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To determine normative data and reference ranges according to age groups by measuring the foveal avascular zone (FAZ), superficial capillary plexus vascular density (SCP-VD), deep capillary plexus vascular density (DVP-VD), radial peripapillary capillary plexus vessel density (RPC-VD), and peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer (ppRNFL) in healthy children and to determine the age and sex-related changes of these values.This prospective study included data from 370 eyes of 370 healthy children (202 girls, 168 boys) aged 7-18 years. Participants were divided into four groups according to their age. Optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA) measurements were taken using AngioVue (Avanti; Optivue).No statistically significant difference was observed in terms of FAZ, SCP-VD, DCP-VD, RPC-VD, and ppRNFL thickness values according to the age groups (except the RPC-VD superior) (p 0.05 for all). VDs in all deep parafoveal regions in groups 1 and 2 were higher in girls. While FAZ values were higher in girls in all age groups (statistically significant in groups 1, 3, and 4), ad SPD and DPD values were higher in boys in all age groups (statistically significant in group 1 and 2 for SPD, and group 1 and 3 for DPD).We report normal reference ranges for macula and disk vessel density and ppRNFL parameters in healthy children aged 7-18 years using OCTA. These normative values could be useful in diagnosing retina and optic disk disease early in childhood.

Objective To evaluate the prophylaxis practices used on children with animal exposures in a major southern city of Turkey, close to the Syrian border. Study design Cross-sectional study. Place and duration of study Emergency and Outpatient departments, Adana City Training and Research Hospital, Turkey between September 2017 and September 2018. Methodology The demographic data of the patients, who presented due to animal contact; the interval between animal contact and hospital presentation; species of exposed animals, type, and apparent condition of the animals; risk categories based on national assessment scale; the number of rabies vaccines and anti-rabies immunoglobulin (RIG) administrations; administration of tetanus prophylaxis; adherence of patients to the follow-up schedule; vaccine refusals; and development of rabies disease (if any), were recorded. Results Of the 2,068 presentations after animal exposure, 906 (43.8%) were children, mostly boys (62%), and the mean age was 97.15 ± 57.68 months. Risky contact was most frequently caused by cats (52.8%) and dogs (45.6%). Exposure to stray animals was the most common (58.5%). For serial prophylaxis vaccinations, 761 (83.99%) families were in full compliance and 145 (16%) families had discontinued vaccinations. The discontinuation rate of the immigrant population was significantly higher (p = 0.001). Conclusion Risky contacts were mostly due to stray animals. Efforts to minimise the stray animal population should be increased. The rate of discontinuation of rabies prophylaxis follow-ups was 16%. Significantly higher prophylaxis discontinuation among the immigrant population was noted. Key Words: Rabies, Vaccines, Prophylaxis, Turkey.

This chapter examines the change and transformation of one of the twelve hizmets (services) of the Alevi cem ritual, that of the zakir (music performer), in the context of ritual and musical performance and identity. As a part of the institutionalization and standardization efforts of Alevism that began in the 2000s, zakirs became more visible within and outside of the ritual compared with the other hizmets. The cemevi-based institutionalization process of Alevism in the same period influenced the dynamics of this visibility. In 2010, UNESCO added the Alevi-Bektaşi semah ritual to the “Representatives of Intangible Human Cultural Heritage” list and recognized Dertli Divani as a “Living Human Treasure” in the category of zakir. The formal recognition of the semah and zakirs represents an essential development in the name of the Alevi identity, musical performance, and the cem ritual. Exploring the changes in the institution of the zakir provides important clues towards understanding the change of Alevism during the last two decades.

