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Resumo A resolutividade é um dos princípios do Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS) no Brasil, com sua capacidade de resolver os problemas da população nos diferentes níveis de complexidade da saúde. O Subsistema de Atenção à Saúde Indígena (SASI-SUS) integra este sistema, respeitando as especificidades das populações indígenas. O objetivo deste artigo é analisar a percepção dos profissionais e gestores de uma Casa de Saúde Indígena (CASAI) a respeito da resolutividade no subsistema quanto às circunstâncias da pandemia. Pesquisa qualitativa, de caráter descritivo, à luz da Política Nacional de Atenção à Saúde dos Povos Indígenas (PNASPI) e da teoria hermenêutica de Paul Ricoeur. Foram realizadas entrevistas entre os participantes a fim de registrar as experiências no processo de trabalho dos atores que cuidam dos indígenas referenciados à Manaus, Amazonas. Foram identificadas, pelas entrevistas, quatro temáticas essenciais: cuidado cultural; educação permanente em saúde & educação em saúde; negociação & improviso e; acolhimento & infraestrutura. A CASAI é uma instituição que vai além de um centro de apoio ou alojamento, sendo ponto de articulação entre os diferentes níveis de atenção aos indígenas e local de produção de cuidados e de saberes, tal como da construção de suas relações, resultando em um espaço resolutivo.

Background The COVID-19 pandemic has had major and potentially long-lasting effects on mental health and wellbeing across populations worldwide. However, these impacts were not felt equally, leading to an exacerbation of health inequalities, especially affecting vulnerable populations such as migrants, refugees and asylum seekers. Aiming to inform the adaptation and implementation of psychological intervention programmes, the present study investigated priority mental health needs in this population group. Methods Participants were adult asylum seekers, refugees and migrants (ARMs) and stakeholders with experience in the field of migration living in Verona, Italy, and fluent in Italian and English. A two-stage process was carried out to examine their needs using qualitative methods including free listing interviews and focus group discussions, according to Module One of the DIME (Design, Implementation, Monitoring, and Evaluation) manual. Data were analyzed using an inductive thematic analyses approach. Results A total of 19 participants (12 stakeholders, 7 ARMs) completed the free listing interviews and 20 participants (12 stakeholders and 8 ARMs) attended focus group discussions. Salient problems and functions that emerged during free listing interviews were discussed during the focus group discussions. During the COVID-19 pandemic, ARMs struggled with many everyday living difficulties in their resettlement country due to social and economic issues, revealing a strong influence of contextual factors in determining mental health. Both ARMs and stakeholders highlighted a mismatch between needs, expectations and interventions as factors that may hamper proper implementation of health and social programmes. Conclusions The present findings could help in the adaptation and implementation of psychological interventions targeting the needs of asylum seekers, refugees and migrants aiming to find a match between needs, expectations, and the corresponding interventions. Trial registration Registration number 2021-UNVRCLE-0106707, February 11 2021.

The atmospheric C/O ratio of exoplanets is widely used to constrain their formation. To guarantee that the C/O ratio provides robust information, we need to accurately quantify the amount of C and O in exoplanetary atmospheres. In the case of O, water and carbon monoxide are generally studied as the two key carriers. However, oxygen is a very reactive element and does not bind with carbon; depending on the temperature, it also binds to refractory elements. Estimating the amount of oxygen bound to refractory elements is therefore critical for unbiased estimates of the C/O ratio. In this work, we investigate the oxygen deficit due to refractory elements and its effects on the atmospheric C/O ratio of giant exoplanets as a function of their metallicity and equilibrium temperature. We model the composition of planetary atmospheres assuming chemical equilibrium and using as input physically justified elemental mixtures arising from detailed planet formation simulations. Our results show how the interplay between the atmospheric temperature and non-solar abundances of oxygen and refractory elements can sequester large fractions of oxygen, introducing significant biases in evaluating the C/O ratio when this effect is not accounted for. We apply our results to the case of Jupiter in the Solar System and show how the currently estimated water abundance points to a true oxygen abundance that is four times the solar one., 13 pages, 10 figures, accepted for publication on the journal MNRAS

