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Conventional influenza vaccines fail to confer broad protection against diverse influenza A viruses with pandemic potential. Efforts to develop a universal influenza virus vaccine include refocusing immunity towards the highly conserved stalk domain of the influenza virus surface glycoprotein, hemagglutinin (HA). We constructed a non-replicating adenoviral (Ad) vector, encoding a secreted form of H1 HA, to evaluate HA stalk-focused immunity. The Ad5_H1 vaccine was tested in mice for its ability to elicit broad, cross-reactive protection against homologous, heterologous, and heterosubtypic lethal challenge in a single-shot immunization regimen. Ad5_H1 elicited hemagglutination inhibition (HI+) active antibodies (Abs), which conferred 100% sterilizing protection from homologous H1N1 challenge. Furthermore, Ad5_H1 rapidly induced H1-stalk-specific Abs with Fc-mediated effector function activity, in addition to stimulating both CD4+ and CD8+ stalk-specific T cell responses. This phenotype of immunity provided 100% protection from lethal challenge with a head-mismatched, reassortant influenza virus bearing a chimeric HA, cH6/1, in a stalk-mediated manner. Most importantly, 100% protection from mortality following lethal challenge with a heterosubtypic avian influenza virus, H5N1, was observed following a single immunization with Ad5_H1. In conclusion, Ad-based influenza vaccines can elicit significant breadth of protection in naive animals and could be considered for pandemic preparedness and stockpiling.

SHARPIN, together with RNF31/HOIP and RBCK1/HOIL1, form the linear ubiquitin chain assembly complex (LUBAC) E3 ligase that catalyzes M1-linked polyubiquitination. Mutations in RNF31/HOIP and RBCK/HOIL1 in humans and Sharpin in mice lead to autoinflammation and immunodeficiency, but the mechanism underlying the immune dysregulation remains unclear. We now show that the phenotype of the Sharpin(cpdm/cpdm) mice is dependent on CYLD, a deubiquitinase previously shown to mediate removal of K63-linked polyubiquitin chains. Dermatitis, disrupted splenic architecture, and loss of Peyer's patches in the Sharpin(cpdm/cpdm) mice were fully reversed in Sharpin(cpdm/cpdm) Cyld(−/−) mice. We observed enhanced association of RIPK1 with the death-signaling Complex II following TNF stimulation in Sharpin(cpdm/cpdm) cells, a finding dependent on CYLD since we observed reversal in Sharpin(cpdm/cpdm) Cyld(−/−) cells. Enhanced RIPK1 recruitment to Complex II in Sharpin(cpdm/cpdm) cells correlated with impaired phosphorylation of CYLD at serine 418, a modification reported to inhibit its enzymatic activity. The dermatitis in the Sharpin(cpdm/cpdm) mice was also ameliorated by the conditional deletion of Cyld using LysM-cre or Cx3cr1-cre indicating that CYLD-dependent death of myeloid cells is inflammatory. Our studies reveal that under physiological conditions, TNF- and RIPK1-dependent cell death is suppressed by the linear ubiquitin-dependent inhibition of CYLD. The Sharpin(cpdm/cpdm) phenotype illustrates the pathological consequences when CYLD inhibition fails.

Ischemic myocardial disease is a major cause of death among humans worldwide; it results in scarring and pallor of the myocardium and triggers an inflammatory response that contributes to impaired left ventricular function. This response includes and is evidenced by the production of several inflammatory cytokines including TNFα, IL1β, IL4, IFNγ, IL10 and IL6. In the current study, myocardial infarcts were induced in 6 mo old male castrated sheep by ligation of the left circumflex obtuse marginal arteries (OM 1 and 2). MRI was used to measure parameters of left ventricular function that include EDV, ESV, EF, SVI, dp/dt max and dp/dt min at baseline and at 4 wk and 3 mo after infarct induction. We also measured serum concentrations of an array of cytokines. Postmortem histologic findings corroborate the existence of left ventricular myocardial injury and deterioration. Our data show a correlation between serum cytokine concentrations and the development of myocardial damage and left ventricular functional compromise.