2. Dunya Savasi sonrasinda akademik alana hizla yayilan elestirel dusunce, sosyal bilimler ve kulturel calismalar altinda pek cok yeni calisma alaninin ortaya cikmasini saglamistir. 1980’li yillarda yaygin olarak gelisen edebiyat merkezli ekoelestiri ve yine benzer donemlerde gelisen elestirel veya yeni muzikoloji calismalari, elestirel yaklasimlariyla mevcut paradigmalari sarsmistir. Ekoelestiri dusuncesi ile muzikoloji disiplinini bir araya getiren ekomuzikoloji alani ise muzik ve kultur arasindaki iliskiye dogayi da katarak, cevre/doga konusuna ses ve muzik acisindan bakan yeni bir yaklasim ortaya cikarmistir. Disiplinlerarasi bir perspektifle cevre/doga baglaminda bircok konuyla ilgilenen ekomuzikoloji calismalari, bilimsel ve aktivist bir cabadir. Insan-doga iliskisini sorgulayan ve gunumuzdeki cevre krizleri ile surdurulebilirlik sorunlarina muzikolojinin sinirlarini genisleterek yanitlar bulmaya calisan ekomuzikoloji, 2000’li yillardan itibaren tum dunyada hizla gelisen bir alan olmustur. Bu makalede, ekoelestirel ve dogakulturel bir muzikoloji yaklasimi olarak ekomuzikolojinin ortaya cikisi, bu alanda yapilan calismalar ile alanla ilgili kavramsal ve yontemsel tartismalar konuyla ilgili temel kaynaklar uzerinden incelenmistir. Bu makalenin, gelecekte Turkiye’de ekomuzikoloji alaninda yapilacak arastirmalara yol gosterici olmasi hedeflenmistir.

Öz: Amaç: Bu çalışmada, immunglobulin A (IgA) vasküliti tanısı ile takip edilen çocukların klinik özelliklerinin, laboratuvar bulgularının, tedavilerinin ve prognozunun değerlendirmesi amaçlanmıştır.Gereç ve Yöntem: 2018-2020 tarihleri arasında merkezimiz Çocuk Romatoloji Kliniği'nde IgA vasküliti tanısı alan, en az 6 ay izlemine devam edilen, 139 çocuğun tıbbi kayıtları geriye dönük olarak değerlendirildi. Sonuç: 139 hastanın 75’i kızdı (%53,9). Kız/erkek oranı 1,17 olarak saptandı. Hastaların ortalama yaşı 7,6±2,9 yıl olarak tespit edildi. Hastalığın başlamasından önce hastaların 118’inde (%84) geçirilmiş üst solunum yolu enfeksiyon öyküsü mevcuttu. Klinik bulgulardan döküntü, hastaların tamamında mevcuttu. Hastaların 91’inde (%65,5) cilt altı ödem, 89’unda (%64) artralji; 68’inde (%48,9) artrit, 54’ünde (%38,8) karın ağrısı, 30’unda (%21,5) renal tutulum, 6’sında (%4.3) testis tutulumu tespit edildi. Laboratuar bulguları değerlendirildiğinde hastaların 28’inde (% 20,1) lökositoz ve trombositoz, 29’unda (%20,8) akut faz reaktanlarında yükseklik tespit edildi. İzlemde 30 hastada renal tutulum gelişti. Renal tutulum olan 9 hasta (%30) tedavisiz izlenirken, 18’ine diğer sistem tutlumları nedeni ile nonsteroid antiinflamatuvar ilaç, 3’üne (%10) renal tutulum için steroid tedavisi verildi. Dört hasta (1 makroskobik hematüri, 3 nefrotik proteinüri) çocuk nefroloji bölümüne yönlendirildi. Hastaların 30’u (%21,5) tedavisiz izlenirken 56 hastaya (%40,2) non-steroidal antiinflamatuar ilaç (NSAİİ), 51 hastaya (%36,6) steroid tedavisi verildi. Takipte 17 (%12,2) hastada hastalık tekrarladı. Sonuç: IgA vasküliti cilt ve eklemler başta olmak üzere birçok organ ve sistemi tutabilen bir vaskülittir, hastaların çoğu sekelsiz iyileşmektedir. Bununla beraber erken ve geç dönemde gelişebilecek gastrointestinal ve böbrek tutulumu gibi komplikasyonlar açısından hastaların yakın takip edilmesi gerekmektedir., The aim of this study was to evaluate the clinical characteristics, laboratory findings, treatment and prognosis of children with immunoglobulin A (IgA) vasculitis diagnosis. The medical records of 139 children who were diagnosed with IgA vasculitis in our center's Pediatric Rheumatology Clinic between 2018-2020, who continued follow-up for at least 6 months, were retrospectively evaluated. 