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Background: In 2017, the European Commission launched 24 European Reference Networks (ERNs). ERN eUROGEN is the network for urorectogenital diseases and complex conditions, and started with 29 full member healthcare providers (HCPs) in 11 countries. It then covered 19 different disease areas distributed over three work -streams (WSs). Objective: To provide an overview and identify challenges in data collection at European level of the ERN eUROGEN patient population treated by HCPs in the network. Design, setting, and participants: A retrospective cohort study was conducted of the 29 HCPs who were full members between 2013 and 2019. Outcome measurements and statistical analysis: Data were extracted from the original HCP applications and the ERN continuous monitoring system. Patient volumes, new patient numbers, and procedures were compared between different WSs, countries, and HCPs. Discrepancies between monitoring and application data were identified. Results and limitations: Between 2013 and 2019, 122 040 patients required long-term care within the 29 HCPs. The volume of patients treated and procedures undertaken per year increased over time. Large discrepancies were found between patient numbers contained in the application forms and those reported in the continuous monitoring system (0-1357% deviation). Conclusions: Patient numbers and procedures increased across ERN eUROGEN HCPs. Reliable data extraction appeared challenging, illustrated by the patient volume dis-crepancies between application forms and the continuous monitoring data. Improved disease definitions, re-evaluation of affiliated HCPs, and valid data extraction are needed for future improvements. Patient summary: We analysed the patient population with rare urorectogenital dis-eases or complex conditions within the ERN eUROGEN network between 2013 and 2019. Clinical activity was found to increase, but differences in patient numbers were evident between healthcare providers. In order to acquire valid patient numbers, both improved definitions of diagnostic codes and greater insight into the data-gathering process are required. (c) 2021 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. on behalf of European Association of Urology. This is an open access article under the CC BY license (http://creativecommons. org/licenses/by/4.0/).

La presente investigación tendrá como objetivo principal aplicar el triángulo de evaluación pediátrica en el triaje de emergencias del servicio de pediatría del Hospital San Juan de Lurigancho, 2022. La metodología empleada es de tipo básico y diseño no experimental de nivel descriptiva, retrospectiva y de corte transversal. La muestra de la investigación estará conformada por 376 pacientes que recibieron atención en el área de emergencia del servicio de Pediatría del Hospital San Juan de Lurigancho, siendo el único hospital de atención para pacientes con Seguro Integral de Salud en este distrito populoso, durante el 2022; se usará como instrumento una ficha de recolección de datos, en la cual se documentará data de las historias clínicas que cumplan criterios de inclusión como muestra. Para concluir con la investigación se usará el programa SPSS 25, mediante el cual podremos dar respuesta a los objetivos planteados en esta investigación, logrando obtener tablas y gráficos, posterior a ello podremos describir las conclusiones respectivas a esta investigación.

Drawdowns on credit commitments by firms reduce a bank’s capital buffer. Exploiting Austrian credit register data and the 2008-09 financial crisis as exogenous shock to bank health, we provide novel evidence that capital-constrained banks manage this concern by substantially cutting partly or fully unused credit commitments. Controlling for a bank’s capital position, we further find that also larger liquidity problems induce banks to cut such commitments. These results show that banks manage both capital and liquidity risk posed by undrawn credit commitments in periods of financial distress, but thereby reduce liquidity insurance to firms exactly when they need it most.

piedradeatalaya1962@gmail.com La tesis tuvo como objetivo general: Determinar la relación del desempeño docente con el logro de aprendizajes de los estudiantes de la Institución Educativa N° 64975- 2018, donde se aplicó un cuestionario a los docentes previo juicio de expertos (3) y sujetos a un nivel de confiabilidad y para medir el logro de aprendizajes se obtuvo con la ayuda de las docentes en las áreas de estudio, donde se aplicó a 14 docentes y 208 estudiantes, donde se obtuvieron los siguientes resultados: En función al contraste de hipótesis se puede determinar que se acepta la hipótesis de investigación que se define así: El desempeño docente se relaciona directa y significativamente con el logro de aprendizajes de los estudiantes de la Institución Educativa N° 64975 – Húsares. La relación con el desempeño docente en el área de comunicación es: 0.8659413389, en el área de matemática es: 0.8954136489, con el área de personal social es: 0.89742136987, con el área de ciencia y ambiente es: 0.823548723. Mientras que la relación con el logro de aprendizajes es: En el área de comunicación es 0.896521357, en el área de matemática es 0.7895123683, en el área de personal social es 0.8951232576, en el área de ciencia y ambiente es 0.78951203219

