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The present work investigates the impacts of the Lorentz forces, porosity factor, viscous dissipation and radiation in thermo-Marangoni convective flow of a nanofluids (comprising two distinct kinds of carbon nanotubes ($CNT_{s}$)), in water ($H_{2}O$). Heat transportation developed by Marangoni forces happens regularly in microgravity situations, heat pipes, and in crystal growth. Therefore, Marangoni convection is considered in the flow model. A nonlinear system is constructed utilizing these assumptions which further converted to ordinary differential equations (ODEs) by accurate similarity transformations. The homotopic scheme is utilized to compute the exact solution for the proposed system. The study reveals that higher estimations of Hartmann number and Marangoni parameter speed up the fluid velocity while the opposite behavior is noted for porosity factor. Further, the rate of heat transfer shows upward trend for the Hartmann number, Marangoni parameter, nanoparticle solid volume fraction, radiation parameter whereas a downward trend is followed by the Brinkman number and porosity factor. It is fascinating to take observe that contemporary analytical outcomes validate the superb convergence with previous investigation.

Heat transfer is an important process in many engineering, industrial, residential, and commercial buildings. Thus, this study aims to analyse the effect of MHD and viscous dissipation on radiative heat transfer of Reiner–Philippoff fluid flow over a nonlinearly shrinking sheet. By adopting appropriate similarity transformations, the partial derivatives of multivariable differential equations are transformed into the similarity equations of a particular form. The resulting mathematical model is elucidated in MATLAB software using the bvp4c technique. To determine the impact of physical parameters supplied into the problem, the results are shown in the form of tables and graphs. The findings reveal that the heat transfer rate reduces as the Eckert number and radiation parameter are introduced in the operating fluid. However, increasing the magnetic parameter raises both the skin friction coefficient and the local Nusselt number, which impulsively improves the heat transfer performance. The suction effect has a noticeable influence on the Reiner–Philippoff fluid, since increasing the suction parameter's value is seen to enhance the skin friction coefficient and the heat transfer performance. The dual solutions are established, leading to the stability analysis that supports the first solution’s validity.

Numerical simulations have been performed to investigate the influence of constant volumetric heat generation and viscous dissipation on the unsteady natural convection flow of an incompressible Newtonian fluid contained in a rectangular cavity. The left vertical wall of the cavity is cooled, while the right vertical wall is heated, and the bottom and top walls are adiabatic. A numerical technique based on the implicit finite difference method (IFDM), along with an upwind finite difference scheme and an iterative successive over relaxation (SOR) technique, is employed to solve the governing equations numerically. The effect of physical parameters, namely the modified Rayleigh number (103≤Ra≤107), aspect ratio (1≤A≤4), Prandtl number (Pr=0.7, 1.0, 6.2, 15), volumetric internal heat generation parameter (Qλ=0, 1), and Eckert number (0≤Ec≤10−6), on the streamlines and isotherms are discussed graphically. Variations of maximum stream function, as well as average and local Nusselt number, are also discussed. The results show that the increase in Eckert number from 0 to 10−4 causes the average heat transfer to decrease, while Pr=0.71, Ra=104, and Qλ=0. Additionally, the average heat transfer decreases as the cavity width increases from 1 to 4, while Pr=0.71, Ra = 5×104, Ec=10−6 and Qλ=1. The results of the numerical model used here are in excellent accord with earlier findings.

An energy-based aerodynamic analysis of the mechanical loss generation and potential energy/exergy recovery mechanisms is carried out for adiabatic and heated 2D axisymmetric flows over fuselage-shaped axisymmetric bodies. A generality of these mechanisms is obtained from dimensional analysis by appropriately scaling the freestream Reynolds and Mach numbers, while varying a reference fuselage’s fineness ratio. Thermo-aerodynamic implications and synergies of boundary-layer heating on the loss distribution, energy, and heat exergy recovery potentials are further considered for varying wall temperature ratios. The result is a clear identification of partial dynamic similarity and heat transfer effects on flow mechanisms such as shear layers, separation bubbles, and shockwaves of axisymmetric flows, and subsequent implications on loss distribution and energy recovery characteristics relating to boundary-layer ingestion. The analysis indicates that dissipating heat from aircraft surfaces aids, circumstantially, to drag reduction of unpowered fuselage bodies and increases, relative to the adiabatic, the recoverable energy fraction available for the boundary-layer ingestion propulsor, by strategically manipulating the loss distribution, while removing excess heat from the aircraft’s subsystem (batteries, fuel cells). Finally, an approach to assess the feasibility of exergetic heat recuperation as a possible means of useful work extraction and improved aerodynamic performance is explicitly introduced and discussed in the paper.