75 of 139 patients were girls (53.9%). The male / female ratio was 1.17. The average age of the patients was 7.6±2.9 years. Prior to the onset of the disease, 118 (84%) of patients had a history of upper respiratory tract infection. From clinical findings, the rash was present in all patients. Subcutaneous edema in 91 (65.5%), arthralgia in 89 (64%); arthritis was detected in 68 (48.9%), abdominal pain in 54 (38.8%), renal involvement in 30 (21.5%), testicular involvement in 6 (4.3%) of the patients. In the laboratory evaluation, leukocytosis and thrombocytosis were detected in 28 (20.1%), and increased in acute phase reactants in 29 (20.8%) of the patients. During the follow-up, renal involvement developed in 30 patients. Nine patients (30%) with renal involvement were followed without treatment, 18 were given nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs for other system involvement, and steroid treatment was given to 3 (10%) for renal involvement. Four patients (1 macroscopic hematuria, 3 nephrotic proteinuria) were referred to the pediatric nephrology department. Thirty (21.5%) of the patients were followed without treatment, 56 patients (40.2%) were given non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, and 51 (36.6%) patients were treated with steroids. The disease recurred in 17 (12.2%) patients during follow-up. IgA vasculitis is a vasculitis that can involve many organs and systems, especially the skin and joints, and most of the patients recover without sequelae. However, patients should be followed up closely in terms of complications such as gastrointestinal and kidney involvement that may develop in the early and late stages.

Introduction: The incidence of brain death in pediatric intensive care units is not known precisely. Studies of brain death-organ donation in children are few and the etiology of brain death in pediatric patients is different than in adults. Our aim was to present cases of brain death occurred in our pediatric intensive care unit in a two-year period and discuss the causes of organ donation failure. Methods: Medical reports of patients diagnosed with brain death between January 1, 2015 and December 31, 2016 in our pediatric intensive care unit were retrospectively reviewed. Data were screened according one age, gender, reason of hospitalization and mean duration of brain death evaluation. Results: A total of 806 patients were followed up in our pediatric intensive care unit in the two-year period. Of these patients, 83 (10.2%) died and brain death was detected in 14 (17%) of this patients. The mean duration of brain death was 2.14±1.16 days. The reasons for hospital admission were infection in 3 patients, asphyxia in 4 patients, malignancy in 4 patients, drowning in 2, and trauma in 1 patient. The mean age of the patients diagnosed with brain death was 6.96±5.53 (minimum: 0.6, maximum: 16 year) years. 6 patients (42.8%) were female and 8 patients (57.2%) were male. Doppler ultrasonography was used as an additional test for the diagnosis of brain death in 11 patients (78.6%). None of the patients became organ donor because of medical unsuitability and family disagreement. Conclusion: Due to high occupancy, trauma patients may rarely be found in our pediatric intensive care unit. Most of the brain deaths are caused by asphyxia (mostly food aspiration), malignancy and drowning in water (freshwater). The rate of organ donation in pediatric patients is lower than in adults. For this reason, it is even more important to increase the number of patients diagnosed with brain death in pediatric intensive care units. We believe that the awareness of brain death may increase if it is known that also diseases other than traumatic brain injury may cause brain death. We also believe that increased awareness of brain death determination and communication with patient relatives are necessary to increase the number of organ donation.

