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This paper addresses the question: why do two destinations with extremely valuable cultural heritage gain attractions have completely different tourism traffic results? The main aim of this paper was to find the various causes of this inequality. The comparative method was used and Lednice and Dolní Kounice in Southern Moravia were selected as case studies. Statistical data and strategic documents on regional and local levels were analysed. The study showed significant differences in the strategic conceptual plans. Dolní Kounice was a more popular destination for suburban tourism for the inhabitants of Brno, the historical heritage was only an added value. In the case of Lednice, the use of its heritage for tourism was one of the main development priorities. This paper further noted that cultural tourism is often seen as a sector of the economy rather than a part of the culture.

The paper focuses on the changes to the industrial structure of small Moravian towns as these towns are part of the settlement structure that connects urban and rural systems. Small towns (of up to 15,000 inhabitants) are the most industrialized part of the Czech settlement system. They were the subject of capitalist industrialization in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, as well as socialist industrialization in the second half of the twentieth century. Therefore, the research question asks how the small-town sector coped with the transition to a post-productive society and how small towns were differentiated during this process. Population censuses were the main tool used to gather data for comparison. Today, small towns have preserved, in particular, less innovatively demanding industries, which have been pushed out of large and medium-sized cities. At the same time, they are undergoing a process of post-productive transformation which is associated with a massive transfer of job opportunities to services, but they can also become starting points for cultural tourism in rural areas. However, their future development will be very differentiated depending on their location concerning regional centres, on the quality of human and social capital and also on their historical pathways.

The accessibility of basic services in rural settlements in the South Moravian Region was evaluated, the accessibility by public transport was taken into account because the accessibility by individual car transport does not manifest any problems. The accessibility was calculated for 768 rural settlements, defined as spatially separate places which do not belong to municipalities with extended power. The time distance includes the time of the ride plus 8 min walking distance to and from the stop. The data was taken from the Integrated Transport System of the South Moravian Region, which ensures that each populated place in the region has to be connected by public transport at least six times on working days. The results show that for 99.8% of the inhabitants of the region, central places equipped with a post office, a basic school and a general practitioner’s office are accessible in a shorter time than 30 min. The accessibility of the services depends primarily on the characteristics of the settlement system and the physical conditions of the transport. In lowland areas, the share of settlements with comfortable accessibility is expressively higher than that of the highland and peripheral territories. The possible future improvement consists of the digitization of the services.

The paper discusses the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on rural tourism in Czechia. It points out that the catastrophic scenarios of the decline in tourism mainly concern urban destinations focused on foreign tourism. In contrast, rural destinations create an alternative. Some of them have even shown an increase in tourism in the 2020 summer season as compared to 2019. However, this new orientation requires investing in infrastructure, marketing and regional cooperation. Highlights . Paper investigates the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on rural tourism in Czechia. . The decline in tourism mainly affected destinations focused on foreign tourists. . Czech countryside gained domestic tourists due to natural, gastronomic and local attractions. . The specificity ofCOVID 19 new outbreaks is its local or regional limitation. . The COVID-19 epidemy has created an opportunity for the development of rural tourism.

The paper discusses the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on rural tourism in Czechia. It points out that the catastrophic scenarios of the decline in tourism mainly concern urban destinations focuse...

The main aim of the study was to find out whether cultural tourism could be a driver of rural development in the selected area and in general. In case yes, to what extent and under what conditions. Three districts in the South-Moravian Region, Znojmo, Břeclav, and Hodonín, situated in the rural borderland with Austria and Slovakia represented the study area. Both geographical and sociological methods were used to gather evidence for cultural tourism in that study. Firstly, attractiveness analysis of the area defined for cultural tourism took place. Next, factors influencing the potential for cultural tourism affecting rural development in South Moravia were evaluated. Finally, synergistic relations were discussed. In the territory, many forms of tourism intersect. Based on the results, it can be stated that cultural tourism can hardly be the main driver of rural development after the decline of agriculture because the region's economy has branched out in several directions. However, it can be an important complementary activity that yields both economic and non-economic benefits. info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess

This paper deals with problems of the contemporary Moravian countryside. It discusses the definition and perceptions of the countryside, its functions, current development trend, general characteristics and differentiation. Multifunctional development of the countryside is stressed. Problems of peripheral countryside are considered to be the most serious, and small towns in these areas play an extremely important role. The sustainability of some communes with less than 200 inhabitants seems to be endangered most. The future importance of the countryside is seen in it being an alternative to the urban way of life, in the maintenance and cultivation of the landscape and in preserving local and regional traditions in the era of globalization. The human factor is of great importance. Main research sights are indicated.

