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Refereed/Peer-reviewed The search for improved water pricing is central to urban water reform in many countries. Establishing efficient water prices is notoriously difficult, not least because different customers have different demands for water and yet they are presently faced with a one-size-fits-all approach to pricing and service. This is especially challenging where water availability fluctuates widely, as is the case in many parts of Australia, because the impacts of exposure to episodic periods of scarcity can differ markedly. There is now substantial interest in the notion of ‘unbundling’ the water product to provide a better fit between customers' preferences and the level of service received. Following this trend, this study provides important insights into householders' willingness to pay for a range of flexible water options using a choice experiment. The paper reports a relatively underemployed extension to the latent class modelling framework to investigate preference heterogeneity towards urban water products, including purchasing services that involve the provision of environmental and amenity outcomes. The work adds to studies that use choice data to reveal heterogeneity while improving our understanding of household customers' demands. Overall, it also brings into focus questions about the future management of water in urban contexts.

Este trabajo analiza las desigualdades de acceso al agua en ciudades del Sur Global desde el prisma de la Ecología Política Urbana (EPU). Si bien las ciudades del Sur Global se caracterizan, entre otros aspectos, por las desiguales formas de acceso al suministro hídrico, estas desigualdades pueden ser aún mayores si se consideran otras dimensiones de accesibilidad (asequibilidad, calidad, equidad y prestación de servicio). Desde el prisma de la EPU se puede afirmar que estas desigualdades son efectos de las relaciones de poder. El artículo enfatiza el papel de las políticas estructurales en la producción de una serie de condiciones de acceso al suministro de agua urbana, que son a menudo más complejas en áreas periurbanas con menores ingresos. En este último contexto, las políticas de distribución hídrica a escala de vecindario moldean las prácticas cotidianas de acceso al agua, situación que aumenta las inequidades sociales en torno al agua urbana. En este sentido, el artículo subraya la necesidad de realizar más estudios desde el enfoque de la EPU que analicen el papel de las políticas hídricas a escala de vecindario en la producción de inequidades cotidianas de acceso al agua. Aquest treball analitza les desigualtats d'accés a l'aigua a ciutats del Sud Global des del prisma de l'Ecologia Política Urbana (EPU). Si bé les ciutats del Sud Global es caracteritzen, entre altres aspectes, per les formes desiguals d'accedir al subministrament hídric, aquestes desigualtats poden ser encara més grans si es consideren unes altres dimensions d'accessibilitat (assequibilitat, qualitat, equitat i prestació de servei). Des del prisma de l'EPU es pot afirmar que aquestes desigualtats són efectes de les relacions de poder. L'article emfatitza el paper de les polítiques estructurals en la producció d'una sèrie de condicions d'accés al subministrament d'aigua urbana, que són sovint més complexes en àrees periurbanes amb ingressos més baixos. En aquest darrer context, les polítiques de distribució hídrica a escala de veïnat modelen les pràctiques quotidianes d'accés a l'aigua, situació que augmenta les iniquitats socials al voltant de l'aigua urbana. En aquest sentit, l'article subratlla la necessitat de realitzar més estudis des de l'enfocament de l'EPU que analitzin el paper de les polítiques hídriques a escala de veïnat en la producció de desigualtats quotidianes d'accés a l'aigua. This paper analyzes inequalities in access to water in cities of the Global South from the perspective of Urban Political Ecology (UPE). Although these cities are characterized, among other aspects, by unequal access to water supply, these inequalities can be even greater if other dimensions of accessibility are considered (affordability, quality, equity, and provision of service). From the perspective of UPE, it can be affirmed that these inequalities are the effects of power relations. The article emphasizes the role of structural policies in producing a series of conditions for access to urban water supply, which are often more complex in lower-income peri-urban areas, where water distribution policies at the neighborhood level shape the daily practices of access to water, a situation that increases social inequities with regard to urban water. This paper calls for more studies from an UPE approach that analyze the role of water policies at the neighborhood scale in the production of daily inequities in access to water.

Urban water systems across the world are grappled with growing social and environmental pressures. To address these pressures, a transition from traditional water management systems towards a more integrated and sustainable approach known as “One Water” is vital. Although cities are enthusiastic about a One Water paradigm, there is a limited scholarly understanding of how to enable this transition. This study, therefore, aimed to improve intellectual comprehension of the factors that influence One Water transitions based on a series of expert interviews that were conducted with a number of utilities across North America. It was found that achieving social–environmental justice is among the most prominent drivers for utilities to start their transition, followed by concerns about climate change, water quality impairments, groundwater depletion and subsidence, and population growth. Our findings revealed that several critical barriers including a lack of regulatory frameworks and existing institutional siloes impede the transition toward One Water. Additionally, our thematic framework revealed that technological, cultural, and institutional actions are required to enable One Water transitions. However, the frequency of actions in the thematic framework sheds light on the point that cultural, institutional, and regulatory solutions are needed more than technological innovations to support the paradigm shift. Finally, our efforts identified nine key elements of a “One Water City” that could be used to characterize progress towards implementation of One Water approaches. Insights from this paper not only provide water managers with an understanding of the perspectives and actions required for enabling the One Water paradigm shift, but also can be used to develop a framework for self-assessment.