Monica Bocchia,1 Angelo Michele Carella,2 Antonino Mulè,3 Lorenzo Rizzo,4 Mauro Turrini,5 Maria Chiara Abbenante,2 Roberto Cairoli,4 Valeria Calafiore,3 Marzia Defina,1 Angelo Gardellini,5 Giovanni Luzi,6 Caterina Patti,3 Maria Beatrice Pinazzi,6 Marta Riva,4 Giovanni Rossi,2 Vincenzo Sammartano,1 Luigi Rigacci6 1Hematology Unit, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Senese, University of Siena, Siena, Italy; 2Division of Hematology with Hematologic Intensive Care Unit and Cellular Therapies, Department of Medical Science, Fondazione IRCCS Casa Sollievo Della Sofferenza, Foggia, Italy; 3UOC Hematology and Oncology, Ospedali Riuniti Villa Sofia-Cervello, Palermo, Italy; 4Department of Haematology, Niguarda Cancer Center, ASST Grande Ospedale Metropolitano Niguarda, Milan, Italy; 5Division of Hematology, Valduce Hospital, Como, Italy; 6UOC Hematology and Stem Cell Transplant Unit, Ospedale S, Camillo, Rome, ItalyCorrespondence: Angelo Michele Carella, Division of Hematology with Hematologic Intensive Care Unit and Cellular Therapies, Department of Medical Science, Fondazione IRCCS Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, Viale Cappuccini, San Giovanni Rotondo, Foggia, 71013, Italy, Tel +390882410054, Fax +390882410322, Email am.carella@operapadrepio.itAbstract: Acute myeloid leukemia is a malignant disorder of the bone marrow, characterized by differentiation, clonal expansion, and uncontrolled proliferation of malignant myeloid progenitor cells and by several molecular and genetic abnormalities. A mutation of FMS-like tyrosine kinase 3 gene can be observed in about one-third of cases of acute myeloid leukemia. Two FLT3 inhibitors are actually approved for FLT3 mutated acute myeloid leukemia: midostaurin, a multikinase first generation inhibitor with lower affinity for FLT3 binding, and gilteritinib fumarate, a potent second-generation inhibitor of both FLT3-ITD and TKD. Gilteritinib is a new effective and well-tolerated drug for patients with relapsing or refractory FLT3-positive acute myeloid leukemia. Thanks to its efficacy, low toxicity, its good manageability (oral formulation), this drug is suitable for all the patients, including elderly frail patient with concomitant therapies or pre-existing or underlying diseases, and can be used also in the outpatient setting, reducing risks and costs related to the hospitalization. We report and discuss seven cases of different patients with FLT3 positive acute myeloid leukemia successfully managed with gilteritinib in the real clinical practice.Keywords: acute myeloid leukemia, FLT3, midostaurin, gilteritinib

Avascular necrosis (AVN) is a severe complication of sickle cell disease (SCD) and involves principally the femoral head. Few data exist about the prevalence of lesions in other segments.In this cross-sectional study, 42 children (20 males and 22 females) underwent a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the spine, upper arms, and femurs. The primary outcome was to define the prevalence and locations of bone infarcts.Forty-two patients completed the study; the total median age was 11.9 years (interquartile range = 9.5-13.9). Eleven patients (26.2%) were positive for altered bone findings for a total of 32 lesions. Most of the lesions were in the humerus 17 (53.1%), 11 (34.4%) in the femurs, and 4 (12.5%) in the vertebrae. The median number of vaso-occlusive crises (VOCs) was two and four for patients without and with bone lesions, respectively (p = .01). The annual rate of VOC is the best marker for the positive MRI (odds ratio = 82.6; p = .03), and it is correlated with the number of sites involved (p = .02).Our study highlights that the prevalence of skeletal lesions could be underestimated, and it provides the basis for clinical reasoning and tailored therapy in SCD children.

Purpose Commercial production and the use of liquid vermicompost extract (LVE) is gaining attention as a technique that supports integrated soil-microbial-crop management for sustainable agriculture. However, the interaction effects of LVE, arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF), and host plants on the delivery of agroecosystem services in alkaline soil have been less studied. Methods We carried out a 3-year field experiment in Central Italy, to investigate the short-term effect of LVE on soil mycorrhizal inoculum potential (MIP), AMF root colonization, and productivity of berseem clover, lentil, and sunflower. LVE produced in different years were screened for microbial properties using Illumina Miseq sequencing. LVE was applied at seeding, crop stem elongation and flowering stages. Control crops received water as a placebo. Results LVE bacterial communities were more diverse and showed a higher turnover between 2019 and 2020 than fungal communities. Diverse microbial groups, the majority of which belonged to phyla Proteobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Firmicutes, and Mucoromycota, were detected, including N-fixers (Flavobacterium, Malikia, and Citrobacter), P-solubilizers (Pseudomonas), and C-degraders (Tolumonas, Arcobacter, and Mucor). Notably, LVE treatment enhanced soil MIP and AMF root colonization in most crops, but selectively improved shoot biomass of berseem clover (+ 32%) and sunflower (+ 34%), and grain yield (+ 37%) and oil concentration (+ 5%) in sunflower, compared to the corresponding non-treated controls. Conclusions LVE had diverse groups of bacteria and a few fungal taxa, and its application enhanced mycorrhizal properties and selected growth- and yield-related variables in lentil, berseem clover, and sunflower. This could be due to LVE’s biostimulating effect arising from the vermicompost-associated microbiome and biomolecules.

