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Previous studies have highlighted links between a high-glycemic-load (GL) diet and Alzheimer’s disease in apolipoprotein E ε4 (APOE4) carriers. However, the impact of high-GL diet on plasma amyloid-β (Aβ), an Alzheimer’s disease hallmark that can be detected decades before clinical symptomatology, is unknown. This study examined the association between plasma Aβ peptides (Aβ40, Aβ42 concentration and Aβ42/Aβ40 ratio) and GL. The influence of the GL of four meal types (breakfast, lunch, afternoon snack, and dinner) was also determined. From the prospective Three-City study, 377 participants with plasma Aβ measurements, and who completed the Food Frequency Questionnaire, were selected. The association between plasma Aβ and GL was tested using an adjusted linear regression model. Lunch GL was associated with a lower plasma Aβ42 concentration (β = −2.2 [CI = −4.27, −0.12], p = 0.038) and lower Aβ42/Aβ40 ratio (β = −0.009 [CI = −0.0172, −0.0007], p = 0.034) in the model adjusted for center, age, sex, education level, APOE4 status, energy intake, serum creatinine, total cholesterol, and Mediterranean-like diet. No significant association was found with the GL of the other meal types. These results suggest that dietary GL may independently modulate the plasma Aβ of the APOE4 status. The mechanism underlying diet, metabolic response, and Aβ peptide regulation must be elucidated.

Current evidence suggests that some isolated polyphenols (PP) may exert promising effects for the risk of depression in young adults, however studies among older adults remain limited. The aim of the current study was to examine the prospective association between patterns of PP intake and the risk of depressive symptomatology (DS) in older adults.The study sample was based on the Three-City (3C) Bordeaux cohort of adults aged 65 years and over and without DS at the time of recruitment. The intakes of PP, summarised into 21 PP classes, were determined using a 24-h recall combined with the Phenol-Explorer database. In addition, the patterns of PP intake were identified by a Principal Component Analysis (PCA). DS was evaluated using the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D) over a period of 15 years with a reassessment every 2-3 years. The incident DS was reported for CES-D score ≥16 and/or the use of antidepressant treatment. The association between the patterns of PP intake at baseline and the risk of DS was computed using multivariate random-effect logistic regression models.Among the 1074 participants (mean age 75.7 y, SD 4.8 y), 423 (39.4%) developed a DS during the follow-up. Distinct patterns of PP intake were identified, explaining up to 50% of the variance. The two first patterns, mainly driven by stilbenes and dihydroflavonols and by hydroxyicnnamic acid and alkylmethoxyphenols respectively, were not associated with the odds of DS. Furthermore, a higher score on the third pattern, mainly driven by monomeric flavanols and theaflavins, was associated with a significant 27% lower risk of DS over time (Odd Ratio = 0.73, 95% Confidence Interval [0.55; 0.97]).This prospective study suggested that a pattern high in monomeric flavanols and theaflavins intakes, mainly provided by tea, was associated with a reduced risk of DS in older adults. These results provide promising evidence on combined PP intakes that would require further confirmation in other samples.

International audience; Previous studies have highlighted links between a high-glycemic-load (GL) diet and Alzheimer's disease in apolipoprotein E ε4 (APOE4) carriers. However, the impact of high-GL diet on plasma amyloid-β (Aβ), an Alzheimer's disease hallmark that can be detected decades before clinical symptomatology, is unknown. This study examined the association between plasma Aβ peptides (Aβ40, Aβ42 concentration and Aβ42/Aβ40 ratio) and GL. The influence of the GL of four meal types (breakfast, lunch, afternoon snack, and dinner) was also determined. From the prospective Three-City study, 377 participants with plasma Aβ measurements, and who completed the Food Frequency Questionnaire, were selected. The association between plasma Aβ and GL was tested using an adjusted linear regression model. Lunch GL was associated with a lower plasma Aβ42 concentration (β = -2.2 [CI = -4.27, -0.12], p = 0.038) and lower Aβ42/Aβ40 ratio (β = -0.009 [CI = -0.0172, -0.0007], p = 0.034) in the model adjusted for center, age, sex, education level, APOE4 status, energy intake, serum creatinine, total cholesterol, and Mediterranean-like diet. No significant association was found with the GL of the other meal types. These results suggest that dietary GL may independently modulate the plasma Aβ of the APOE4 status. The mechanism underlying diet, metabolic response, and Aβ peptide regulation must be elucidated.