Through a case study of water governance currently operational in the capital city of Shillong in Meghalaya, this chapter analyses issues related to water governance and the role of local institutions and challenges. Of the many significant findings, one discovers that closely knit communities, through the local institutions, can successfully distribute water and look after and protect water sources. The dorbar shnongs play a vital role in the augmenting water supply in some localities in the city. Water creates interdependencies among the actors, but this is weakened by modern mechanisms of government and urbanisation itself.

Smart and integrated urban water systems have important roles in advancing smart cities, but their contributions go much further by supplying needed public services and connecting other sectors to meet sustainability goals. Achieving integration and gaining access to financing are obstacles to implementing smart water systems and both are implicit in the economic framework of smart cities. Problems in financing the start-up of smart water systems are reported often. The local and diverse nature of water systems is another barrier because an approach that works in one place may not work in another with different conditions. The paper identifies the challenges posed by the economic framework and provides examples from four cities with diverse characteristics. It outlines pathways to advance implementation of smart water systems by improving control strategies, advancing instrumentation and control technologies, and most of all, to help transform cities by raising customer awareness and trust through reliable and useful water information.

An urban water system (UWS) has three main service components: (i) drinking-water; (ii) waste-water; and (iii) storm-water. Historically, each component in urban water development evolved over time with different objectives for “different” types of water. Even today, the trend continues, as different urban water services are managed in silos. This trend is less sustainable, resilient, and reliable, mainly because of significant pressures on freshwater supplies exerted by the increasing population, demand for high living standards, rapid urbanization, and climate change. To cope with these challenges, the conventional thinking needs to change. This paper identifies a number of significant research gaps related to inter-relationships among various UWS service components. An innovative paradigm, the “one water” approach (OWA), which considers “urban water” as a single entity, is investigated herein. Currently, Australia, the USA, and Singapore are leading the implementation of the OWA, whereas only a few Canadian municipalities have embraced OWA at a very basic level. Among the EU nations, the Netherlands have emphasized the need for integrated water resource management in an urban environment. This review highlights the challenges in adopting the OWA, and also proposes guiding principles in ongoing water management practices. Institutional complexities involving an intricate regulatory structure for different UWS service components, a wider fragmentation in decision making at government levels, and insufficient stakeholder engagement within and between water utilities and other institutions present serious challenges. Various strategies such as, data sharing between water utilities, use of novel technologies (e.g., artificial intelligence, sensor technologies), and visionary leadership at different government levels have been identified as key drivers for the adoption and implementation of the OWA. The authors believe that a paradigm shift from “conventional” approach to OWA is needed to increase resiliency and reliability of water services and assist decision-makers of UWSs.

This study includes two parts; the first one, concerns evaluation of the physicochemical and microbiological quality of the urban wastewater of the city of Fez, through a space-time dynamics. In turn, the second part deals with the contribution to the treatment of these effluents, by a new biodegradable reagent in the process of physicochemical treatment (coagulation flocculation). For this purpose, the sampling of urban wastewater was carried out 4 months (September, December, February and June 2019), at a rate of two samplings per period on 4 specific sites along the river Fez, the degree of contamination of which differs from one site to another, according to space and time. The diagnostic of these stations showed a high level of pollution that is difficult to biodegrade. Indeed, this pollution can cause negative effects not only on the environment but also on human’s health. In order to take long-term action against the low quality of water, and to replace certain inorganic coagulants, alternative processes for water treatment using cactus powder were set up. The characterization of results showed that the urban effluent has a high load in terms of electrical conductivity (EC), dissolved oxygen, chemical oxygen demand (COD), as well as concentrations of faecal coliforms, streptococci and staphylococci. In addition, the purifying power revealed that the removal rate of COD reaches maximum values of 38%and 58% forlimeand the mixture of lime with cactus powder, respectively.