Background: In asylum seekers and refugees, the frequency of mental disorders, such as depression, anxiety and post-traumatic stress disorder, is higher than the general population, but there is a lack of data on risk factors for the development of mental disorders in this population. Aim: This study investigated the risk factors for mental disorder development in a large group of asylum seekers and refugees resettled in high- and middle-income settings. Methods: Participant-level data from two randomized prevention studies involving asylum seekers and refugees resettled in Western European countries and in Turkey were pooled. The two studies randomized participants with psychological distress, but without a diagnosis of mental disorder, to the Self-Help Plus psychological intervention or enhanced care as usual. At baseline, exposure to potentially traumatic events was measured using the Harvard Trauma Questionnaire-part I, while psychological distress and depressive symptoms were assessed with the General Health Questionnaire and the Patient Health Questionnaire. After 3 and 6 months of follow-up, the proportion of participants who developed a mental disorder was calculated using the Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview. Results: A total of 1,101 participants were included in the analysis. At 3- and 6-month follow-up the observed frequency of mental disorders was 13.51% (115/851) and 24.30% (207/852), respectively, while the frequency estimates after missing data imputation were 13.95% and 23.78%, respectively. After controlling for confounders, logistic regression analysis showed that participants with a lower education level ( p = .034), a shorter duration of journey ( p = .057) and arriving from countries with war-related contexts ( p = .017), were more at risk of developing mental disorders. Psychological distress ( p = .004), depression ( p = .001) and exposure to potentially traumatic events ( p = .020) were predictors of mental disorder development. Conclusions: This study identified several risk factors for the development of mental disorders in asylum seekers and refugees, some of which may be the target of risk reduction policies. The identification of asylum seekers and refugees at increased risk of mental disorders should guide the implementation of focused preventative psychological interventions.

Objective: To compare the effectiveness of aromatherapy with lavender essential oil (EO) versus an EO synergy on psycho-emotional symptoms and fatigue of nursing professionals in the COVID-19 setting. Materials and Methods: This is a quasi-experimental pilot study conducted in 2020. The professionals were randomized in Group 1 — lavender, and in Group 2 — lavender and other EOs synergy. The instruments were validated in Brazil, namely the Self-Reporting Questionnaire (SRQ-20) and the Fatigue Pictogram, which were applied at three moments: before the intervention, after 21 days of intervention, and three weeks after the end of the intervention follow-up. The data were evaluated using Pearson’s x2 test or Fisher’s exact test (dichotomous variables) and Student’s t-test or Mann-Whitney test (continuous variables). Results: A total of 18 professionals participated, and both groups presented improved SRQ-20 scores (p < 0.010), which was maintained in the follow-up for Group 1 compared to the pre-intervention moment (p = 0.033). There was a significant decrease in fatigue in professionals in both groups (p = 0.010), but no difference was observed in the improvement of the impact of fatigue on daily life. Conclusions: There was a reduction in psycho-emotional symptoms and fatigue in nursing professionals who used aromatherapy during the COVID-19 pandemic in both groups.

Background:Postpancreaticoduodenectomy (PD) hemorrhage (PPH) is a life-threatening complication after PD. The main objective of this study was to evaluate incidence and factors associated with late PPH as well as the management strategy and outcomes. Methods: Between May 2017 and March 2020, clinical data from 192 patients undergoing PD were collected prospectively in the CHIRPAN Database (NCT02871336) and retrospectively analyzed. In our institution, all patients scheduled for a PD are routinely admitted for monitoring and management in intensive/intermediate care unit (ICU/IMC). Results: The incidence of late PPH was 17% (32 of 192), whereas the 90-day mortality rate of late PPH was 19% (6 of 32). Late PPH was associated with 90-day mortality (P = 0.001). Using multivariate analysis, independent risk factors for late PPH were postoperative sepsis (P = 0.036), and on day 3, creatinine (P = 0.025), drain fluid amylase concentration (P = 0.023), lipase concentration (P0.001), and C-reactive protein (CRP) concentration (P0.001). We developed two predictive scores for PPH occurrence, the PANCRHEMO scores. Score 1 was associated with 68.8% sensitivity, 85.6% specificity, 48.8% predictive positive value, 93.2% negative predictive value, and an area under the receiver operating characteristic curves of 0.841. Score 2 was associated with 81.2% sensitivity, 76.9% specificity, 41.3% predictive positive value, 95.3% negative predictive value, and an area under the receiver operating characteristic curve of 0.859. Conclusions: Routine ICU/IMC monitoring might contribute to a better management of these complications. Some predicting factors such as postoperative sepsis and biological markers on day 3 should help physicians to determine patients requiring a prolonged ICU/IMC monitoring.