Modern industries face a new challenge in cooling processes. Traditional cooling lubricants have limited heatconducting capacity. The development of nanofluids possessing superior properties such as high thermal conductivity, homogeneity, and long-term stability has revolutionized the cooling lubrication industry. The literature reports a wide range of applications of nanofluid, such as cooling devices, peristaltic pumps for diabetic treatments, accelerators, reactors, petroleum industry applications, solar collectors and so forth. Nanofluids like Williamson nanofluid are very important non-Newtonian fluids that have pseudoplastic properties. Williamson nanofluid has a number of applications in the medical and engineering sciences. It is used in food processing, inkjet printing, adhesives and emulsions, coated photographic films, and many other applications. In the current study, the nanomaterial flow of the Darcy-Forchheimer Williamson nanofluid model is evaluated using the Levenberg–Marquardt approach with backpropagated neural networks. Thermalphoresis and Brownian motion are incorporated into the nanofluid model. This system is converted into an analogous nonlinear ordinary differential system through the application of necessary transformations. A dataset for the proposed multilayer perceptron artificial neural network is generated by altering the necessary variables through a Runge–Kutta fourth-order shooting procedure. It has been created an artificial neural network called a multiple-layer perceptron in order to forecast the values of the multiple-layer perceptron. It is discovered that the (Formula presented.) parameter had the highest mean deviation of (Formula presented.) and the (Formula presented.) parameter had the lowest mean deviation of (Formula presented.). Furthermore, MSE value of ANN model developed to estimate the skin friction coefficient value as (Formula presented.) and R value as 0.99954 whereas MSE and R values of the ANN model developed for the estimation of the LNN value were obtained as (Formula presented.) and 0.99999, respectively.

Convection differential equations that include momentum, energy and mass balance equations are used for the simulations of boundary layer (BL) flows. In convection analysis, it is in execution to dimensionless the BL system through similarity variable. However, a wide range of convection differential equations cannot be non-dimensionalized using similarity variable therefore the intent of this manuscript is to develop non-similar model for the forced convective magnetic flow of a viscous fluid above an exponentially expanding surface saturated by nano-fluid. The non-similarity is due to the exponential stretching of the surface and viscous dissipation. Influences of chemical reaction and heat generation are also incorporated. The non-similarity transformation is applied to the nonlinear partial differential system (PDE’s) to transform them into dimensionless PDE’s. Non-similar system is analytically approximated by adapting local non-similarity (LNS) and then it is numerically simulated by finite difference based bvp4c algorithm to explore the influences of significant numbers named as Prandlt number, chemical reaction, magnetic field, Brownian motion, heat generation, Eckert number, thermophoresis on concentration, velocity and temperature distribution. Auxiliary consequences presume that the heat penetration in fluid rises with enhancements in Brownian motion and Prandtl number, while it can be perceived here that for positive estimations of heat generation causes the thicker temperature field. Increasing non-similarity variable and magnetic number become reason for the reduction of temperature profile and chemical reaction is reason of reduced concentration profile.

The viscoelastic fluid flow over a non linear stretching porous sheet is considered in this analysis. The case of suction and injection is also discuused. The effects of thermophoresis and brownain motion with viscous dissipation is taken into account. Under the flow assumptions, boundary layer approximation applied on the mathematical model and developed the partial differential equations. The similarity variable is applied on the partial differential equations which converted into ordinary differential equations. The dimensionless system further solved through numerical technique bvp4c method. The results of the current problem achieved after solving the problem which presented through graphs and table. Influence of numerous physical parameters on velocity function, concentration function and temperature function are manipulated through graphs. The tabular results are schemed to display skin friction and local Nusselt number. The higher values of N b which enhanced the velocity profile but declines velocity profile due to higher values of Ec . The thermal thickness enhances due larger values of γ and Pr but thermal thickness declines due to higher values of Ec and N t . The concentration profile enhances due to enhancing the values of Ec and Pr but concentration profile declines due to increasing the values of N t . Nusselt number enhaced due to higher values of Ec , S c and N t but declines of higher values of Pr .

This paper investigates the suitability of the isothermal linear viscoelastic framework to describe the behavior of polymers observed during DMTA tests. A good interpretation of these tests is important because, in practice, they are used to construct master curves using the time-temperature superposition principle at small strain. These curves are then considered to predict the material behavior under experimentally unreachable thermal and/or loading frequency conditions. Currently, the DMTA protocol neglects the temperature variations induced by the deformation of polymers. We wonder if these temperature variations can have an influence on the measurement of dynamic moduli. To answer this question, quantitative infrared techniques were developed and used to assess small temperature variations of samples undergoing cyclic loadings during mechanical spectrometry tests. Thermal and mechanical data were used to quantify the viscous dissipated and the thermoelastic coupling energies that can be both associated with the hysteretic stress-strain response of polymers. Energy balances were then performed to quantify the relative importance of dissipative and thermoelastic coupling heat sources. From the energy standpoint, it is found that the thermoelastic energy rate was dozens of times higher than the dissipation. Especially at low frequencies, thermoelastic effects can have a greater influence on the loss modulus value than viscosity.

The current analysis discusses Jeffery nanofluid’s thermally radiative flow with convection over a stretching wedge. It takes into account the Brownian movement and thermophoresis of the Buongiorno nanofluid model. The guiding partial differential equations (PDEs) are modified by introducing the symmetry variables, leading to non-dimensional ordinary differential equations (ODEs). To solve the generated ODEs, the MATLAB function bvp4c is implemented. Examined are the impacts of different flow variables on the rate of transmission of heat transfer (HT), temperature, mass, velocity, and nanoparticle concentration (NC). It has been noted that the velocity and mass transfer were increased by the pressure gradient factor. Additionally, the thermal boundary layer (TBL) and nanoparticle concentration are reduced by the mixed convection (MC) factor. In order to validate the present research, the derived numerical results were compared to previous findings from the literature while taking into account the specific circumstances. It was found that there was good agreement in both sets of data.