This manuscript, submitted in order to obtain the accreditation to direct research, summarises all my research activities since my PhD in 2010 until my current work at the Water, Environment and Urban Systems Laboratory (Leesu). It includes a first part describing the context of my research activities, the main results obtained and my perspectives for the coming years. In the second part, I present a detailed description of my different activities as a researcher. My research topics concern micropollutants in urban waters and the control of their mass loads. I am interested in the metrology of organic micropollutants, the impact of human activities on the quality of receiving environments and the means of reducing micropollutants, at the city scale or at the upstream scale. During my various research projects, I have studied, in an interdisciplinary manner, various reduction solutions : centralised or decentralised treatments, banning the use of substances, substitution, and changes in practices. As my research results have shown the importance of raising users’ awareness by combining health and environmental issues, I have decided to focus on domestic pollution and on the possibility of changing practices within households, in an approach combining the study of practices, exposure and environmental contamination., Ce manuscrit présenté pour obtenir l’Habilitation à diriger des recherches synthétise l’ensemble des mes activités de recherche depuis mon doctorat en 2010 jusqu’à mes travaux actuels menés au Laboratoire Eau, Environnement et Systèmes Urbains (Leesu). Il comporte une première partie décrivant le contexte de mes activités de recherche, les principaux résultats obtenus ainsi que mes perspectives pour les prochaines années. Dans une seconde partie, je présente une notice détaillée de mes différentes activités en tant que chercheuse. Mes thématiques de recherche concernent les micropolluants dans les eaux urbaines et la maîtrise de leurs flux. Je me suis intéressée à la métrologie des micropolluants organiques, à l’impact des activités humaines sur la qualité des milieux récepteurs et aux moyens de réduire les micropolluants, à l’échelle de la ville ou à l’échelle amont. Au cours de mes différents projets de recherche j’ai pu étudier, de façon interdisciplinaire, diverses solutions de réduction : les traitements centralisés ou décentralisés, l’interdiction d’utilisation de substances, leur substitution et les changements de pratiques domestiques. Les résultats de mes recherches ayant montré l’importance de la sensibilisation des usagers en couplant la problématique santé à la problématique environnement, j’ai décidé de me focaliser maintenant sur la pollution d’origine domestique et sur la possibilité de changements de pratiques à l’intérieur des foyers, dans une approche couplant l’étude des pratiques, des expositions et des contaminations environnementales.

Stormwater runoff is a key pathway for diffuse pollutants to enter receiving waters. Mitigating measures include pollutant substitution, restricting their release into the urban technosphere and limiting the (re-)mobilisation of substances to minimise their negative impacts on receiving waters. Gully pots (GPs) are one of the most ubiquitous urban drainage infrastructure components, providing both a drainage function and limiting the onward transport of pollutants through in-pot sedimentation processes. In this study, sediments accumulated over a one-year period were collected from 26 GPs in catchments of four land-use types in Stockholm, Sweden. Sediments were analysed for 101 organic substances from eight substance groups (hydrocarbons, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, alkylphenols, polychlorinated biphenyls, phthalates, organotins, per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances and brominated fire retardants) to inform an assessment of their occurrence and net accumulation rates over a typical unit operation period. A total of 63 substances were quantified in at least one GP, with aliphatic hydrocarbons, phthalates and organotins quantified in all GP sediments, highlighting their ubiquitous use. The identification of 14 and 21 organic substances in two pedestrian/bike path GPs emphasise the contribution of non-vehicular sources to diffuse pollutant loads. Significantly higher mass accumulation rates of 4-tert-octylphenol, 4-nonylphenols, formaldehyde, dioctyltin and dibutyltin are identified in commercial catchment GPs suggesting the need to enhance source-tracing and runoff quality-control measures within catchments of this land-use type. Sediments in 25 GPs were identified with at least one substance exceeding toxicology-based threshold values, highlighting the runoff quality-control function of GPs in reducing the potential ecotoxic impacts on recipients. Validerad;2023;Nivå 2;2023-06-28 (hanlid)

Urban planning favouring coexistence between non-human and human entities and nature in the city are strong and normative concepts, which have been restoring links that had been suppressed or made invisible. However, accepted and acceptable non-human entities in urban environments has evolved over time and across regions, in relation to health issues and to social and symbolic representations. Getting rid of undesirable and invasive species in urban spaces, and particularly in domestic spaces, leads to the implementation of various material and immaterial strategies, including the use of biocides. Investigating the way in which we use products containing biocides and their circulation from domestic areas to wastewater on the one hand, and the way in which we seek to reduce the footprint of biocides in the environment on the other, helps to highlight some of the paradoxes of nature in the city., L'urbanisme du vivant et la nature en ville, nouveaux concepts forts d'aménagement, laissent une nouvelle place aux non-humains, raccommodant des liens qui avaient été supprimés ou invisibilisés. Mais le vivant accepté et acceptable dans les milieux urbains a non seulement évolué en fonction des époques et des territoires, mais aussi des enjeux sanitaires. Se débarrasser des espèces indésirables, invasives dans les espaces urbains et singulièrement dans les espaces domestiques amènent à la mise en place de différentes stratégies matérielles et immatérielles, dont l'utilisation de substances biocides. Investiguer notre manière d'utiliser les produits contenant des substances biocides et leur circulation de l'espace domestiques aux eaux usées d'une part, et la manière dont on cherche à diminuer l'empreinte des biocides dans l'environnement d'autre part, permet de mettre en exergue quelques-uns des paradoxes de la nature en ville.