The paper is aimed at an analysis and comparison of two karst areas. Among common problems of both territories are: sewage of untreated waste water from settlements and industrial plants to the underground space, infiltration of fertilizers and pesticides to underground spaces during torrential rains, washing away the topsoil into the underground space. The main difference consist in geographical positions. Whereas Moravian Karts is situated in the vicinity of the regional center Brno and is partly a subject of suburbanization, Devetashko Plato marked depopulation tendencies. From it follows that Moravian Karst is under pressure of urbanization and tourism which compete with landscape protection. On the other side, Devetashko Plato area is not socially sustainable. These conditions create different approaches for the future management. In any case, the imaginations about the quantitative development should be abandoned. In both the cases the territories have to ensure sustainability in all three pillars: environmental, social and economic., Problems of Geography, 2016, Vol.3-4, p. 65-84

About 3,1 millions of Germans lived in Czechoslovakia in 1930s forming the biggest ethnical minority. This minority almost completely disappeared as a consequence of the WWII. About 300-500 thousands of them were killed in the war as soldiers of German military forces. Some dozens of thousands were killed by the Nazi regime (anti-Nazi and German Jews), about 300 thousands fled on the base of Hitler´s command, about 20-30 thousands were killed or died within "wild displacement". The majority (2,1 million) were transferred into individual occupation zones in Germany. Only established anti-Nazis, people from mixed matrimonies and indispensable experts in economic branches were allowed to stay.Excluding big cities and some inner enclaves, the majority of German population was transferred from the borderland. Before the WWII, almost all the borderland of Bohenia and Moravia was formed by German speaking regions.

Der Beitrag beinhaltet eine Analyse der gegenwärtigen demographischen Veränderungen in den Innenstädten der mährischen Großstädte Brno und Ostrava. Die Untersuchung kleinräumiger soziodemographischer Strukturen erfolgte auf der Ebene der so genannten Basissiedlungseinheiten. Von den Daten der beiden letzten Volks-, Gebäude- und Wohnungszählungen (1991 und 2001) wurden vor allem Daten zur Alters- und Qualifikationsstruktur der Bevölkerung sowie zur Haushaltsstruktur herangezogen. Dem Vergleich demographischer Daten mit der aktuellen physischen Struktur der beiden Städte diente die Analyse des Wohngebäudetyps (Eigenheime oder Mehrfamilienhäuser) sowie deren Baualter. Die Ergebnisse bestätigen, dass die Innenstädte altern, während die jüngste Bevölkerung in Plattenbausiedlungen aus den 1980er Jahren und in den Zuzugsgebieten der Suburbanisierung am Stadtrand wohnt. Die günstigeren demographischen Strukturen in Ostrava – im Vergleich zu Brno – sind auf die massenhafte Zuwanderung von Industriearbeitskräften nach dem Krieg zurückzuführen. Es scheint, dass die Differenzierung der Qualifikationsstruktur (und damit gewissermaßen auch die soziale Differenzierung) nicht entlang der räumlichen Grenzen von innerer Stadt und Vorstädten verläuft. Dies erlaubt die Schlussfolgerung, dass die innere Stadt in Bezug auf die Qualifikations- und Sozialstruktur der Bevölkerung keinen monolithischen Komplex darstellt, sondern selbst stark differenziert ist. This article is an analysis of the present demographic changes in the city centres of the big Moravian cities of Brno and Ostrava. This study of sociodemographic structures in limited spaces was made on the level of what are known as basic settlement units. Data on the age and qualification structure of the population and the household structure were primarily used from the two last censuses of population, buildings and flats (1991 and 2001). Analysing the type of residential building (owner-occupied houses or multiple-family dwellings) and the age of the building were used to compare demographic data with the current physical structure of these two cities. Findings confirm that the city centres are ageing while the youngest population lives in concrete-slab settlements from the 1980’s and the influx areas on the suburbanising fringes of the city. Ostrava has better demographic structures than Brno which may be attributed to the massive immigration of industrial workers after the war. It seems that the differentiation in the qualification structure (and therefore to a certain extent the social differentiation) does not run along the spatial borders of the city centre and suburbs. Therefore, we can draw the conclusion that the inner city is not a monolithic complex in the population in terms of qualification and social structure, but is also substantially differentiated.