The problem of non-Newtonian Casson thin film flow of an electrically conducting fluid on a horizontal elastic sheet was studied using suitable dimensionless transformations on equations representing the problem. The thin film flow and heat mechanism coupled with mass transfer characteristics are basically governed by the slip velocity, magnetic field, and the dissipation phenomenon. The present numerical analysis by the shooting method was carried out to study the detailed, fully developed heat and mass transfer techniques in the laminar thin film layer by solving the competent controlling equations with eight dominant parameters for the thin liquid film. Additionally, the predicted drag force via skin-friction coefficient and Nusselt and Sherwood numbers were correlated. In view of the present study, a smaller magnetic parameter or a smaller slip velocity parameter exerts very good influence on the development of the liquid film thickness for the non-Newtonian Casson model. Furthermore, a boost in the parameter of unsteadiness causes an increase in both velocity distribution and concentration distribution in thin film layer while an increase in the same parameter causes a reduction in the film thickness. Likewise, the present results are observed to be in an excellent agreement with those offered previously by other authors. Finally, some of the physical parameters in this study, which can serve as improvement factors for heat mass transfer and thermophysical characteristics, make nanofluids premium candidates for important future engineering applications.

This paper investigates the effect of slits within the arc-plug insert of the solar parabolic trough receiver (PTR). In order to predict the performance of the parabolic trough collector (PTC) with arc-plug slits within the absorber tube; two different variants of slits of 2 mm and 1 mm thicknesses are considered. Then, each of the variants of slits with different thicknesses are varied in terms of numbers of their occurrence in the arc-plug. The 2 mm thickness slits are varied in 5, 7, and 9 numbers with uniform space of separation between them in the arc-plug. While 1 mm thickness slits are varied from 11 to 13 in numbers and also maintaining uniform space of separation between them like in 2 mm thickness slits. The objective is to determine the effects of viscous dissipation within the slits of the arc-plug of PTR; and also, the optimized version of the slit with its numbers. It is found that 2 mm slits with 9 in numbers showed the highest value of thermal efficiency as compared to all other cases. The thermal efficiency (η) of the PTC with arc-plug slits are seen to be about 1.642 times of conventional PTC; whereas, 1.309 times of arc-plug without slits. Therefore, it is always beneficial to use slits within inserts of PTCs for its performance enhancement; but, the selection of slit’s thickness and its numbers plays a vital role in its application.

Owing to the improved thermophysical properties of nano-materials, the nanofluid convey novel applications in industries, engineering as well as bio-medicals. With high efficiency performances, the nanoparticles include applications in various cooling and heating systems, energy production, aerospace engineering, thermal extrusion, bio-medical applications like treatment of diseases, brain tumour, surgical applications and many more. Moreover, the magneto-nanofluids have the characteristics in the flow of blood in the human artery. The current analysis deals with the free convective unsteady flow of viscous nanofluid subject to the magnetic force over a vertical plate in presence of porous space. The heat transfer phenomenon is accessed by utilizing the additional features like Joule heating, viscous dissipation and absorption coefficients. In addition to the volume fraction of the nanofluid, the effect of the chemical reaction is also introduced. The solution procedure for the modified time-dependent boundary value problem is performed by using the code in-build MATLAB namely Built-in-Shooting method. The change in velocity, temperature and concentration of nano-materials is examined through various graphs. The physical consequences of flow parameters like porosity parameter K p 1 ⩽ K p ⩽ 3 , thermal Grashoff number Gr 1 ⩽ G r ⩽ 3 , solutal Grashoff number Gc 1 ⩽ G c ⩽ 3 , magnetic field parameter M 1 ⩽ M ⩽ 3 , thermal radiation parameter Nr 0.1 ⩽ N r ⩽ 1 , radiation absorption parameter Q 0 ⩽ Q ⩽ 0.5 , Prandtl number Pr 2 ⩽ Pr ⩽ 21 , Eckert number Ec 0 ⩽ E c ⩽ 0.4 , heat source S - 0.2 ⩽ S ⩽ 0.2 , chemical reaction parameter Kc 1 ⩽ K c ⩽ 4 , nanoparticles volume fraction ϕ 0.0 ⩽ ϕ ⩽ 0.1 , Lewis number Le 1 ⩽ L e ⩽ 10 on velocity, temperature and concentration distributions is graphically analyzed. The results show that skin friction coefficients decline with buoyant forces. A lower numerical variation in Nusselt number is resulted with heat source parameter. Moreover, a sharp fall in nanofluid concentration is noticed with increment of chemical reactants and Lewis number.

A theoretical numerical communication is demonstrated to analyze the impact of Arrhenius activation energy and melting phenomena on chemically reactive Falkner-Skan flow of cross nanofluid over a moving wedge with viscous dissipation and nonlinear radiation impacts. The basic partial differential equations for nanoparticle concentration, energy, momentum and mass conservation are reduced to nonlinear ordinary differential equations with the help of appropriate transforming variables and then solved numerically via bvp4c Matlab solver. It is interesting to notice that nanoparticle concentration and concentration boundary layer thickness are uplifted for enhancing values of activation energy parameter. Additionally, magnitude of heat transfer rate is a growing function of the Eckert number.