12 páginas La lactancia materna (LM) es el alimento ideal para el lactante, aporta beneficios en la salud de las madres y niños (1), y representa un factor de protección en la mortalidad y morbilidad infantil (2). A pesar de esto, en Colombia y en el mundo los indicadores de lactancia están por debajo de la meta (3). El contacto piel a piel (CPP) entre madre e hijo al nacer, tiene efecto positivos en el inicio temprano de la alimentación al seno (primera hora de vida), en la duración de la lactancia materna exclusiva en los primeros meses de vida y en los indicadores de lactancia materna (4). Consiste en colocar al recién nacido boca abajo en contacto con la piel del abdomen o el pecho desnudo de la madre posterior al nacimiento (5). Los estudios han evaluado el contacto piel a piel al nacimiento comparado con el manejo estándar, que implica la adaptación del recién nacido separado de la madre. Sin embargo, el momento de inicio del CPP puede ser inmediato (primeros diez minutos) y temprano (después de la primera hora), y no se define en la literatura si el momento de inicio incide en sus efectos en la lactancia materna (4). Por otro lado, las complicaciones reportadas asociadas al CPP en la literatura son el colapso súbito y muerte, con incidencias entre 2.6 a 5 casos por 100,000 nacimientos y de 0 a 1.1 muertes por 100,000 nacidos vivos (6,7).

Resumen: Introducción: Las mujeres con cáncer de mama sometidas a mastectomía padecen de linfedema, problema debilitante y desagradable que afecta la calidad de vida. La fisioterapia es considerada como una opción de tratamiento con múltiples técnicas de intervención, a las que no todos los pacientes tienen acceso. Métodos: El presente estudio pretendió determinar los efectos de la Técnica RED en el tratamiento del Linfedema asociado a mastectomía. Resultados: se contó con la participación de 16 mujeres, 8 en el grupo control y 8 en el grupo experimental, que asistieron a consulta oncológica en el Hospital Universitario Hernando Moncaleano Perdomo de Neiva entre los meses de agosto y diciembre de 2015. En ambos grupos se aplicó un pre-test y pos-test con mediciones de edema, movilidad articular para movimientos de Flexión, Extensión, Abducción y Rotación Externa de hombro, Supinación, Flexión y Extensión de muñeca y sensibilidad superficial a partir del dolor y tacto. Conclusión: Las variables dolor, tacto y edema presentaron cambios significativos luego de la aplicación de la técnica; las propiedades tróficas y mecánicas de la piel se encontraron conservadas de manera inicial y final y la movilidad articular presentó cambios significativos en el pos-test del grupo experimental para los movimientos de abducción de hombro, rotación externa, supinación de antebrazo, flexión y extensión de muñeca. Abstract: Introduction: Women with breast cancer undergoing mastectomy suffer from lymphedema, a debilitating and unpleasant problem that affects the quality of life. Physical therapy is considered as a treatment option with multiple intervention techniques, which not all patients have access to. The present study aimed to determine the effects of the RED technique in the treatment of lymphedema associated with mastectomy. Methods: 16 women participated, 8 in the control group and 8 in the experimental group, who attended an oncological consultation at the Hospital Universitario Hernando Moncaleano Perdomo de Neiva between August and December 2015. Results: In both groups A pre-test and post-test with edema measurements, joint mobility for Flexion, Extension, Abduction and External Shoulder Rotation, Supination, Flexion and Wrist Extension and superficial sensitivity based on pain and touch were applied. Conclusion: The variables pain, touch and edema presented significant changes after the application of the technique; The trophic and mechanical properties of the skin were initially and final preserved and the joint mobility incorporated significant changes in the post-test of the experimental group for the movements of shoulder abduction, external rotation, forearm supination, flexion and extension.

