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Supplemental material, sj-docx-1-jdr-10.1177_00220345231169915 for Dental Anomalies and Genetic Polymorphisms as Predictors of Maxillofacial Growth in Individuals Born with Cleft Lip and Palate by R.H.W. Lacerda and A.R. Vieira in Journal of Dental Research

Supplemental material, sj-docx-1-jdr-10.1177_00220345231169915 for Dental Anomalies and Genetic Polymorphisms as Predictors of Maxillofacial Growth in Individuals Born with Cleft Lip and Palate by R.H.W. Lacerda and A.R. Vieira in Journal of Dental Research

Blue jack mackerel, Trachurus picturatus, is the fifth most landed fish species in mainland Portugal, but information on its reproductive biology is scarce. From September 2018 to August 2019, 626 specimens were collected from commercial vessels to clarify the reproductive strategy of the T. picturatus population off the west coast of Portugal. The proportion and length range of males and females were similar. Only three of the specimens collected were categorized as immature, indicating that the fish caught in the fishery are primarily mature. The spawning season lasted from late January until the end of March, with gonadosomatic indices being similar for males and females. Fecundity was indeterminate, and estimated batch fecundity ranged between 6,798 (at 25.4 cm TL) and 302,358 oocytes (at 33.8 cm TL). The low number of females showing direct evidence of imminent or recent spawning suggests a low number of spawning events. In addition, 12.7% of females were considered non-reproductive due to ovary abnormalities including parasitic infection by Kudoa species, atretic structures and skipped spawning events. This study highlights the importance of accounting for skipped spawning events and ovary abnormalities in the management of species fisheries.

Early childhood caries (ECC) is a chronic, infectious disease that affects the primary dentition of young children. It is the result of unequal contributions of risk factors and protective factors that influence the disease. The aim of this study was to assess if the X chromosome region previously linked to caries was associated with ECC. Two hundred and fifty-nine unrelated children with no chronic illnesses from 2 to 5 years of age who had no systemic fluoride consumption were evaluated using a cross-sectional design. Data on oral habits were obtained through a questionnaire, and caries experience data were collected by clinical examination. Twenty-three markers in ten genes were studied. Genotyping of the selected polymorphisms was carried out by real-time polymerase chain reaction. Regression analyses were performed comparing individuals with and without caries experience. Of 259 subjects, 123 were caries free. The markers in Xq25.1-27.2 were associated with ECC when children were using milk bottle for longer times (p = 0.01) and had more snacks over the course of a day (p = 0.05). Conversely, the markers in the X chromosome studied here were protective for ECC (p = 0.008) in children consuming milk before going to sleep. The genes located in the X chromosome possibly contribute to ECC and have an impact on ECC depending on the dietary habits. © 2018 S. Karger AG, Basel. Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior Health Resources and Services Administration D.G.B. and I.W.H. are supported by the CAPES agency, Brazil. The other authors have no conflicts to declare. Drury TF, Horowitz AM, Ismail AI, Maertens MP, Rozier RG, Selwitz RH. Diagnosing and reporting early childhood caries for research purposes. A report of a workshop sponsored by the National Institute of Dental and Cra-niofacial Research, the Health Resources and Services Administration, and the Health Care Financing Administration. J Public Health Dent. 1999;59(3):192–7.

Aquaporins (AQP) are water channel proteins and the genes coding for AQP2, AQP5, and AQP6 are clustered in 12q13. Since AQP5 is expressed in serous acinar cells of salivary glands, we investigated its involvement in caries. DNA samples from 1,383 individuals from six groups were studied. Genotypes of eight single nucleotide polymorphisms covering the aquaporin locus were tested for association with caries experience. Interaction with genes involved in enamel formation was tested. The association between enamel microhardness at baseline, after creation of artificial caries lesion, and after exposure to fluoride and the genetic markers in AQP5 was tested. Finally, AQP5 expression in human whole saliva, after exposure to fluoride in a mammary gland cell line, which is known to express AQP5, and in Wistar rats was also verified. Nominal associations were found between caries experience and markers in the AQP5 locus. Since these associations suggested that AQP5 may be inhibited by levels of fluoride in the drinking water that cause fluorosis, we showed that fluoride levels above optimal levels change AQP5 expression in humans, cell lines, and rats. We have shown that AQP5 is involved in the pathogenesis of caries and likely interacts with fluoride. © 2015 Anjomshoaa et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

Early childhood caries (ECC) is a chronic, infectious disease that affects the primary dentition of young children. It is the result of an imbalance of risk factors and protective factors that influence the disease. The aim of this study was to assess genetic and environmental factors that may contribute to ECC. Two hundred and fifty-nine unrelated children were evaluated using a cross-sectional design. Data on oral habits were obtained through a questionnaire, and caries experience data were collected by clinical examination. Twentythree markers in 10 genes were studied. Genotyping of the selected polymorphisms was carried out by real-time PCR. Regression analyses were performed comparing individuals with and without caries experience. Of 259 subjects, 123 were caries free. The genotype TT in ALOX15 (rs7217186) was a risk factor for ECC, whereas the genotypes GG in ENAM (rs1264848), AG and GG in KLK4 (rs198968), CT in LTF (rs4547741), and GG in TUFT1 (rs3790506) were protective for EEC. In conclusion, environmental factors and gene interactions can act as protective or risk factors for ECC. These factors together contribute to the presence and severity of the disease. © 2014 S. Karger AG, Basel.