This paper examines the unsteady hydro-magnetic boundary layer flow of a reacting and radiating electrically conducting fluid past a slippery permeable vertical plate embedded in a porous medium. T...

The motive of the current analysis is to examine the role of gyrotactic microorganisms to reveal their behaviour in heat and mass transfer in time-dependent MHD flow of Cross fluid accounted throug...

Recent advancements in nanotechnology research have introduced hybrid nanofluids which are sophisticated classes of fluids with enhanced thermal properties that outperform conventional nanofluids. The objective of current communication is to illustrate the comparative mathematical model of MHD hybrid nanofluid and mono-nanofluid flows with heat flux condition through a stretching sheet. Impact of melting phenomenon, heat generation/absorption and natural convection is considered. The thermal radiation, viscous dissipation and temperature-dependent viscosity are also considered. In current model, two different nanoparticles namely zinc oxide ( ZnO ) and zirconium dioxide ( ZrO 2 ) are dispersed in kerosene oil ( C 10 H 22 ) base fluid to form a hybrid nanofluid. Similarity transformations are utilized to renovate the governing PDEs structure system into ordinary ones. The numerical computations of current mathematical model are computed through bvp4c built-in function in MATLAB with shooting scheme. The fluctuations of velocity and temperature distributions are analyzed with physical impacts for different flow parameters. It is visualized that the growing amount of convection parameter corresponds to increment in velocity profile. The velocity of hybrid nanofluid reduces as the magnetic parameter increases. It is analyzed that the thermal field of hybrid nanofluid is an increasing function of thermal radiation parameter. Furthermore, the thermal profile is a reducing function of melting and Prandtl numbers.

Contemporary investigation studies the silent features of the dissipative free convection couple stress fluid flow over a cylinder under the action of magnetic field, thermal radiation and porous medium with chemical reaction effect. Present two-dimensional viscous incompressible physical model is designed based on the considered flow geometry. Present physical problem gives the highly complicated nonlinear coupled partial differential equations (PDE's) which are not amenable to any of the known techniques. Thus, unconditionally stable, most accurate and speed converging with flexible finite difference implicit technique is utilized to simplify the dimensionless flow field equations. It is apparent from the current results that; the velocity profiles are diminished with enhancing values of magnetic field. Temperature profile increases with enhancing values of thermal radiation parameter. Velocity contours deviates away from the wall with enhancing magnetic parameter. Also, the effects of magnetic field, porous medium, thermal radiation, chemical reaction, buoyancy ratio parameter and Eckert number on couple stress flow velocity, temperature, and concentration profiles are studied. However, the present study has good number of applications in the various fields of engineering such as; polymer processing, solidification of liquid crystals, colloidal solutions, synovial joints, geophysics, chemical engineering, astrophysics and nuclear reactors etc. Finally, the current solutions are validated with the available results in the literature review and found to be in good agreement.

This study explores the influence of an inclined magnetic field and variable viscosity on the entropy generation in steady flow of a couple stress fluid in an inclined channel. The walls of the channel are stationary and non-isothermal. The fluid flow is driven due to pressure gradient and gravitational force. Reynold’s model for temperature-dependent viscosity was used. The dimensionless, non-linear coupled equations of momentum and energy was solved, and we obtained an analytical solution for the velocity and temperature fields. The entropy generation and Bejan number were evaluated. The variation of pertinent parameters on flow quantities was discussed graphically. The rate of volume flow, skin friction coefficient, and Nusselt number at the surfaces of the channel were calculated and their variations were discussed through surface graphs. From the results, it is noticed that the entropy generation rate can be minimized by increasing the magnetic field and the temperature difference parameters. The findings of the current study in some special cases are in precise agreement with the previous investigation.

This study investigates magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) nanofluid flow through a stretching vertical surface influenced by Joule heating, chemical reaction, viscosity dissipation, thermal radiation, and activation energy. Such physical problems have significance in applied mathematics, engineering, and physics, and they are frequently found in symmetrical scenarios. A transformation of the similarity technique is used to reduce the difficulty of the boundary layer equations for nonlinear motion, energy, solute, and nanoparticle concentration. To identify these variations with local similarity, we employ symmetry analysis. The altered equations were solved using the shooting technique with Matlab bvp4c. It was found that raising the Schmidt number increases the impact of temperature and concentration profiles. As the Biot number and thermal radiation rise, the local Nusselt number, local Sherwood number, and skin friction increase as well. The comparative table shows good agreement with the current results.

This paper presents a non-isothermal, non-Newtonian Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) model for the mixing of a highly viscous polymer suspension in a partially filled sigma blade mixer. The model accounts for viscous heating and the free surface of the suspension. The rheological model is found by calibration with experimental temperature measurements. Subsequently, the model is exploited to study the effect of applying heat both before and during mixing on the suspension’s mixing quality. Two mixing indexes are used to evaluate the mixing condition, namely, the Ica Manas-Zlaczower dispersive index and Kramer’s distributive index. Some fluctuations are observed in the predictions of the dispersive mixing index, which could be associated with the free surface of the suspension, thus indicating that this index might not be ideal for partially filled mixers. The Kramer index results are stable and indicate that the particles in the suspension can be well distributed. Interestingly, the results highlight that the speed at which the suspension becomes well distributed is almost independent of applying heat both before and during the process.