International audience

This paper analyses the transmission of financial shocks to the macroeconomy. The role of macro-financial linkages is investigated from an empirical perspective for the euro area as a whole, for individual euro area member countries and for other EU and OECD countries. The following key economic questions are addressed: 1) Which financial shocks have the largest impact on output over the full sample on average? 2) Are financial developments leading real activity? 3) Is there heterogeneity or a common pattern in macro-financial linkages across the euro area and do these linkages vary over time? 4) Do cross-country spillovers matter? 5) Is the transmission of financial shocks different during episodes of high stress than it is in normal times, i.e. is there evidence of non-linearities? In summary, it is found that real asset prices are significant leading indicators of real activity whereas the latter leads loan developments. Furthermore, evidence is presented that macro-financial linkages are heterogeneous across countries – despite persistent commonalities – and time-varying. Moreover, they differ between euro area and other countries. Results also indicate that cross-country spillovers matter. Finally, important non-linearities in the transmission of financial shocks are documented, as the evidence suggests that the transmission differs in episodes of high stress compared with normal times.

We investigate heterogeneity and spillovers in macro-financial linkages across developed economies, with a particular emphasis in the most recent recession. A panel Bayesian VAR model including real and financial variables identifies a statistically significant common component, which turns out to be very significant during the most recent recession. Nevertheless, countryspecific factors remain important, which explains the heterogeneous behaviour across countries observed over time. Moreover, spillovers across countries and between real and financial variables are found to matter: A shock to a variable in a given country affects all other countries, and the transmission seems to be faster and deeper between financial variables than between real variables. Finally, shocks spill over in a heterogeneous way across countries.

Publiée depuis une dizaine d’années par une association de travailleurs sociaux et dirigée par Miguel Miranda, travailleur social et anthropologue, la revue a réalisé plusieurs numéros monographiques dans le domaine de l’Anthropologie Médicale. En 1998 et 1999, elle a rassemblé en deux volumes une cinquantaine d’articles parus entre 1985 et 1995 dans la revue médicale espagnole Jano. Celle-ci fut une sorte de Social Science and Medicine : anthropo­logie et sociologie médicales, éducation pour...

Le recueil des rapports présentés dans la IIe Section (“Psychiatrie Transculturelle”) du 21e Congrès de l’Asociación Española de Neuropsiquiatría vient de paraître. Les travaux exposés dans cette publication couvrent un champ d’une grande importance dans la littérature internationale, mais très peu connu pour la plupart des psychiatres espagnols. Le but principal de cette Section, selon ses coordinateurs, a été à la fois informatif et didactique, les travaux présentés visant à aborder l’espa...

Le livre est la première monographie en anthropologie médicale publiée en espagnol, sur les effets de l'immigration étrangère et les conséquences de ce phénomène sur les professionnels de la santé. Les soins de “l'autre” est un ouvrage indispensable dans le débat actuel sur les prétendus problèmes que la nouvelle migration produit dans le système de santé espagnol. L'histoire de l'immigration dans le contexte espagnol s'est renversée au cours des dernieres années au cours desquelles l’Espagne...

L'alimentation constitue un acte élémentaire pour nous maintenir en vie. Cette activité, commune avec le reste des êtres vivants, quand elle dépasse pour les humains la fonction primaire — purement biologique du maintien de l'organisme — accède au champ du symbolique, où manger représente beaucoup plus que se nourrir. À ce niveau, cette activité s'investit du symbolique, en se rattachant aux normes et représentations propres de chaque culture, devenant à la fois l'expression du soi et du grou...

Fruit du dialogue entre professionnels de la santé, historiens de la médecine et anthropologues de la médecine, cette publication rassemble des travaux présentés, pour la plupart, à la session de clôture du Master en Anthropologie de la Médecine fondé en 1994 par Lluis Mallart à l’Université Rovira i Virgili de Tarragonne (Espagne) À l’origine, le débat a été provoqué par l’utilisation du terme “facteurs culturels” et sa transformation en une sorte de terme “passe-partout” pour expliquer des...

L’auteur, anthropologue de formation, fait partie d’un groupe de recherche très actif de l’Université de Barcelone (Estudios de Parentesco y Género). Ce livre, issu de la première Thèse de Doctorat d’un anthropologue en Espagne sur l’homosexualité féminine, relaie les recherches d’Oscar Guasch et Begoña Enguix qui entre 1990 et 1995 ouvrirent ce champ à partir de deux thèses. Dans la société ibérique, l’homosexualité féminine est stigmatisée comme marginale et “antinaturelle” ; réalité cachée...

