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Our study aimed to assess inequities in the clinical trial participation for the selected patient groups. We searched the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) database and extracted phase-III clinical trial data from MEDLINE for each approved drug by the FDA between January 1, 2006, and June 30, 2020. We analyzed the inclusion/exclusion criteria, participation according to gender, ethnic group, performance score, the positivity of HBV and HCV, and HIV, having comorbidities and brain metastasis. We compared the findings with that of the general population by retrieving data from the Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results (SEER) database. We identified 142 phase III pivotal oncology trials that enrolled 105 397 patients. The proportion of female patients in trials was lower than their relative prevalence in the general population from SEER region (36% vs 49.6%, P < .001). The rates of black patients included were lower than their relative prevalence from SEER region (2.1% vs 9.8%, P < .001). 1.3% and 0.8% of patients had HBV and HCV infections, respectively. The patients' numbers with organ dysfunction were not established due to insufficient data from clinical trials. 1.6% of all patients had controlled brain metastasis. Black patients, women and patients with brain metastasis or with HBV and HCV were underrepresented. Our study underscores the importance of expanding the inclusion/exclusion criteria of pivotal oncology trials to be more representative of patients seen in clinical practice.

INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES:Patients (pts) with mUC who have failed platinum-based chemotherapy have a poor prognosis. About 20% of them usually respond to immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI). Also,...

BACKGROUND: ABO blood group has been associated with risk of cancers of the pancreas, stomach, ovary, kidney, and skin, but has not been evaluated in relation to risk of aggressive prostate cancer. METHODS: We used three single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) (rs8176746, rs505922, and rs8176704) to determine ABO genotype in 2,774 aggressive prostate cancer cases and 4,443 controls from the Breast and Prostate Cancer Cohort Consortium (BPC3). Unconditional logistic regression was used to calculate age and study-adjusted odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals for the association between blood type, genotype, and risk of aggressive prostate cancer (Gleason score ≥8 or locally advanced/metastatic disease (stage T3/T4/N1/M1). RESULTS: We found no association between ABO blood type and risk of aggressive prostate cancer (Type A: OR = 0.97, 95%CI = 0.87-1.08; Type B: OR = 0.92, 95%CI =n0.77-1.09; Type AB: OR = 1.25, 95%CI = 0.98-1.59, compared to Type O, respectively). Similarly, there was no association between "dose" of A or B alleles and aggressive prostate cancer risk. CONCLUSIONS: ABO blood type was not associated with risk of aggressive prostate cancer.

Objective: The incidence of non-urothelial bladder cancers is very low, so our knowledge about their treatment protocols and prognosis is limited. We evaluated the clinicopathological characteristics of 26 patients in three different clinics and aimed to determine the prognostic factors affecting oncological outcomes. Materials and Methods: Between January 2012 and October 2019, we retrospectively analyzed the data of twenty-six patients aged between 44-75 years who were diagnosed and treated due to non-urothelial bladder carcinomas in three clinics. Results: Among twenty-six cases, nineteen (73.1%) were male and seven (26.9%) were female. The mean age at diagnosis was 60.77 +/- 8.52. The most common presenting complaint was gross hematuria (84.6%). It was followed by lower urinary tract symptoms (38.4%). Histological types of tumors were squamous cell carcinoma (9 cases, 34.8%), adenocarcinoma (eight cases carrying different histopathologic subtypes: Mucinous, signet ring cell, plasmacytoid/signet ring cell mixed variant and signet ring cell containing osteoclast-like giant cell, 30.8%), small cell carcinoma (3 cases, 11.5%), large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma (2 cases, 7.7%), extra-gastrointestinal stromal tumor (1 case, 3.8%) and malignant undifferentiated mesenchymal tumor (1 case, 3.8%) and leiomyosarcoma (2 cases, 7.6%). At a median follow-up of 13 (2-42) months, the progression-free survival rate was 61.5%, while the overall survival rate was 46.1%. In Kaplan-Meier analysis, the median survival of all cases was found to be 16 (9-33) months. Overall survival times were lower in the presence of advanced (3-4) pathological stages (p=0.006) and higher (>= 2) ECOG scores (p=0.005). Conclusion: In our cases, we observed that overall survival rates increased in patients undergoing multimodal treatments involving radical cystectomy compared to the bladder-sparing approach. The survival rates were higher in squamous cell carcinomas, while the rate of metastasis was higher in adenocarcinoma and neuroendocrine tumors. Up-staging rates after cystectomy were higher in adenocarcinomas, sarcomas and squamous cell carcinomas.