The present exploration discusses the combined effect of non-linear thermal radiation along with viscous dissipation and magnetic field through a porous medium. A distinctive aspect of our work is the simultaneous use of porous wall and a porous material. The impact of thermal rays is essential in space technology and high temperature processes. At the point when the temperature variation is very high, the linear thermal radiation causes a noticeable error. To overcome such errors, nonlinear thermal radiation is taken into account. The coupled system of ordinary differential equations are derived from the partial differential equation. The dimensional model equations are transformed into non-dimensional forms using some appropriate non-dimensional transformation and the resulting nonlinear equations are solved numerically by executing persuasive numerical technique R-K integration procedure with the shooting method. Graphical analysis were used to assess the consequences of engineering factors for the momentum, angular velocity, concentration and temperature profiles. The skin friction values, local Sherwood and Nusselt number are the fascinating physical quantities whose numerical data are computed and validated against different parametric values. The vortex viscosity parameter and spin gradient viscosity parameter shows the reverse phenomenon on micro-rotation profile. The thermal radiation phenomena flattens the temperature and speeds up the heat transfer rate in the lower wall and a peak in the concentration is observed for the Pem>>1 due to the inertial force. The Variational Iteration Method (VIM) and Adomian Decomposition Method (ADM) are the two analytical approach which have been incorporated here to decipher the non linear equations for showing better approximity. Comparisons with existing studies are scrutinized very closely and they are determined to be in good accord.

This article describes a two-dimensional steady laminar boundary layer flow and heat mass transfer caused by a non-Newtonian nanofluid due to a horizontally stretching sheet. The non-dimensional parameters take into consideration and regulate the effects of convective boundary condition, slip velocity, Brownian motion, thermophoresis and viscous dissipation. The thermal radiation, which affects the flow’s thermal conductivity and the nanofluid’s variable viscosity are also taken into consideration. We propose that a hot fluid could exist beneath the stretching sheet’s bottom surface, which could aid in warming the surface via convection. The physical boundary conditions are non-dimensionalized, as are the governing transport set of nonlinear partial differential equations. By using the shooting approach, numerical values for dimensionless velocity, temperature and nanoparticle concentration are achieved. Distributions of velocity, temperature and concentration are plotted against a number of newly important governing factors, and the outcomes are then provided in accordance with those graphs. Additionally, the local skin-friction coefficient, the local Sherwood number and the local Nusselt number are discussed in order to further clarify and thoroughly explain the current problem. In order to validate the numerical results, comparisons are made with previously published data in the literature. There is a really good accord. Additionally, the current work has implications in the nanofluid applications.

This article discusses the flow of a non-Newtonian Carreau nanoliquid across a stretching radiative nonlinear sheet that is exposed to a variable heat flux. Analysis is done with changing thermal conductivity since it affects how heat and mass transfer occur. Nanoparticles are modelled using the Brownian motion and the thermophoresis phenomenon. The introduction of a similar solution to our challenge, as obtained by our paper, received significant attention. To create a dimensionless system, the governing partial differential equations are subjected to the mathematical model’s convenient similarity transformations after it has been developed. The numerical solution of the coupled highly nonlinear ordinary differential equations characterizing velocity, temperature and nanoparticles concentration is shown using an effective shooting approach. Additionally, all factors affecting the situation that could increase the effectiveness of cooling operations will be looked into. Results for velocity, the thermal field, the concentration of nanoparticles, the skin-friction coefficient, and the local Nusselt and Sherwood numbers are provided and explored. Tables and graphics will be used to illustrate the paper’s conclusions. Results are also given in comparison to existing literature. Excellent agreement has been reached. Furthermore, it is clear that the local Sherwood number, the local Nusselt number, and the skin friction coefficient are all observed to increase as the power law index does.

A spot check for animal trypanosomosis was conducted in three farms; two from Kiru and one from Bunkure Local Government Areas of Kano State, within the Sudano-Sahelian Ecological Zone in North West of Nigeria. The study was sequel to suspected outbreak of trypanosomosis and biting flies menace in the farms. Severe emaciation and low grade mortalities (often sudden) among the herds were reported. Blood samples were collected from emaciated cattle (n=70) from the study population (n=241) and examined for presence of trypanosomes using the buffy coat technique. Babesia and Anaplasma were analyzed by microscopic examination of thin blood smear fixed in absolute methanol and stained with 10% Giemsa solution. Twenty two samples (30%) were found to have different species of haemoparasites; Trypanosoma theileri (n=2), Anaplasma marginale (n=13) and Babesia bovis (n=7). The mean packed cell volume (PCV) was 25±% with a range between 16-41%; Farm-1 in Kiru and Farm-3 in Bunkure had the lowest and highest values, respectively. It was obvious that ticks infestation posed health and livestock production challenges to the study farms. The likelihood that mechanical transmission of trypanosomosis can be facilitated stemmed from migrating nomadic herds interaction with farm cattle during grazing and presence of biting fly population. The huge negative economic impact of haemoparasites; babesiosis and anaplasmosis to livestock within tsetse free area remains a big challenge. Combining vector (biting flies), haemoparasites and ectoparasites (ticks) control strategy using berenil and chlortetracycline appeared to be highly cost effective and efficient when administered to all animals.

