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In the real world, object arrangement follows a number of rules. Some of the rules pertain to the spatial relations between objects and scenes (i.e., syntactic rules) and others about the contextual relations (i.e., semantic rules). Research has shown that violation of semantic rules influences interval timing with the duration of scenes containing such violations to be overestimated as compared to scenes with no violations. However, no study has yet investigated whether both semantic and syntactic violations can affect timing in the same way. Furthermore, it is unclear whether the effect of scene violations on timing is due to attentional or other cognitive accounts. Using an oddball paradigm and real-world scenes with or without semantic and syntactic violations, we conducted two experiments on whether time dilation will be obtained in the presence of any type of scene violation and the role of attention in any such effect. Our results from Experiment 1 showed that time dilation indeed occurred in the presence of syntactic violations, while time compression was observed for semantic violations. In Experiment 2, we further investigated whether these estimations were driven by attentional accounts, by utilizing a contrast manipulation of the target objects. The results showed that an increased contrast led to duration overestimation for both semantic and syntactic oddballs. Together, our results indicate that scene violations differentially affect timing due to violation processing differences and, moreover, their effect on timing seems to be sensitive to attentional manipulations such as target contrast.

Many large-scale multi-robot systems require human input during operation in different applications. To still minimize the human effort, interaction is intermittent or restricted to a subset of robots. Despite this reduced demand for human interaction, the mental load and stress can be challenging for the human operator. A specific effect of human-swarm interaction may be a hypothesized change of subjective time perception in the human operator. In a series of simple human-swarm interaction experiments with robot swarms of up to 15 physical robots, we study whether human operators have altered time perception due to the number of controlled robots or robot speeds. Using data gathered by questionnaires, we found that increased swarm size shrinks perceived time and decreased robot speeds expand the perceived time. We introduce the concept of subjective time perception to human-swarm interaction. Future research will enable swarm systems to autonomously modulate subjective timing to ease the job of human operators.

Many large-scale multi-robot systems require human input during operation in different applications. To still minimize the human effort, interaction is intermittent or restricted to a subset of robots. Despite this reduced demand for human interaction, the mental load and stress can be challenging for the human operator. A specific effect of human-swarm interaction may be a hypothesized change of subjective time perception in the human operator. In a series of simple human-swarm interaction experiments with robot swarms of up to 15 physical robots, we study whether human operators have altered time perception due to the number of controlled robots or robot speeds. Using data gathered by questionnaires, we found that increased swarm size shrinks perceived time and decreased robot speeds expand the perceived time. We introduce the concept of subjective time perception to human-swarm interaction. Future research will enable swarm systems to autonomously modulate subjective timing to ease the job of human operators. published

Individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) show altered processing of sensory stimuli as compared to typically developed (TD) individuals, and this difference is maintained during their development (e.g., Greenspan & Wieder, 1997). This atypical sensory processing has also been reported regarding their ability to integrate multisensory stimuli (e.g., Foss-Feig et al., 2010), and more specifically, for the integration of audiovisual speech stimuli (e.g., Giraud et al., 2012). A multisensory illusion commonly utilized to examine multisensory integration (MI) in individuals with ASD is the McGurk illusion (i.e., the combination of an auditory /ba/ with the simultaneous visual presentation of a person uttering the syllable /ga/, leads to the percept of a third syllable, usually /da/, /ta/, or /tha/; McGurk & McDonald, 1976). Studies utilizing the McGurk illusion have demonstrated that children with ASD exhibit lower rates of the illusion as compared to TD matched children, indicating weaker MI abilities (e.g., Bebko, Schroeder, & Weiss, 2013; Irwin, Tornatore, Brancazio, & Whalen, 2011; Mongillo et al., 2008; Stevenson et al., 2014d; Taylor, Isaac, & Milne, 2010; Williams et al., 2004; Woynaroski et al., 2013), or wider TBWs indicating lower levels of multisensory binding selectivity (e.g., Feldman et al., 2019; Woynaroski et al., 2013). Additionally, the "sound-induced flash illusion" (SIFI) is commonly used to examine MI abilities of ASD and TD individuals, whereby the presentation of a single visual flash with multiple auditory tones leads to the illusory percept that multiple flashes were presented (or “fission” illusion; Shams, Kamitani, & Shimojo, 2000), while the presentation of two visual flashes accompanied by a single auditory tone leads to the illusory percept that a unique flash (or “fusion” illusion) was presented. It has been found that ASD and TD children exhibit similar levels of “fission” illusion, but individuals with ASD experience the “fusion” illusion to a greater extent, and therefore, exhibit reduced selectivity regarding the integration of multisensory stimuli (e.g., Bao et al., 2017). It has also been shown that children with ASD experience the SIFI illusion for greater TBWs than TD children (e.g., Foss-Feig et al., 2010), and that children with ASD are less sensitive in experiencing this illusion, indicating an impaired MI ability (e.g., Stevenson et al., 2014e). These findings highlight the MI differences between individuals with ASD and TD with the use of both simple and complex audiovisual stimuli. In the present study, in order to obtain a better understanding of MI in ASD, we aim to: a) investigate how MI maturates during development (from toddlers to adolescents) in both ASD and TD participants, b) obtain a detailed participants’ clinical assessment, in order to associate MI abilities with ASD related symptomatology, and c) examine and compare ASD individuals’ performance for both social complex AV stimuli and simple AV stimuli through MI illusions. Specifically, the McGurk paradigm will be utilized so that ASD and TD matched toddlers, young children and adolescents will perform a simple detection task in synchronous or asynchronous stimulus pairings (Experiment 1). The same individuals will also participate in a set of experiments utilizing the SIFI, as it will allow for the comparison of the MI processes of ASD and TD children between complex, social and simple, non-social AV stimuli. Specifically, children and adolescents with ASD and their TD matched individuals will be asked to identify the number of the presented flashes in each trial (Experiment 2). Furthermore, for illusory trials containing a single flash and two beeps, various SOAs will be introduced between the onset of the flash and the second beep (as the first beep’s onset will always coincide with that of the flash’s), so that we will be able to investigate the temporal window within which MI occurs (i.e., the illusion is experienced within that window).

This OSF is a repository documenting the study and the analysis used in publications using the Blursday database. The Blursday database assembles a broad range of behavioral tests and questionnaires designed to capture subjective time and related processes during confinement together with vital quantitative statistics such as sleep patterns, personality traits, and psychological well-being. The database contains data gathered from over 2800 participants (over 9 countries, 4 continents) tested on 14 questionnaires and 15 tasks during the Covid-19 pandemic lockdowns. It presents data in an easy-to-process and accessible format to facilitate its use by researchers interested in studying the effects of social isolation on temporal information processing, time perspective, decision-making, sleep, metacognition, psychological well-being, attention, self-perception and mindfulness...

In the current study, therefore, we aim to utilize a modified version of the “Threat of Scream” paradigm (TOSc; a non-invasive method that has previously been found to be efficient for eliciting sustained anxiety through varying intensity screams -lower or equal to 70dB; Beaurenaut et al., 2020) combined with a temporal bisection task, attempting to dissociate the impact of temporal unpredictability and probabilistic uncertainty on time awareness. Unlike former studies, we will expose the participants to five different conditions, those of: certain threat (CT; 100% reinforcement, temporally predictable scream), temporal unpredictability (TU; 100% reinforcement, temporally unpredictable scream), probabilistic uncertainty (PU; 50% reinforcement, temporally predictable scream), maximum ambiguity (MA; 50% reinforcement, temporally unpredictable scream), and safe condition (S; no threat of scream). Given that intolerance to uncertainty (IU) has been identified in several internalizing conditions (Chin et al., 2016; Talkovsky & Norton, 2016) and conceptualized by some researchers as a transdiagnostic factor of psychopathology (Boswell et al., 2013; Chin et al., 2016; Talkovsky & Norton, 2016; McEvoy & Mahoney, 2012; Shapiro et al., 2020), we will also explore, using a validated self-report questionnaire (Intolerance of Uncertainty Scale; IUS-12; Mantzios et al., 2014), whether variations in IU alter time perception in light of ambiguity. The Research Questions are developed as follows: 1) Are there any differences between the two types of ambiguity on time estimation? 2) Is the combination of two types of ambiguity perceived as the most aversive, resulting in maximum time estimation variability? 3) Is time overestimated under certain threat? 4) Does our intolerance to uncertainty levels modulate our time estimation under ambiguous conditions?