Extended AbstractThe authority that spreads all over life is basically the legitimacy of subordination and obedience. The power, hegemony, domination and authority relations appear everywhere in the arena of the main struggle for power. In the context of music, the existence of authority exists in all fields such as music education, music performance, music research and music criticism. These areas are also built with cultural hegemony, domination and power relations. The legitimate basis of authority in the area of power ensures the obedience of those who are subject to it. Notation is the fundamental basis of authority in the field of music as a written text. People who define the “folk” and its music with the nation state building processes establish their authority through their own legitimate grounds with this definition. In other words, the relationship between folk music and authority is constructed within the meanings and values that are imposed on the music in the name of power, as well as the discourses and performances of the individuals and institutions that define the music. However, in this process, there is a problem between the efforts of the standardization of music and the attempt to maintain the authentic characteristics of folk music: On the one hand, the idea of collecting with an ideological approach and defending the authenticity, on the other hand, standardizing and introducing it to universal values, contains contradictions within itself. In the context of folk music, the “folk”, which is the subject of ideology, becomes a source of the aesthetics imposed by notation. Although this aesthetic is seen as reflecting the “essence of the folk” on the one hand, on the other hand it creates its own aesthetics and ideology by the metamorphosis. In this process, the notation becomes a written text that includes an ideology of the Western, modern, rational thought that is intended to be achieved through the construction of the nation state, and is accepted as an official document of how music and hence culture will be shaped. Thus, notation-centered music thought is invented. But here, the tension between the sound/performance and the text/notation is revealed. This situation is not only seen in Ottoman/Turkish music or Turkish folk music, but also in non-Western world music cultures. The notation-centered idea,emerged in the 19th century in the Ottoman Empire and transferred to Turkey in the 20th century, has an approach by which the music is perceived as an “object” and is “fixed” by notation.The memory-based oral transfer of traditional music has been halted by this approach, which includes a systematizing system of education and performance. This systematization process, which developed in parallel with the institutionalization and standardization activities during the early Republican period of Turkey, was built by fixing folk music on a notation-centered basis. The official collections and compilations for this systemization process, called “Turkish folk music”, provided a significant number of sources for the “rediscovery” of music, thereby creating standardized folk music through notations. The notation utilized in the official collecting of folk music in Turkey, was initially used to conserve the compiled folk songs and later used for performance. The requirements of ethnographic study weren’t fulfilled in almost no official fieldworks.The collectors didn’t make any effort to understand “what” music means to the sources. They only transcribed the songs that they compiled into notations and took hold the power and authority related to folk music.In this respect, no official fieldwork with scientific quality has been done in Turkey for folk music, conversely the collected materials have only been “captured”. Folk music performance and education have been officially carried on until today through these notations ensued from these collectings. The notation-centered standardization of official folk music involves contradictions, as Derrida tries to demonstrate by deconstruction.Folk music traditions in Turkey, contrary to what the notation-centered approach imposed as a homogeneous thought, are plural, various, and even conflictual with each other. Therefore, it is necessary to interrogate the notations and the notation-centered understanding, which are the legitimate basis of official folk music authorities.As a written text, there is a necessity to rethink the ideology of the notation, as well as what the notation is “hiding” and “excluding”. In this case, “folk” and “folk music”, which are the source of the official folk music authority, should be taken into consideration in a different way from notation-centered thought.Therefore, in this article, the deconstruction of notation-centered official folk music is proposed. Keywordsturkish folk music, folk music, ethnomusicology, authority, notation, deconstruction

Phosphide, a very toxic gas, is used in our country as aluminium phosphide tablets impregnated in clay. It is widely used since it has a very high diffusion capacity, whereby it can eradicate all living creatures in any form of their life cycle and does not leave any remnants in agricultural products. Aluminum phosphide poisoning is among intoxications for which there are still no true antidotes. Mortality rate varies between 30% and 100%. This paper presents a case of aluminum phosphide poisoning caused by the uncompleted suicide attempt. A 14-year-old girl, who swallowed aluminum phosphate tablets, was brought to the emergency department with the complaints of nausea and vomiting. The patient was treated with gastric lavage and activated charcoal. Since the patient ingested a lethal amount of aluminum phosphide, she was referred to the pediatric intensive care unit. The patient was discharged in stable condition after supportive care and monitoring. Specific antidotes are life-saving in poisonings. However, this case was presented to show how general treatment principles and quick access to health services affect the result of treatment. Also, we aimed to highlight the uncontrolled selling of aluminum phosphate, which results in high mortality rates in case of poisoning.