Theoretical physical-chemical models for the formation of planetary systems depend on data quality for the Sun's composition, that of stars in the solar neighbourhood, and of the estimated "pristine" compositions for stellar systems. The effective scatter and the observational uncertainties of elements within a few hundred parsecs from the Sun, even for the most abundant metals like carbon, oxygen and silicon, are still controversial. Here we analyse the stellar production and the chemical evolution of key elements that underpin the formation of rocky (C, O, Mg, Si) and gas/ice giant planets (C, N, O, S). We calculate 198 galactic chemical evolution (GCE) models of the solar neighbourhood to analyse the impact of different sets of stellar yields, of the upper mass limit for massive stars contributing to GCE ($M_{\rm up}$) and of supernovae from massive-star progenitors which do not eject the bulk of the iron-peak elements (faint supernovae). Even considering the GCE variation produced via different sets of stellar yields, the observed dispersion of elements reported for stars in the Milky Way disk is not reproduced. Among others, the observed range of super-solar [Mg/Si] ratios, sub-solar [S/N], and the dispersion of up to 0.5 dex for [S/Si] challenge our models. The impact of varying $M_{\rm up}$ depends on the adopted supernova yields. Thus, observations do not provide a constraint on the M$_{\rm up}$ parametrization. When including the impact of faint supernova models in GCE calculations, elemental ratios vary by up to 0.1-0.2 dex in the Milky Way disk; this modification better reproduces observations., Comment: 36 pages, 26 figures, 1 Table, 1 Appendix, Accepted for publication in MNRAS

In safe opponent exploitation players hope to exploit their opponents' potentially sub-optimal strategies while guaranteeing at least the value of the game in expectation for themselves. Safe opponent exploitation algorithms have been successfully applied to small instances of two-player zero-sum imperfect information games, where Nash equilibrium strategies are typically known in advance. Current methods available to compute these strategies are however not scalable to desirable large domains of imperfect information such as No-Limit Texas Hold 'em (NLHE) poker, where successful agents rely on game abstractions in order to compute an equilibrium strategy approximation. This paper will extend the concept of safe opponent exploitation by introducing prime-safe opponent exploitation, in which we redefine the value of the game of a player to be the worst-case payoff their strategy could be susceptible to. This allows weaker epsilon equilibrium strategies to benefit from utilising a form of opponent exploitation with our revised value of the game, still allowing for a practical game-theoretical guaranteed lower-bound. We demonstrate the empirical advantages of our generalisation when applied to the main safe opponent exploitation algorithms.

Objective: To map scientific knowledge about the use of percussion instruments in music therapy in individuals over 18 years of age in the health context. Method: Scope review with search strategy implemented in September 2021, in 13 databases, using indexed descriptors and keywords. Studies on the use of membranophones for care of people over 18 years of age were included. Studies with the participation of pregnant women, psychiatric patients (schizophrenia, psychosis, addiction), or people with hearing impairment, and journal editorials were excluded. The selection process was carried out by two independent researchers. Results: Thirteen studies were included and the results showed that the membranophones have a positive impact on the physical, psychological, and social health of people in different care environments, and allow them to repeat rhythmic patterns and play music. Active music therapy was the strategy predominantly used in interventions, and the most used membranophone was the djembe. Conclusion: The results suggest that music therapy with membranophones proved to be a viable intervention with beneficial results in improving physical, psychological, and social health of people over 18 years of age. RESUMEN Objetivo: Mapear el conocimiento científico sobre el uso de instrumentos de percusión en musicoterapia en mayores de 18 años en el contexto de la salud. Método: Revisión de alcance con estrategia de búsqueda implementada en septiembre de 2021, en 13 bases de datos, utilizando descriptores indexados y palabras clave. Se incluyeron estudios sobre el uso de membranófonos en el cuidado de personas mayores de 18 años. Se excluyeron los estudios con la participación de mujeres embarazadas, pacientes psiquiátricos (esquizofrenia, psicosis, adicción) o personas con discapacidad auditiva; editoriales de revistas. El proceso de selección fue realizado por dos investigadores independientes. Resultados: Se incluyeron trece estudios y los resultados mostraron que los membranófonos tienen un impacto positivo en la salud física, psicológica y social de las personas en diferentes entornos de atención, además de permitirles repetir patrones rítmicos y reproducir música. La musicoterapia activa fue la estrategia predominantemente utilizada en las intervenciones, y el membranófono más utilizado fue el djembe. Conclusión: Los resultados sugieren que la musicoterapia con membranófonos demostró ser una intervención viable con resultados beneficiosos en la mejora de la salud física, psicológica y social de las personas mayores de 18 años. RESUMO Objetivo: Mapear o conhecimento científico sobre o uso de instrumentos de percussão na musicoterapia, em indivíduos maiores de 18 anos, no contexto de saúde. Método: Revisão de escopo com estratégia de busca implementada em setembro de 2021, em 13 bases de dados, utilizando-se descritores indexados e palavras-chave. Foram incluídos estudos sobre o uso de membranofones no cuidado a pessoas maiores de 18 anos. Foram excluídos estudos com participação de gestantes, pacientes psiquiátricos (esquizofrenia, psicose, adição) ou pessoas com déficit auditivo; e editoriais de revistas. O processo de seleção foi realizado por dois pesquisadores independentes. Resultados: Treze estudos foram incluídos e os resultados mostraram que os membranofones impactam de forma positiva na saúde física, psicológica e social das pessoas, em diferentes ambientes de cuidado, além de habilitá-los a repetir padrões rítmicos e musicar. A musicoterapia ativa foi a estratégia predominantemente utilizada nas intervenções, e o membranofone mais utilizado foi o djembê. Conclusão: Os resultados sugerem que a musicoterapia com membranofones mostrou ser uma intervenção viável com resultados benéficos na melhora da saúde física, psicológica e social em pessoas maiores de 18 anos.