This page serves as a database of freely available speech stimuli. Here is a link to the searchable Google Sheet keeping track of what's in the database: https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1CqfHFvDE1zf7G68aUODc6k8mPrZLVi4fIUayB2XRBqo/edit?usp=sharing Other useful databases: SpeechBox: https://speechbox.linguistics.northwestern.edu/#!/home AELP: https://inetapps.nus.edu.sg/aelp/downloads If you would like to contribute stimuli to the database, please contact Violet Brown (violetbrownpsych@gmail.com) to let her know that you would like to be added as a contributor to the project (include your name exactly as it appears on your OSF account to make it easier on me, please). Then, consult the Wiki below for details about what to include in your contribution (you will need to make a "description" file and add to the Google Sheet so that others know exactly what your stimuli are and where they come from).

First weeks of initialization for this project. Additional contributors are already being added and expected to expand in the course of the project.

Though there is evidence of effects of interoceptive signals (such as heart rate, temperature, and respiration) on time estimation in humans (Cellini et al., 2015; Fung et al., 2017; Ogden et al., 2019; Wearden & Penton-Voak, 1995) there have not been any systematic reviews of the way increments or decrements of different interoceptive signals modulate time estimation (a theme which can be found in the literature under multiple terms, such as (subjective) duration estimation/estimates, interval estimation, temporal estimation, time judgment, perceived time/duration). Therefore, we aim to conduct a systematic review of all studies that have examined changes in interoception and its effects on human time estimation. In addition, we aim to systematically review evidence on the relationship between interoceptive detection (awareness/accuracy/sensitivity) and time estimation, as there is evidence supporting that it is the detection of the interoceptive signals and not their presence per se that influences the estimates humans make about time (Meissner & Wittmann, 2011; Murphy et al., 2019; Pollatos et al., 2014) . The veridical duration for the time estimation that will be examined in our systematic review ranges from milliseconds to minutes. The synthesis of data that will be provided by this review will offer a better understanding of: (i) which interoceptive signals affect time estimation, (ii) the role of interoceptive detection (awareness, accuracy, and/or sensitivity) on time estimation, (iii) whether interoceptive signal strength and interoceptive signal detection have different effects on time estimation, (iv) time estimation effects on interoceptive signal strength, and (v) which interoceptive signals have not been investigated relative to time estimation to date.

Time is a universal element in human life and a pervasive factor in everyday actions. Humans process information across a wide range of time intervals and have developed systems that are activated from the millisecond scale to a 24-hour daily scale . Contrary to the other physical dimensions though, time is not "measured" by a dedicated sense organ. Rather, time seems to be a subjective experience, an epiphenomenon of human mental functioning , making time perception an intricate process, affected by many factors and subjected to distortions and illusions . Two of the most well-known distortions are the "oddball effect" and the "repetition effect". The former is used to describe the overestimation of the duration of novel or unexpected stimuli (i.e. oddballs), when these are presented within a stream of repeated, standard stimuli, while the latter refers to the underestimation of the duration of repeated stimuli. Both phenomena have been experimentally studied and it is generally accepted that novelty and repetition of stimuli have opposing effects on subjective time estimation. The deferential relation between the oddball effect and the repetition effect on temporal perception is of particular interest, because it poses the question of whether the temporal distortion of stimuli is due to the overestimation of the oddball stimulus or due to the underestimation of the repeated stimuli . In the present study, we will systematically review the effects of novel and repeated stimuli on human time perception. We will include studies using different experimental designs (i.e., comparing oddball and/or repeated stimuli to standard stimuli or to each other), involving stimuli of various modalities and duration, as well as different effect-modulating factors, such as stimulus expectancy.

Oddball and Repeated Stimuli in Time Perception: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis

It is well established that interoception is largely interconnected with emotional experience (Zamariola et al., 2019). Evidence on virtual humans posit that modulating respiration patterns could potentially alter emotional states and vice versa. Furthermore, our intertwined interoceptive and affective states regulate central features of adaptive behaviour such as οur sense of time (Wittman et al., 2015). Yet, it is not fully understood whether observing and/or imitating someone else’s emotionally driven respiration pattern could alter the respective temporal percept (Nather et al., 2011).