Background: Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) involves an increase in T effector cells in the intestines that disrupts the normal balance with T regulatory cells (Tregs). A therapy that restores this balance has the potential to treat IBD. We have shown that epicutaneous exposure to OVA induces Tregs that are able to induce tolerance. The Tregs also migrate to the intestines where they alleviate colitis in mice, demonstrating the potential for skin induced Tregs to treat intestinal inflammation. We investigated the role of Foxp3, IL-10, and TGF-β in the suppression of colitis by epicutaneous immunotherapy (ET).Methods: RAG1−/− mice were transferred with CD4+CD45RBhi T cells from wild type mice to induce colitis. To determine whether Foxp3+ Tregs, IL-10-, or TGF-β-producing Tregs were necessary, Foxp3-DTR, IL-10−/−, or CD4-dnTGFBRII mice were immunized with OVA and OVA TCR enriched T cells were added. As control groups, some mice were given OVA TCR enriched T cells from wild type mice or no OVA TCR enriched T cells. Half of the mice in each group were then exposed on the skin to Viaskin patches containing OVA weekly for 3 weeks. Mice given OVA TCR enriched T cells from Foxp3-DTR mice were given diphtheria toxin (DT) or not in addition to ET. Mice were assessed for weight loss, colon length, colonic cytokine production, and histological inflammation.Results: ET, after injection with OVA TCR enriched T cells derived from wild type mice, prevented weight loss, decreased colonic inflammatory cytokine production and histological colitis. ET in the absence of the OVA TCR enriched T cells did not alleviate colitis. ET, after injection with OVA TCR enriched T cells derived from Foxp3-DTR mice, prevented weight loss, decreased colonic inflammatory cytokine production, and histological colitis. Ablation with DT did not impair the ability of ET to alleviate colitis. ET failed to alleviate colitis when OVA TCR enriched T cells were derived from IL-10−/− or CD4-dnTGFBRII mice.Conclusions: ET through induction of Tregs, which produce IL-10 and TGF-β, could be a promising treatment for IBD.

463 million people globally suffer from diabetes. The majority are deficient in insulin-producing pancreatic beta cells, although beta cells remain in most people with diabetes. Unfortunately, although many diabetes drugs exist, none is able to increase adult human beta cell numbers. Recently, small molecules that inhibit the kinase, DYRK1A, have been suggested to induce human beta cell replication in vitro and in vivo as assessed using proliferation markers, and this is enhanced by drugs that stimulate the GLP1 receptor (GLP1R) on beta cells. DYRK1A inhibitors also enhance human beta cell differentiation and function. However, it is unknown whether any drug can actually increase human beta cell mass in vivo, reflecting: 1) the intrinsic resistance of human beta cells to regeneration; and, 2) the current technical inability to accurately assess human beta cell mass in vivo. Here, we demonstrate for the first time that combining a DYRK1A inhibitor with a GLP1R agonist increases actual human beta cell numbers and overall mass in vivo by 400-700% in diabetic and non-diabetic mice over three months. We further describe a novel application of tissue-clearing and 3D imaging for quantification of human beta cell mass. These findings should be transformative for diabetes treatment.

Severe acute respiratory syndrome CoV-2 (SARS-CoV-2) is currently causing a worldwide pandemic with high morbidity and mortality. Development of animal models that recapitulate important aspects of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is critical for the evaluation of vaccines and antivirals, and understanding disease pathogenesis. SARS-CoV-2 has been shown to use the same entry receptor as SARS-CoV-1, human angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (hACE2)(1-3). Due to amino acid differences between murine and hACE2, inbred mouse strains fail to support high titer viral replication of SARS-CoV-2 virus. Therefore, a number of transgenic and knock-in mouse models, as well as viral vector-mediated hACE2 delivery systems have been developed. Here we compared the K18-hACE2 transgenic model to adenovirus-mediated delivery of hACE2 to the mouse lung. We show that K18-hACE2 mice replicate virus to high titers in both the lung and brain leading to lethality. In contrast, adenovirus-mediated delivery results in viral replication to lower titers limited to the lung, and no clinical signs of infection with a challenge dose of 104 plaque forming units. The K18-hACE2 model provides a stringent model for testing the ability of vaccines and antivirals to protect against disease, whereas the adenovirus delivery system has the flexibility to be used across multiple genetic backgrounds and modified mouse strains.