Dust plays a central role in the chemical evolution of protoplanetary disksandis the source material from which planetary bodies form. Coagulation into planetesimalsandplanets is expected to steadily decrease the dust abundance in disks over time. However, recent surveys point to the median dust content of disks increasing from 1 to 2 Myr in nearby star-forming regions. Furthermore, resolved observations of HD 163296 reveal unexpected regions of high dust concentration across its extension. Building on our insight on the collisional evolution of small bodies from the Solar System, we show that such unexpected behaviours of the dust stem from the planet formation process. The early formation of massive planets dynamically stirs the nearby planetesimalsandcauses high-velocity impacts between them, resulting in the production of second-generation dust. This collisional production naturally explains the rise in the dust population observed in disks with ages between 1and2 Myr, suggesting this is the characteristic timescale of giant planet formation. The appearance of second-generation dust also explains the spatial distribution of dust observed in older disks like HD 163296. By sustaining the dust population over time, this collisional rejuvenation process acts to extend the duration of the planet formation processandthe chemical evolution of disks.

The ventral premotor cortex (PMv) is believed to play a pivotal role in a multitude of visuomotor behaviors, such as sensory-guided goal-directed visuomotor transformations, arbitrary visuomotor mapping, and hyper-learnt visuomotor associations underlying automatic imitative tendencies. All these functions are likely carried out through the copious projections connecting PMv to the primary motor cortex (M1). Yet, causal evidence investigating the functional relevance of the PMv-M1 network remains elusive and scarce. In the studies reported in this thesis we addressed this issue using a transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) protocol called cortico-cortical paired associative stimulation (ccPAS), which relies on multisite stimulation to induce Hebbian spike-timing dependent plasticity (STDP) by repeatedly stimulating the pathway connecting two target areas to manipulate their connectivity. Firstly, we show that ccPAS protocols informed by both short- and long-latency PMv-M1 interactions effectively modulate connectivity between the two nodes. Then, by pre-activating the network to apply ccPAS in a state-dependent manner, we were able to selectively target specific functional visuo-motor pathways, demonstrating the relevance of PMv-M1 connectivity to arbitrary visuomotor mapping. Subsequently, we addressed the PMv-to-M1 role in automatic imitation, and demonstrated that its connectivity manipulation has a corresponding impact on automatic imitative tendencies. Finally, by combining dual-coil TMS connectivity assessments and ccPAS in young and elderly individuals, we traced effective connectivity of premotor-motor networks and tested their plasticity and relevance to manual dexterity and force in healthy ageing. Our findings provide unprecedent causal evidence of the functional role of the PMv-to-M1 network in young and elderly individuals. The studies presented in this thesis suggest that ccPAS can effectively modulate the strength of connectivity between targeted areas, and coherently manipulate a networks’ behavioral output. Results open new research prospects into the causal role of cortico-cortical connectivity, and provide necessary information to the development of clinical interventions based on connectivity manipulation.