Même si la prise en charge de la santé des enfants est incontestable dans les sociétés développées, le dépistage des facteurs non médicaux, stricto sensu, qui accompagnent et souvent perturbent leur développement est bien plus limité. Écrit par un pédiatre ayant 35 ans d’exercice professionnel et une formation en anthropologie médicale, ce livre fait écho à un genre très courant aux Etats-Unis : les ouvrages destinés aux praticiens et abordant les nouvelles demandes de soins de la population....

La politique de dossiers monographiques de ce périodique de travail social se poursuit. Dans ce numéro composé de 19 articles, la plupart font référence à des recherches en travail social qui ont de l’intérêt pour l’anthropologue : la Santé Mentale, la médiation interculturelle et les psychothérapies, les communautés thérapeutiques et les centres de réhabilitation psychosociale. D’autres articles abordent des sujets divers : les interventions socio-sanitaires à domicile auprès des personnes ...

Bien connu en Espagne, en Italie et en Amérique Latine, Eduardo Menéndez (né à Buenos Aires en 1935), est un anthropologue médical argentin qui travaille au CIESAS mexicain depuis trente ans ; il est un des auteurs les plus réputés en Amérique Latine et un des rares théoriciens dans ce domaine. Handicapé par la très mauvaise distribution internationale de la production scientifique latino-américaine, sa très large production (une vingtaine de livres et une centaine d’articles) est une référen...

S’il est déjà difficile de faire de l’eth­nographie à partir de sa propre culture, à plus forte raison à partir de son expé­rience personnelle. Du cœur de cette expérience, Marta Allué (auteur de Perder la piel, Planeta, 1996), nous présente cette fois-ci un texte qui se veut explicatif et revendicatif, à partir d’un univers qui est devenu le sien, celui du handicap. Texte sérieux, teinté d’humour, mais dont la critique subtile qui caractérise l’auteur n’est pas absente. Se plaçant du côté de...

Les deux textes présentés ici analysent le fait sexuel dans une perspective historique et culturelle. Il peut sembler étonnant, voire dépassé, aux yeux de nos confrères des autres pays européens, que ce thème ait un tel succès dans notre réalité académique et sociale et qu’on prête autant attention aux gender studies anglo-saxonnes. Cela tient à l’absence de toute recherche dans ce domaine pendant les années du « national-catholicisme » franquiste. À partir des années 80, poussés dans une bon...

Cet ouvrage collectif est le premier manuel d’Anthropologie Médicale publié en Espagne et le premier en Catalan. La coordinatrice, Rosa Boixareu, est docteur en études bibliques et professeur d’anthropologie dans une école d’infirmières de l’une des universités catholiques de Barcelone. Fruit de sa formation en anthropologie médicale à l’université Rovira i Virgili de Tarragone, le livre se propose de concilier, dans une présentation intelligente, des traditions intellectuelles différentes : ...

L’auteur, travailleur social depuis une trentaine d’années a développé sa carrière comme professionnel ainsi que dans l’enseignement universitaire. Il est aujourd’hui, directeur de l’Ecole de Travail Social à l’Université de Saragosse. Il dirige la « Revista de Trabajo Social y Salud », dont nous avons fait état dans d’antérieurs bulletins d’AMADES.Dans ce livre, issu de sa thèse de doctorat défendue a l‘Universitat Rovira i Virgili (Tarragone, Espagne), l’auteur développe une hypothèse sur u...

Publication du Département de Sociologie II de l’Université du Pays Basque (UPV/EHU), composée d’une série de recherches démographiques qui ont pour but l’analyse de la famille, et qui abordent les particularités et les carences des recherches produites sur ce sujet dans les sociétés occidentales. Les débats sur la famille en Europe, sur la diminution des taux de natalité, sur le vieillissement de la population, et sur les inégalités entre les genres en relation étroite avec le droit des ind...