This paper deals with the analysis of unsteady flow and heat transfer of second-order fluid with fluid-particle suspension in a vertical channel in the presence of transverse magnetic field with viscous dissipation. The fluid is driven by a constant pressure gradient. The governing partial differential equations are converted in to ordinary differential equation by similarity transformation and solved analytically. The expressions for velocity, temperature, skin friction and heat transfer are obtained. The numerical results depicting the effects of visco-elasticity in combination with other flow parameters involved in the problem are presented graphically and discussed qualitatively.

This framework analyzes the impact of activation energy (AE) and binary chemical reaction (BCR) in Darcy-Forchheimer flow of cross fluid with nanoparticles due to radially stretched surface. Moreover slip, joule heating and viscous dissipation aspects have been considered. Ordinary differential equations acquired from the modelled governing partial differential equations with the assistance of suitable transformations. Further the system of nonlinear equations is computed numerically by Runge-Kutta-Fehlberg method cum shooting technique. Graphical representation has been given to analyze the velocity, temperature and concentration fields with the effect of various pertinent parameters. It is evident that inertia coefficient declines the velocity. Velocity decays for larger Weissenberg number while opposite trend observed in temperature field. Temperature field rises for augmented values of Eckert number. Concentration increases with increase of energy parameter.

This study examines the radiative and magnetohydrodynamic micropolar fluid flow over a stretching/shrinking sheet consisting of Al2O3 and Cu nanoparticles. Besides, the effects of the Joule heating and viscous dissipation are taken into consideration. The similarity variables are employed to convert the governing equations into similarity equations. Then, the bvp4c in MATLAB is utilized to obtain the numerical results. The accuracy of the current formulation and method has been done by comparing the present results with those previously published data. Findings discovered that two solutions are obtained for the limited range of $$S$$ and $$K$$ , and these solutions are terminated at $$S = S_{c}$$ and $$K = K_{c}$$ . The influence of $${\text{Ec}}$$ and $$R$$ is to reduce the local Nusselt number of $${\text{Re}}_{x}^{ - 1/2} {\text{Nu}}_{x}$$ . Meanwhile, the values of $${\text{Re}}_{x}^{ - 1/2} {\text{Nu}}_{x}$$ increase with the increase in $$\varphi_{{{\text{hnf}}}}$$ when larger values of $$R$$ are considered. The rise of $$M$$ contributes to the increment in the values of $${\text{Re}}_{x}^{1/2} C_{f}$$ , $${\text{Re}}_{x} M_{w}$$ , and $${\text{Re}}_{x}^{ - 1/2} {\text{Nu}}_{x}$$ , but the effect of $$K$$ lowers the values of these physical quantities. Lastly, it was discovered that the first solution is physically reliable and in a stable mode.

In this research article, we have investigated the unsteady MHD nanofluids flow problem around a permeable linearly stretching sheet under the influence of thermal radiation and viscous dissipation. Transfer of mass and heat analysis is considered for various kinds of nano-particles such as [Formula: see text], Cu, Ag and TiO2. Many research studies had been concluded that thermal conductivity of traditional fluid accelerates 15–40% as nano-particles are mixed in to a base fluid, this theory however depends upon the adding mechanism of the nano-particles. Although it depends upon volume fraction, agglomeration or size of nano-particles etc. But it can be concluded from this study, in a magnetic field environment not only the fluid flow is more consistent than regular fluid but also the rate of heat transfer increases. We have tabulated the results of the four different types of nanofluid and graphically presented the behavior of [Formula: see text] and Cu nanofluids. These distinct MHD nanofluids are used to explore the parametric features of heat and mass transfer phenomena along a permeable stretching sheet. The impacts of various physical parameters and physical quantities are analyzed. It is observed that from this study that the heat transfers rate of Cu nanofluid is higher than [Formula: see text] nanofluid. The coupled non-linear equations are solved by semi-analytical technique i.e Differential Transformation Method (DTM) along with Pade-approximation and found to be in well agreement with already reported work in literature. The graphical illustration and tabular results represent the physical importance of the work. It was observed and concluded that the temperature profiles in case of Cu nanofluid presents significantly high as compared with [Formula: see text] nanofluid. Also, the thicknesses of velocity, thermal and concentration profile decreases by increasing suction/injection and unsteady parameter. These parameters used to control the flow rate.

The 2-D steady flow of Carreau fluid by considering the effects of magneto-hydro-dynamic, viscous dissipation and activation energy on the surface of parabola is investigated numerically and graphically in this study. The motion, temperature and mass transfer of fluid is examined by considering the variable thermo-physical properties. The upper surface of a submarine, aircraft, bullet and car's bonnet are certain examples of the upper paraboloid surface. The motion of fluid over this surface is depending on the boundary layer which is made in the instant space on it. At the surface of object, the layers of fluid are presumed as stretchable. The independent variables of governing equations are reduced by suitable dimensionless physical variables. The numerical results of dimensionless determining equations are achieved by adopting the BVP4c method through MATLAB software. The graphs are conspired to understand the conduct of numerous parameters on velocity, temperature and concentration fields. It is analyzed that the velocity field is increased function of power law and viscosity coefficient. The decline in the temperature within the flow happens for Prandtl number whereas temperature rises for heat source parameter. The activation energy caused the increment in the concentration field.

