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NOWAK, Dominika, PRÓCHNICKA, Magdalena, SIWEK, Michał, GIERMASIŃSKI, Adrian, TUSZYŃSKA, Weronika, ZARZYCKI, Adam & KOMISARCZUK, Mateusz. Therapeutic strategy in the form of communication in the children with the autism spectrum disorders - narrative review. Journal of Education, Health and Sport. 2023;17(1):64-69. eISSN 2391-8306. DOI http://dx.doi.org/10.12775/JEHS.2023.17.01.008 https://apcz.umk.pl/JEHS/article/view/42918 https://zenodo.org/record/7793293 The journal has had 40 points in Ministry of Education and Science of Poland parametric evaluation. Annex to the announcement of the Minister of Education and Science of December 21, 2021. No. 32343. Has a Journal's Unique Identifier: 201159. Scientific disciplines assigned: Physical Culture Sciences (Field of Medical sciences and health sciences); Health Sciences (Field of Medical Sciences and Health Sciences). Punkty Ministerialne z 2019 - aktualny rok 40 punktów. Załącznik do komunikatu Ministra Edukacji i Nauki z dnia 21 grudnia 2021 r. Lp. 32343. Posiada Unikatowy Identyfikator Czasopisma: 201159. Przypisane dyscypliny naukowe: Nauki o kulturze fizycznej (Dziedzina nauk medycznych i nauk o zdrowiu); Nauki o zdrowiu (Dziedzina nauk medycznych i nauk o zdrowiu). © The Authors 2023; This article is published with open access at Licensee Open Journal Systems of Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, Poland Open Access. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Noncommercial License which permits any noncommercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author (s) and source are credited. This is an open access article licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non commercial license Share alike. (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/) which permits unrestricted, non commercial use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the work is properly cited. The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests regarding the publication of this paper. Received: 10.03.2023. Revised: 14.03.2023. Accepted: 02.04.2023. Published: 02.04.2023. Therapeutic strategy in the form of communication in the children with the autism spectrum disorders - narrative review Dominika Nowak, Magdalena Próchnicka, Michał Siwek, Adrian Giermasiński, Weronika Tuszyńska, AdamZarzycki, Mateusz Komisarczuk Chair and Department of Psychology, Medical University of Lublin, Chodźki street 7, 20-093 Lublin, Poland Dominika Nowak; mika1200@onet.pl; ORCID: 0000-0002-0195-1102 Magdalena Próchnicka; maadiii1210@gmail.com; ORCID: 0000-0002-0641-2079 Michał Siwek; michal.siwek 21371488@gmail.com; ORCID: 0000-0002-0930-9333 Adrian Giermasiński; giermasinski.a@gmail.com; ORCID: 0000-0003-4442-9119 Weronika Tuszyńska; weron.stud28@gmail.com; ORCID: 0000-0002-2395-6748 Adam Zarzycki; adam.zarzycki 0709@gmail.com; ORCID: 0009-0004-9589-1842 Mateusz Komisarczuk; mateusz.komisarczuk@gmail.com; 0000-0002-0159-8142 Abstract Autism spectrum disorders (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder influenced by a number of genetic and environmental factors. It is characterized by a broad range of symptoms, particularly in the areas of communication and language, which pose a therapeutic challenge for both parents and therapists. This article, based on a review of available studies on PubMed, presents therapeutic methods based on functional communication strategies and ways to implement them as a form of treatment for children with the autism spectrum disorders. The major goals of ASD treatment are socialization and communication skills improvement and current treatments are not based on pharmacological therapies, but on behavioral therapies. Through appropriate speech development and practical communication strategies that are based on techniques like motivating the child to create eye contact with an adult, it is possible to realize the development of proper communication. These strategies are a form of therapy and allow for the improvement of the child's communication on multiple levels and shaping the social attitudes. Incorporating suitable therapeutic communication techniques enables the development and enhancement of social skills in children with autism spectrum disorders. Children with ASD benefit from appropriate communication because it helps them communicate their needs, understand the social norms, and improve their quality of life. Keywords:communication; autism; therapy; child

Edukacja jest podstawowym prawem człowieka, powszechnie uznawanym za środek postępu i główny sposób kształtowania świadomości oraz sposób rozumienia koncepcji zrównoważonego rozwoju (ZR). Zrównoważony rozwój, jako powszechnie uznawany paradygmat wskazujący potrzebę ochrony środowiska przyrodniczego i zachowania go dla przyszłych pokoleń, wprowadzany jest do programów kształcenia w edukacji szkolnej i akademickiej. W niniejszym opracowaniu zastosowano innowacyjną metodę oznaczania śladu ekologicznego Ecological Footprint (EF) za pomocą kalkulatora jako narzędzia dydaktycznego. Badaniami objęto studentów pedagogiki, wykorzystując ogólnodostępny test kalkulatora EF ze strony: www.footprintnetwork.org/. Zastosowanie testu wskazało, że spełnia on funkcje przypisywane środkom dydaktycznym, ponadto jest nowoczesny i ogólnodostępny. Otrzymane wartości EF wśród badanych studentów różniły się od średnich wartości EF obliczonych dla Polski, UE i Świata. Znajomość własnego EF i porównanie go ze średnią dla grupy, kraju i świata pozwala podjąć odpowiednie kroki, aby zmienić swoje zachowania. Wprowadzenie kalkulatora jako narzędzia edukacyjnego przyczyniło się do osobistego zainteresowania badanych przestrzeganiem zasad zrównoważonego rozwoju, co w dalszym czasie może prowadzić do proekologicznych zachowań, a tym samym przyczynić się do powstrzymania zmian klimatycznych. Kalkulator EF jako środek dydaktyczny może być przydatny zarówno w kształceniu formalnym, jak i nieformalnym.