Objective: Identifying antibiotic use in pediatric and neonatal intensive care units with a point prevalence study in Adana, Turkey’s sixth largest city. Material and Methods: In this point prevalence study, demographic information and antibiotic treatment data were taken on the same day from patients in pediatric and neonatal intensive care units of 6 hospitals located in Adana’s city center. Results: Four pediatric intensive care units (two university, one research and training hospital, and one public hospital) and six neonatal intensive care units (two university, one research and training hospital, one public hospital, and two private hospital) were included in the study; 220 patients were at the intensive care units at the time of the study, 44 (20%) of the patients were in the pediatric intensive care units, and 176 (80%) of them were at the neonatal intensive care units. Also, 146 (66.4%) of the patients were using antibiotics. The frequency of antibiotic use was 72.7% in the pediatric intensive care units and 64.8% in neonatal intensive care units. There was a pediatric infectious disease physician at the university and research and training hospital. Antibiotic usage was lower (p=0.002) in clinics where pediatric infectious disease physician consultations could be done. Double antibiotic combination was applied most frequently. Mostly, ampicillin was preferred at neonatal intensive care units. Clarithromycin was used as a second choice because of seasonal lower respiratory tract infections. Vancomycin was the most preferred antibiotic in pediatric intensive care units, and meropenem and linezolid were the second and third choices. At both intensive care units, use of empiric antibiotic treatment was more frequent. Empiric treatment was applied in 22 (68.7%) patients in the pediatric intensive care units and 95 (83.3%) in neonatal intensive care units. Antibiotics were given to 14.3% of the patients in line with the resulting cultures. Conclusion: Intensive care units are services where antibiotics are used most frequently both in Turkey and in the world. In our opinion, protocols need to be established in clinics, national and international guides should be followed; and pediatric infectious disease physician consultations should be increased in order to reduce the frequency of antibiotic use, inappropriate indications, and inappropriate doses. (J Pediatr Inf 2014; 8: 56-63)

We investigate the effects of long-range potential fluctuations and electron-electron interactions on the electronic and magnetic properties of graphene nanoribbons with zigzag edges using an extended mean-field Hubbard model. We show that electron-electron interactions make the edge states robust against potential fluctuations. When the disorder is strong enough, the presence of electron-hole puddles induces a magnetic phase transition from antiferromagnetically coupled edge states to ferromagnetic coupling, in agreement with recent experimental results., Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey (TUBITAK 114F331); The Science Academy, Turkey under the BAGEP program

Amaç: Nokta prevalans çalışması ile Türkiye’nin 6. büyük şehri olan Adana’da çocuk yoğun bakım ve yenidoğan yoğun bakımlarda antibiyotik kullanımını saptamak. Gereç ve Yöntemler: Bu nokta prevalans çalışmasın- da Adana şehir merkezinde bulunan 6 hastanede çocuk yoğun bakım ve yenidoğan yoğun bakım ünite- sinde yatmakta olan hastaların aynı gün içerisinde demografik bilgileri ve antibiyotik tedavilerine ait veriler toplandı. Bulgular: Çalışmaya toplam dört çocuk yoğun bakım (iki üniversite, bir eğitim ve araştırma hastanesi, bir devlet hastanesi), altı yenidoğan bakım ünitesi (iki üni- versite, bir eğitim ve araştırma hastanesi, bir devlet hastanesi, iki özel hastane) alındı. Çalışmanın yapıldığı gün yoğun bakımlarda 220 hasta yatmaktaydı. Hastaların 44’ü (%20) çocuk yoğun bakımlarda, 176’sı (%80) yenidoğan yoğun bakımlarda yatmaktaydı. Hastaların 146’sı (%66,4) antibiyotik kullanmaktaydı. Bu oran çocuk yoğun bakımlarda %72,7, yenidoğan yoğun bakımlarda %64,8 idi. Bir üniversite ve eğitim araştırma hastanesinde çocuk enfeksiyon hastalıkları uzmanı vardı. Çocuk enfeksiyon hastalıkları konsültas- yonu yapılabilen kliniklerde antibiyotik kullanma oranı daha düşüktü (p=0,002). En sık ikili antibiyotik kombi- nasyonu tercih edilmişti. Yenidoğan yoğun bakımlarda en sık ampisilin tercih edilirken ikinci sıklıkta dönemsel solunum yolu enfeksiyonlarına bağlı olarak klaritromisin tercih edilmişti. Çocuk yoğun bakımlarda vankomisin en sık tercih edi- len antibiyotik iken, ikinci sıklıkta meropenem ve linezolid gelmek- teydi. Her iki yoğun bakımda da ampirik antibiyotik verilme sıklığı daha fazlaydı, çocuk yoğun bakımlarda 22 (%68,7) hastaya, yenidoğan yoğun bakımlarda 95 (%83,3) hastaya ampirik tedavi verilmekteydi. Hastaların %14,3’üne o an için sonuçlanmış kültür- lere göre antibiyotik verilmekteydi. Sonuç: Yoğun bakımlar dünyada ve Türkiye’de antibiyotik kulla- nım oranları en yüksek olan servislerdir. Uygun olmayan endikas- yon, doz ve sıklıkta antibiyotik kullanımının azaltılması için klinik- lerin belirli protokoller oluşturması, ulusal-uluslararası kılavuzları takip etmeleri, çocuk enfeksiyon hastalıkları uzmanı konsültas- yonlarının artmasını sağlamalarının uygun olacağı kanaatindeyiz. (J Pediatr Inf 2014; 8: 56-63) Objective: Identifying antibiotic use in pediatric and neonatal intensive care units with a point prevalence study in Adana, Turkey’s sixth largest city. Material and Methods: In this point prevalence study, demographic information and antibiotic treat- ment data were taken on the same day from patients in pediatric and neonatal intensive care units of 6 hos- pitals located in Adana’s city center. Results: Four pediatric intensive care units (two uni- versity, one research and training hospital, and one public hospital) and six neonatal intensive care units (two university, one research and training hospital, one public hospital, and two private hospital) were included in the study; 220 patients were at the inten- sive care units at the time of the study-44 (20%) of the patients were in the pediatric intensive care units, and 176 (80%) of them were at the neonatal intensive care units. Also, 146 (66.4%) of the patients were using antibiotics. The frequency of antibiotic use was 72.7% in the pediatric intensive care units and 64.8% in neonatal intensive care units. There was a pediatric infectious disease physician at the university and research and training hospital. Antibiotic usage was lower (p=0.002) in clinics where pediatric infectious disease physician consultations could be done. Dual antibiotic combination was applied most frequently. Mostly, ampicillin was preferred at neonatal intensive care units. Clarithromycin was used as a second choice because of seasonal lower respiratory tract infections. Vancomycin was the most preferred antibiotic in pediatric intensive care units, and meropenem and linezolid were the second and third choices. At both intensive care units, use of empiric antibiotic treatment was more frequent. Empiric treat- ment was applied in 22 (68.7%) patients in the pediatric inten- sive care units and 95 (83.3%) in neonatal intensive care units. Antibiotics were given to 14.3% of the patients in line with the resulting cultures. Conclusion: Intensive care units are services where antibiotics are used most frequently both in Turkey and in the world. In our opinion, protocols need to be established in clinics, national and international guides should be followed; and pediatric infectious disease physician consultations should be increased in order to reduce the frequency of antibiotic use, inappropriate indications, and inappropriate doses.