The urban imagination of water has evolved dramatically over the past few decades. Once associated with poverty, danger and disease, it is now perceived as lucrative, liveable and luxurious. Using Hou Lake, Chuhehanjie, Sha Lake and Dong Lake shorelines as the primary empirical cases, this study uncovers the social-technological, historical, juridical and institutional dimensions of urban water that has shaped Wuhan’s urban development over time, with a particular focus on Wuhan’s most recent urban transition towards sustainability in the past three decades. It reveals that the expansive urban development carried out in an era of political unrest transformed a water-dominated natural floodplain into an incomplete techno-ecological compound; technological innovations in environmental governance have brought subsurface flows back to light and created new economic opportunities for urban development; foreshore area spatial reallocations exposed the juridical and institutional loopholes in watershed management and opened up new spaces for discussion of social justice and cultural identity. In this process, opposing concepts, such as rural and urban, natural and artificial, autocracy and democracy, have been reworked by the emerging knowledge in the professionalised planning sector as well as negotiations between economic growth and the needs of various special interest-oriented groups, including residents, artists, university students, etc. This study also shows that abstractions related to history, culture and identity were introduced naturally to the spatial production of the post-2000 urban waterscapes in Wuhan. Narratives about water were romanticised in the drawings of designers and planners, disseminated through political and commercial propaganda, and intensified in a hedonistic style of living. They became, at times, an accomplice that deepened community division and heightened social injustice in the face of irresistible capital power.

Sustainability in Kuwait requires more realistic pricing for currently highly subsidised water, to discourage wasteful usage. There is, however, strong public resistance to eliminating water subsid...

Zimbabwe's urban areas are experiencing a dearth of water services, which is epitomized by acute water shortages and high morbidity due to waterborne diseases. The possible contribution of failures of water policy implementation to this state of affairs is explored. This review identifies and assesses 122 studies in Zimbabwe and in other countries that have analyzed water policies, in order to understand the factors which create gaps in policy implementation. It was found that these implementation gaps are mainly a result of capacity limitations in institutions, finances, and social and technical/human resources. There is currently very limited literature available that analyses water policy in Zimbabwe. In order to overcome the water conundrums in Zimbabwe's urban areas it is recommended that a literature review combined with an empirical study of both qualitative and quantitative gaps between the Zimbabwe National Water Policy and its implementation be undertaken. In particular, the review and study should focus on capacity limitations in institutions, finances, and social and technical/human resources in Zimbabwe.

Increase of population in the current climate change scenario requires to ensure the quality of groundwater available as well as to control possible incomes of pollution into the subsurface system. The objective of this work was to evaluate the current quality of groundwater and the risk of infiltration of surface contaminants into the aquifers customizing the DRASTIC method including potential flood areas and areas with high risk of surface pollution. Hydrogeological, hydrochemical and isotopic data compiled and measured show the aquifer behavior and the main attenuation and degradation of contaminants. The vulnerability to contamination of Barcelona aquifers by direct surface contaminants is relatively low considering flood areas and traffic. However, there is a relevant area where this risk is relatively high. Nevertheless, it is required further analyses considering the drainage network of the city including as well the geometry of Sustainable Urban Drainage Systems (SUDS) already installed. The knowledge of the aquifer hydrogeological characteristics and its quality together with the identification of vulnerable to contamination areas may lead to improve the installation of SUDS, reducing the input of contaminants through these infrastructures. The implementation of this methodology aims to facilitate water users and urban managers to control their potential negative effects on the receiving water body. In addition, the outcomes of its application may be used to optimize the groundwater management in the city., The authors thank the support from the Barcelona city council through the Award for Scientific Research into Urban Challenges in the City of Barcelona 2020 (reference codes: 21S04651, 21S04652 and 21S04653). The authors would like to thank the European Commission, the Spanish Foundation for Science and Technology (FECYT) and Spanish State Research Agency (AEI) for funding in the frame of the collaborative international consortium (URBANWAT) financed under the 2018 Joint call of the WaterWorks2017 ERA-NET Cofund. This ERA-NET is an integral part of the activities developed by the Water JPI. Additionally authors would also thank the Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities, for funding the project UNBIASED (Ref: RTI2018-097346-B-I00) under the 2018 call of the “Proyectos de I+D Retos Investigación”.

Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) have highly complex behavior in the environment and are environmentally persistent. Exposure to PFASs causes cancer, liver toxicity, effect on the thyroid hormones, and also brings risks for the animal’s health. PFASs are separated into two categories: non-polymers and polymers, and most parts of the study of PFASs focus on non-polymers because they are more found in the environments. Urban water cycles such as drinking water, surface water, groundwater, and wastewater have been faced with the occurrence of PFASs, and PFOS and PFOA are the most detected PFASs. Various methods have been applied to remove PFASs which are divided into two main categories: separation and destruction. The PFASs destruction is still challenging in practice because of the powerful C–F bond and has only been utilized at the laboratory and small scale. Therefore, sorption is an eco-friendly and cost-effective technique with high efficacy that is commonly applied to eliminate PFASs from wastewater. In this review, most important sorption techniques used to remove long- and short-chain PFASs are collected such as powdered or granular activated carbons, carbon nanotubes, biochar, polysaccharide-based adsorbents, ion exchange resins, and minerals. Additionally, the possible mechanisms of PFASs sorption on various adsorbents are summarized, and different interactions such as electrostatic and hydrophobic interactions are reviewed. However, coexisting of inorganic anions and cations, natural organic matters, and other organic contaminants that generally exist in wastewater can affect the sorption of PFASs. Moreover, environmentally friendly and economical ways for the regeneration of adsorbents were summarized. Although this process needs more research and evaluation.