This paper is an attempt at finding answers to the following questions: How can the term gay crime novel be understood? Has such a sub-genre been established in Poland? Is it a sub-genre of crime fiction or rather gay novel? The author examines works by such writers as Edward Pasewicz (Śmierć w darkroomie [The Death in the Darkroom]), Michał Witkowski (Drwal [The Woodcutter], Zbrodniarz i dziewczyna [The Criminal and the Girl]), and Andrzej Selerowicz (Kryptonim „Hiacynt” [Codename Hyacinth], Zbrodnia, której nie było [The Crime that Never Was]). The analysis of the works is focused on the use of the crime scheme and selected writ-ing techniques in the context of the most popular strategies typical of crime fiction convention (e.g. a shift towards a socially engaged novel, urban space exploration, psychologisation of protagonists) as well as the most important characteristics of naturalistic novel (different ideas of presenting social groups). Artykuł stanowi próbę odpowiedzi na pytania: Jak możemy rozumieć pojęcie „kryminał gejowski”? Czy w Polsce wyodrębniła się taka odmiana gatunkowa? Czy jest to odmiana kryminału, czy raczej powieści gejowskiej? Przedmiot zainteresowania stanowią między innymi utwory Edwarda Pasewicza (Śmierć w darkroomie), Michała Witkowskiego (Drwal, Zbrodniarz i dziewczyna) i Andrzeja Selerowicza (Kryptonim „Hiacynt”, Zbrodnia, której nie było). Analiza tych utworów skupia się na sposobie wykorzystania schematu kryminalnego oraz wybranych taktyk pisarskich w kontekście najpopularniejszych strategii charakterystycznych dla konwencji kryminalnej (np. zwrot w stronę powieści społecznie zaangażowanej, eksplorowanie przestrzeni miejskiej, psychologizacja bohaterów), a także najważniejszych cech powieści środowiskowej (różne koncepcje przedstawiania grup społecznych). W konsekwencji definicja kryminału gejowskiego odnosi się zarówno do cech powieści środowiskowej, jak i kryminalnej, sytuując analizowany fenomen literacki w domenie odmian gatunkowych literatury popularnej, wraz z właściwymi jej historycznymi przekształceniami poetyki oraz semantyki tekstów.

Botanical analyses of samples taken from four coffin burials dated to the 17th and 18th centuries, located inside the Basilica of the Holy Trinity, at the Norbertine convent in Strzelno, in Kuyavia, revealed presence of thirteen plant taxa and numerous remains of Fannia canicularis pupae found among the plant remains. The practical and decorative properties of these plants,as well as their traditional symbolic meaning and application in the burial customs, have been discussed. The study provided new information on local funeral customs and allowed for the indication of the approximate timing of each of the examined burials, significantly enriching the data obtained by archaeologists.

(1) Background: The study was aimed at a better understanding of the factors determining making a decision to become a potential bone marrow donor, in a Polish research sample; (2) Methods: The data was collected using a self-report questionnaire among persons who voluntarily participated in the study concerning donation, conducted on a sample of the Polish population via Internet. The study included 533 respondents (345 females and 188 males), aged 18–49. Relationships between the decision about registration as potential bone marrow donor and psycho-socio-demographic factors were estimated using the machine learning methods (binary logistic regression and classification & regression tree); (3) Results. The applied methods coherently emphasized the crucial role of personal experiences in making the decision about willingness for potential donation, f.e. familiarity with the potential donor. They also indicated religious issues and negative health state assessment as main decision-making destimulators; (4) Conclusions. The results of the study may contribute to an increase in the effectiveness of recruitment actions by more precise personalization of popularizing-recruitment actions addressed to the potential donors. It was found that selected machine learning methods are interesting set of analyses, increasing the prognostic accuracy and quality of the proposed model.

PRÓCHNICKA, Magdalena, NOWAK, Dominika, SIWEK, Michał, GIERMASIŃSKI, Adrian, TUSZYŃSKA, Weronika, ZARZYCKI, Adam, SKORUPSKI, Bartosz & KOMISARCZUK, Mateusz. Combination of psycho- and pharmacotherapy as a modern method of treatment of Alzheimer’s disease. Journal of Education, Health and Sport. 2023;15(1):50-55. eISSN 2391-8306. DOI http://dx.doi.org/10.12775/JEHS.2023.15.01.006 https://apcz.umk.pl/JEHS/article/view/42860 https://zenodo.org/record/7746730 The journal has had 40 points in Ministry of Education and Science of Poland parametric evaluation. Annex to the announcement of the Minister of Education and Science of December 21, 2021. No. 32343. Has a Journal's Unique Identifier: 201159. Scientific disciplines assigned: Physical Culture Sciences (Field of Medical sciences and health sciences); Health Sciences (Field of Medical Sciences and Health Sciences). Punkty Ministerialne z 2019 - aktualny rok 40 punktów. Załącznik do komunikatu Ministra Edukacji i Nauki z dnia 21 grudnia 2021 r. Lp. 32343. Posiada Unikatowy Identyfikator Czasopisma: 201159. Przypisane dyscypliny naukowe: Nauki o kulturze fizycznej (Dziedzina nauk medycznych i nauk o zdrowiu); Nauki o zdrowiu (Dziedzina nauk medycznych i nauk o zdrowiu). © The Authors 2023; This article is published with open access at Licensee Open Journal Systems of Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, Poland Open Access. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Noncommercial License which permits any noncommercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author (s) and source are credited. This is an open access article licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non commercial license Share alike. (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/) which permits unrestricted, non commercial use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the work is properly cited. The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests regarding the publication of this paper. Received: 28.02.2023. Revised: 14.03.2023. Accepted: 15.03.2023. Published: 17.03.2023. Combination of psycho- and pharmacotherapy as a modern method of treatment of Alzheimer's disease 1 Magdalena Próchnicka, 1 Dominika Nowak, 1 Michał Siwek, 1 Adrian Giermasiński, 1 Weronika Tuszyńska, 1 Adam Zarzycki, 1 Bartosz Skorupski, 2 Mateusz Komisarczuk 1 Chair and Department of Psychology, Medical University of Lublin 2 Hospital of the Ministry of the Interior and Administration in Lublin Magdalena Próchnicka; maadiii1210@gmail.com; ORCID: 0000-0002-0641-2079 Dominika Nowak; mika1200@onet.pl; ORCID: 0000-0002-0195-1102 Michał Siwek; michal.siwek21371488@gmail.com; ORCID: 0000-0002-0930-9333 Adrian Giermasiński; giermasinski.a@gmail.com; ORCID: 0000-0003-4442-9119 Weronika Tuszyńska; weron.stud28@gmail.com; ORCID: 0000-0002-2395-6748 Mateusz Komisarczuk; mateusz.komisarczuk@gmail.com; ORCID: 0000-0002-0159-8142 Adam Zarzycki; adam.zarzycki0709@gmail.com; ORCID: 0009-0004-9589-1842 Bartosz Skorupski; bartekskorupsky@gmail.com; ORCID: 0009-0003-3314-983X Abstract Introduction: Alzheimer's disease is a degenerative disease of the brain, caused by the deposition of beta-amyloid and tau protein. It is characterized by progressive memory and behavior disorders which, over time, completely prevent the patient from functioning properly in everyday life, performing work and disrupting social contacts. Communication problems arise and patients forget more and more words. Unfortunately, we are not able to completely stop the progression of this disease, but we can only delay its development. To delay the progression of the disease, pharmacotherapy includes acetylcholinesterase inhibitors and NMDA receptor antagonists. Matherials and methods:This article, based on a PubMed review of available research, examines the impact of rivastigmine, donepezil, memantine and psychotherapyon delaying disease progression. Results: A number of studies have investigated the effect of 6-12 milligrams of rivastigmine, 10 milligrams of donepezil and 20 milligrams of memantine on patients' ability to communicate. The results were checked using the MMSE, ADAS or SIB scales and interviews conducted regularly by clinicians. In addition, patients were subjected to various forms of psychotherapy, including reminiscence therapy and cognitive therapy. All groups experienced significantly less deterioration in their functional stage of disease compared to the placebo groups. Conclusions: The best results in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease can be obtained by combining pharmacological therapy with non-pharmacological effects. Thanks to this form of treatment, the progression of the disease is delayed, and patients retain their communication abilities for longer. Keywords:Alzheimer’s disease; pharmacotherapy; psychotherapy; communication.

