact that Ethiopia has a number of tourist attraction sites, it can be argued that the country has not yet obtained optimal benefit from the tourism sector. Thus, the research project in this article was an investigation into the challenges and opportunities of the tourism industry in Amhara National Regional State (ANRS) with the world heritage sites in focus. To address the objective, a mixed research approach was employed. To this end, both primary and secondary data were collected using focus group discussions (FGDs), semi-structured interviewd, self reported data and document analysis. Based on the thematic analyses made, this research found that the study areas have plenty of cultural, historical, ecotourism, archaeological and religious tourism resources. Moreover, the study has identified that the hospitality of the local community, the presence of internationally well known tourism sites nearby, and the presence of relative peace and stability are all major opportunities to boost the tourism development in the study area. On the other hand, the study revealed the following as major challenges for tourism development in the study areas: the bad image of the country, professional ethical problems among service providers, lack of intercultural communication competence, lack of adequate attention to the sector, weak promotion, direct and indirect violence against tourists occurring in different forms, a lack of coordination among stakeholders, insufficient quality of services, undeveloped tourist attractions, price discrimination, and a lack of sufficient and efficient manpower in the sector. The study determined that in the study areas, the opportunities to tourism development are very wide however a number of constraints have been observed from the discussion with government bodies as well as service providers in the study areas. The study concludes that the tourism industry performance is not satisfactory and largely underexploited due to the variety of challenges at different levels. Based on the findings of this study, the researchers recommend that each responsible stakeholder in the sector should be responsible in terms of taking immediate action and offering training particularly in the areas of cross/inter-cultural communication, developing professional codes of conduct and excellent customer service provision.

This paper falls within the scope of cultural tourism studies, focusing on a World Heritage Site and intends to contribute to tourism literature by trying to better understand the differences between the tourists visiting it. A survey was conducted by self-administered questionnaires designed to identify different types of cultural tourists in post-UNESCO Coimbra (Portugal) so as to understand what they look for, the importance they assign to motivational factors, whether they are interested in participatory activities which call for cognitive, intellectual or affective engagement and their degree of satisfaction. A hierarchical cluster analysis was carried out based on age, education, family income, nationality, and length of stay. To perform this analysis of identification of homogeneous groups, Ward's method and the Squared Euclidean distance were used as a measure of similarity. The variables were standardized to avoid bias due to the different scales. The results of this analysis allowed the identification of two groups. Chi-square analyses and Mann-Whitney U tests were also carried out for better characterizing the clusters. Results seem to be useful for destination managers to provide what tourists seek, to enhance their experiences and satisfaction, and strengthen this destination competitiveness and value creation, Este artículo se inscribe en el ámbito de los estudios de turismo cultural, se centra en un sitio del Patrimonio Mundial y tiene la intención de contribuir a la literatura turística tratando de comprender mejor las diferencias entre los turistas que lo visitan. Se realizó una encuesta mediante cuestionarios autoadministrados diseñados para identificar diferentes tipos de turistas culturales en Coimbra (Portugal) post-UNESCO con el fin de comprender lo que buscan, la importancia que asignan a los factores motivacionales, si están interesados ​​en actividades participativas que requieren un compromiso cognitivo, intelectual o afectivo y su grado de satisfacción. Se realizó un análisis de conglomerados jerárquicos en función de la edad, la educación, los ingresos familiares, la nacionalidad y el tiempo de estadía. Para realizar este análisis de identificación de grupos homogéneos, Ward ' El método s y la distancia euclidiana al cuadrado se utilizaron como medida de similitud. Las variables se estandarizaron para evitar sesgos debido a las diferentes escalas. Los resultados de este análisis permitieron identificar dos grupos. También se realizaron análisis de chi-cuadrado y pruebas U de Mann-Whitney para caracterizar mejor los conglomerados. Los resultados parecen ser útiles para que los gestores de destinos brinden lo que buscan los turistas, para potenciar sus experiencias y satisfacción, y fortalecer la competitividad y creación de valor de este destino