With the quick development of social economy, the sharp contradiction between supply and demand of urban water resources is becoming much more obvious. Comprehensive assessment of urban water resources carrying capacity is of great significance to urban sustainable development planning. In this study, the urban water resources carrying capacity of Qingdao based on basin unit over 2010–2030 is predicted using analytic hierarchy process and system dynamics method. The results showed that the total water demand of all the nine basins have an upward annual trend from 2017 to 2030, among which the domestic water consumption increase obviously. The urban water resource carrying capacity indexes in all basins over 2017–2030 show a downward annual trend under the current social development model. So it is urgent to improve the water resource carrying capacity of each river basin by means of industrial structure optimization and upgrading and active development of new water sources.

Acknowledging the overreaching importance of WHO guidelines of frequent handwashing with soap and water in battling COVID 19, this paper unravels the state of water supply in Indian cities and exam...

This short topic talks about the issue of the social organization of the urban water heritage and its contribution to the management of scarcity in the southern cities of Morocco. We have identified this title so as to highlight the importance of water in recent years in the context of heated debate about the future of this vital material in Morocco because of the rapid climate changes that Morocco can live in the future for water scarcity, if it does not have a unified strategy to face All problems related to water scarcity، in the case of what the sky was not merciful. Therefore, I will try to study the forms of dealing with water issues in relation to the problems of scarcity through the creation of traditional social organizations and administrative and architectural techniques Contributed to positive adaptation with constraints the natural environment that does not help human stability.

California has experienced one of the most intense and prolonged droughts in its history in the last decade, prompting the state government to undertake a series of policy responses. This paper com...

Scientific assessment of the hydrodynamic conditions of water system connection is of great significance and value in guiding the ecological construction of urban water system connection and building healthy river–lake relationship. Based on the advantages of SWMM in effectively simulating urban rainfall and surface runoff, a hydrological and hydrodynamic model was constructed before and after the implementation of urban water system connection project, and the model was applied to the analysis of rainfall and flooding processes in two recurrence periods of 5a and 10a after the implementation of urban water system connection in Pingyu County. The results show that the initial flow rate and velocity of river cross-section increased in the same recurrence period after the water system connection, the maximum increase of water exchange capacity was 115.56%, the peak flow rate and velocity were weakened and the peak time was lagged, and the hydrodynamic conditions were improved significantly.

This paper examines the role of participation, co-production and community management in a random sample of 50 rural and urban water systems under the Water and Sanitation Extension Programme (WASEP) in Gilgit-Baltistan, Pakistan. It looks at the role of an NGO (the Aga Khan Agency for Habitat) in co-production, and how this model of community-based water management (CBWM) contributes to the discussion in the literature. Specifically, the paper considers whether the largely rural WASEP model can be successfully scaled up and scaled out to urban centres, drawing on evidence from a survey of over 2,500 rural and urban households. The findings illustrate the importance of participation in the successful delivery of water systems. However, higher levels of rural participation are related to specifically rural features, including the smaller size and more limited diversity of communities. The paper concludes that new methods may be required for the transfer of CBWM to urban centres with much larger, more diverse and growing populations.

Las características químicas e isotópicas del acuífero urbano de San Salvador, y de los sistemas de agua potable (SAP) y aguas residuales (SAR) se evaluaron en un área de 362 km2 para detectar si las fugas en dichos sistemas están recargando el acuífero y modificando su calidad natural. Un total de 37 sitios de muestreo conformados por pozos, manantiales y dos sistemas de importación de agua del Área Metropolitana de San Salvador (AMSS) se muestrearon en 2007, 2009 y 2017. Las muestras se analizaron para iones mayoritarios e isótopos estables de d18O y d2H. Por su parte, el SAR se caracterizó mediante los trazadores químicos de Cl- y NO3-. Los resultados indican la existencia de cuatro grupos de agua: los grupos A (Ca-Mg-HCO3), B (Mg-Ca-HCO3), y D (Na-Ca-HCO) tienen la precipitación como principal fuente de recarga y no mostraron influencia urbana en su calidad; el grupo C (Na-Ca-HCO3 y Na-Mg-HCO3) se deriva del grupo A, fluye bajo el AMSS y sugiere tres fuentes de recarga: la recarga natural directa por precipitación, la recarga urbana procedente de las fugas en los SAP y las fugas de los SAR. Una costosa “sostenibilidad ficticia” podría percibirse debido al aporte cuantitativo de la recarga del SAP, que oculta los efectos de las extracciones y el descenso de los niveles en el acuífero. Mientras, la recarga del SAR alerta sobre un potencial ingreso de contaminantes al acuífero, que requiere monitoreo y atención oportuna ante la contaminación. El estudio destaca la necesidad de gestionar de modo integrado los recursos hídricos urbanos.