Sprawozdanie z konferencji naukowej pt. „ARTYLERIA – Bóg Wojny (taktyka, uzbrojenie,dowódcy)”, Muzeum Twierdzy Toruń, 25 maja 2022 r.

VIII Konferencja Naukowa pt. “Wojny i konflikty zbrojne po 1945 roku”, Muzeum Wojsk Lądowych w Bydgoszczy, 8-9 listopada 2021 roku

Niniejszy artykuł podejmuje problematykę paradoksalnych zachowań ekologicznych zauważanych przez studentów pedagogiki wczesnoszkolnej w otaczającej rzeczywistości. Celem badania była diagnoza znajomości problemów ochrony środowiska przez studentki pedagogiki przedszkolnej i wczesnoszkolnej. W badaniu wzięło udział 120 studentek, które jako przyszłe nauczycielki będą tworzyć dzieciom przestrzeń do poznania środowiska przyrodniczego i jego ochrony. Na podstawie słów kluczowych, bazując na metodzie analizy treści, stworzono klucz kategoryzacyjny wynikający z zebranego przez studentki materiału. Analiza wyników wykazała, że młodzież akademicka zauważa paradoksalne zachowania ekologiczne w obszarach: (1) gospodarki odpadami; (2) kryzysu klimatycznego; (3) edukacji ekologicznej; (4) zachowań konsumenckich i zdrowia; oraz (5) polityki edukacyjnej, które są bliskie jej codziennemu funkcjonowaniu i możliwościom obserwacyjnym i doświadczanym. Należy zadbać o jakość edukacji wyższej w zakresie edukacji ekologicznej, która poszerzałaby horyzonty prośrodowiskowe wśród przyszłych nauczycieli jako tych, którzy mają możliwość współkonstruowania przestrzeni do wychowania ku zrównoważonej przyszłości troszcząc się o zachowanie równowagi w obszarze środowiska naturalnego, społecznego i gospodarczego.

Based on the concepts of Pargament’s adaptational functions of religiosity, Huber’s centrality of religiosity, and Block’s conceptualisation of ego-resiliency as psychosocial resources, a nonexperimental, moderated mediation project was designed for a group of 175 women and 57 men who voluntarily participated in an online study to determine whether and to what extent religiosity mediated or moderated the relationship between ego-resiliency and the severity of PTSD and depression during the COVID-19 epidemic. The analyses carried out showed that the studied variables, ego-resiliency and centrality of religiosity, were predictors of the intensity of some psychopathological reactions caused by the COVID-19 pandemic but were not connected via a mediation relationship. Therefore, one question remains open: what is the role of ego-resiliency and the nature of the stated immunogenic effect of the centrality of religiosity in dealing with the critical threat to mental health that is the COVID-19 pandemic?

Artykuł stanowi analizę utworów przedstawiających nieheteronormatywną rzeczywistość PRL w perspektywie badań nad pamięcią (memory studies). Przedmiot zainteresowania stanowią teksty, które tematyzują zarazem homoseksualność (przede wszystkim męską), jak i sam PRL z jego codziennymi absurdami i społeczno-politycznymi zawiłościami: Płynąc w ciemnościach Tomasza Jędrowskiego, Kryptonim Hiacynt i Zbrodnia, której nie było Andrzeja Selerowicza, Zatoka ostów Tadeusza Olszewskiego oraz Gejerel Krzysztofa Tomasika. Analiza pozwoliła ujawnić szereg strategii i taktyk odzyskiwania, przepisywania i zastępowania pamięci o tej części polskiej historii. Wszystkie omawiane tu utwory realizują te same taktyki, przedstawiają te same motywy, wyrastają z tej samej potrzeby uzupełnienia luk w pamięci zbiorowej. Co za tym idzie, tworzą (brakującą) narrację, wchodzą w dialog z historią. Można je zatem traktować, zgodnie z definicją sformułowaną przez Marianne Hirsch, jako działania postpamięciowe.

Ryszard Ćwirlej: sociologist, journalist, and writer; former Polish Television reporter and editor-in-chief of the newscast Telekurier. A lecturer at the Faculty of Political Science and Journalism, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań. An author of numerous detective novels and an inventor of Polish “neo-militia literature”, a literary genre depicting the everyday life of the militiamen in the PRL (The Polish People’s Republic).

The article performs an analysis of 46th USA President’s inaugural speech in the spirit of Neo-Aristotelian concepts. The article also contains an analysis of inaugural speech genre, matching Joe Biden’s case as a hybrid, and analyses elocutio and the way the speaker claims the space of communication. The article also refers to Aristotle’s concept of ethos.

The article sums up the reflections on the relics of medieval plaster and layers of paint on the walls, columns and pillars of the Norbertine nuns convent in Strzelno completed around the 2nd-3rd quarter of the 13th century. The relics of the polychromies observed by numerous enthusiasts of the Romanesque Strzelno and discovered during archaeological excavations were topped with the results of conservation-restoration works which uncovered the first figural polychromies in the chancel’s apse. Following verification of the dating of the colours of the church’s interior, an indication was made that in the 13th century, the colour red prevailed; in the 15th-16th centuries, the figural scenes of the apse sported many colours while the remaining part of the sacrum was brightened up with three-colour, geometric patterns. To complete the range of colours, floor tiles were added. Examples have been provided of specialist painting analyses. The entire arrangement has been compared with selected colourful medieval structures. References have been made to the symbolism of the colours used in the Middle Ages and thecontemporary, erroneous perception of Romanesque architecture as rustic, devoid of plaster and colours.