This paper provides an overview of the authors’ master thesis and addresses the effects of World Heritage Sites and heritage sites which are used as filming locations on visitor perceptions of a site and their decision to visit a site. Film-induced tourism is becoming increasingly popular and it is important to assess its impacts on World Heritage Sites and heritage sites used as locations. The integration of the different aspects of heritage and filming at a site including elements and the communication between all the different parties involved are also addressed. The case study used is the popular television series Game of Thrones focusing on various locations in Northern Ireland and Dubrovnik, Croatia. The paper aims to provide a starting platform for future research on heritage sites used as filming locations and the possible impacts that this may have.

UNESCO’s world heritage program aims to protect sites of cultural and natural heritage worldwide. Issues of local communities and well-being have been given increasing attention by heritage conservation scholars, but a systemic review of UNESCO guidelines has not been performed. Here, we examine the evolution of the ‘Operational Guidelines for the Implementation of the World Heritage Convention,’ documents representing the heritage conservation policies of UNESCO over the period 1994–2019. Using keyword analysis and document analysis, the findings show evidence of an increasing emphasis on local communities, growing primarily since 2005. However, the theme of well-being only first emerged in the operational guidelines in 2019. Political, economic, and environmental challenges idiosyncratic to specific places often complicate the role of local communities and well-being in heritage conservation priorities. Future research should investigate the potential implementation and implications of these changes for the guidelines at specific UNESCO world heritage sites.

As of July 2016, the number of World Heritage sites is 1052. Currently, there are 20 sites in Japan. In recent time, Japanʼs interest in World Heritage sites has been growing. In particular, the Japanese government has achieved the registration of Japanese sites in the World Heritage List for four consecutive years. The purpose of this study is to clarify the process through which cultural properties is assigned cultural value by comparing it with other cultures. It focuses on the public offering of World Heritage sites that was promoted by the Agency for Cultural Affairs, government of Japan, in 2006 and 2007 and the new registration system of cultural properties that was established during the same period. According to The Asahi Shimbun, the number of articles in its regional editions on World Heritage sites has been increasing since 1996, and the first peak occurred in 2007. The reason why World Heritage sites garnered much attention among the local society is that the Japanese government decided to ask the local governments to nominate World Heritage sites in 2006. The investigation and maintenance of the cultural properties in relevant sites so as to enter them on the list is done as part of a regional development campaign. In addition, the Agency classified the sites proposed by local governments into tentative list. Furthermore, it creates new titles according to cultural landscape, industrial heritage, and “Japan Heritage” for cultural properties in Japan. In this manner, it inevitably promotes the automatic rating of such site. Critically, the process of the inscribing the World Heritage List can be considered a “chain of rating the properties”．, 2016年7月、第40回世界遺産委員会（World Heritage Committee）を経て、ユネスコ世界遺産の登録数は1052件に達した。日本においては、近年、世界資産への関心が高まっており、 4年連続で世界遺産が登録され、日本にある世界遺産の登録数は20件となった。本稿の目的は、他者の文化との比較を通じて、いかにして文化資産に文化的価値が付与されていくのか、そのプロセスを明らかにすることである。ここでは、2006、2007年に実施された文化庁による世界遺産公募と、それに続いて生じる文化資産の新たな認定制度の創設に焦点を当てる。朝日新聞の地方版における世界遺産関連の記事は1996年以降急増している。2007年に第 1次ピークを迎えるが、その要因のひとつとして、文化庁が地方公共団体に対して、世界遺産候補の公募を行ったことが挙げられる。それまでは、文化庁によって、世界遺産暫定一覧表に登録する文化資産が選定されていたが、公募を契機として、地方公共団体が地域の文化資産を世界遺産に登録するためにそれらを発見、維持するというように、地域開発に資する活動へと結びついていったのである。公募後、文化庁は応募された文化資産のなかから、世界遺産登録基準を参照しながら、暫定一覧表に掲載する資産を選定し、その他を暫定一覧表候補としてⅠa，Ⅰb，Ⅱと分類した。さらには、文化的景観、産業遺産、「日本遺産」のような新たな認定制度を創設した。このように、文化資産を序列化することは避けられず、世界遺産の選定プロセスが、文化資産の「認定の連鎖」となりうることについて、注視していく必要があると考える。, 本稿は、平成25年度―平成27年度科学研究費助成事業・基盤研究（C）「ユネスコ世界遺産に関する比較社会学的研究」（研究代表者：荻野昌弘、課題番号：25380724）による研究成果の一部である。