Bose-Einstein condensation (BEC) underpins exotic forms of order ranging from superconductivity to superfluid 4 He. In quantum magnetic materials, ordered phases induced by an applied magnetic field can be described as the BEC of magnon excitations. With sufficiently strong magnetic frustration, exemplified by the system SrCu$_2$(BO$_3$)$_2$ , no clear magnon BEC is observed and the complex spectrum of multi-magnon bound states may allow a different type of condensation, but the high fields required to probe this physics have remained a barrier to detailed investigation. Here we exploit the first purpose-built high-field neutron scattering facility to measure the spin excitations of SrCu$_2$(BO$_3$)$_2$ up to 25.9 T and use cylinder matrix-product-states (MPS) calculations to reproduce the experimental spectra with high accuracy. Multiple unconventional features point to a condensation of $S = 2$ bound states into a spin-nematic phase, including the gradients of the one-magnon branches, the presence of many novel composite two- and three-triplon excitations and the persistence of a one-magnon spin gap. This gap reflects a direct analogy with superconductivity, suggesting that the spin-nematic phase in SrCu$_2$(BO$_3$)$_2$ is best understood as a condensate of bosonic Cooper pairs. Our results underline the wealth of unconventional states yet to be found in frustrated quantum magnetic materials under extreme conditions.

Refugees are at high risk of developing mental disorders. There is no evidence from randomized controlled trials (RCTs) that psychological interventions can prevent the onset of mental disorders in this group. We assessed the effectiveness of a self-help psychological intervention developed by the World Health Organization, called Self-Help Plus, in preventing the development of mental disorders among Syrian refugees experiencing psychological distress in Turkey. A two-arm, assessor-masked RCT was conducted in two Turkish areas. Eligible participants were adult Syrian refugees experiencing psychological distress (General Health Questionnaire ?3), but without a diagnosis of mental disorder. They were randomly assigned either to the Self-Help Plus arm (consisting of Self-Help Plus combined with Enhanced Care as Usual, ECAU) or to ECAU only in a 1:1 ratio. Self-Help Plus was delivered in a group format by two facilitators over five sessions. The primary outcome measure was the presence of any mental disorder assessed by the Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview at six-month follow-up. Secondary outcome measures were the presence of mental disorders at post-intervention, and psychological distress, symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder and depression, personally identified psychological outcomes, functional impairment, subjective well-being, and quality of life at post-intervention and six-month follow-up. Between October 1, 2018 and November 30, 2019, 1,186 refugees were assessed for inclusion. Five hundred forty-four people were ineligible, and 642 participants were enrolled and randomly assigned to either Self-Help Plus (N=322) or ECAU (N=320). Self-Help Plus participants were significantly less likely to have any mental disorders at six-month follow-up compared to the ECAU group (21.69% vs. 40.73%; Cramer's V = 0.205, p, European Commission

Objective Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic disease with different clinical courses and a tendency to worsening. The relapsing–remitting MS presents acute onset and relapses of neurological symptoms, followed by their remission. This form can convert to secondary progressive MS (SPMS) with irreversible neurological worsening and disability. The identification of signs, symptoms, markers of progression, and strategies to manage MS patients is mandatory to allow early identification of those at higher risk of conversion to SPMS, for prompt intervention to cope with the progression of the disease. Methods A panel of Italian experts from Southern Italy have reviewed the current knowledge on MS and its management and identified the crucial tools for SPMS recognition. Results More effective communication between patients and clinicians should be established, with the support of digital tools. Moreover, the improvement in the clinical use of biomarkers for progression (cellular structures and tissue organization, such as neurofilaments and chitinase 3-like 1, axonal and neurons density) and of instrumental analyses for recognition of whole-brain atrophy, chronic active lesions, spinal cord lesions and atrophy, and the improvement the combination of the Expanded Disability Status Scale and the evaluation of cognitive dysfunction are discussed. Conclusion Given the availability of a pharmacological option, adequate education both for patients, regarding the evolution of the disease and the specific treatment, and for professionals, to allow more effective and sensitive communication and the best use of diagnostic and management tools, could represent a strategy to improve patient management and their quality of life.

Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) methods such as cortico-cortical paired associative stimulation (ccPAS) can increase the strength of functional connectivity between ventral premotor cortex (PMv) and primary motor cortex (M1) via spike timing-dependent plasticity (STDP), leading to enhanced motor functions in young adults. However, whether this STDP-inducing protocol is effective in the aging brain remains unclear. In two groups of young and elderly healthy adults, we evaluated manual dexterity with the 9-hole peg task before and after ccPAS of the left PMv-M1 circuit. We observed that ccPAS enhanced dexterity in young adults, and this effect was anticipated by a progressive increase in motor-evoked potentials (MEPs) during ccPAS administration. No similar effects were observed in elderly individuals or in a control task. Across age groups, we observed that the magnitude of MEP changes predicted larger behavioral improvements. These findings demonstrate that left PMv-to-M1 ccPAS induces functionally specific improvements in young adults’ manual dexterity and an increase in corticomotor excitability, but altered plasticity prevents the effectiveness of ccPAS in the elderly.