Insulin resistance is a major mechanism involved in the onset of physical frailty (PF). Although rich carbohydrate diets may promote insulin resistance, few studies have examined their association with PF risk. This study aimed to investigate the spectrum of carbohydrate exposure, including carbohydrate intake (simple, complex, and total), glycemic load (a measure of the diet-related insulin demand), and adherence to a low-carbohydrate diet with the incident risk of PF in community-dwelling older adults. Baseline carbohydrate exposure was assessed in nonfrail participants of the Three-City Bordeaux cohort using a 24-hour dietary recall. Over 15 years of follow-up, participants were screened for PF, defined by the FRAIL scale (≥3 criteria out of Fatigue, Resistance, Ambulation, Illnesses, and weight Loss). Associations were estimated using mixed-effects logistic models adjusted for sex, age, education, smoking status, alcohol consumption, depressive symptomatology, global cognitive performances, and protein and energy intakes. The sample included 1 210 participants (62% females, mean age 76 years). Over the follow-up, 295 (24%) incident cases of PF were documented (28% in females, 18% in males). Higher intake of simple carbohydrates was significantly associated with greater odds of incident PF (per 1-SD increased: OR = 1.29; 95% CI = 1.02–1.62), specifically among males (OR = 1.52; 95% CI = 1.04–2.22). No association was observed with complex or total carbohydrate intake, glycemic load, or low-carbohydrate diet. Among the whole carbohydrate exposure, only higher consumption of simple carbohydrates in older age was associated with a higher risk of developing PF. Further studies are required to explore underlying mechanisms.

Several foods from the Mediterranean Diet (MeDi) have already been characterized as beneficial for depression risk, while studies focusing on adherence to the overall MeDi are lacking among older adults at higher risk of depression. The aim of this study was to assess the association between MeDi adherence and the risk of depressive symptomatology (DS) in an older French cohort followed for 15 years. Participants from the Three-City Bordeaux cohort answered a food frequency questionnaire used to assess their MeDi adherence. The Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression (CES-D) scale score of 16 or greater and/or use of antidepressant treatment ascertained at each visit defined incident DS. Random-effect logistic regression models were adjusted for potential confounders. Among 1018 participants, aged 75.6 years (SD 4.8 years) on average at baseline, 400 incident cases of DS were identified during the follow-up. Only when restricting the definition of DS to a CES-D score ≥ 16 was a borderline-significant trend towards a benefit of greater adherence to the MeDi with reduced odds of DS found (p-value = 0.053). In this large sample of older French adults, a potential benefit of greater adherence to the MeDi regarding the risk of DS would depend on the definition of DS.

International audience; Introduction: In animal models, refined carbohydrates (RF) worsen Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, the long-term effects of high RF intake on the risk of dementia and AD are poorly described in epidemiological studies. Moreover, the interaction between RF and the apolipoprotein E ε4 allele (APOE-4) is unknown. Our study investigated whether RF-rich diets are associated with the risk of dementia and AD.Methods: The glycemic load (GL) was quantified in 2777 elderly participants from the French Three-City Study to estimate RF intake. Then, the associations between GL and risk of dementia and AD, and the interaction with APOE-4 over a 12-year period were assessed using proportional hazards models.Results: After adjustment for potential confounders, high afternoon-snack GL was associated with increased dementia and AD risk in APOE-4 carriers (hazard ratio = 1.27 [1.03-1.56]).Discussion: This study highlights that RF-rich diets are a risk factor for dementia and AD in APOE-4 carriers.; Introduction : Dans les modèles animaux, les glucides raffinés (RF) aggravent la maladie d'Alzheimer (MA). Cependant, les effets à long terme d'une forte consommation de RF sur le risque de démence et de MA sont peu décrits dans les études épidémiologiques. De plus, l'interaction entre les RF et l'allèle de l'apolipoprotéine E ε4 (APOE-4) est inconnue. Notre étude a cherché à savoir si les régimes alimentaires riches en RF sont associés au risque de démence et de MA.Méthodes : La charge glycémique (GL) a été quantifiée chez 2777 participants âgés de l'étude française des Trois-Cités pour estimer l'apport en RF. Ensuite, les associations entre la GL et le risque de démence et de MA, et l'interaction avec l'APOE-4 sur une période de 12 ans ont été évaluées à l'aide de modèles de risques proportionnels.Résultats : Après ajustement pour les facteurs de confusion potentiels, un taux élevé de GL pendant le goûter a été associé à un risque accru de démence et de MA chez les porteurs d'APOE-4 (rapport de risque = 1,27 [1,03-1,56]).Discussion : Cette étude souligne que les régimes riches en RF sont un facteur de risque de démence et de MA chez les porteurs d'APOE-4.