In humans, cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the most frequent cause of death worldwide. Myocardial infarction (MI) is a leading cause of heart failure due to myocardial impairment, yet the progression of the resultant dysfunction is often undetected after incidental or induced myocardial infarction. In this study we tracked the progression of left-sided heart failure in 6-mo-old male castrated sheep in which we created 2 models of myocardial infarction, small and large. Myocardial infarction was induced through ligation of a single branch (obtuse marginal [OM] 1) of the left circumflex coronary artery to create small (mild) infarcts and of 2 branches (OM1 and OM2) for large (severe) infarcts. Progression of heart failure was evaluated by assessing scar size, the left ventricular ejection fraction, hematology, cardiac serum biochemical biomarkers, ST elevation, and clinical observation. All parameters were assessed at baseline and at 3 wk and 3 mo after infarction, except that clinical observation of the animals was conducted daily. The different parameters differed in their usefulness: some verified appropriate creation of the model, whereas others enabled assessment of the progression of heart disease. We hypothesize that myocardial scar size, as a function of induced ischemia, coupled with left ventricular ejection fraction are predictive indicators of postinfarction cardiac dysfunction.

Patients with myeloproliferative neoplasm-blast phase (MPN-BP) have a particularly dismal prognosis with a median survival of less than 6 months with currently available therapies (Mesa Blood 2015). Decitabine is the standard of care for MPN-BP. Recently, using xenotransplantation assays, we have shown that MPN-BP originates at the hematopoietic stem cell (SC) level (Wang Blood 2018) and that MPN-BP CD34 + cells contain higher levels of MDM2 protein compared with their normal counterparts (% of MDM2 + CD34 + cells: MPN-BP: 76.4±3.3; Normal: 17.5±6.4. P We firstestablished the dynamics of leukemia cell recovery following a single cycle of navtemadlin treatment. Spleen cells with wild type (WT) TP53 and mutations in KRAS, RAD21, KMT2A and ASXL1 were collected from the 4 th generation of MPN-BP PDX mice. Forty days after injection of these spleen cells (4×10 5/mouse) into sublethally irradiated NSG mice, peripheral blood (PB) leukemic burden (hCD34 + cells: 0.39±0.09%) was demonstrated by flow cytometric analysis. Mice were treated with vehicle alone (n=3) or high doses of navtemadlin (100 mg/kg, n=4) by daily oral gavage on day (D) 1-7. Without navtemadlin treatment, leukemia engraftment and leukemic burden continued to increase until the mice died on D15-D23. By contrast, hCD34 + leukemic blasts were almost undetectable on D8 and remained at significantly lower levels in PB of mice treated with navtemadlin on D15, than were detected in mice receiving vehicle alone (D8: Vehicle: 1.8±1.3%; Navtemadlin: 0.1±0.1%. D15: Vehicle: 19.9±6.0%; Navtemadlin: 0.5±0.1%). These findings suggest that navtemadlin monotherapy has the potential to deplete MPN-BP blast cells and prolong survival in MPN-BP PDX mice. To achieve long-term remission and to prevent relapse, we treated MPN-BP PDX mice with multiple cycles of low (50 mg/kg, n=4) and high dose navtemadlin (100 mg/kg, n=5) at three-week intervals based on the dynamics of leukemia cell recovery following a single cycle of navtemadlin treatment. hCD34 + cells, which contain MPN-BP SCs, and hCD45 dimCD33 + leukemic blasts were reduced in the spleen, but not in the marrows of mice during 3 cycles of 100 mg/kg navtemadlin treatment. However, reduced leukemia cell burden in PB persisted during 3 cycles of navtemadlin treatment and was associated with a prolongation in survival, which was dose-dependent (Mean survival after transplantation: Vehicle: 64.0 days; 50mg/kg navtemadlin: 86.0 days; 100mg/kg navtemadlin: 98.3 days). We then examined if a combination of navtemadlin and decitabine is more effective than single agent therapy in depleting MPN-BP SCs. Again, navtemadlin at 100 mg/kg significantly reduced the leukemia cell burden in mouse PB on C1D8 (hCD34 + cells: Vehicle: 4.1±0.8%; Navtemadlin: 0.6±0.2%, an 85% decrease. hCD45 dimCD33 + cells: Vehicle: 1.4±0.3%; Navtemadlin: 0.04±0.03%, a 97% decrease. P Disclosures Krejsa: Kartos Therapeutics, Inc.: Current Employment. Hoffman: AbbVie Inc.: Other: Data Safety Monitoring Board, Research Funding; Kartos Therapeutics, Inc.: Research Funding; Protagonist Therapeutics, Inc.: Consultancy; Novartis: Other: Data Safety Monitoring Board, Research Funding.