The interaction between a Ni(111) substrate covered by a complete Gr monolayer and H atoms occurs through two parallel routes leading to the hydrogen chemisorption on graphene and, at much lower rate but still with some ease, to the intercalation of H atoms below it. This latter reaction determines a direct interaction of the H atoms with the metal surface and eventually the H diffusion into the Ni bulk under the Gr cover. In this study we have combined high-resolution X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, thermal programmed desorption, and density functional theory calculations to establish how the chemisorption and intercalation yields and their interplay depend on temperature and to find out how graphene affects the amount and the evolution of the hydrogen diffused in the Ni bulk. We found that between 150 and 320 K, hydrogen chemisorption on Gr is independent of temperature and that Gr lifting, which signals the H intercalation below it, does not occur below 180−200 K, being limited by an energy barrier of the order of 150 meV. For the heavily hydrogenated samples, when H atoms diffuse also into the Ni bulk, the Gr cover plays a key role for H storage because it strongly enhances the amount of H loaded in the interface with respect to the bare Ni(111) substrate. This behavior, possibly exhibited also by other graphene/metal interfaces provided that intercalation of H below graphene can readily occur, might foster the design of innovative materials to be applied for H storage.

The ongoing severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic and heterologous immunization approaches implemented worldwide for booster doses call for diversified vaccine portfolios. GRAd-COV2 is a gorilla adenovirus-based COVID-19 vaccine candidate encoding prefusion-stabilized spike. The safety and immunogenicity of GRAd-COV2 is evaluated in a dose- and regimen-finding phase 2 trial (COVITAR study, ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT04791423) whereby 917 eligible participants are randomized to receive a single intramuscular GRAd-COV2 administration followed by placebo, or two vaccine injections, or two doses of placebo, spaced over 3weeks. Here, we report that GRAd-COV2 is well tolerated and induces robust immune responses after a single immunization; a second administration increases binding and neutralizing antibody titers. Potent, variant of concern (VOC) cross-reactive spike-specific Tcell response peaks after the first dose and is characterized by high frequencies of CD8s. Tcells maintain immediate effector functions and high proliferative potential over time. Thus, GRAd vector is a valuable platform for genetic vaccine development, especially when robust CD8 response is needed.

Grassmann tensors arise from classical problems of scene reconstruction in computer vision. In particular, bifocal Grassmann tensors, related to a pair of projections from a projective space onto view spaces of varying dimensions, generalize the classical notion of fundamental matrices. In this paper, we study in full generality the variety of bifocal Grassmann tensors focusing on its birational geometry. To carry out this analysis, every object of multi-view geometry is described both from an algebraic and geometric point of view, e.g., the duality between the view spaces, and the space of rays is explicitly described via polarity. Next, we deal with the moduli of bifocal Grassmann tensors, thus showing that this variety is both birational to a suitable homogeneous space and endowed with a dominant rational map to a Grassmannian.

Drawing on a 12-month virtual ethnography on the main online spaces of three refused knowledge communities (RKCs) in Italy, this study aims at contributing to the debate on emerging forms of science-related populism from a two-fold perspective. First, we identify and describe the main features and the role played by an understudied figure who we label the ‘catalyst of dissent’ – a public influencer who does not belong to the scientific community and contributes to the spread of science-related populist narratives within a grassroots ecosystem of resistance to institutional science. Second, our research highlights how RKCs – communities proposing visions of science and medicine denied acceptance or even consideration by institutional science – can appropriate some key resources produced by the catalysts. The analysis focuses on the interplay between the catalysts and three main RKCs during the pandemic crisis in Italy: The No-5G, the Free-Vax, and the 5 Biological Laws communities.