Administrators of urban water institutions face huge challenges in ensuring water rights and water security of the citizens of ever-expanding cities. The concept of sustainable water management system enables the utilities to keep the gap between water demand and supply under control. The transformation from traditional urban water management system to sustainable urban water management system creates a hybrid system in Indian cities. Sustainable urban water management depends upon local and global factors of governance, technology, water economics and water infrastructure of the cities. A conceptual framework is developed to compute sustainability of water management system of Indian cities. This framework considers governance, infrastructure, technology and economics of water system of the city to compute the sustainability.

In March 2006, Khoo Teng Chye, then Chief Executive of PUB, the National Water Agency of Singapore, and some of his senior staff members visited Mexico City. Over a leisurely business breakfast, th...

Low awareness of sanitation of urban citizens creates negative effects on the environment which varied. The triggering factors of the phenomenon are education and conservation technology. A conservation technology, eco-technology e.g. constructed wetlands, is proposed to solve the problem. Laboratory work is conducted to obtain comprehensive analysis about floating constructed wetland. The research paper aims to illustrate the efficiency performance of constructed wetlands, with domestic species, in the lab-scaled area from urban wastewater. The constructed wetland media is prepared horizontally. The analysis of its performance leads to a discussion of urban water quality. Samplings and laboratory tests are conducted to examine pH, phosphorus, nitrogen, suspended solids, conductivity, COD, and BOD. The benefit of Nasturtium officinale as FTW media reduce phosphate, nitrate, and BOD as 100% in 14 days. The discharge simulation during 14 days reduce TDS and TSS as 100%.

The increasingly advanced developmentnin the city of Bogor has an impact on the carrying capacity of the environment. One that is rarely in the spotlight is about the decreasing number of lakes in Bogor. In urb an areas such as Bogor City, local people refer to the lakes as situ or setu. The existence of these “Situ” affects the water system, both in this city and in the surrounding areas. Although “Situ” play a vital role in maintaining the balance of urban water systems, they have not received sufficient attention in the planning documents for the City of Bogor, both annual and medium-term documents. The rapid development of the city affects thequantity and quality of urban lake water in the city of Bogor. These “Situ continue to experience physical and ecological degradation which increases the threat to the health of the population of the city of Bogor. This situation shows that the site has not been managed and functioningnproperly. Human and natural disturbances such as encroachment, garbage disposal, and untreated waste have polluted “Situ” water and reduced its volume capacity. Most of the lakes in the city of Bogor experience disturbances in damaged environmental conditions. This paper seeks to examine th e condition of the “Situ” in Bogor City and its problems based on literature studies from previous researchers. The results of the research will provide recommendations based on scientific theories and existing regulations, both national regional regulations and regional regulations in Bogor City

Decentralized, household water systems have been increasingly integrated into the centralized urban water networks to address challenges related to water stress and shortage, sustainable water prod...

The COVID-19 pandemic has changed how we define “home”, which is recast as the new coffee shop, restaurant, entertainment center, and office during the pandemic. The shift toward working from home led to substantial changes in how consumers behave, affecting the consumption of resources in some cases for years to come. Using data from six water utilities in various states in the U.S., we investigated how water consumption has changed attributable to the implementation of stay-at-home (SAH) orders. The results indicated an overall increase of between 3.08% and 13.65% in daily water consumption during the SAH orders compared to the same period in 2018 and 2019, with the gaps closing as lockdown restrictions eased. The findings also revealed that the changes in water consumption across sectors and user groups were heterogeneous. Specifically, the results showed that total daily residential water demand during SAH orders in 2020 increased significantly, between 11.80% and 13.65%, relative to the same period in 2018 and 2019, but the changes in water consumption for non-residential properties headed in opposite directions with reductions between −22.53% and −45.08%. In addition, we found that the low-income groups did not change their water consumption even with the lockdown.

The aim of this research was to identify correlations between measured water supply performance attributes and consumer perceptions, to provide water suppliers with an improved understanding of the...

Equitable and just access to urban water presents challenges for global policymakers. In Egypt, providing and maintaining access to water has always been associated with the state. Recently, however, in cities such as Cairo, water shortages have led to the inclusion of multiple actors in the complicated processes of water access and repair. This paper argues that the state’s hegemonic control over water governance is contested by increasingly blurred binaries of formal and informal everyday practices. I show how water governance in Cairo operates through a plurality of informal practices – gehood zateya (individual and community efforts) – which cross boundaries of class, legality and space. By drawing on theories of hybrid infrastructures and urban informality, water access and repair in Cairo emerge as relational processes shaped by socio-technical practices of state and non-state actors. This paper explores two case studies demonstrating the politicization of repair in a marginalized informal area and elite/middle-class gated communities. These cases illustrate how residents living in informal areas maintain relations with the state through community water systems and ‘cultures of repair’, while elite residents engage in ‘private governance’ schemes and rely on networks of privilege. This article offers insights into changing state-society relations during transitions to water privatization and the shaping of Cairo’s uneven urban waterscape.

