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The GNH Index is a unique approach to measuring the wellbeing and happiness of the Bhutanese population, focusing on multiple indicators and domains that go beyond traditional economic metrics. GNH 2022, produced by the Centre for Bhutan & GNH Studies in the Royal Government of Bhutan, provides detailed insights into the measurements, analysis, and policy implications of the Gross National Happiness Index for 2022 and covers changes in happiness from 2010. The book highlights different typologies of happy people to deepen the Government of Bhutan’s understanding of the nature and causes of wellbeing and happiness, and guides for policies to accelerate GNH growth going forward.

論文(Article)

This paper estimates multidimensional poverty in Bhutan applying the methodology developed by Alkire and Foster using the 2007 Bhutan Living Standard Survey data. Five dimensions are considered for estimations in both rural and urban areas: income, education, room availability, access to electricity and access to drinking water, and two additional dimensions are considered for estimates in rural areas only: access to roads and land ownership. It is found that multidimensional poverty is mainly a rural phenomenon, although urban areas present non-depreciable levels of deprivation in room availability and education. Within rural areas, weighting each indicator equally, deprivation in electricity, education room and income are the highest and similar in contribution to aggregate multidimensional poverty. When weights derived from the Gross National Happiness Survey are used, income deprivation significantly increases its contribution as it receives a higher weight. Rankings of districts by their poverty estimate are found to be robust for a wide range of poverty cutoffs. The methodology is suggested as a potential formula for national poverty measurement as well as a tool for budget allocation Fil: Santos, Maria Emma. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Bahía Blanca; Argentina. Universidad Nacional del Sur; Argentina. University of Oxford; Reino Unido Fil: Ura, Karma. National Council of Bhutan; Bután

We immunohistochemically examined tissue sections from patients with prion protein (PrP) polymorphism using hydrolytic autoclaving enhancement. Abnormal PrP accumulations could be classified into plaque formations (plaque-type) and the diffuse gray matter stainings including synaptic structures (synaptic-type). Insertional polymorphism, a point mutation in codon 102 or 117/129, and a polymorphism in codon 129 (Val129) result in plaque-type PrP accumulations. The patients with codon 102 mutation also have synaptic-type PrP accumulations. However, a point mutation in codon 200 did not show plaque-type accumulations, and only showed synaptic-type PrP accumulations. Likewise, sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease patients without any known mutations only have synaptic type accumulations. These results imply that the primary structures of PrP influence the phenotype of prion diseases, especially in abnormal PrP distributions of the central nervous system.

A new method, which enabled the first immunohistochemical documentation of abnormal prion protein (PrP) in all patients with Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD), was established. This method designated as "hydrolytic autoclaving" revealed punctate PrPCJD stainings around the neuronal cell bodies and dendrites in CJD brains. These punctate stainings were almost identical with that of synaptophysin, suggesting PrPCJD accumulations in the synaptic structures. Subcellular fractionation revealed that prion protein in Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (PrPCJD) was most concentrated in the synaptosomal fraction. In CJD patients with a long clinical course, synaptophysin immunoreactivity decreased, and synaptic PrPCJD accumulated with a wider distribution. These results suggest that synaptic PrPCJD accumulations might be responsible for the neuronal dysfunction and degeneration in CJD.

Voltage contrast varies if the specimen voltage changes within the secondary electron transit time through the specimen electric field. This effect would affect the time resolution in stroboscopic scanning electron microscopy. The method to calculate the transit time effect that was described in a previous paper is reviewed. The calculated results agreed well with the experiment in which a specially designed specimen is used to estimate the applied voltage as exactly as possible.

The principle of Stroboscopic SEM is described at first. Then the function-testing of the microprocessor 8085 A is reported, where new measurement methods are applied. SEM micrographs can be taken for a specimen with passivation, if the accelerating voltage of electrons is low and if the measurement is carried out within a certain short time. The measured time properties for the microprocessor with passivation agree well with those without it, within the experimental errors.