The arrangement of items in the world is characterized by “syntactic” (i.e., spatial relations of scenes and objects) and “semantic” (i.e., probability, size, and position of an object in a scene) rules. However, what happens when scene grammar rules are violated is highly interesting. The role of semantic violations in perception has been recently investigated in the timing domain with results showing an overestimation of subjective time in their presence. However, it is not clear whether this dilation occurs in the presence of any type of violation and whether this effect is controlled by attentional or other mechanisms. The present study aims to provide evidence on these topics, by conducting two experiments.

© The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Limited 2021, corrected publication 2022, The COVID-19 pandemic has increased negative emotions and decreased positive emotions globally. Left unchecked, these emotional changes might have a wide array of adverse impacts. To reduce negative emotions and increase positive emotions, we tested the effectiveness of reappraisal, an emotion-regulation strategy that modifies how one thinks about a situation. Participants from 87 countries and regions (n = 21,644) were randomly assigned to one of two brief reappraisal interventions (reconstrual or repurposing) or one of two control conditions (active or passive). Results revealed that both reappraisal interventions (vesus both control conditions) consistently reduced negative emotions and increased positive emotions across different measures. Reconstrual and repurposing interventions had similar effects. Importantly, planned exploratory analyses indicated that reappraisal interventions did not reduce intentions to practice preventive health behaviours. The findings demonstrate the viability of creating scalable, low-cost interventions for use around the world., This project was supported by funds from: the Amazon Web Services (AWS) Imagine Grant (to E.M.B.); the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science Grants-in-Aid for Scientific Research (JSPS KAKENHI; 16h03079, 17h00875, 18k12015, and 20h04581 to Y.Y.); the research programme Dipartimenti di Eccellenza from the Ministry of Education University and Research (MIUR to N. Cellini and G.M. and the Department of General Psychology of the University of Padua); statutory funds of the University of Wroclaw (to A. Sorokowska); the Charles University Research Programme PROGRES (Q18 to M. Vranka); the Knut and Alice Wallenberg Foundation (2016:0229 to J.K.O.); the Rubicon Grant (019.183sg.007 to K.v.S.) from the Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research; the Australian Research Council (dp180102384 to R.M.R.); the US National Institutes of Health (NIMH111640 to M.N.-D.), the Huo Family Foundation to N.J.; the NSF Directorate for Social, Behavioral and Economic Sciences, Division of Social and Economic Sciences (1559511 to J.S.L.); the US National Institutes of Health (RO1-CA-224545 to J.S.L.); Eesti Teadusagentuur–Estonian Research Council (PSG525 to A. Uusberg); the J. William Fulbright Program (to F. Azevedo); the HSE Basic Research Program (to D. Dubrov); Dominican University (a Faculty Development Grant to A. Krafnick); and the French National Research Agency Investissements d’avenir supporting PSF (ANR-15-IDEX-02 to H.I.); the Slovak Research and Development Agency (project no. APVV-20-0319 to M. Adamkovič); the programme FUTURE LEADER of Lorraine Université d’Excellence within the French National Research Agency Investissements d’avenir (ANR-15-IDEX-04-LUE to S.M.). Computation for this research was assisted by: the Harvard Business School compute cluster (HBSGrid); and the Open Science Grid. The Open Science Grid is supported by the National Science Foundation award 1148698 and the US Department of Energy’s Office of Science, as well as by the compute resources and assistance of the UW-Madison Center For High Throughput Computing (CHTC) in the Department of Computer Sciences. The CHTC is supported by UW-Madison, the Advanced Computing Initiative, the Wisconsin Alumni Research Foundation, the Wisconsin Institutes for Discovery, and the National Science Foundation, and is an active member of the Open Science Grid, which is supported by the National Science Foundation and the U.S. Department of Energy’s Office of Science.

Looming as compared receding audiovisual, visual, and naturalistic stimuli have previously been found to be associated with time dilation. These findings could be attributed not only to the eccentric nature of the stimulus, but also to its intrinsic features. Similarly, illusory motion can also induce time dilation. However, it is not conclusive whether arousal better explains altered timing than magnitude and vice versa, as they are largely intertwined. One way of understanding which mechanisms are involved in duration discrimination, could be the measurement of pupil diameter that consist a behavioural index of mental effort and alterations in mental states that might also share a neural mechanism with timing; namely neuronal activity in the locus coeruleus. Studies, using illusory motion have shown that pupil dilation is related to visual motion. Yet, it is unclear whether it also constitutes an index of altered timing that visual illusions are known to induce.