Objective The transcription factor Kruppel-like factor 14 (KLF14) has been associated with type 2 diabetes and high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C) through genome-wide association studies. The mechanistic underpinnings of KLF14's control of metabolic processes remain largely unknown. We studied the physiological roles of KLF14 in a knockout (KO) mouse model. Methods Male whole body Klf14 KO mice were fed a chow or high fat diet (HFD) and diet induced phenotypes were analyzed. Additionally, tissue-specific expression of Klf14 was determined using RT-PCR, RNA sequencing, immunoblotting and whole mount lacZ staining. Finally, the consequences of KLF14 loss-of-function were studied using RNA sequencing in tissues with relatively high Klf14 expression levels. Results KLF14 loss-of-function did not affect HFD-induced weight gain or insulin resistance. Fasting plasma concentrations of glucose, insulin, cholesterol, HDL-C and ApoA-I were also comparable between Klf14 +/+ and Klf14 −/− mice on chow and HFD. We found that in mice expression of Klf14 was the highest in the anterior pituitary (adenohypophysis), lower but detectable in white adipose tissue and undetectable in liver. Loss of KLF14 function impacted on the pituitary transcriptome with extracellular matrix organization as the primary affected pathway and a predicted link to glucocorticoid receptor signaling. Conclusions Whole body loss of KLF14 function in male mice does not result in metabolic abnormalities as assessed under chow and HFD conditions. Mostly likely there is redundancy for the role of KLF14 in the mouse and a diverging function in humans.

SHARPIN, together with RNF31/HOIP and RBCK1/HOIL1, form the linear ubiquitin chain assembly complex (LUBAC) E3 ligase that catalyzes M1-linked poly-ubiquitination. Mutations in RNF31/HOIP and RBCK/HOIL1 in humans and Sharpin in mice lead to auto-inflammation and immunodeficiency but the mechanism underlying the immune dysregulation remains unclear. We now show that the phenotype of the Sharpin-/- mice is dependent on CYLD, the deubiquitinase that removes K63-linked poly-ubiquitin chains. The dermatitis, disrupted splenic architecture, and loss of Peyer’s patches in the Sharpin-/- mice were fully reversed in Sharpin-/-Cyld-/- mice. There is enhanced association of RIPK1 with the death-inducing signaling complex (DISC) following TNF stimulation in Sharpin-/- cells, and this is dependent on CYLD since it is reversed in Sharpin-/-Cyld-/- cells. Enhanced RIPK1 recruitment to the DISC in Sharpin-/- cells correlated with impaired phosphorylation of CYLD at serine 418, a modification reported to inhibit its enzymatic activity. The dermatitis in the Sharpin-/- mice was also ameliorated by the conditional deletion of Cyld using LysM-cre or Cx3cr1-cre indicating that CYLD-dependent death of myeloid cells is inflammatory. Our studies reveal that under physiological conditions, TNF- and RIPK1-dependent cell death is suppressed by the linear ubiquitin-dependent inhibition of CYLD. The Sharpin-/- phenotype illustrates the pathological consequences when CYLD inhibition fails.Short SummaryIn the absence of SHARPIN, cells fail to properly regulate the deubiquitinase CYLD, leading to RIPK1-mediated cell death. Deletion of Cyld reverses the sensitivity of Sharpin-/- cells to TNF-induced cell death, as well as the multi-organ inflammation and immune dysfunction observed in Sharpin-/- mice.