Urban water consumption can be analyzed by means of applied research to help promote the development of environmentally sustainable cities. In this study, water consumption models are established f...

Increasing implementation of digital water innovations in cities of the Global South has been accompanied by a growth in research on this topic. This paper presents a first systematic literature review of this domain, analysing a total of 43 papers using a range of thematic categorisations. Overall profiling finds literature to be recent, limited in its engagement with theorisation or methodology, and with some disciplinary, geographic and method gaps. Research has been conservative with regards to the technologies covered, with a provider-centric, rather than a user- or government-centric leaning. Impact findings are skewed towards benefits more than disbenefits, and towards impacts on providers and users rather than towards the broader socio-environmental impacts. The paper ends by laying out a future research agenda that particularly emphasises the value of more contextualised sociotechnical and sociopolitical research.

Improving the urban water allocation system has depended on different technical and managerial components. One of the main solutions for increasing the available capacity is the predetermined plan for constructing a water circulation system to restore the existing water resources. For this objective, a combination model was conducted based on a stormwater management technique and environment landscape system (ELS) under drought conditions. A hydrological framework was established using the long-term meteorological information in central China to estimate the extreme values of surface water in each stress period. A data analysis system was generated at three meteorological points of the study area and the developed model was incorporated to simulate the behavior of the subsurface flow. Consequently, a growth simulation model was designed according to the soil structure and vegetation canopy cover to formulate a real-time plan for the restoration of ELS. Results showed that the proposed model could improve the water productivity in urban and environment consumptions. Furthermore, technical analysis confirmed the suitability and applicability of the developed plan in cities with water shortages. HIGHLIGHTS The implementation of the SWMM-based sponge city plan encountered some obstacles and challenges.; Water reuse was considered as an important decision strategy.; Data analysis was carried out based on real-time information.; A physical model was implemented for many experiments.; The results illustrated the acceptable achievement of the expected objectives.

Skyline of Tucson, Arizona.For the past two decades, cities around the world have been experimenting with green infrastructure (GI) as a potential solution to urban water challenges and climate cha...

Asia and the Pacific region is a hot spot for water insecurity in the world. With water resources such as ground and surface water depleting, the demand for water consumption increases as urban population continues to grow. Meanwhile, non-revenue water (NRW) leads to inefficient water service delivery, waste of energy, drinking water contamination, loss of revenue, and increased operation costs. As the water stress continues in the region, what can cities in the region do to sustain their water future? To answer this question, this paper uses Singapore as an example and draws lessons from its urban water management experience. It finds that countries can take away from Singapore knowledge and practices, including institution autonomy paired with people-centric management, inter-agency coordination, emphasis on demand management, non-revenue water (NRW) regulation, as well as technologies and innovations. Apart from these, this paper also finds that the remaining water challenges faced by Singapore, such as climate change, energy dependence, and financial sustainability, are also shared by cities in developing Asia and Pacific countries. This paper therefore proposes solutions such as diversifying water sources and reducing NRW, increasing energy efficiency and exploring renewable energy, as well as engaging private sector investment as some of the first steps in tackling those shared challenges.

This paper presents a multi-criteria decision support methodology for selection and prioritization of rehabilitation intervention in urban water infrastructures considering performance, cost and ri...

The urban water dissipation models are developed based on observation and different urban construction patterns. The regional water dissipation is selected in Zhengzhou, the capital city of Henan Province, China. According to model calculation results, the annual water dissipation was obtained (820.0 mm), which is significantly higher than that compared with the traditional methods (494. 4 mm). The results show that the water dissipation contribution rate of green space, inside building, hardened ground and pavement, and water surface are 40.58, 38.70, 18.32, and 2.40%, respectively. The water dissipation of hardened ground and pavement, green space, and water surface is greatly influenced by hydrological and meteorological factors. The water dissipation inside a building is proportional to the number of building layers and residents. The results show that water dissipation inside a building cannot be ignored and it is the main component of artificial water dissipation. Under the same rainfall conditions, the water dissipation of the hardened ground and pavement is inversely proportion to the runoff coefficient. HIGHLIGHTS Urban water dissipation was classified according to different urban facilities.; Water dissipation models were proposed based on different urban water dissipation sectors.; The water dissipation contribution rate of different urban facilities was calculated.; The results will be an important technical support for urban water planning and utilization.

We propose the concept of ‘agri-vector water’ (AVW) to refer to water allocated to towns to maintain urban-based agricultural services that support rainfed farming in surrounding areas. AVW captures the idea that highly scarce ‘blue water’ can be productively used in this way to support rainfed ‘green water’ rather than be applied as consumptive irrigation, especially when the latter exacerbates water shortages during drought and dry seasons in arid and semi-arid regions. To illustrate, we present two case studies from Ethiopia.