Tearful crying is a ubiquitous and mainly human phenomenon. The persistence of this behavior throughout adulthood has fascinated and puzzled many researchers. Scholars have argued that emotional tears serve an attachment function: Tears are thought to act as a social glue that binds individuals together and triggers social support intentions. Initial experimental studies supported this proposition across several methodologies, but these were typically conducted only across Western participants, resulting in limited generalizability. The present study examines this effect across 36 countries spanning all populated continents, providing the most comprehensive investigation of the social effects of tearful crying to-date. Next to testing possible mediating factors, we also examine a number of moderating factors, including the crier’s gender and group membership, the situational valence (positive or negative situations), the social context (in private or public settings), the perceived appropriateness of crying, and trait empathy of the observer. The current work can inform theories on crying across the social sciences.

In our perceptual world, voluntary actions (kinesthetically sensed) are temporally aligned with visual feedback about these actions. This requires compensation for existing latencies between the senses, for example due to neural processing. By training participants to the presence of a longer lag (e.g., Stetson et al., 2006) or shorter lag (Rohde & Ernst, 2013) between movement and visual feedback this subjective temporal alignment of vision and motion can also be recalibrated. Similar delay compensation and recalibrated have often been reported in multisensory time perception, including many cases where sensing is passive (e.g., audiovisual, visuotactile: Fujisaki et al., 1994; Keetels & Vroomen, 2008; Di Luca, Machulla, & Ernst, 2009). However, compared to these cases of passive sensing, active sensing, i.e., the processing of sensorimotor signals during intentional action, is influenced by additional factors: (1) the temporal asymmetry of agency and (2) the influence of action on sensation in the closed sensorimotor loop. We here summarize some of our recent results on temporal recalibration in sensorimotor control. For a visual event and an intentional movement event to be perceived as causally linked, the voluntary movement has to happen first (cause has to come before effect). This is not the case if sensory cues are sensed passively. To investigate the role of this temporal asymmetry in visuomotor time perception, we conducted a series of psychophysical experiments (Rohde & Ernst, 2013; Rohde, Greiner & Ernst,; Rohde, Scheller, & Ernst, 2012), where participants were presented with visual events that were timed around a voluntary button press. To be able to time visual stimuli also before the voluntary button press, we monitored participants finger movement and predicted the moment of the button press in real-time from the (stereotypical) movement trajectory. Perceptual judgments about relative visuomotor timing and perceived agency in response to visuomotor discrepancies were recorded. The window of perceived simultaneity resulting from relative timing judgments is asymmetrically skewed to tolerate larger visual lag temporal discrepancies than visual lead discrepancies (simultaneity judgments: Rohde, Scheller, & Ernst, 2012; interval estimation: Rohde, Greiner, & Ernst,). The sense of agency has been previously shown to distort our time perception of vision and intentional movement (Haggard, Clark, & Kalogeras, 2001), and these results suggest that the temporal asymmetry of agency appears to constrain the directionality of this effect. In line with this interpretation, we found that the temporal window of perceived agency is even more temporally asymmetrical (Rohde, Scheller, & Ernst, 2012). Furthermore, if participants’ perception of simultaneity is recalibrated, the window of perceived simultaneity is shrunk or extended on the side of visual lag stimuli only. The perceived timing of visual lead discrepancies that violate the underlying causal structure does not change (Rohde, Greiner, & Ernst,). The temporal asymmetry of intentional action distorts visuomotor time perception in a number of ways. Additionally, in closed-loop motor control tasks, sensory cues are partially determined by participants’ behavioral reactions to alterations in sensorimotor mappings. This implies that motor behavior can play a role in determining the outcome of perceptual recalibration in the closed loop. For instance, we found that target predictability in continuous manual tracking determines whether motor adaptation also involves perceptual temporal recalibration (Rohde, van Dam, & Ernst,). We trained participants in a visually guided manual tracking task with a 200 ms visual feedback delay, varying the task predictability between conditions. Only training in the predictable condition led to a wide range of adaptation aftereffects in behavior as well as to perceptual temporal recalibration, which we measured by testing for transfer to synchronization and interval estimation tasks. This shows that the mere exposure to delayed visual feedback in manual tracking is not sufficient to induce temporal recalibration. Delay adaptation on the perceptual level requires specific behavioral adjustments to feedback delays that in turn depend on task predictability. This result can also explain controversies in the literature on closed-loop feedback delay adaptation: Some previous studies supported delay adaptation also on the level of perception (e.g., Cunningham, Billock, & Tsou, 2001; Cunningham et al., 2001a), others report little or no evidence for delay adaptation beyond a mere stabilization of motor strategy (e.g., Miall & Jackson, 2006). These two strands of evidence provide examples of how sensorimotor time perception in the context of intentional action is modulated by additional factors not usually deemed relevant in the study of multisensory temporal processing: the temporal order of modalities, the sense of agency, and the perceptual consequences of motor learning. This distinguishes sensorimotor time perception from multisensory time perception scenarios where stimuli are passively sensed.