Kleinstädte sind ein sehr wenig untersuchtes Element des Siedlungssystems. In Mähren sind die Kleinstädte der einzige Städtetyp, der in letzten zehn Jahren nach der Einwohnerzahl als ein Ganzes wächst. Im Siedlungssystem Mährens spielen Kleinstädte bis jetzt eine Schlüsselrolle bei der Erneuerung des Landes. Dreizehn Fallstudien der Städte mit weniger als 15 000 Einwohner wurden in den Jahren 1999 bis 2001 bearbeitet. Im Zentrum der Aufmerksamkeit stand der Strukturwandel nach dem Jahre 1989. Veränderungen von Industrie und Arbeitsmarkt, Dienstleistungen, Fremdenverkehr und Umwelt wurden untersucht. Der Beitrag macht auf Besonderheiten der Lebensweise in Kleinstädten aufmerksam. Es handelt sich zum Beispiel um höhere gesellschaftliche Kontrolle und persönliche Sicherheit, unterschiedliche Gestaltung der Selbstverwaltung und der lokalen Kultur als in Groß- und Mittelstädten oder Einbindung der Bewohner in die Stadterneuerung. In der Zukunft ist eine weitere Differenzierung der Kleinstädte zu erwarten. Einige Kleinstädte können vielleicht ihre Zentralfunktion weiter ausnutzen, anderen müssen ihren Aufschwung in einer Spezialisierung suchen. Noch andere werden wahrscheinlich ihren urbanen Charakter verlieren. Nach der Zeit der Uniformität und Nivellierung ist die Frage der Identität und des Images einzelnen Kleinstädte sehr aktuell. Small cities represent a settlement system that has been largely neglected by research to date. Small cities are the only type of city in Moravia that have grown in terms of population figures in the last ten years. Until now, small cities have played a key role in Moravia in the renewal of the region. Thirteen case studies of cities with less than 15 000 inhabitants were processed between 1999 and 2001. The main focus of interest was on the structural transformation after 1989. The examinations centred on changes in industry and the job market, in services, tourism and the environment. The article draws attention to the peculiarities of lifestyles in small cities. For example, it deals with higher social control and personal security, different forms of autonomy and the local culture, as in large and medium- sized cities, and the integration of the inhabitants in urban renewal. In future, we can expect a further differentiation of the small cities. Some small cities may be able to continue to use their central function, while others must seek their growth in specialisation. Still others appear likely to lose their urban character. After a period of uniformity and levelling out, the question of the identity and image of individual small cities is extremely current.

The article presents and discusses the visible effects of the Covid-19 pandemic on cultural tourism in Czechia, Europe. The pandemic has caused or accelerated certain changes. Mainly urban destinations focusing on foreign tourists (e.g., Prague) were affected by the pandemic. However, despite the significant decline in tourism as an industry, the seeds of positive changes can be traced. For example, domestic tourists have discovered the appeal of the rural regions of their homeland. The trend has started to evolve from mass tourism to a more individual one. The decline of the workforce in tourism will likely result in the increase of more self-service forms of activities. Even though e-tourism cannot replace real experiences, it will contribute to a more deliberate selection of tourist destinations and services. Therefore, investing in a higher quality infrastructure should be a priority. The latest observations show that the main obstacle is insufficient cooperation among local stakeholders, such as entrepreneurs, public administration, or individual government departments. Czechia’s fundamental drawback is the lack of clear distinction of whether culture tourism falls into the economic sector or the cultural sphere.

