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In this study, a survey was conducted with 400 enterprise owners in order to determine the current situation and problems related to the structural characteristics of the barns in cattle enterprises located in the central county of Ağrı province, and the data obtained were transferred into Microsoft Excel program and frequency analysis was performed in SPSS statistical program. Findings were evaluated through graphs obtained from proportional values. It was determined that 66% of the enterprises have free-stall closed barns, the barns in 48.5% of the enterprises were used for less than 10 years and the barns were generally detached (98.5%). Building material for the walls of the barns was mostly stone (72.8%), and sheet metal (72.8%) was the most preferred material for the construction of the roof, and the floors of the were generally made of concrete (88.8%). The feed alley (15%) and automatic waterers (2.8%) are available in a small percentage of the barns. It was determined that 88% of the cattle farms have individual calf units, and calves in the most of the enterprises are housed in a separate group sections (87.5%) in the same barn. Only 15% of the enterprises used bedding and 85% of them did not have bedding material. The majority of the enterprises watered the animals with buckets (51.5%) and village's fountain or trough (43.8%). It also found out that 62.3% of the enterprises implemented general cleaning and 99.3% cleaned the manure with manpower. Furthermore, 94.5% of the enterprises stored the manure near the barn without any cover. In addition, 72.5% of the cattle farms utilized from the manure for heating purpose and 51% of them used it as fertilizer in their field. As a result of the findings, it was concluded that the information support and investment incentives to be given to the enterprises and the training of breeders could be helpful to ensure profitable livestock production in the region.In this study, a survey was conducted with 400 enterprise owners to determine the current situation and problems related to the structural characteristics of the barns in cattle enterprises located in the central county of Ağrı province. The data obtained were transferred into Microsoft Excel program. Frequency analysis was performed in SPSS statistical program. Findings were evaluated through graphs obtained from proportional values. It was determined that 66% of the enterprises had free-stall closed barns, the barns in 48.5% of the enterprises were used for less than 10 years and the barns were generally detached (98.5%). The building material for the walls of the barns was mostly stone (72.8%), and sheet metal (72.8%) was the most preferred material for the construction of the roof, and the floors were generally made of concrete (88.8%). The feed alley (15%) and automatic waterers (2.8%) are available in a small percentage of the barns. It was determined that 88% of the cattle farms have individual calf units, and calves in most enterprises are housed in separate group sections (87.5%) in the same barn. Only 15% of the enterprises used bedding and 85% did not have bedding material. The majority of the enterprises watered the animals with buckets (51.5%) and the village’s fountain or trough (43.8%). It also found out that 62.3% of the enterprises implemented general cleaning and 99.3% cleaned the manure with human resources. Furthermore, 94.5% of the enterprises stored the manure near the barn without any cover. In addition, 72.5% of the cattle farms utilized manure for heating purposes, and 51% used it as fertilizer in their field. As a result of the findings, it was concluded that the information support and investment incentives to be given to the enterprises and the training of breeders could be helpful to ensure profitable livestock production in the region.

