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As the European labour markets are characterised by an increasing share of migrants, it is vital to identify recent differences in skills supplied by migrant workers compared to natives. This paper analyses the skill supply in European labour markets by workers’ origin, providing evidence on the distribution of migrants across business sectors, occupations, and regions, as well as education level and age groups. These analyses over the period 2014 to 2021 and 19EU countries reveal important differences between migrant and native workers. Using the current allocation of migrant and native workers across occupations, we identify the occupations that are under- or over-supplied in France and Germany over the period 2019 to 2021. We assess the role of migrants from European countries and from out of Europe in addressing the labour shortage faced by these two Western European labour markets. Using Online Job Vacancy data, we identify the composition and similarity of skill required of the most under-supplied occupations in France and Germany in 2021. We finally show the heterogeneity and evolution of skill demand within these occupations.

Le recours à des animaux ou unités sentinelles est une forme de surveillance spécifique reposant sur un protocole prospectif. Il s'agit d'une stratégie couramment utilisée pour la surveillance de la fièvre catarrhale ovine à travers le monde. Cet article présente les premiers résultats d'un réseau de bovins sentinelles mis en place en Belgique en 2007 et d'un système d'ovins sentinelles mis en place à la plate-forme d'infectiologie expérimentale de l'INRA de Tours-Nouzilly (France) en 2008. Ces systèmes ont permis de répondre à l'objectif de détecter une réapparition de la fièvre catarrhale ovine. Toutefois, une amélioration de la standardisation, de l'évaluation et de la gouvernance de tels réseaux est souhaitable afin de satisfaire l'ensemble des critères de qualité d'un système de surveillance tels que ceux édictés par les Centres de prévention et de contrôle des maladies aux Etats-Unis.

Objective: To assess the long-term safety and tolerability of tadalafil for patients with erectile dysfunction (ED). Patients and Methods: This was a multicentre, open-label, 24-month extension trial involving 1173 men with ED. The mean age was 57 (range 23-83) years and 74.8% of patients were taking concomitant medications for comorbid conditions, including diabetes mellitus in 30.5% of men and hypertension in 29.5%. These patients had participated in 1 of 5 previous 8-week or 12-week randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled tadalafil studies. In the present trial, the starting 10 mg dose of tadalafil could be increased to 20 mg if the patient could not achieve satisfactory intercourse or reduced to 5 mg for an adverse event that was persistent, intolerable and judged by the investigator to be related to tadalafil. Results: Four hundred ninety-three (42.0%) men completed 24 months of treatment. In addition, a further 234 (19.9%) completed 18 months of treatment due to a sponsor decision to reduce the study duration. The total tadalafil exposure was 1676.0 patient-years. Tadalafil was safe and well tolerated. Headache (15.8%), dyspepsia (11.8%), nasopharyngitis (11.4%), and back pain (8.2%) were the most common treatment-emergent adverse events. The rate of discontinuations due to adverse events for this 18-24-month study was 6.3% and the rate for any individual event was