This diploma thesis is generally devoted to the endogenous potential of the development of the smallest settlements of the selected part of the inner periphery in Czechia. This internal potential is created by the socio-economic and socio-cultural status of the settlement. At a time when the rural development paradigm, ie the top-down approach and the principle of local governance, prevails according to OECD, it seems that the socio-cultural part of the endogenous potential of the settlement is probably the key one. The theoretical part of the thesis describes the possibilities of local actors, especially permanent residents and subjects of the second housing, in influencing the overall state of the given settlement - socio-economic part of the internal potential of the settlement. In the practical part, it analyzes the internal potential of selected settlements, statistically tests the relationship between these factors and looks for probable reasons for different potential. The relationship between the internal factors of development was confirmed and the socio-cultural nature was identified as a key aspect of potential success. The thesis does not aim to predict the exact future of these settlements, but it realistically reflects their internal potential and thus presents their likely direction...

The diploma thesis is concerned with the development of three small towns in the Posázaví region. Development preconditions are evaluated according to the project implementation and financing and the communication of the town council with the public. The aim of the thesis is to evaluate what projects the towns implemented during the monitored period and whether these projects contributed to the town development. In the theoretical part of the thesis are defined various types of functioning of public administration and development factors with the emphasis on human and social capital. Furthermore, the thesis discusses different approaches to strategic planning as a major tool for successful development. The chapter about the budget with the emphasis on subsidies is also included in the theoretical part. Two hypotheses emerged from the theoretical part. Following analyses try to answer these hypotheses. The practical part is gradually divided into primary and secondary analysis. In the secondary analysis, the internal development factors and the realized projects, which were divided into development and maintenance, were evaluated. Free available resources were used for this analysis. Information for primary analysis was gained from interviews with key participants of chosen towns from the region...

Rural area was traditionally connected with agriculture. To compare with urban, rural areas were considered to be backward, retarded, not worthy of an intensive research. But \nthe situation has changed in the last time. Although cities are still centres of development in the globalization process, people in Europe leave them as a result of the \ntrends of suburbanization and counter - urbanization. We intend to pay our attention on transformation processes of the European countryside. We can focus on more processes occurring there: transformation from productive to non-productive, from central planned to the market oriented countryside, from the mono-functional to the multifunctional, from the national to \nEuropean and globalized. The urbanisation process shows more faces in European countryside. Such a transformation generates many impacts on natural, economic and social \nprocesses occurring in present European countryside.

1 Abstract This thesis deals with everyday life in major cities during the post-socialist transformation in the Czech Republic. It aims to contribute to our understanding of the everyday life of the inhabitants of Brno and Ostrava during the period and to explain the impact of the post- socialist transformation on their lives and social relations. The results are based on extensive fieldwork (i.e., a questionnaire survey and structured interviews of the inhabitants of the inner cities) conducted in Brno and Ostrava in 2007-2009. The fieldwork was based on ethnographic work describing the sociability and social relations of the inhabitants of the inner cities, with an emphasis on kinship and neighbourly relations. During the post-socialist transformation, Brno and Ostrava underwent a variety of significant changes, ranging from industrial transformation to lifestyle adjustments. They had developed differently both during and prior to socialism. For example, Ostrava became focused mainly on heavy industry, while Brno had a more varied economic structure. Since 1989, these cities have continued to diverge. As for the attitudes of informants toward their lives in the inner cities, they varied greatly. As for sociability, both neighbourly relations and kinship form a mosaic of features, some of which were...

Charles University in Prague Faculty of Science Department of Social Geography and Regional Development Radim Perlín Instruments for the Development of Rural Municipalities Summary Prague 2010 Gradual change in the functional utilisation of rural space is characteristic of the second half of the twentieth century. The original agrarian function of rural areas is losing its significance and rural areas and municipalities, along with their residents, are subsequently seeking new roles within society's division of functions. Following increases in rural population during the second half of the nineteenth century, caused by the demographic revolution, a portion of the economically active residents of rural areas emigrated over the next several decades, contributing to the rapid population growth of cities. Decreases in family size represent a consequence of the departure of a portion of rural inhabitants. Korčák studied the initial phases of these processes back in 1929. After World War II and in connection with the necessity to ensure food security and sufficient volume of agricultural production, the Common Agricultural Policy was formulated within the emerging European community as one of the first joint policies. It focuses primarily on ensuring sufficient income for agricultural workers, in the midst of...