Dairy products (DP) are part of a food group that may contribute to the prevention of physical frailty. We aimed to investigate DP exposure, including total DP, milk, fresh DP and cheese, and their cross-sectional and prospective associations with physical frailty in community-dwelling older adults. The cross-sectional analysis was carried out on 1490 participants from the Three-City Bordeaux cohort. The 10-year frailty risk was examined in 823 initially non-frail participants. A food frequency questionnaire was used to assess DP exposure. Physical frailty was defined as the presence of at least 3 out of 5 criteria of the frailty phenotype: weight loss, exhaustion, slowness, weakness, and low physical activity. Among others, diet quality and protein intake were considered as confounders. The baseline mean age of participants was 74.1 y and 61% were females. Frailty prevalence and incidence were 4.2% and 18.2%, respectively. No significant associations were observed between consumption of total DP or DP sub-types and frailty prevalence or incidence (OR = 1.40, 95%CI 0.65–3.01 and OR = 1.75, 95%CI 0.42–1.32, for a total DP consumption &gt, 4 times/d, respectively). Despite the absence of beneficial associations of higher DP consumption on frailty, older adults are encouraged to follow the national recommendations regarding DP.

The maxillofacial complex follows a growth pattern guided by genetic characteristics while possessing an adaptive potential depending on the environment to which the individual is subjected. One of the main factors likely to modify the maxillofacial growth pattern seems to be mastication, which would have guided the evolution of the masticatory system in humans to fit the "masticatory-functionnal hypothesis" formulated in the 1970s. This trend has accelerated over the last century, with industrialization contributing to the development of ultra-processed food products, which are more easily assimilated by our organism, but on the other hand make them much softer. This hypothesis has been corroborated by a large number of experimental studies on animals, particularly rodents. In humans, some studies suggest that similar conclusions could be drawn during maxillofacial growth in children. Indeed, the masticatory kinematics will be affected by a modification of the food consistency, which will have an effect on the solicitation of the functional matrices and therefore on growth. Other studies have reported a change in the direction and quantity of growth in the case of exacerbated masticatory activity. In addition, some comparative studies have shown anatomical differences between populations that are genetically close but whose lifestyle and particularly diet will change. However, the relationship between chewing soft foods and maxillomandibular growth in children remains too poorly documented for preventive recommendations to be proposed, despite increasing exposure to soft foods in our post-industrial Western populations. This is why the establishment of a study protocol on the impact of food consistency on maxillary growth seems to be necessary.; Le complexe maxillo-mandibulaire suit un schéma de croissance guidé par les caractères génétiques tout en possédant un potentiel adaptatif en fonction de l'environnement auquel est soumis l'individu. Un des principaux facteurs susceptibles de modifier le schéma de croissance maxillo-facial semble être la mastication, celle-ci aurait guidé l'évolution du système masticatoire chez l'Homme selon la "masticatory-functionnal hypothesis" formulée dans les années 1970. Cette tendance s’est accélérée au cours du dernier siècle, avec l’industrialisation qui a contribué à l’essor de produits alimentaires ultra-transformés, plus facilement assimilables par notre organisme, mais les rendant en contrepartie, beaucoup plus tendres. Cette hypothèse a pu être corroborée par un grand nombre d'études expérimentales chez l'animal et notamment le rongeur. Chez l’Homme, quelques études laissent penser que des conclusions similaires pourraient être mises en évidence chez l’enfant. En effet, la cinématique masticatoire va être affectée par une modification de la consistance alimentaire or celle-ci va jouer sur la sollicitation des matrices fonctionnelles et donc sur la croissance. D’autres études ont fait état d’une modification de la direction et la quantité de croissance en cas d’activité masticatoire exacerbée. Par ailleurs, quelques études comparatives ont mis en évidence des différences anatomiques entre des populations proches génétiquement mais dont les habitudes de vie et particulièrement l’alimentation vont changer. La relation entre la mastication d'aliments tendres et la croissance maxillo-mandibulaire chez l'enfant reste cependant trop peu étayée pour que des recommandations préventives soient proposées, et ce malgré une exposition croissante aux aliments tendres dans nos populations occidentales post-industrielles. C’est pourquoi l’établissement d’un protocole d’étude sur l’impact de la consistance alimentaire sur la croissance des maxillaires semble s’imposer.