Bu çalışma, Erzurum ili İspir ilçesinde sığırcılık işletmelerinde bulunan barınakların yapısal özelliklerini ve bunlarla ilgili sorunları belirlemek amacıyla yürütülmüştür. Bu amaçla, şansa bağlı olarak seçilen 325 işletme sahibi ile yüz yüze anket yapılmıştır. İlçedeki işletmelerde mevcut sığır barınaklarının %94,7’sinin bağlı duraksız kapalı ahırlardan oluştuğu belirlenmiştir. Ahırların %33’ünün 16-20 yaşında olduğu, %31,2’sinin ise 21 yıldan daha fazla kullanıldığı tespit edilmiştir. Ahır duvarları inşasında yapı malzemesi olarak genellikle taş (%95,4) ve tuğladan (%66,2) yararlanıldığı, çatısında ise çoğunlukla galvaniz sac (%77,4) kullanıldığı saptanmıştır. Ahır zemininin ise büyük oranda beton (%61,9) veya taş (%48,2) olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Yemlik (%100,0), idrar yolu (%85,3), pencere (%96,7) gibi standart barınak elemanlarının işletmelerin büyük çoğunluğunda bulunduğu ancak yemlik yolu (%6,6), otomatik suluk (%1,3) ve havalandırma deliklerinin (22,8%) az sayıda işletmede bulunduğu tespit edilmiştir. Barınaklardaki pencere sayıları ile işletme büyüklüğü ve yetiştiricilerin öğrenim durumları arasındaki ilişki istatiksel olarak önemli (P, This study was carried out to determine the structural characteristics of the barns and related problems in the cattle enterprises in İspir county of Erzurum province. For this purpose, a face-to-face survey was conducted with 325 randomly selected enterprise owners. It was determined that 94.7% of the barns in the enterprises in the county consisted of tied free-stall barns. Furthermore, 33% of the barns were between 16 and 20 years old and 31.2% of them were older than 21 years. Stone (95.4%) and brick (66.2%) were commonly used as building materials in the construction of the barn walls, and mainly galvanized sheet metal (77.4%) was used for the roof. The barn floor was also determined to be mostly concrete (61.9%) or stone (48.2%). Some of the standard barn elements were available in almost all of the enterprises in the county, such as feeder (100.0%), urinary canal (85.3%), window (96.7%), however other elements such as the feeding alley (6.6%), automatic waterer (1.3%) and ventilation holes (22.8%) were available in a small number of enterprises. The relationship between the number of windows in the barns, the level of farm size and the level of education of the breeders was found to be statistically significant (P

Aims: This study was carried out in order to determine the current situation and problems in the cattle breeding practices related to shelter characteristics in İspir district of Erzurum province and to provide solutions.Methods and Results: In this research, a face-to-face survey was conducted with 394 business owners selected by a random sampling method among cattle farms in İspir district of Erzurum province. Chi-square and frequency analyzes were performed in the statistical evaluation of the obtained data. It was determined that 97.2% of the surveyed enterprises did not have separate maternity wards in their barns. While the majority of the enterprises housed heifers, young cattle and dry cows together (90.4%), only 9.6% of them housed them separately. It was also determined that the percentages of enterprises providing bedding for cattle in the district were considerably low (12.4%). Grain straw (6.6%) and sawdust (3.3%) were the most popular bedding materials. The enterprises watered their animals through village fountains (90.1%), troughs (70.6%) or carrying the water by the bucket (33.5%). Of all the surveyed enterprises, 54.8% performed general cleaning once a year, while 33.0% twice and 12.2% three times. In 62.9% of the enterprises, manure was used as fertilizer in the fields, and a significant part of the enterprises preferred to utilize manure as fuel (34%). Most of the participants stated that they believed that the cattle would be uncomfortable and that their productivity would decrease at 10-15 °C, which is the optimal temperature for the cattle.Conclusions: The findings of the study demonstrated that there were some improper and deficient practices in the district in terms of breeding practices related to barn characteristics and a large educational campaign on this subject was required for cattle breeders.Significance and Impact of the Study: There are some structural and nonstructural elements in the barn that help the cattle to perform their natural behaviours indirectly increase productivity and ease the work in the enterprises. With this study, the status of cattle enterprises in İspir district in terms of breeding practices related to barn characteristics was determined and some suggestions were made regarding current problems.