Athenian funeral oration (epitaphios logos) belongs to the epideictic rhetoric. But according to Aristotle the topics used in epideictic oratory could be applied in the deliberative kind, after some modification in the matters of language. In this article I consider the means proposed in the narrative part of the composition, which can be used instead of argumentation in epideictic oratory, i.e. amplification, metaphors and actualization (putting things before the eyes, gr. energeia, lat. evidentia). My purpose is to answer the question who was/is the recipient of Athenian funeral oration. In my opinion there are three kinds of primary recipients: the dead soldiers in the battle, the listeners present at the celebration (Athenians and foreigners) and the Idea of Democracy itself. I also try to find the so-called secondary recipient of Athenian funeral oration. I treat Athenian funeral oration as a hybrid genre of Greek rhetoric.

Until recently, it could be said that the discourse related to lettering did not go beyond the narrow framework of the theory of graphic design. It was reserved for experts in typography and rather unavailable to regular “letter users.” However, in recent years we have witnessed a phenomenon that could be called a typographic turn. It may be assumed that the typographic turn essentially manifests itself in two ways: the first is the popularization of knowledge concerning typography on the Internet, while the second is the transfer of discussion about letters from the hermetic circle of typography to other domains, such as sociology or cultural history. Thus, the question arises: who has the tools to speak competently about letters? As researchers of culture, we can easily see a design of various objects or its elements: packaging, streets, advertisements, applications or interfaces, depending on the medium we are particularly interested in. If we are specialists in the field of literature, we may notice book design, and in exceptional cases also its impact on the reception of literature (futurism in its various variants, or even more broadly understood avant-garde, concrete poetry and last but not least, liberature). But who among the researchers of culture, literature, language can notice the design of letters? The essay presents this problem from a broad perspective. The author refers to works on graphic design theory and confronts them with studies on culture and literature. This juxtaposition reveals some common ground, but also irreconcilable differences between the two discourses.

Sprawozdanie z konferencji naukowej „WOJNA DOMOWA W SZTUCE WOJENNEJ” Akademia Sztuki Wojennej, 12 maja 2021 r.

Currently, a very important thread of research on COVID-19 is to determine the dimension of the psychopathological emotional reactions induced by the COVID-19 pandemic. A non-experimental online research project was designed to determine the predictors of the severity of psychopathological symptoms, such as depression and PTSD symptoms, and the nature of the feedback mechanism between them in groups of men, remaining in hospital isolation due to infection and at-home isolation during the COVID-19 epidemic. The presence of symptoms of depression, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and a sense of threat due to the pandemic were assessed using the following screening tests: IES-R by Weiss and Marmar, PHQ-9 by Spitzer et al., and a self-constructed sliding scale for assessing COVID-19 anxiety. The study was carried out on a group of 57 firefighting cadets, hospitalized in a COVID-19 isolation room (Mage = 23.01), staying in isolation due to SARS-CoV-2 virus infection and a control group of 57 healthy men (Mage = 41.38) staying at home during quarantine and national lockdown. COVID-19 pandemic causes many psychopathological reactions. The predictive models revealed that the predictors of symptoms of PTSD in isolated patients included depression and the experienced sense of COVID-19 threat resulting from the disease, while in the control group the symptoms of depression were the only predictor of PTSD. PTSD experiences are usually associated with depression. It may also be a form of the re-experiencing process or the effect of high affectivity, indirectly confirmed by the participation of hyperarousal in the feedback loop. Our findings highlight the importance of mental health aspects in patients treated during the COVID-19 pandemic. The COVID-19 pandemic requires social distancing, quarantine and isolation, which may cause psychopathological symptoms not only in affected people, but also in the general population. Moreover, the need for greater psychological support can be emphasized for both: the sick and the general population.

(1) Background: The study was aimed at a better understanding of the factors determining making a decision to become a potential bone marrow donor, in a Polish research sample; (2) Methods: The data was collected using a self-report questionnaire among persons who voluntarily participated in the study concerning donation, conducted on a sample of the Polish population via Internet. The study included 533 respondents (345 females and 188 males), aged 18–49. Relationships between the decision about registration as potential bone marrow donor and psycho-socio-demographic factors were estimated using the machine learning methods (binary logistic regression and classification & regression tree); (3) Results. The applied methods coherently emphasized the crucial role of personal experiences in making the decision about willingness for potential donation, f.e. familiarity with the potential donor. They also indicated religious issues and negative health state assessment as main decision-making destimulators; (4) Conclusions. The results of the study may contribute to an increase in the effectiveness of recruitment actions by more precise personalization of popularizing-recruitment actions addressed to the potential donors. It was found that selected machine learning methods are interesting set of analyses, increasing the prognostic accuracy and quality of the proposed model.

Praca dofinansowana ze środków finansowych Ministra Kultury i Dziedzictwa Narodowego pochodzących z Funduszu Promocji Kultury. Wydanie publikacji dofinansowano ze środków Wydziału Nauk Historycznych Uniwersytetu Mikołaja Kopernika. Publikacja została wydana nakładem Towarzystwa Miłośników Torunia. „Nie ma wątpliwości, że książka Krystyny Sulkowskiej-Tuszyńskiej przynosi bardzo dużo nowej wiedzy na temat prezbiterium kościoła św. Jakuba w Toruniu i otaczającego tę świątynię cmentarza. Autorka starała się przedstawić dzieje tego toruńskiego kościoła (choć nie całego) w długim czasie (XIII–XIX w.) przede wszystkim na podstawie przeprowadzonych przez siebie (i swój zespół), w ostatnich latach, badań archeologicznych. Przeważająca część monografii jest poświęcona przykościelnemu cmentarzowi w okresie między XIII a XIX wiekiem. Nowatorska jest podjęta przez autorkę próba odtworzenia najstarszych dziejów prezbiterium toruńskiego kościoła św. Jakuba (I faza – 2. połowa XIII w.; II faza – po 1309 r.)”. [Z recenzji prof. dr. hab. Sławomira Jóźwiaka] Rozpoczęte w 2008 roku badania archeologiczno-architektoniczne otworzyły nowy horyzont poznania toruńskiego kościoła św. Jakuba. Po kilkunastu latach prac terenowych i gabinetowych w prezentowanej monografii przedstawiono ich rezultaty w bardzo nowoczesny sposób […]. Otrzymaliśmy bardzo ważną monografię – źródłowe opracowanie, które pozwala spojrzeć na „ów” tajemniczy obiekt sakralny w zupełnie nowy sposób. Umiejętnie zostały tu połączone różne kategorie informacji źródłowych - historyczne, archeologiczne i architektoniczne, dodatkowo poparte szczegółowymi badaniami specjalistycznymi, aby w jak najbardziej wiarygodny sposób zrekonstruować dzieje badanego obiektu. Bardzo ważna jest też szata ilustracyjna, która może stanowić samodzielny zespół źródłowy do dalszych analiz. Jest to praca naukowa o bardzo wielkich walorach poznawczych, zawierająca znakomity materiał źródłowy i pogłębioną analizę badanego i prezentowanego w monografii kościoła św. Jakuba”. [Z recenzji prof. dr. hab. Andrzeja M. Wyrwy]