Cet ouvrage, qui relève de l’anthropologie féministe, porte principalement sur les inégalités de genre. L’auteur emploie des données recueillies dans le cadre de recherches faites au Pays Basque, et développe une proposition méthodologique pour son analyse. S’inspirant des notions de « moral carreer » de Goffman, et de « itinéraire thérapeutique », elle propose le terme « itinéraires corporels » pour décrire et analyser des trajectoires personnelles relatives au corps et à la sexualité sous u...

Un nouveau numéro spécial de cette singulière revue espagnole, cette fois-ci autour du sida. Le numéro contient sept recherches réalisées en Espagne et en Amérique Latine, groupées et présentées par Oriol Romaní, (membre du Groupe IGIA, et Professeur à l’Universitat Rovira i Virgili de Tarragone, et un des anthropologues qui ont le plus travaillé sur l’utilisation et la consommation des drogues). La plupart des articles comprennent, d’une façon plus ou moins explicite, des analyses sur le co...

The New Keynesian Phillips Curve, as a structural model of inflation dynamics, has mostly been used to explain past inflation developments, but has hardly been used for forecasting purposes. We propose a method of forecasting inflation based on the present-value formulation of the hybrid New Keynesian Phillips Curve. To evaluate the forecasting performance of this model we compare it with forecasts generated from time series models at different forecast horizons. As state-of-the-art time series models used in inflation forecasting we employ a Bayesian VAR, a traditional VAR and a simple autoregressive model. We find that the New Keynesian Phillips Curve delivers relatively more accurate forecasts compared to the other models for longer forecast horizons (more than 3 months) while they are outperformed by the time series models only for the very short forecast horizon. This is consistent with the finding in the literature that structural models are able to outperform time series models only for longer horizons.

We analyze the interaction between credit and asset prices in the transmission of shocks to the real economy. We estimate a Markov switching VAR for the euro area and the US, including additionally GDP, CPI and a short-term interest rate. We find evidence for two distinct states in both regions. For the euro area, we find a regime which is correlated to the business cycle and which captures periods of very low real credit growth at the end of recessions. However, during this regime credit markets and asset price markets do not impede economic recovery. In the other regime, we do find a procyclical effect of credit and asset price shocks on GDP. Shocks in both variables explain each about 20% of GDP’s forecast error variance after four years. Credit shocks have a positive effect on inflation and explain about 35% of the forecast error variance, which confirms that credit aggregates contain information about the monetary stance. The effect of asset price shocks on inflation is insignificant and their share in explaining the forecast error variance negligible. For the US, regime 1 captures periods of stable GDP growth, and low and stable inflation, combined with accelerating asset prices. We find procyclical effects of credit and asset price shocks on GDP only in regime 2. Shocks in both variables explain about the same share (20%) of GDP forecast error variance, whereby the share explained by asset price shocks is about two and a half times larger than in regime 1. Shocks to credit and asset prices have no significant effect on CPI and explain each about 10% of its forecast error variance in both regimes. This is consistent with the view that monetary policy may achieve price stability without necessarily achieving financial stability.

Do asset prices affect real activity? This question has taken on a new importance in recent years, as asset values first surged at the end of 1990s and, thereafter, dramatically retreated. This report reviews the available theoretical and empirical evidence regarding asset price and wealth effects in Europe and some other major economies. The main focus of this report is on consumption effects via the wealth channel, reflecting the bulk of literature on the effects of asset prices. However, asset price effects on investment via the Tobin’s-Q channel, balance sheet and confidence channels are also reviewed. The available evidence supports the view that the wealth channel is the most important of various channels. There is little empirical evidence indicating that the Tobin’s-Q, balance-sheet and confidence channels play any major independent role in the transmission of asset price effects to economic activity.

Pourquoi et comment devient-on médecin au Congo-Zaïre, dans une économie totalement abandonnée à la « débrouille » ? Alors que la situation s’est fortement aggravée depuis qu’ils se sont inscrits à l’université, comment les jeunes praticiens diplômés à la fin des années 1990 font-ils l’expérience de leur devenir professionnel ? C’est à ces deux questions que cet ouvrage tente de répondre, en suivant le cheminement de jeunes médecins congolais des bancs de l’école à leur travail actuel. Les di...