This study was carried out in the central county of Ağrı Province in order to reveal the cattle feeding habits of cattle breeders. For this purpose, data were obtained by conducting a face-to-face survey with 400 dairy cattle owners of the enterprises in the county. According to the results obtained from this study, it was determined that 91.5% of the breeders produced their forage crops. It was also found out that barley, alfalfa, and sainfoin were the most produced plants in these enterprises. However, the production of the corn silage, which is an important source of roughage for dairy cattle, was performed at a very low level (1.2%). Dry hay (93.5%) took first place among the roughage sources used in these enterprises, and it was followed by alfalfa hay (61.5%) and wheat-barley straw (28.0%). Corn silage was used at a low level (7.8%) in the cattle enterprises. It was determined that cattle breeders in the central county of Ağrı province were deficient in terms of some information about cattle feeding practices. It was also demonstrated that it was necessary to increase the usage and production of corn silage as forage crops and to implement rational animal feeding practices in place of the old traditional animal feeding habits. Therefore, cattle breeders in the central county of Ağrı province should be involved in technical training programs about the cattle feeding and forage planting. As result of the courses given to the cattle breeders, their technical information about cattle nutrition and preparation of ration would be updated. For this purpose, it is also recommended that agricultural extension service should be boosted to increase the education level and awareness of the cattle breeders in the rural areas.

Objective: In this study, it was aimed to determine the current situation of milking management practices of the dairy cattle enterprises in the central county of Ağrı province and to propose some solutions in consideration of the revealed problems. Material and Method: Survey data obtained from 400 dairy cattle enterprises in the central county of Ağrı province constituted the material of the study. Results: It was determined that in 25.2% of the surveyed enterprises udder cleaning is not performed, and in 93.5% of them the milking is done by hand. The average milk yield of 85.0% of dairy cattle enterprises was between 6-10 liters per animal and only 17.5% of the produced milk was sold. A significant proportion of this milk (95.7%) was marketed as raw milk, and milk in 4.3% of the enterprises was sold after processing into different products such as cheese, yogurt and butter. It was also found out that milk produced in 1.8% of the dairy cattle farms was stored in the cooling tank after milking. 13.6% of the farm owners fed their animals after milking, while 86.3% of them fed them prior to milking. It was also revealed that the calving occurs usually in the winter season and the lactation period of the cows varies between 5-6 months in 57.5% of the enterprises.Conclusion: In order to produce high quality and clean milk in the dairy cattle farms in the central county of Ağrı province, udder cleaning has to be performed properly as well as machine milking should be made widespread. It is necessary to increase the genetic capacity of cows and improve the milking practices of the dairy farms located in the central county of Ağrı province., Amaç: Bu çalışmada, Ağrı ili merkez ilçede bulunan süt sığırcılığı işletmelerin de sağım yönetimi uygulamaları bakımından mevcut durumun belirlenmesi ve ortaya konulan sorunlara yönelik çözüm önerileri sunulması amaçlanmıştır.Materyal ve Metot: Araştırmanın materyalini Ağrı ili merkez ilçede bulunan 400 süt sığırcılığı işletmesinden elde edilen anket verileri oluşturmuştur. Bulgular: Araştırma konusu işletmelerin % 25.2‘sinin meme temizliği yapmadığı, % 93.5’lik kısmın sağımı elle yaptığı belirlenmiştir. İşletmelerin % 85.0’inin ortalama süt verimlerinin 6-10 litre arasında olduğu ve üretilen sütün sadece % 17.5’inin satıldığı tespit edilmiştir. Bu sütün önemli bir kısmı (% 95.7) çiğ süt olarak satılmakta, işletmelerin % 4.3'ünde ise süt; peynir, yoğurt ve tereyağı gibi ürünlere işlendikten sonra pazarlanmaktadır. Yetiştiricilerin % 1.8 lik kısmının sütü sağım sonrası soğutma tankında depoladıkları belirlenmiştir. Ağrı ilindeki işletmecilerin % 13.6’sı sağım sonrasında hayvanlara yem verirken, % 86.3’ü ise sağım öncesinde yem verdiklerini ifade etmişlerdir. İl genelinde ineklerin genel olarak kış mevsiminde yoğun olarak buzağıladığı ve işletmelerin % 57.5’inde ineklerin laktasyon sürelerinin 5-6 ay arasında değiştiği tespit edilmiştir.Sonuç: Ağrı ili merkez ve ilçelerindeki süt sığırcılığı işletmelerinde kaliteli ve temiz süt üretmek için meme temizliğinin uygun şekilde yapılması, makineli sağımın yaygınlaştırılması ve elde edilen sütün soğuk zincir kurallarına göre depolanması gereklidir. İlçede bulunan süt çiftliklerinde, ineklerin genetik kapasitelerinin artırılması ve sağım uygulamalarının iyileştirilmesi gerekmektedir.