Searching for novel antimicrobial agents is up to day topic for many group of researchers due to the fact that each year the number of bacterial strains resistant to currently used medicines increases. Special attention in the scientific literature among various groups of bioactive organic compounds is focused on the antimicrobial activity of hydrazide-hydrazones. Due to this fact presented study is focused on the design, synthesis and in vitro antimicrobial properties of novel hydrazide-hydrazones of 4-iodosalicylic acid. Target compounds were synthesized by the condensation reaction of the hydrazide of 4-iodosalicylic acid with substituted (hetero)aromatic aldehydes. Chemical structure of obtained molecules was confirmed by spectral methods (

This article addresses the issue of paradoxical ecological behaviours noticed by students of early childhood pedagogy in the surrounding reality. The aim of the study was to diagnose the knowledge of female students of preschool and early school pedagogy about environmental problems. The research included 120 female students who, as future teachers, will create space for children to learn about the natural environment and its protection. On the basis of keywords, a categorisation key resulting from the material collected by the students was created based on the content analysis method. The analysis of the results showed that the university students notice paradoxical environmental behaviours in the areas of (1) waste management, (2) climate crisis, (3) environmental education, (4) consumer behaviour and health, and (5) educational policy, which are close to their everyday functioning, as well as observational and experiential possibilities. It is necessary to take care of the quality of higher education in the field of environmental education, which would broaden the pro-environmental horizons among future teachers as those who have the opportunity to co-construct the space for education towards a sustainable future taking care of the balance in the area of natural, social and economic environment., Niniejszy artykuł podejmuje problematykę paradoksalnych zachowań ekologicznych zauważanych przez studentów pedagogiki wczesnoszkolnej w otaczającej rzeczywistości. Celem badania była diagnoza znajomości problemów ochrony środowiska przez studentki pedagogiki przedszkolnej i wczesnoszkolnej. W badaniu wzięło udział 120 studentek, które jako przyszłe nauczycielki będą tworzyć dzieciom przestrzeń do poznania środowiska przyrodniczego i jego ochrony. Na podstawie słów kluczowych, bazując na metodzie analizy treści, stworzono klucz kategoryzacyjny wynikający z zebranego przez studentki materiału. Analiza wyników wykazała, że młodzież akademicka zauważa paradoksalne zachowania ekologiczne w obszarach: (1) gospodarki odpadami; (2) kryzysu klimatycznego; (3) edukacji ekologicznej; (4) zachowań konsumenckich i zdrowia; oraz (5) polityki edukacyjnej, które są bliskie jej codziennemu funkcjonowaniu i możliwościom obserwacyjnym i doświadczanym. Należy zadbać o jakość edukacji wyższej w zakresie edukacji ekologicznej, która poszerzałaby horyzonty prośrodowiskowe wśród przyszłych nauczycieli jako tych, którzy mają możliwość współkonstruowania przestrzeni do wychowania ku zrównoważonej przyszłości troszcząc się o zachowanie równowagi w obszarze środowiska naturalnego, społecznego i gospodarczego.

Background Identifying prognostic factors that are predictive of in-hospital mortality for patients in surgical units may help in identifying high-risk patients and developing an approach to reduce mortality. This study analyzed mortality predictors based on outcomes obtained from a national database of adult patients. Materials and methods This retrospective study design collected data obtained from the National Health Fund in Poland comprised of 2,800,069 hospitalizations of adult patients in surgical wards during one calendar year. Predictors of mortality which were analyzed included: the patient’s gender and age, diagnosis-related group category assigned to the hospitalization, length of the hospitalization, hospital type, admission type, and day of admission. Results The overall mortality rate was 0.8%, and the highest rate was seen in trauma admissions (24.5%). There was an exponential growth in mortality with respect to the patient’s age, and male gender was associated with a higher risk of death. Compared to elective admissions, the mortality was 6.9-fold and 15.69-fold greater for urgent and emergency admissions (p Conclusion Age, male gender, emergency admission, and admission on the weekend or a bank holiday are factors associated with greater mortality in surgical units.

Romaniuk Małgorzata, Suswał Konrad, Komisarczuk Mateusz, Tuszyńska Weronika, Krupa Karol, Zygmunt Wojciech, Milanowski Janusz. E-cigarettes, is this alternative safe? Journal of Education, Health and Sport. 2020;10(8):313‑321. eISSN 2391-8306. DOI http://dx.doi.org/10.12775/JEHS.2020.10.08.037 https://apcz.umk.pl/czasopisma/index.php/JEHS/article/view/JEHS.2020.10.08.037 https://zenodo.org/record/3996236 The journal has had 5 points in Ministry of Science and Higher Education parametric evaluation. § 8. 2) and § 12. 1. 2) 22.02.2019. © The Authors 2020; This article is published with open access at Licensee Open Journal Systems of Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, Poland Open Access. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Noncommercial License which permits any noncommercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author (s) and source are credited. This is an open access article licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non commercial license Share alike. (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/) which permits unrestricted, non commercial use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the work is properly cited. The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests regarding the publication of this paper. Received: 01.08.2020. Revised: 05.08.2020. Accepted: 22.08.2020. E-cigarettes, is this alternative safe? Małgorzata Romaniuk2, Konrad Suswał1, Mateusz Komisarczuk2, WeronikaTuszyńska2, Karol Krupa2, Wojciech Zygmunt1, Janusz Milanowski1 Chair and Department of Pneumology, Oncology and Allergology, Medical University of Lublin. Pulmonology Student Research Group at the Clinic of Pneumology, Oncology and Allergology, Medical University of Lublin. Authors: 1. M. Romaniuk, goszarom@gmail.com, ORCID: 0000-0001-8838-6291 2. K. Suswał, konrad.suswal92@gmail.com, ORCID: 0000-0001-5226-8779 3. M. Komisarczuk, mateusz.komisarczuk@gmail.com 4. W. Tuszyńska, weron.stud28@gmail.com 5. K. Krupa, k.krupa95@gmail.com 6. W. Zygmunt, wojciech.zygmunt92@gmail.com 7. J. Milanowski, janusz.milanowski@umlub.pl Abstract Electronic cigarettes are often presented as a safer alternative to classic cigarettes. We present an overview of the latest data on the safety of using e-cigarettes and their impact on the respiratory and cardiovascular systems. The statement that e-cigarettes are much less harmful seems too hasty due to the relatively short presence of e-cigarettes on the market. We need more years of research on large groups of patients to help us answer the question whether e-cigarettes are a better and safer form of smoking. Key words: classic cigarettes; e-cigarettes; lung cancer.