Foram utilizadas três vacas não lactantes fistuladas no rúmen com o objetivo de determinar os parâmetros de degradação ruminal in situ da matéria seca (MS) e do amido de grãos de sorgo sob diferentes formas de processamento: 1) Seco e moído (2mm); 2) Seco, moído (3mm), reidratado com aspersão de água sobre o material, e imediatamente ensilado por 30 dias; 3) Seco, inteiro, reidratado por três dias em tubo PVC e, em seguida, moído a 5mm; 4) Seco, inteiro, reidratado por três dias em tubo PVC com aplicação de ar comprimido e, em seguida, moído a 5mm; 5) Seco, inteiro, reidratado por três dias em tubo PVC e, em seguida, moído a 5mm, e ensilado por 30 dias; 6) Seco, inteiro, reidratado por três dias em tubo PVC com aplicação de ar comprimido, moído a 5mm e ensilado por 30 dias. Os teores de proteína bruta, amido, e fibra em detergente neutro (% da MS) variaram de 9,8 a 10,8%; 59,5 a 67,5%; e de 16,1 a 19,3%, respectivamente. Os teores de umidade nos grãos que foram reidratados variaram de 35,8 a 43,9% da MS. A taxa e a extensão de degradação do amido e a degradabilidade potencial da MS foram semelhantes (P>0,05) entre tratamentos. Os grãos de sorgo reidratados com aplicação de ar comprimido, moídos e ensilados (tratamento 6) apresentaram degradabilidade efetiva (DE) da MS e DE do amido sob taxa de passagem ruminal de 2%/h, semelhantes (P>0,05) às observadas para o tratamento 5 (sem aplicação de ar comprimido), e superiores (P0.05) between treatments. The grain sorghum rehydrated with application of compressed air, ground and ensiled (treatment 6), showed effective degradability (ED) of DM, and DE starch under ruminal passage rate of 2%/h, similar (P>0.05 ) those observed for treating 5 (without application of compressed air) and higher (P

There is evidence for a genetic component in caries susceptibility, but the disease is greatly influenced by environmental factors, which are extremely difficult to control in humans. For the present study, we used DNA samples collected from 110 unrelated, non-cleft individuals older than 12 years of age from Tiquisate, Guatemala: a population with similar cultural, dietary and hygiene habits, similar access to the dentist and fluoride exposure. Forty-four individuals were designated 'very low caries experience' (DMFTor = 2), and 66 were designated 'higher caries experience' (DMFTor = 3). Single-nucleotide polymorphism markers were genotyped in selected candidate genes (ameloblastin, amelogenin, enamelin, tuftelin-1, and tuftelin interacting protein 11) that influence enamel formation. Having at least one copy of the rare amelogenin marker allele was associated with increased age-adjusted caries experience. This association was stronger in individuals with higher DMFT (DMFTor = 20; p = 0.0000001). Our results suggest that variation in amelogenin may contribute to caries susceptibility in the population studied. The approach of comparing individuals with extremely distinct caries experiences could be valuable for decreasing the potential influence of environmental factors on genetic studies of caries.

The hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis seems to play an important role in obesity and Type 2 diabetes (DM). The aim of the present study was to determine the adrenal volume in obese patients with DM in comparison to obese non-diabetic patients. Eleven diabetic obese and 19 non-diabetic obese women were sequentially invited to take part in the study. Computed tomography (CT) scan of the abdomen was performed to determine adrenal volume, visceral (VF) and sc fat (SCF). Daily urinary free cortisol (UFC) was used as a measure of integrated cortisol production. In the diabetic patients, hemoglobin A1c was measured as an index of metabolic control. Compared to nondiabetic controls, patients with diabetes had a significantly higher total adrenal volume (4.29+/-1.50 vs 2.95+/-1.64; p=0.03). A highly significant correlation was detected between VF and VF/SCF ratio and total adrenal volume in the whole group (r=0.36, p=0.04 and r=0.48, p=0.008, respectively). This study, therefore, suggests an association between abdominal obesity, enlarged adrenals and Type 2 diabetes. These findings support the hypothesis that an increased activity of the HPA axis in obese subjects may be involved in the pathogenesis of Type 2 diabetes.