O World Heritage sites really belong ta humanity, to everyone? Ta this question, the issues of territorialisation and appropriation of a heritage site have been studied in order ta highlight the balance of power and social inequalities produced as they appear in the spatial dimension. Mauritius has been the focus of this study because despite its small size, the memory of its population and their identities are still being debated. The analysis of the representations as well as the practices of appropriation and territorialisation of its two World Heritage Sites produce multi-scalar offsets and thus, movements of appropriation as well as of dis-appropriation. Thus, are played in these spaces, the legitimization and the hierarchy of different components of the Mauritian society, Le Patrimoine Mondial, appartient-il à vraiment à l'humanité, à tout le monde ? À cette question, les enjeux de la territorialisation et de l'appropriation d'un espace patrimonialisé ont été étudiés afin de mettre en lumière les rapports de force et les inégalités sociales produites tels qu'ils se donnent à voir dans la dimension spatiale. Pour cela, l'île Maurice a constitué le terrain d'étude car malgré sa petite taille, la mise en mémoire des espaces et des identités y font toujours débat. L'analyse des représentations ainsi que les pratiques d'appropriation et de territorialisation de deux espaces reconnus sur la prestigieuse liste du Patrimoine Mondial produisent des décalages multi-scalaires et ainsi, des mouvements d'appropriation ainsi que de désappropriation. Se jouent dans ces espaces, la légitimation et la hiérarchisation de différentes composantes de la société mauricienne.

The Tehuacán-Cuicatlán Valley, Mexico, is the semiarid region with the richest biodiversity of North America and was recently recognized as a UNESCO's World Heritage site. Original agricultural practices remain to this day in agroforestry systems (AFS), which are expressions of high biocultural diversity. However, local people and researchers perceive a progressive decline both in natural ecosystems and AFS. To assess changes in location and extent of agricultural land use, we carried out a visual interpretation of very-high resolution imagery and field work, through which we identified AFS and conventional agricultural systems (CAS) from 1995 to 2003 and 2012. We analyzed five communities, representative of three main ecological and agricultural zones of the region. We assessed agricultural land use changes in relation to conspicuous landscape features (relief, rivers, roads, and human settlements). We found that natural ecosystems cover more than 85% of the territory in each community, and AFS represent 51% of all agricultural land. Establishment and permanence of agricultural lands were strongly influenced by gentle slopes and the existence of roads. Contrary to what we expected, we recorded agricultural areas being abandoned, thus favoring the regeneration of natural ecosystems, as well as a 9% increase of AFS over CAS. Agriculture is concentrated near human settlements. Most of the studied territories are meant to preserve natural ecosystems, and traditional AFS practices are being recovered for biocultural conservation.