Solar radiation plays an important role in many skin disorders pathomechanism. The group of diseases characterized by ultraviolet hypersensitivity is called photodermatoses. Most common acute reactions include photoallergic and phototoxic. Skin eruptions may have a variable clinical picture, however most often they are erythematous-papular or bullous. Skin lesions typically occur in areas exposed to ultraviolet radiation since they only develop if a topical or systemic exogenous chemical substance (medicine, cosmetics, etc) has been used. Five cases of patients with photosensitivity reactions have been presented.

Introduction and objective Using the concepts of Ulrich's theory of supportive design and Malkin's healing environment, an eye tracking experiment was designed in order to measure respondents' reactions while looking at visualisations of various interiors, with the aim of verifying whether certain parameters of an interior are related to emotional reactions in terms of positive stimulation, and the sense of security and comfort. Material and methods 12 boards were designed, incorporating standard features of an interior, i.e. (1) proportions, (2) lighting, (3) colour scheme of a room, as well as (4) the colours and spatial arrangement of furnishings. Respondents' reactions were recorded with an eye tracker Tobii TX300 and supplemented by self-descriptions of emotional reactions. Results The results showed that the varying spatial and colour arrangements presented in the interior visualisations provoked different emotional responses, confirmed by pupil reaction parameters, as measured by the eye tracking device. Conclusions Architectural space can have a diverse emotional significance and impact on an individual's emotional state. This is an important conclusion from the point of view of optimising and creating the so-called supportive and healing environment. The results have implications for the interpretation of the pupil diameter as an index of emotional reactions to different architectural space visualisations. Testing the eye tracker as a method helpful in diagnosing the emotional reactions to features of the interior is justified, and can provide an effective tool for early diagnosis of the impact of architectural space on the well-being of individuals. It can also be a good form of testing the emotional significance of architectural designs before they are implemented.

Based on the concepts of Pargament’s adaptational functions of religiosity, Huber’s centrality of religiosity, and Block’s conceptualisation of ego-resiliency as psychosocial resources, a nonexperimental, moderated mediation project was designed for a group of 175 women and 57 men who voluntarily participated in an online study to determine whether and to what extent religiosity mediated or moderated the relationship between ego-resiliency and the severity of PTSD and depression during the COVID-19 epidemic. The analyses carried out showed that the studied variables, ego-resiliency and centrality of religiosity, were predictors of the intensity of some psychopathological reactions caused by the COVID-19 pandemic but were not connected via a mediation relationship. Therefore, one question remains open: what is the role of ego-resiliency and the nature of the stated immunogenic effect of the centrality of religiosity in dealing with the critical threat to mental health that is the COVID-19 pandemic?

One of the greatest achievements of the Ancient Maya was a logo-syllabic writing system. The Maya left many glyphic inscriptions carved, incised or painted on different media. Unfortunately, from that rich scribal tradition only four manuscripts, known as codices, survived. They are painted on bark paper and contain, above all, almanacs with auguries. However, by looking at reports prepared by chroniclers during Colonial times, and documents transcribed in Mayan languages using the Latin alphabet, one can see that a variety of subjects could have been raised in lost codices.

In the paper, an attempt has been made to describe the cultural and linguistic contacts between the local Maya civilization and the Spanish conquistadores. The consequences of that contact for the local culture and Mayan-Spanish interrelationships have been discussed. The authors emphasize that as a result of this intensive and long-time contact, the Spanish culture has not been completely imposed on the Maya culture, nor has Spanish language completely subjugated the Mayan language.

Artykuł ma na celu ukazanie zbieżności poglądów dwóch przedstawicieli modernizmu, Thomasa S. Eliota i Konstandinosa P. Kawafisa. Studium porównawcze poprzedza krótka charakterystyka epoki, pozwalająca wysunąć tezę badawczą: Kawafis mógł wyprzedzić o kilkanaście lat postulaty literackie Eliota. Tekst skupia się na podobieństwie postaw literackich obu autorów, dlatego podstawę analiz stanowi wybrana twórczość eseistyczno-krytyczna Eliota oraz Kanon i pisma teoretyczne Kawafisa. Tekst koncentruje się na następujących aspektach: zestawienie świata przedstawionego Kawafisa z klasycystycznymi poglądami Eliota, omówienie głębszej warstwy założeń literackich obu autorów (porównanie Ars Poetica Kawafisa z Theory of Impersonal Poetry Eliota), spojrzenie na styl Aleksandryjczyka przez pryzmat sądów estetycznych Eliota oraz kwestie związane z procesem twórczym i cechami artysty (dojrzałość i miejsce poety w spektrum homo vates – homo faber).

Schematyczność, rozumiana jako powtorzenie, jest jednym z podstawowych kryteriow podziału literatury na popularną i wysokoartystyczną. Fascynująca wydaje się zatem tworczość pisarza – noblisty, ktora opiera się na obsesyjnie powtarzanych motywach, figurach i wątkach. W tworczości Patricka Modiano nieustannie powracają bowiem schematy powieści kryminalnej oraz klisze przejęte z tradycji literackiej, przede wszystkim francuskiej. Artykuł jest probą odpowiedzi na pytanie: dlaczego i w jaki sposob Patrick Modiano wykorzystuje schemat kryminalny? Wybrane utwory autora (Ulica ciemnych sklepikow, Zagubiona dzielnica, Dora Bruder, Żebyś nie zgubił się w dzielnicy) zostały poddane analizie w kontekście strategii charakterystycznych dla konwencji kryminalnej. Pozwoliła ona wskazać trzy najważniejsze funkcje kryminału w tworczości Modiano; użycie schematu kryminalnego jako: odzwierciedlenia mechanizmow pamięci, skonwencjonalizowanej formy literackiej komunikacji oraz przedstawienia przymusu powtarzania. Przykład tworczości francuskiego noblisty pokazuje, jak kryminał przekracza granice literatury popularnej, co prowadzi nas do pytania, czy tradycyjne kategorie literackie są dziś jeszcze użytecznym narzędziem badawczym.