Orobanche crenata Forsk. is a root parasite that produces devastating effects on many crop legumes and has become a limiting factor for faba bean and pea production in the Mediterranean region. The efficacy of available control methods is minimal and breeding for broomrape resistance remains the most promising method of control. Resistance seems to be scarce and complex in nature, being a quantitative characteristic difficult to manage in breeding programmes. The best long term strategy for limiting damage by Orobanche is the development of Orobanche-resistant crops, but traditional plant breeding has generally failed to produce resistance that is stable across time or location as well as parasite pressure. The objectives of our studies were the development of genetic linkage maps of faba bean (Vicia faba L.) and peas (Pisum sativum L.) in F2 populations obtained by crossing lines resistant and susceptible to broomrape. The genetic linkage maps were subsequently used to identify and map quantitative trait loci (QTLs) associated with broomrape resistance. In faba bean (Vicia faba L.), 196 F2 plants derived from the cross between susceptible and resistant parent were analysed using isozymes, RAPD, seed protein genes, and microsatellites. The resistant line, Vf136, comes from the progeny selection of Vf1071 × Alameda. The linkage map was constructed by MAPMAKER V2.0 using a LOD score of 3.0 as the threshold for considering significant linkage. Of the 130 marker loci segregating in the F2 population, 121 could be mapped into 16 linkage groups covering 1445.5 cM of the faba bean genome. Nine out of 16 linkage groups were assigned to their specific chromosomes because a number of markers was common with previous studies which used primary trisomics in order to establish the chromosomal location of markers. F2-derived F3 lines were checked for broomrape resistance in field conditions. The 196 F2-derived F3 lines were grown together with the standard cultivar Brocal (susceptible to broomrape) in two replications in a field plot heavily infested with O. crenata seeds. Broomrape resistance was scored as the number of emerged broomrapes per faba bean individual at plant maturity. Simple regression has been carried out using the broomrape score in susceptible checks as an independent variable and the broomrape score in the F3 lines as a dependent variable to remove any statistically significant effects of field infestation variability. Regression-corrected values (residuals) were then calculated to correct for differences in broomrape seed density in the soil between plots. Regression residuals were considered to be the broomrape resistance index of the parental F2 individuals. Simple interval mapping (SIM) and composite interval mapping (CIM) were performed using QTL Cartographer. Composite interval mapping using the maximum number of markers as cofactors was clearly the most efficient way to locate putative QTLs. Three QTLs for broomrape resistance were detected. One of the three QTLs explained more than 35% of the phenotypic variance, whereas the others accounted for 11.2 and 25.5%, respectively. This result suggests that broomrape resistance in faba bean can be considered a polygenic trait with major effects of a few single genes. In order to identify and map the QTLs controlling broomrape resistance in peas, 115 F2 plants derived from the cross between Pisum sativum ssp. syriacum Berg (= P. humile Boiss and Nöe) × P. sativum cv. Messire were analysed using isozymes, RAPD and STS markers. The resistant maternal parent was the line P. sativum ssp. syriacum Berg and the male parent was P. sativum cv. Messire, highly susceptible to the parasite. One hundred and fifteen F3 lines were obtained by selfing of F2 individuals. F2-derived F3 lines were checked for broomrape resistance under field conditions and the broomrape resistance index of each F2 individual was constructed as mentioned. The linkage map was constructed with MAPMAKER V2.0. Of 217 markers, 120 could be mapped into 21 linkage groups covering 1770 cM of the pea genome. Simple Interval Mapping (SIM) and Composite Interval Mapping (CIM) were performed using QTL Cartographer. Two QTLs for broomrape resistance (Ocp1 and Ocp2) that explained a moderate portion of the observed variation. Ocp1 accounted for 9.59% of the total phenotypic variance and displayed a partial dominant gene action. Ocp2 explained 11.36% of the phenotypic variance and showed additive genetic effects. In the case of Ocp1 the resistance-enhancing alleles were originated from the susceptible parent. Thus, the genetic basis of resistance in pea seems to be more complex than in faba bean. The effectiveness of Marker Assisted Selection (MAS) procedure strongly depends on the accuracy of QTL mapping results and the analysis needs to be refined to determine precise positions and effects of the individual QTLs. Furthermore, QTLs found in a single environment must be validated across multiple test locations and independent mapping populations. Future research will be focused on saturating the regions of possible QTL locations with additional markers. Problems with reproducibility will be overcome by developing sequence or allele specific primers (SCARs) for the traits of interest. In order to check the accuracy of the QTL analyses and to analyze QTL stability in different environments, we have develop of recombinant inbred lines (RILs) derived from faba bean and pea F2 populations.