The present study explores the effects of viscous dissipation, the thermal dependent conductivity and the thermal dependent viscosity on the steady motion of a Powell-Eyring fluid over a stratified stretching sheet which embedded in a porous medium. The fact that the nature of non-Newtonian flows problems are highly nonlinear equations has been taken into consideration here and this was the motive objective to determine numerical solutions. So, the emphasis is on the methodology adopted for obtaining numerical solutions that yielded after employing the Chebyshev spectral method. The temperature distributions and the velocity components are evaluated by solving numerically the boundary value problems that correspond to the proposed problem. Then, some figures have been plotted to elucidates the effect of different physical parameters appearing in the problem on both the temperature and the velocity profiles. The presence of the thermal radiation and the viscous dissipation in the fluid flow are shown to have quite a dramatic effect on the temperature profiles. In culmination, cooling process in nuclear reactors and geothermal engineering especially in the presence of thermal stratification phenomenon can be adopted as an application of this study. The theoretical and the observed results provide a fairly good qualitative agreement.

This research article is aimed to investigate the behavior of MHD two dimensional flow of Maxwell nanofluid. Non-Newtonian Maxwell nanofluid is considered in the present study to evaluate the phenomena of heat transfer of steady boundary layer flow. The flow of fluid is derived over a stretching melting surface. Observation are made for the concise and terse effect of viscous dissipation, magnetic field and Joule heating. Porous medium is taken into account to observe the flow. The entropy generation model for Maxwell nanofluid is analyzed against different parameters. The set of highly non linear PDE’s are generated. A pertinent and relevant similarity transformation is applied to alter the fundamental PDE’s of momentum and energy into set of ODE’s. The set of non-linear ODE’s are solved by using the homotopy analysis method. The flow features and the heat transfer characteristics prevailing this phenomena are investigated and argued for different engaging flow parameters. Tabulated and graphical results for the skin-friction coefficient and Nusselt number are presented for various values of the flow concerened parameters. Entropy generation get hightened increases against increasing values of porosity parameter, Reylond number, nanoparticle fraction, Brinkman number and Hartman number during the flow.

In current study, heat transfer and viscous dissipation effects in nanoliquid flow through a porous stretchable cylinder are examined. The upgraded heat transport rate in the base fluid with tiny-sized nanoparticles is investigated. Convective heating and non-linearly thermal radiation effects are investigated. In this analysis, solid particles M o S 2 & A g and base fluid engine-oil are used. Moreover, boundary layer approximations are used to model a set of PDEs. The structure model of PDEs is reduced into non-dimensional set of ODEs with the help of recommended similarity transformations. The converted equations jointly with specific boundary restrictions are solved numerically by using the bvp4c solver (shooting scheme) in computational software MATLAB. The behavior of prominent parameters against flow and thermal fields are analyzed. From the results, we observed that velocity enhances for larger solid volume fraction. Furthermore, temperature of fluid is increased via greater estimations of thermal Biot number. The nanofluid has improved heat transport rate and therefore the current analysis has many applications in nano-sized devices of cylindrical shapes.

The principal aim of this study is to explore the impact of relaxation-retardation viscous dissipation, nonlinear convection, variable chemical reaction, and nonlinear thermal radiation on the three-dimensional rotating flow of an Oldroyd-B nanofluid over an exponentially extended surface. The Buongiorno model that takes into account the Brownian movement and thermophoresis responsible for nanoparticle motion. Exponentially varying temperature and concentration associated with convective heat transfer coefficients are assumed in the boundary conditions. The system of dimensionless ODEs is solved by the spectral quasi-linearization method. The results of the analysis show, among other results that the relaxation time parameter opposes the momentum transport while assisting heat transportation. The retardation time parameter acts to support momentum growth while reducing and resists heat transport. The present study focused on the investigation the effect of relaxation and retardation viscous dissipation on rotating flow of a non-Newtonian fluid (Oldroyd B fluid) past an exponential stretching sheet.

The reasons why the model of non-Newtonian nanofluids is more applicable than other models, particularly those that take the porous medium into account, are studied here. Thus, we looked at the heat and mass transfer features of a non-Newtonian Williamson nanofluid flow due to a stretched sheet under the impact of chemical reactions, slip velocity, viscous dissipation, and the magnetic field in this article. The main focus is on a situation in which the properties of Williamson nanofluid, such as viscosity and thermal conductivity, change with temperature. After utilizing the shooting technique, a numerical solution to the suggested problem is provided. As a result, several graphs have been drawn to highlight how various physical characteristics that arise in the problems affect velocity, temperature, and concentration profiles. It was discovered that the heat and mass transmission processes are affected by the viscous dissipation phenomena, the slip velocity assumption, and the magnetic field. Theoretical and numerical results show a high level of qualitative agreement.