The innovative Eye Movement Modelling Examples (EMMEs) method can be used in medicine as an educational training tool for the assessment and verification of students and professionals. Our work was intended to analyse the possibility of using eye tracking tools to verify the skills and training of people engaged in laboratory medicine on the example of parasitological diagnostics. Professionally active laboratory diagnosticians working in a multi-profile laboratory (non-parasitological) (n = 16), laboratory diagnosticians no longer working in this profession (n = 10), and medical analyst students (n = 56), participated in the study. The studied group analysed microscopic images of parasitological preparations made with the cellSens Dimension Software (Olympus) system. Eye activity parameters were obtained using a stationary, video-based eye tracker Tobii TX300 which has a 3-ms temporal resolution. Eye movement activity parameters were analysed along with time parameters. The results of our studies have shown that the eye tracking method is a valuable tool for the analysis of parasitological preparations. Detailed quantitative and qualitative analysis confirmed that the EMMEs method may facilitate learning of the correct microscopic image scanning path. The analysis of the results of our studies allows us to conclude that the EMMEs method may be a valuable tool in the preparation of teaching materials in virtual microscopy. These teaching materials generated with the use of eye tracking, prepared by experienced professionals in the field of laboratory medicine, can be used during various training, simulations and courses in medical parasitology and contribute to the verification of education results, professional skills, and elimination of errors in parasitological diagnostics.

Most of the studies about donation decisions focus on some personality factors, self-esteem or some family characteristics as separate sources of influence and do not take into account interdependence of these variables. The study attempts to conceptualize and validate an integrative framework, based on SCT A. Bandura, incorporating personal, environmental and behavioural determinants of the decision to register as a potential bone marrow donor. The study hypothesizes and tests the interdependent variables model of personality traits, self-esteem, practical past prosocial behaviours and family functionality as the key determinants of the decision of registration as potential bone marrow donor (PBMD) on the sample of 305 Polish young adults aged 18–25 years. The study was conducted using Polish versions of the following questionnaires: TIPI by Gosling et al. for measurement of the Big Five personality traits, Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (SES), PBQ (based on the Self-Report Altruism Scale by Rushton) by Moron, and Family Apgar scale by Smilkstein for assessing family function. The results obtained due to using a hybrid data-mining’ techniques LR and CART, allow the formulation of predictive equations defining the probability of making the decision to register as a potential bone marrow donor as a result of personality traits of agreeableness, conscientiousness, and self-esteem, as well as positive affect in family modelling and adaptation. However, the negative role of past prosocial behaviours, also demonstrated in research, requires further explanations. Although these methods may supplement the existing statistical models and contribute to the interpretation of factors of decision concerning the registration as a PBMD, further testing of the model according to the investigated variables requires the use of casual modelling methods in order to verify hypotheses concerning the occurrence of a specified structure of relationships between these variables.

Z odciekow pofermentacyjnych pochodzących z trzech roznych grup odpadow (rolniczych, spozywczych, zwierzecych) wytrącano struwit. Aby uzyskac maksymalną skutecznośc wytrącania fosforu i azotu, odcieki pofermentacyjne wzbogacano dodatkiem związkow magnezu (MgCl2, MgSO4, MgO). Wysoką skutecznośc wytrącania struwitu uzyskano w temp. 21°C, przy pH 9, intensywności mieszania 240rpm,proporcjachmolowychMg:P=1,2:1oraz Mg:Ca < 1 i czasie reakcji 120 min. Stwierdzono wysoką efektywnośc usuwania jonow fosforanowych z odciekow pofermentacyjnych (71–98%) a jonow NH4 + w ilości 14–20%.

Pedagogy is a social science which is based on values and it considers upbringing of an individual and functioning of a person in social relationships. Education for sustainable development helps to develop values such as human well-being, feeling of community and responsibility. According to the common interests and goals of education for sustainable development and pedagogy, the authors of the article postulate that the cooperation of varied fields of science should be deepened, particularly in the context of training new teachers.The authors' research shows that students of pedagogy declare they are familiar with terms related to sustainable development. However, the majority of respondents do not feel well prepared to teach about issues in this area. What is more, teachers demonstrate small interest in teaching and upbringing as means to create responsible society. The article concludes that sustainable development should be introduced into teacher training programmes. It may prepare future teachers to be educational leaders for sustainable development in their environments.

One of the major achievements of the Maya civilization was an introduction and development of an exceptionally refined writing system. In the history of that civilization, three basic periods may be distinguished: pre-classical (2000 yBP – 250 yBP), classical (250 yBP – 900 yP), and post-classical (900 yP till the Spanish Conquest). It is especially the classical period in which a tremendous development of Maya architecture and art took place. It is also in this period that a growing number of inscriptions were produced, though the first glyphs had occurred much earlier.

The development of civilization that is so advantageous for the humankind on one hand makes also the human being to forget that they are part of nature and live in natural environment. The paper presents dependencies and determinants between the society’s health and natural environment. The history of shaping the conception of changes, that sustainable development and education of the society are, shows that the level of social awareness increases slowly, while new threats for health appear quickly. The human influence on natural environment still has a lot of negative consequences, including threats for human health. The pollution of natural environment causing climate crisis became a highly publicized topic in the media but there are still few decisive actions undertaken to foster the protection of natural environment and, at the same time, better health protection and comfort of living. In conclusion, the authors, on the basis of the statement that only higher ecological and health awareness can change the current state of affairs, which has lately become a strong demand of younger generation, point out the importance of social pedagogy in preparing teachers and education leaders in local communities.

Kryzys środowiskowy jest jednym z najbardziej aktualnych i ważnych problemów, z jakimi obecnie zmaga się ludzkość. Organizacje międzynarodowe, rządy, samorządy, religie, społeczności lokalne, organizacje pozarządowe, a nawet poszczególne osoby szukają odpowiedzi na wyzwania, przed jakimi przyszło stanąć ludzkiej cywilizacji. Chodzi bowiem o to, by zgodnie z ideą zrównoważonego rozwoju wypracować takie rozwiązania, które zaspakajając aspiracje człowieka respektowałyby możliwości przyrody, zarówno w perspektywie obecnego, jak i przyszłych pokoleń. Szczegółowym problemem podjętym w niniejszym opracowaniu jest stosunek społeczności lokalnych do obszarów chronionych. Rola tych obszarów jest bowiem nie do przecenienia zarówno dla podtrzymania dobrostanu człowieka, jak i kondycji ziemskiej biosfery. Tematyka ta została podjęta w ramach wspólnego projektu Instytutu Ekologii i Bioetyki (obecnie Centrum Ekologii i Ekofilozofii) na Uniwersytecie Kardynała Stefana Wyszyńskiego w Warszawie (UKSW), Instytutu Badawczego Leśnictwa (IBL) oraz Kampinoskiego Parku Narodowego (KPN). Projekt ten obejmował organizację XIII ogólnopolskiej konferencji z cyklu „Ekologia humanistyczna" pt. ,,Przyroda wyzwaniem dla kultury. Społeczności lokalne wobec obszarów chronionych". Konferencja ta stanowiła swoistą platformę wymiany myśli i doświadczeń przedstawicieli różnych dziedzin wiedzy, przedstawicieli administracji rządowej i samorządowej, przedstawicieli parków narodowych i rezerwatów przyrody oraz organizacji ekologicznych...