Et günlük hayatta vücuda alınması için gerekli olan biyolojik değeri yüksek esansiyel aminoasitler gibi besin maddelerini yeterli miktarda yapısında bulundurması ile insan beslenmesinde önemli yeri olan bir gıdadır. Sağlıklı ve dengeli bir yaşam sürebilmek için en temel besin maddelerinden olan et üretiminin artırılması yanında kalitesini de yükseltme çabaları uzun yıllardır bilim insanlarının önemli çalışma alanlarından birisini oluşturmuştur. Etin lezzet ve kalitesini artırmak için kesim öncesi ve sonrası kalite özellikleri üzerine etkili faktörlerin araştırılması amacıyla yürütülen çalışmalar günümüzde de güncelliğini muhafaza etmektedir. Kesim sonrası karkasların gevrekliğini artırmak ve yumuşak et elde etmek için uygulanan en yaygın yöntemlerden biri de etlerin olgunlaştırılması işlemidir. Avrupa ülkeleri ve ABD’de yaygın olarak kullanılan kuru ve yaş olmak üzere iki tip olgunlaştırma metodu vardır ve son yıllarda bunlara alternatif olarak vakum paketlerde kuru olgunlaştırma yöntemi de yaygınlaşmaktadır. Bu çalışmada, etlerin gevreklik, lezzet ve genel anlamda kalitesinin artırılması için kullanılan kuru ve yaş olgunlaştırma metotlarının genel prensipleri, uygulama yöntemleri, olgunlaştırılan etlerde meydana gelen fizikokimyasal değişimler ve olgunlaştırma işleminin et kalite özellikleri ile mikrobiyal gelişim üzerine etkileri değerlendirilerek konunun detaylı olarak incelenmesi amaçlanmıştır.

This study aimed to investigate the effects of slaughter age (young vs. old), muscle type (Longissimus dorsi (LD), Gluteus medius (GM)) and fat deposits (kidney knob and channel fat, subcutaneous fat, intramuscular fat) on chemical, organoleptic, textural characteristics and fatty acid composition of Holstein Friesian bull meat. For this purpose, the carcasses of 26 Holstein Friesian bulls that had been fattened on the same private farm were assigned to two experimental groups based on their age at slaughter: a young group (YG) (average age: 17.0 ± 1.0 months old) and an old group (OG) (average age: 22.0 ± 1.0 months old). The percentage of crude protein, panel tenderness score, polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) and saturated fatty acid (SFA) content, the PUFA/SFA ratio and the hypocholesterolemic fatty acid (DFA)/hypercholesterolemic fatty acid (OFA) ratio of the bull carcasses decreased significantly with increasing slaughter age. By contrast, the OFA content of the carcasses significantly increased (p < 0.05) with increasing slaughter age. Advanced slaughter age resulted in lower panel tenderness scores. Additionally, the meat of the bulls in the OG was considered to be less healthy because of the less desirable fatty acid composition and nutritional indices, such as the PUFA/SFA and hypocholesterolemic/hypercholesterolemic ratios, compared to the meat from the bulls in the YG. Furthermore, the intramuscular fat and internal fat contained high percentages of PUFA and SFA and high PUFA/SFA and hypocholesterolemic/hypercholesterolemic ratios. Interestingly, the percentage of OFA content in the internal and intramuscular fat tissues decreased with increasing slaughter age. In conclusion, this study provided evidence that slaughter age and muscle and fat type are essential sources of variations in the textural characteristics, sensory panel attributes and fatty acid profile of meat from Holstein Friesian bulls.