Water Security is very urgent for sustainable development in Egypt. Growing population needs more food production, water for drinking, hygiene, and to respond to economic activities which rely on access to more water. Worldwide, Water Poverty Index was used to express the water sector status and challenges. However, this index does not adequately represent the water sector status since its calculation is only based on available water resources and population. The scarcity index does not reflect the demand, the degree of water availability, efficiency, vulnerability, reuse, and water quality. To overcome such situation, the Asian Water Development Outlook (AWDO) was developed to investigate the actual water security status and its impact on the socio-economic and environmental development. The presented framework for assessment of Water Security comprises five Key Dimensions: (i) household water security, (ii) economic water security, (iii) urban water security, (iv) environmental water security, and (v) resilience to water-related disasters. According to the AWDO Methodology, Assessing Water Security in five dimensions will represent more accurately the inherent tension among water uses that emerge as water resources come under increasing stress. It may also be used to measure the outcome of integrated water resources management. In this paper the AWDO will be applied to assess the Water Security status in Egypt, evaluate its applicability, and recommend the necessary modifications added and removed parameters to suit the Egyptian local conditions. تحقيق الأمن المائي هو مصدر اهتمام وقلق متزايد لدى المهتمين بالشأن المائى وحاجة ملحة للتنمية المستدامة في مصر. فيحتاج النمو السکاني إلى مزيد من إنتاج الغذاء ومياه الشرب النقية واحتياجات النظافة العامة والأنشطة الاقتصادية التي يعتمد نموها على المزيد من المياه. حاليا يتم استغلال الموارد المائية المتاحة فى مصر بشکل تام فضلا عن اعادة الاستخدام والتدوير، وتواجه البلاد ندرة مائية متزايدة بسبب المخاطر المفروضة على تدفقات مياه النيل من دول المنبع. لقد تم استخدام مؤشر الفقر المائى في جميع أنحاء العالم، للتعبير عن حالة قطاع المياه والتحديات التي يواجهها. ومع ذلک، فإن هذا المؤشر لا يمثل وضع قطاع المياه بشکل کاف لأن حسابه يعتمد فقط على الموارد المائية المتاحة وعددالسکان ولا يعکس مؤشر الندرة الطلب المتزايد على المياه، وکفاءة النظام، وحساسيته، والتباين في الامطار وتدفقات النهر بين السنوات المختلفة، وإعادة الاستخدام، وجودة المياه. وفى هذا الصدد فقد تم تطوير إطار عمل جديد لتقييم مؤشر الأمن المائي على أساس منهجية تنمية المياه الآسيوية (AWDO) للتحقق من حالة الأمن المائي الفعلية في مصر وتأثيراتها المختلفة.

Recent science education reforms, as described in the Framework for K-12 Science Education (NRC, 2012), call for three-dimensional learning that engages students in scientific practices and the use of scientific lenses to learn science content. However, relatively little research at any grade level has focused on how students develop this kind of three-dimensional knowledge that includes crosscutting concepts. This paper aims to contribute to a growing knowledge base that describes how to engage students in three-dimensional learning by exploring to what extent elementary students represent the crosscutting concept systems and system models when engaged in the practice developing and using models as part of an NGSS-aligned curriculum unit. This paper answers the questions: How do students represent elements of crosscutting concepts in conceptual models of water systems? How do students’ representations of crosscutting concepts change related to different task-based scaffolds? To analyze students’ models, we developed and applied a descriptive coding scheme to describe how the students illustrated the flow of water. The results show important differences in how students represented system elements across models. Findings provide insight for the kinds of support that students might need in order to move towards the development of three-dimensional understandings of science content.

Iran is located in a dry climate belt. Such conditions have made the supply of urban water resources one of the most fundamental management challenges. The amount of water consumed in a city is affected by the weather conditions greatly such that as the weather changes, the amount of water consumed changes as well. In this study, several models including zero-order Pearson’s correlation coefficient, first-order Pearson’s correlation, generalized additive model (GAM), generalized linear model (GLM), support vector machine (SVM-Nu), and simplex optimization algorithm were used in order to identify linear/nonlinear reactions of monthly water consumption to the individual and combined associations of meteorological variables (temperature, air pressure, and relative humidity) in Khorramabad city. Zero-order and first-order correlations showed that, by controlling the air temperature, the effect of pressure and relative humidity on changes in water consumption increase. On the other hand, both individual and combined GAM models showed the same result in the nonlinear response of water consumption to the changes in relative humidity and air pressure. The spline method also revealed that, by eliminating the effect of air temperature, the nonlinear reaction of water consumption to changes in pressure and relative humidity was increasing, and by eliminating the effects of the relative humidity and air pressure, the nonlinear reaction of water consumption to the air temperature was intensified. In general, by decreasing the air pressure and temperature, the amount of urban household water consumption decreases drastically. These conditions are generally provided by entering low-pressure systems.

Anthropogenic climate change is creating numerous challenges for rapidly urbanising countries. Foremost among these challenges is securing potable water for the urban population, while at times, mi...