Heat and mass transfer study of hybrid nanomaterial Casson fluid with time-dependent flow over a vertical Riga sheet was deliberated under the stagnation region. In the presence of the Riga sheet in fluid flow models, this formulation was utilized to introduce Lorentz forces into the system. We considered the three models of hybrid nanomaterial fluid flow: namely, Yamada Ota, Tiwari Das, and Xue models. Two different nanoparticles, namely, SWCNT and MWCNT under base fluid (water) were studied. Under the flow suppositions, a mathematical model was settled using boundary layer approximations in terms of PDEs (partial differential equations). The system of PDEs (partial differential equations) was reduced into ODEs (ordinary differential equations) after applying suitable transformations. The reduced system, in terms of ODEs (ordinary differential equations), was solved by a numerical scheme, namely, the bvp4c method. The inspiration of the physical parameters is presented through graphs and tables. The curves of the velocity function deteriorated due to higher values of M. The Hartmann number is a ratio of electric force to viscous force. The electric forces increased due to higher values of the modified Hartmann number, ultimately declining the velocity function. The skin friction was reduced due to an incremental in ϖ, while the Nusselt number raised with higher values of ϖ. Physically, the Eckert number increased, which improved kinetic energy and, as a result, skin friction declined. The heat transfer rate increased as kinetic energy increased, and the Eckert number increased. The skin friction reduced due to physical enhancement of β1, the shear thinning was enhanced which reduced the skin friction.

The nature of this prevailing inquisition is to scrutinize the repercussion of MHD mixed convective flow of CNTs/Al2O3 nanofluid in water past a heated stretchy plate with injection/suction, heat consumption and radiation. The Joule heating and viscous dissipation are included in our investigation. The Navier–Stokes equations are implemented to frame the governing flow expressions. These flow expressions are non-dimensioned by employing suitable transformations. The converted flow expressions are computed numerically by applying the MATLAB bvp4c procedure and analytically by the HAM scheme. The impacts of relevant flow factors on fluid velocity, fluid temperature, skin friction coefficient, and local Nusselt number are illustrated via graphs, tables and charts. It is unequivocally shown that the fluid speed declines when escalating the size of the magnetic field parameter; however, it is enhanced by strengthening the Richardson number. The fluid warmness shows a rising pattern when enriching the Biot number and heat consumption/generation parameter. The findings conclusively demonstrate that the surface drag force improves for a larger scale of Richardson number and is suppressed when heightening the unsteady parameter. In addition, it is evident from the outcomes that the heat transfer gradient decreases to increase the quantity of the Eckert number in the convective heating case; however, the opposite nature is obtained in the convective cooling case. Our numerical results are novel, unique and applied in microfluid devices such as micro-instruments, sleeve electrodes, nerve growth electrodes, etc.

Nanofluids have gained prominence due to their superior thermo-physical properties. The current paper deals with MHD nanofluid flow over a non-linear stretchable surface of varying thickness in the presence of an electric field. We investigated the effects of nanometer-sized copper (Cu) particles in water (base fluid) as a nanofluid, as well as non-linear thermal radiation, variable fluid viscosity, Joule heating, viscous dissipation, and non-uniform heat flux. The current study’s aim is influenced by the immense applications in industry and machine building. It has been observed that linear stretching sheets have been extensively used in heat transfer research. Moreover, no effort has been made yet to model a non-linear stretching sheet with variable thickness. Furthermore, the effects of electromagnetohydrodynamics (EMHD) boundary-layer flow of a nanofluid with the cumulative impact of thermal radiation, variable viscosity, viscous dissipation, Joule heating, and variable heat flux have been investigated. Sheets with variable thicknesses are practically significant in real-life applications and are being used in metallurgical engineering, appliance structures and patterns, atomic reactor mechanization and paper production. To investigate the physical features of the problem, we first examined the model and identified all the physical properties of the problem. This problem has been formulated using basic laws and governing equations. The partial differential equations (PDEs) that govern the flow are converted into a system of non-dimensional ordinary differential equations (ODE’s), using appropriate transformations. The Adam–Bashforth predictor-corrector technique and Mathematica software are utilized to numerically solve the resulting non-dimensionalized system. The interaction of various developing parameters with the flow is described graphically for temperature and velocity profiles. It is concluded that the velocity of nanoparticles declines as the intensity of the magnetic field increases. However, the temperature of the nanomaterials rises, as increasing the values of the electric field also increases the velocity distribution. The radiation parameter enhances the temperature field. The temperature of the fluid increases the occurrence of space- and time-dependent parameters for heat generation and absorption and radiation parameters.

Nanofluids are extremely useful to investigators due to their greater heat transfer rates, which have significant applications in multiple industries. The primary objective of this article is to look into the effect of viscous dissipation in Sisko nano liquid flow with gold Au nanoparticles on a porous stenosis artery. Heat transfer properties were explored. Blood was utilized as a base fluid for nanoparticles. To renovate the governing nonlinear PDEs into nonlinear ODEs, appropriate transformations were used. The bvp4c-based shooting method, via MATLAB, was used to determine the numerical results of the nonlinear ODEs. Furthermore, flow forecasts for each physical quantity were explored. To demonstrate the physical influences of flow constraints versus presumed flow fields, physical explanations were used. The findings demonstrated that the velocity contour improved as the volume fraction, curvature, power law index, and material parameter upsurged. For the Prandtl number, the volume fraction of nanoparticles, the index of the power law, and the temperature profile of the nanofluid declined. Furthermore, the drag force and transfer of the heat were also investigated as explanations for influences on blood flow. Further, the Nusselt number reduced and the drag force enhanced as the curvature parameter values increased. The modeling and numerical solutions play an impressive role in predicting the cause of atherosclerosis.