The purpose of this paper is to model both loans to households and to non-financial corporations as well as their relation to interest rates and demand variables for Austria, Germany, the Netherlands and the United Kingdom. Credit aggregates are modeled using a Markov-switching vector autoregressive model, which allows testing as to whether shocks to the economy have stronger effects during tight credit regimes or economic downturns. The analysis of the above-mentioned countries makes it possible to assess the differences in the amplifying and asymmetric effects of credit aggregates between marketbased and bank-based financial systems.

Using individual firm data, this study analyzes the credit channel in Austria. The estimation is based on an accelerator specification of investment demand augmented by the liquidity ratio and a firm specific user cost of capital. The results show that there is a credit channel in Austria affecting all firms, while the interest rate channel is significant as long as the liquidity ratio is not included in the regression. Taking into account trade credit or lending relationships increases the significance but not necessarily the size of the interest rate channel. The interest rate channel is not significant for young firms due mainly to the fact that young firms rely more heavily on sales to increase investment. In general it is found that firms can reduce the sensitivity of investment to their liquidity position by building lending relationships with a housebank or using trade credit as a substitute for bank loans.

Using individual firm data, this study analyzes the credit channel in Austria. The estimation is based on an accelerator specification of investment demand augmented by the liquidity ratio and a firm specific user cost of capital. The results show that there is a credit channel in Austria affecting all firms, while the interest rate channel is significant as long as the liquidity ratio is not included in the regression. Taking into account trade credit or lending relationships increases the significance but not necessarily the size of the interest rate channel. The interest rate channel is not significant for young firms due mainly to the fact that young firms rely more heavily on sales to increase investment. In general it is found that firms can reduce the sensitivity of investment to their liquidity position by building lending relationships with a housebank or using trade credit as a substitute for bank loans JEL Classification: C23, D92, E22, E52, G31, G32

Using individual firm data, this study analyzes the credit channel in Austria. The estimation is based on an accelerator specification of investment demand augmented by the liquidity ratio and a firm specific user cost of capital. The results show that there is a credit channel in Austria affecting all firms, while the interest rate channel is significant as long as the liquidity ratio is not included in the regression. Taking into account trade credit or lending relationships increases the significance but not necessarily the size of the interest rate channel. The interest rate channel is not significant for young firms due mainly to the fact that young firms rely more heavily on sales to increase investment. In general it is found that firms can reduce the sensitivity of investment to their liquidity position by building lending relationships with a housebank or using trade credit as a substitute for bank loans

Orientador: Manuel de Jesus Mendes Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Elétrica e de Computação Resumo: Neste trabalho apresenta-se uma ferramenta chamada Compilador ASN.1, cujo objetivo é fornecer uma representação concreta para a sintaxe abstrata ASN.1, de forma que, as especificações das PDU's dos protocolos de aplicação, geralmente escritas em ASN.1, possam ser utilizadas computacionalmente. Uma das funções prioritárias da camada de apresentação de um protocolo de comunicação é produzir uma codificação dos valores destas PDU's, baseando-se nas regras definidas pela norma BER. Assim, o compilador deve fornecer numa segunda tarefa, as rotinas de codificação e decodificação específicas para cada PDU compilada, utilizando um conjunto de funções que se encontram em duas bibliotecas auxiliares que realizam estas conversões Abstract: This work presents a tool called "Compilador ASN.1", which main objective is to provide a concrete representation for the abstract syntax ASN.1, in order to translate the application protocol PDU's specification, written in ASN.1, to the C language. One of the main functions of the presentation layer is produce an encode-decode for the PDU's data values, based on the BER norm. Therefore, a second compiler task is to provide the specific encode-decode routines for each compiled PDU, using a function set available in two complementary libraries that carry out these conversions Mestrado Automação Mestre em Engenharia Elétrica