Time perception may often be difficult to define in terms of processes and specific brain areas but it is ever-present in all aspects of our daily life. The study of timing has been central in Cognitive Sciences but recently research has been more vigorous extending from static and/or unimodal stimulations to moving and/or multimodal presentations. This symposium will focus on recent behavioral and neuroimaging work conducted with abstract moving and actual dance stimuli (enacted and observed) in relation to timing. The use of biological real or implied movement in timing research has made its appearance the last few years providing a new platform for the investigation of embodiment and timing. Research to-date has shown a distorted or enhanced time percept in the presence of a moving (actual, implied or apparent motion) as compared to a static stimulus, a fast as compared to a slow moving dancer (or crowd, objects etc.), an expert in terms of spatiotemporal training (e. g., dancer) as compared to a naive participant, to name just a few. The differential temporal percept observed has been attributed to different clock processes for moving vs. non-moving stimuli to the recruitment of additional processes due to embodiment (e. g., memory). However, more research is required in order to obtain a better understanding of the above-mentioned issues. Through this symposium we aim to bring more focus on this area of research and promote discussion on current findings and theories. (C) 2014 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.

Funder: European Association for Research on Learning and Instruction, Funder: Jacobs Foundation; Id: http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100003986, As the field of educational neuroscience continues to grow, questions have emerged regarding the ecological validity and applicability of this research to educational practice. Recent advances in mobile neuroimaging technologies have made it possible to conduct neuroscientific studies directly in naturalistic learning environments. We propose that embedding mobile neuroimaging research in a cycle (Matusz, Dikker, Huth, & Perrodin, 2019), involving lab-based, seminaturalistic, and fully naturalistic experiments, is well suited for addressing educational questions. With this review, we take a cautious approach, by discussing the valuable insights that can be gained from mobile neuroimaging technology, including electroencephalography and functional near-infrared spectroscopy, as well as the challenges posed by bringing neuroscientific methods into the classroom. Research paradigms used alongside mobile neuroimaging technology vary considerably. To illustrate this point, studies are discussed with increasingly naturalistic designs. We conclude with several ethical considerations that should be taken into account in this unique area of research.

According to the thesis of temporal isomorphism, the experienced order of events in the world and the order in which experiences are processed in the brain are the same. The thesis is encompassed in the brain-time view, a popular view on the literature of the temporal illusions. The view is commonly contrasted with the event-time view, which maintains that the experienced order of events reflects the order in which the events occur in the world. This chapter focuses on the conflict between the two views in the contexts of perceptual asymmetry in visual perception and temporal order judgment tasks. It is argued that both views mean slightly different things in these contexts. Accordingly, it is possible for one to endorse both the brain-time view and the event-time view at the same time. On the broader perspective, the chapter illustrates how time order is employed differently by various perceptual processes, resulting in different characteristics from implicit and explicit time perception.

Accurate timing of movement in the hundreds of milliseconds range is a hallmark of human activities such as music and dance. Its study requires accurate measurement of the times of events (often called responses) based on the movement or acoustic record. This chapter provides a comprehensive over - view of methods developed to capture, process, analyse, and model individual and group timing [...] This chapter is structured in five main sections, as follows. We start with a review of data capture methods, working, in turn, through a low cost system to research simple tapping, complex movements, use of video, inertial measurement units, and dedicated sensorimotor synchronisation software. This is followed by a section on music performance, which includes topics on the selection of music materials, sound recording, and system latency. The identification of events in the data stream can be challenging and this topic is treated in the next section, first for movement then for music. Finally, we cover methods of analysis, including alignment of the channels, computation of between channel asynchrony errors and modelling of the data set.