In this thesis I examine three cities that have been nominated as world heritage sites by UNESCO, and how these cities are understood and mediated by visitors. One of the research questions was also to see how these places has been affected by the nomination. I have visited Visby, Dubrovnik and Toruń to do this research. I wanted to find out why so many people choose to visit these places and how much the world heritage nomination was part of the decision to visit. This is done by examining how these cities are mediated by travel literature, tourist information in the form of brochures and other information, as well as interviews. These interviews were conducted both with tourists at these sites, but also with people that work with tourism or cultural heritage in some form. The method used besides interviews has been thick description as it is formulated by Clifford Geertz to describe and make sense of these places and to see how you would experience these places as a tourist. The researchers that has figured as a theoretical background include John Urry and Andrew Walsh. Urry describes how the tourist uses different gazes to see the world in different ways, and Walsh describes how a place that seems to be irreplaceable might in fact not be so irreplaceable, which applies on the examined places in this thesis. Josefina Syssner and Karim van Knippenberg together with Linde Egberts lays a groundwork for the understanding of different sorts of tourists, and what tools can be used is place marketing of these cities. In agreement with previous research I conclude that the primary attraction of these sites for the tourists is not their status as world heritage sites, and the reason that these sites are troubled with mass tourism lies elsewhere. The place itself is replaceable for the majority of the tourists, but not for the material heritage. A better dialogue is needed between the tourism and heritage sector, as well as local residents and politicians, to be able to counteract the negative effects of mass tourism, that is shown to wear on the material culture. The mediation needs to include a more widespread picture of the complex issues that concerns these heritage sites. In todays globalized and mobile world, the idea of world heritage sites becomes problematic, as this work has shown. This thesis is a two years master’s thesis in Museum and cultural heritage.

This is an investigation that wants to study about the perspective of service quality for young audiences at a cultural place such as museum. These types of projects allow us to obtain direct feedback from children as young visitors and achieve important outcomes that could help to improve museum services in order to increase children satisfaction and loyalty and help to change the museum managers' view and change the vision of museum administrators. In this sense, 361 questionnaires responded to boys and girls in primary schools in Tehran, between 7 and 13 years old, while visiting the museum. Obtained answers have been analyzed through various methods. The results show that some of the service quality factors have a positive effect on children's visits, but we have discovered that some of these factors may not be direct causes of satisfaction during their visit, unlike adults. It means that these factors are not sufficient for the satisfaction of the children in their visit from a cultural place like the museums. In summary, it can be said that the Golestan Palace museum has important elements of attraction for children, which with appropriate planning, attention and investment, can become the focus of attracting young audiences in Tehran Aquesta és una investigació que vol informar sobre l´estat de la qüestió i la importància d´avaluar el nivell de qualitat del serveis dels museus. Aquest tipus d´estudis ens permeten obtenir informació directa dels infants com a visitants i aconseguir resultats importants que podrien ajudar a millorar els serveis dels museus. D’aquesta manera es pot aconseguir d'augmentar la participació i satisfacció dels infants i, alhora, ajudar a canviar la visió dels administradors dels museus. Com a evidències en aquest sentit, aportem les enquestes dels nens i nenes d'escoles d´Educació Primària de Teheran, d'entre 7 i 13 anys. Entre tots, varen respondre 361 qüestionaris mentre visitaven el museu. Les respostes obtingudes s'han analitzat mitjançant diversos mètodes i els resultats, mostren que alguns dels factors de qualitat del servei, tenen un efecte positiu en les visites dels nens i nenes, però hem descobert també que, aquests factors, poden no ser valorats com a causa directa de satisfacció durant la visita, a diferència dels adults. En resum, es pot dir que el museu del Palau de Golestan, té elements importants com a atracció per als infants, i que amb una planificació, atenció i inversió adequades, pot convertir-se en focus d’atracció d’infants i joves a Teheran