Background Platelet (PLT) transfusions are the most effective treatments for patients with thrombocytopenia. The growing demand for PLT transfusion products is compounded by a limited supply due to dependency on volunteer donors, a short shelf-life, risk of contaminating pathogens, and alloimmunization. This study provides preclinical evidence that a third-party, cryopreservable source of PLT-generating cells has the potential to complement presently available PLT transfusion products. Study design and methods CD34+ hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells derived from umbilical cord blood (UCB) units were used in a simple and efficient culture system to generate a cell product consisting of megakaryocytes (MKs) at different stages of development. The cultures thus generated were evaluated ex vivo and in vivo before and after cryopreservation. Results We generated a megakaryocytic cell product that can be cryopreserved without altering its phenotypical and functional capabilities. The infusion of such a product, either fresh or cryopreserved, into immune-deficient mice led to production of functional human PLTs which were observed within a week after infusion and persisted for 8 weeks, orders of magnitude longer than that observed after the infusion of traditional PLT transfusion products. The sustained human PLT engraftment was accompanied by a robust presence of human cells in the bone marrow (BM), spleen, and lungs of recipient mice. Conclusion This is a proof-of-principle study demonstrating the creation of a cryopreservable megakaryocytic cell product which releases functional PLTs in vivo. Clinical development of such a product is currently being pursued for the treatment of thrombocytopenia in patients with hematological malignancies.

Although inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a failure in maintaining tolerance to the intestinal microbiota, few studies have investigated the use of immunologic tolerance as a treatment approach for IBD. We hypothesized that induction of immune tolerance at a distal site could suppress intestinal inflammation through a process of bystander regulation.Epicutaneous tolerance was induced by topical application of ovalbumin (OVA) using a Viaskin patch for 48 hours. In some experiments, a single feed of ovalbumin was used to drive epicutaneous tolerance-induced regulatory T cells (Tregs) to the intestine. The mechanism of tolerance induction was tested using neutralizing antibodies against TGF-β, IL-10, and Treg depletion using Foxp3-DTR mice. The capacity of skin-draining Tregs, or epicutaneous tolerance, to prevent or treat experimental IBD was tested using T-cell transfer colitis, dextran sodium sulfate (DSS) colitis, and ileitis in SAMP-YITFc mice. Weight loss, colonic inflammatory cytokines and histology were assessed.Epicutaneous exposure to ovalbumin induced systemic immune tolerance by a TGF-β-dependent, but IL-10 and iFoxp3 Treg-independent mechanism. Skin draining Tregs suppressed the development of colitis. Epicutaneous tolerance to a model antigen prevented intestinal inflammation in the dextran sodium sulfate and SAMP-YITFc models and importantly could halt disease in mice already experiencing weight loss in the T-cell transfer model of colitis. This was accompanied by a significant accumulation of LAP and Foxp3 Tregs in the colon.This is the first demonstration that epicutaneous tolerance to a model antigen can lead to bystander suppression of inflammation and prevention of disease progression in preclinical models of IBD.