In recent years, there has been an increasing use of satellite sensors to detect and track oil spills. The satellite bands, namely visible, short, medium infrared, and microwave radar bands, are used for this purpose. The use of satellite images is extremely valuable for oil spill analysis. With satellite images, we can identify the source of leakage and assess the extent of potential damage. However, it is not yet clear how to approach a specific leakage case methodologically. The aim of this study is the remote sensing analysis of environmental changes with the development of oil spill detection processing methods. Innovative elements of the work, in addition to methodological proposals, include the long-term analysis of surface water changes. This is very important because oil is very likely to enter the soil when water levels change. The classification result was satisfactory and accurate by 85%. The study was carried out using images from Landsat 5, Landsat 7, Landsat 8, Sentinel-1, and Sentinel-2 satellites. The results of the classification of the oil stains in active and passive technologies differ. This difference affects the methodology for selecting processing methods in similar fields. In the case of this article, the oil spill that occurred on 29 May 2020 in Norilsk was investigated and compared with data from other years to determine the extent of biodegradation. Due to the tank failure that occurred at the Nornickel power plant on that day, a large amount of crude oil leaked into the environment, contaminating the waters and soil of local areas. Research shows that oil spills may be caused by human error or may be the effect of climate change, particularly global warming.

Nursing graduates are required to have both excellent theoretical and practical skills that should be used during stressful emergency interventions. Since the received knowledge should be practiced to gain skills and trained to achieve competences, simulation exercises can be beneficial to even reduce the stress that each individual may face during emergency management of patients. A total of 146 first-year nursing students participated in the study, including 124 women and 22 men aged between 19 and 50 years, with a mean age of 32 years. The objective method estimated psychophysiological parameters (serum cortisol). Objective and subjective methods were used. The subjective method assessed stress experienced by students based on the standardized Stress Appraisal Questionnaire Version B for dispositional assessment. The study was conducted in the Monoprofile Medical Simulation Centre at the University of Economics and Innovation in Lublin, Poland and was approved by the University Research Ethics Committee. Both participants under and over 25 years of age showed increased levels of stress after low and high-fidelity simulations, with statistically significantly higher stress levels found for the low fidelity method. Low-fidelity simulation methods generated a greater increase in cortisol levels, indicating a higher stress level than the high-fidelity methods. The analysis of the scores obtained in the Stress Appraisal Questionnaire (KOS-B) showed that higher cortisol levels after the low-fidelity simulation reduced the subjective perception of a threat, while higher cortisol levels before the high-fidelity simulation promoted higher intellectual activity among the students. Levels of stress in the education of nursing students using low and high-fidelity methods can limit the sense of threat and activate professional task performance. The use of low and high-fidelity simulation does not generate destructive stress levels.

Odysseus or in Latin, Ulysses, is kind of literary character who, by his special qualities and his adventures, gives writers many possibilities of variation in reworking the myth. The demand of the audience as well as the authors’ desire for originality provide the main motive of the myth to be presented in a new way. Thanks to it, every writer, who undertakes a piece of work, tries to produce a new portrait of the well-known mythical hero. The source of variation in the myth can also be the natural tendency of authors to assimilate the old material to contemporary fashions and customs1. Problems of morality must have also arisen in the development of the myth over the centuries. Another cause of change in the traditional material lies in the writer’s technical inventions. All of these factors are interesting enough to the present author in presenting the many faces of the Homeric hero, Odysseus, which have changed over the course of time.

The novelty of the presented research is the determination of the nitrogen and phosphorus fraction in the liquid fraction of digestate from agricultural biogas plants. This information is important because it can help in proposing possible further liquid fraction management or developing of new technologies for their purification. The research covered digestates from agricultural biogas plants, obtained from the fermentation of three different groups of waste, i.e. agricultural lignocellulosic waste (where corn silage was a monosubstrate or a dominant co-substrate), food waste (where fruit and vegetable waste or distillery residue were monosubstrate or dominant co-substrate) and livestock manure (where cow manure was a monosubstrate or a dominant co-substrate). Concentrations of nutrients in the liquid fraction of digestates varied within a wide range (230.9-649.1 mg PO43-/L and 1363-3211 mg N/L), and their content was determined by the feedstock characteristic. The highest concentrations of organic phosphorus were found in the liquid fraction of digestates from the fermentation of distillery brew and livestock manure, and the lowest in the fermentation of fruit and vegetable waste. In the liquid fraction of digestates from agricultural biogas plants, regardless of the composition of the feedstock, the dominant nitrogen form was ammonium nitrogen (from 60% to 90% TN). Organic nitrogen was dominated by CON fraction, which was from 35% to 54% of ON. It was 1.3-1.6 times higher than the DON fraction.

Measurements for determining the effect of chemically enhanced primary treatment (CEPT) on the efficiency of pollutant removal from wastewater were carried out using conventional inorganic coagulants PIX113 with polymer A110 (Kemipol, Police, Poland) and unconventional cationic organic coagulants Cofloc (Attana, Coalville, UK) C29510 (Kemipol, Police, Poland) and Sedifloc 575 (3F Chimica, Sandrigo, Italy). The average removal efficiency in the 2-hour sedimentation process was 46%, 34%, 8%, 12% for the total suspended solids, organic matter (COD), total nitrogen, and total phosphorus, respectively. The use of organic coagulants contributed to 14&ndash, 81% increase of pollutant removal efficiency. Substantial discrepancies in biological nutrient removal processes were not discovered in two-phase (anaerobic-anoxic) experiments without and with the addition of the organic coagulants. The increase in organic matter removal efficiency as a result of the CEPT process may contribute to a 65&ndash, 80% increase in biogas production. The conducted research confirms the possibility of using organic coagulants in the primary precipitation process in wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) in accordance with the principles of maximum energy recovery, thereby promoting renewable energy sources. Additionally, organic coagulants, as opposed to inorganic ones, do not cause a significant increase of chloride and sulfate ion concentrations, which facilitates the use of treated wastewater in the water reuse systems, such as irrigation of agricultural crops.