Portugal is an important tourist destination in Europe and the world. Tourism is one of Portugal’s main socio-economic activities, with a highly satisfactory growth potential. The analysis of Portuguese tourism that is presented here spans the period 1965 to 2016. It therefore sets out the main changes in tourism in Portugal over the last 50 years. The rise in tourist demand and the growing internationalization of destinations are emphasized, highlighting the importance of air transport, event organization and promotional campaigns. In terms of tourist destination structure, this article highlights the main tourist products and their consolidation over the period, the importance of education and training of human resources to ensure the quality of products and services, and the regional differentiation of tourist activity. Lastly, it presents a summary of the main tourist planning initiatives in Portugal in the last 50 years. The results show a marked increase in tourism supply and demand in the first 16 years of the twenty-first century, an increasing improvement of amenities and diversification of markets, not to mention a planning effort, yet an asymmetrical pattern persists in the national territory. Le Portugal est une destination touristique importante, européenne et mondiale. Avec un énorme potentiel de croissance, le tourisme est l'une des principales activités socio‑économiques du pays. L'analyse du tourisme au Portugal présentée ici démarre en 1965 et s’étend jusqu’en 2016. Elle couvre, par conséquent, les principales transformations du tourisme au Portugal au cours des 50 dernières années et met en évidence l'augmentation de la demande touristique et l'internationalisation croissante du tourisme, en soulignant l'importance du transport aérien, l'organisation d'événements et de campagnes promotionnelles. En ce qui concerne la structure de l’offre, cet article met l’accent sur les principaux produits touristiques et leur consolidation dans le temps, l'importance de l'éducation et de la formation des ressources humaines pour la qualification de l'offre et la différenciation régionale de l’activité. Pour finir, nous présentons une synthèse des principales initiatives de planification touristique au Portugal au cours des 50 dernières années. Les résultats montrent une forte croissance de l'offre et de la demande touristique au cours des 16 premières années du xxie siècle, une amélioration progressive de l’accueil et une diversification des marchés, ainsi qu'un effort de planification, en dépit de la persistance d’un modèle national asymétrique.

Portugal is an important tourist destination in Europe and the world. Tourism is one of Portugal’s main socio-economic activities, with a highly satisfactory growth potential. The analysis of Portuguese tourism that is presented here spans the period 1965 to 2016. It therefore sets out the main changes in tourism in Portugal over the last 50 years. The rise in tourist demand and the growing internationalization of destinations are emphasized, highlighting the importance of air transport, event organization and promotional campaigns. In terms of tourist destination structure, this article highlights the main tourist products and their consolidation over the period, the importance of education and training of human resources to ensure the quality of products and services, and the regional differentiation of tourist activity. Lastly, it presents a summary of the main tourist planning initiatives in Portugal in the last 50 years. The results show a marked increase in tourism supply and demand in the first 16 years of the twenty-first century, an increasing improvement of amenities and diversification of markets, not to mention a planning effort, yet an asymmetrical pattern persists in the national territory.

Objective: The aim of this article is to investigate if Romanian rural localities hosting or situated within a natural WHS (World Heritage Site) have benefited from their situation and developed the local rural tourism. Research Design & Methods: Since the topic of this article had not been previously investigated for Romania, the research was constructed as a case study, exploring the available secondary data on tourism supply and demand. Within the case study, a combination of empirical methods was used in order to investigate two ratios (the survival rate and continuity ratio) constructed to study the sustainability of the offer of local tourism. Findings: Romanian rural localities hosting or being part of a WHS do not exploit properly their tourist potential. However, these localities are in a better position than common rural localities from the viewpoint of a sustainable tourism offer. Implications & Recommendations: Further studies on tourism demand and tourism governance for WHS localities are needed in order to help local governments to develop authentic and sustainable tourism for these areas. Contribution & Value Added: Given the sparse academic Romanian literature focusing on WHSs, this study contributes to this field and opens new avenues for research. Furthermore, the findings of this study add to the existing international literature by supporting the idea that simply the presence of a WHS in rural areas is not a panacea for promoting tourism.

This study examines the four cases of World Heritage protected cultural landscapes in Europe that are characterized by mining in order to identify the role mining plays today in such cultural landscapes, the legal requirements for their protection, and also the exploration and exploitation in these areas and the differences that exist between the five European countries concerned. Using a qualitative comparative case study approach, the authors find that active mining is taking place in the Austrian case, and exploration is happening adjacent to the German/Czech protected cultural landscape. The legal protection of the cases is mainly based on heritage and monument protection legislation as well as environment protection legislation including the Natura 2000 network. Differences exist, as other than in Germany, exploration and mining could be allowed in protected areas, which is also contrary to the position of the United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization, and the International Council on Mining and Metals.