Obesity is a major public health concern, and complementary research strategies have been directed toward the identification of the underlying causative gene mutations that affect the normal pathways and networks that regulate energy balance. Here, we describe an autosomal-recessive morbid-obesity syndrome and identify the disease-causing gene defect. The average body mass index of affected family members was 48.7 (range = 36.7–61.0), and all had features of the metabolic syndrome. Homozygosity mapping localized the disease locus to a region in 3q29; we designated this region the morbid obesity 1 (MO1) locus. Sequence analysis identified a homozygous nonsense mutation in CEP19, the gene encoding the ciliary protein CEP19, in all affected family members. CEP19 is highly conserved in vertebrates and invertebrates, is expressed in multiple tissues, and localizes to the centrosome and primary cilia. Homozygous Cep19-knockout mice were morbidly obese, hyperphagic, glucose intolerant, and insulin resistant. Thus, loss of the ciliary protein CEP19 in humans and mice causes morbid obesity and defines a target for investigating the molecular pathogenesis of this disease and potential treatments for obesity and malnutrition.

Despite the increasing use of rabbits as companion animals and models for biomedical research, rabbits have not been extensively studied to identify an efficacious postsurgical analgesic that does not cause systemic complications. The synergy of NSAID and systemic opioids is well-documented, and their combined use reduces the amount of either drug required for adequate analgesia. We measured fecal corticosterone metabolites (FCM) in rabbits after a minimally invasive vascular cut-down procedure. Rabbits received buprenorphine (0.03 mg/kg SC every 12 h for 3 d), meloxicam (0.2 mg/kg SC every 24 h for 3 d), buprenorphine–meloxicam (0.01 mg/kg–0.1 mg/kg SC every 24 h for 3 d), or a single dose of 0.5% bupivacaine (0.5 mL) infused locally at the incision site. By day 3 after surgery, buprenorphine, meloxicam, and bupivacaine groups showed elevated FCM levels, which continued to rise until day 7 and then gradually returned to baseline by day 28. In the buprenorphine–meloxicam group, FCM was relatively unchanged until day 3, when treatment was discontinued, and then began to rise. Rabbits in the buprenorphine–meloxicam group gained more weight over the 28-d study than did those in the other 3 treatment groups. This study shows that in rabbits low-dose buprenorphine administered with meloxicam effectively mitigates the FCM response that develops after surgery without the adverse effects associated with higher doses.

The p53 tumor suppressor is a transcription factor that mediates varied cellular responses. The C terminus of p53 is subjected to multiple and diverse post-translational modifications. An attractive hypothesis is that differing sets of combinatorial modifications therein determine distinct cellular outcomes. To address this in vivo, a Trp53ΔCTD/ΔCTD mouse was generated in which the endogenous p53 is targeted and replaced with a truncated mutant lacking the C-terminal 24 amino acids. These Trp53ΔCTD/ΔCTD mice die within 2 wk post-partum with hematopoietic failure and impaired cerebellar development. Intriguingly, the C terminus acts via three distinct mechanisms to control p53-dependent gene expression depending on the tissue. First, in the bone marrow and thymus, the C terminus dampens p53 activity. Increased senescence in the Trp53ΔCTD/ΔCTD bone marrow is accompanied by up-regulation of Cdkn1 (p21). In the thymus, the C-terminal domain negatively regulates p53-dependent gene expression by inhibiting promoter occupancy. Here, the hyperactive p53ΔCTD induces apoptosis via enhanced expression of the proapoptotic Bbc3 (Puma) and Pmaip1 (Noxa). In the liver, a second mechanism prevails, since p53ΔCTD has wild-type DNA binding but impaired gene expression. Thus, the C terminus of p53 is needed in liver cells at a step subsequent to DNA binding. Finally, in the spleen, the C terminus controls p53 protein levels, with the overexpressed p53ΔCTD showing hyperactivity for gene expression. Thus, the C terminus of p53 regulates gene expression via multiple mechanisms depending on the tissue and target, and this leads to specific phenotypic effects in vivo.