Within the framework of the research and innovation strategy RIS3 “Sustainable Living” (POR-FSE, funded by the Veneto Region), for the improvement of the resilience and adaptation capacity of the Veneto territory to environmental crises and emergencies, the subject of the contribution returns the results of the participatory experimentation of the project H.E.L.P. Veneto ‘ High-efficiency Emergency Living Prototypes Veneto - Sustainable adaptive residences for temporary stay in environmental emergencies. The research concerns the design of a minimum flexible emergency living module, replicable on a large scale, multifunctional, sustainable, powered by off-grid systems and integrated into the built environment. The housing unit uses timber, a material linked to the local building tradition, whose prefabricated modular reversibility follows principles of circular reuse. Moreover, the constructive adaptability of the interior spaces is reflected in a “liquid space” capable of transforming itself according to the needs of the occupants. The paper introduces a form of participatory design of the emergency housing module, based on the engagement of small and large companies, related to different segments of the construction market, a leading sector in the economy of Veneto. The participatory approach borrows from Architectural Technology the tools needed to understand the characteristics of the settlement system, the potential of the project and the value of scientific stakeholder engagement in the process. Using the Soft System Methodology, direct investigation protocols have been constructed relating to the performance of the living unit. Using Strategic Options Development and Analysis (SODA), the results of the experimented survey (large-scale questionnaires) were decoded, interpreted and systematised. The processing of the answers allowed the stakeholders to validate the potential of the proposed module and, at the same time, to be informed about its characteristics. The innovation of the method lies precisely in the modelling phase, which makes it possible to integrate the results of the hard and soft data analyses and to make it clear how participation plays an essential role in the process of designing and validating the proposed module. Nell’ambito della strategia di ricerca e innovazione RIS3 “Sustainable Living” (POR-FSE, finanziato dalla regione Veneto), per il miglioramento della capacità di resistenza e di adattamento del territorio veneto a crisi ed emergenze ambientali, l’oggetto del contributo restituisce gli esiti della sperimentazione partecipata del progetto H.E.L.P. Veneto High efficiency Emergency Living Proto- types Veneto – Residenze adattive sostenibili per la permanenza temporanea in regime di emergenza ambientale. La sperimentazione riguarda la progettazione di un modulo minimo abitativo di emergenza flessibile, repli- cabile a larga scala, polifunzionale, sostenibile con impianti a funzionamento off-grid e integrato nell’ambiente costruito. L’unità abitativa utilizza il legno, materiale legato alla tradizione costruttiva locale, la cui reversibilità modulare prefabbricata segue principi di riuso circolare. Inoltre, l’adattabilità costruttiva degli ambienti interni si riflette in uno “spazio liquido” capace di trasformarsi in base alle esigenze dell’abitare. Il contributo propone una forma di progettazione partecipata del modulo abitativo emergenziale, basata sull’engagement delle realtà aziendali di piccole e grandi dimensioni, relative ai diversi segmenti di mercato dell’edilizia, settore trainante della regione Veneto. L’approccio partecipativo mutua dalla Tecnologia dell’Architettura gli strumenti di conoscenza atti alla comprensione delle caratteristiche del sistema insediativo, delle potenzialità del progetto e del valore dell’engagement scientifico degli stakeholder nel processo. Utilizzando la Soft System Methodology sono stati costruiti dei protocolli di indagine diretta che combinano la conoscenza prestazionale dei processi insediativi nell’unità ambientale. Mediante la Strategic Options Development and Analysis (SODA) sono stati decodificati, interpretati e sistematizzati i risultati della survey sperimentata (questionari ad ampia scala). L’elaborazione delle risposte ha fatto sì che il sapere esperto degli stakeholder validasse le potenzialità del modulo proposto informandosi, al contempo, sulle caratteristiche dello stesso. L’innovazione del metodo risiede proprio nella fase di modellazione, la quale permette di integrare i risultati delle analisi dei dati hard e quelle dei dati soft, e di rendere chiaro come la partecipazione svolga un ruolo essenziale nel processo di animazione e validazione del modulo proposto.

Despite the multiple evidence of the diffuse presence of methane in Jupiter’s auroral regions, the mechanisms leading to the CH4 brightening observed both from ground- and space-based platforms are not yet fully understood. During the first NASA/Juno’s orbit, the on-board imager/spectrometer JIRAM (Jovian Infrared Auroral Mapper) detected the 3.3-µm methane emission on both Jupiter’s poles. The signal was found to be mostly confined within the main auroral ovals, although the lack of spectral coverage over 80°S prevented a deep investigation of the southern methane spot. The CH4 polar emissions at 3.3 µm are likely originated by non-thermal excitation mechanisms occurring above the 1 µbar level, such as auroral particle precipitation and/or Joule heating. However, aurorally driven upwelling of methane inside the main oval might also explain the enhanced concentrations of CH4 observed at the jovian poles. To address this controversy, we derive the effective temperature of methane in Jupiter’s auroral regions, which is a key information to understand the origin of the detected fluorescence. The goal is achieved by exploring three Juno’s orbits and focusing on the spectra with the highest methane emissions and the smallest contribution from other auroral features due to H3+. JIRAM measurements from the first perijove are used to investigate the northern methane brightening, while observations from perijoves 7 and 8 are examined for its southern counterpart. The analysis reveals similar temperatures in the north- and south-polar spots, mainly ranging between 400 K and 670 K.

The electromagnetic coupling between the Galilean satellites at Jupiter and the planetary ionosphere generates an auroral footprint, whose ultimate source is the relative velocity between the moons and the corotating magnetospheric plasma. The footprint can be detected in the infrared L band (3.3-3.6 microns) by the Jovian InfraRed Auroral Mapper (JIRAM) onboard the Juno spacecraft, which can observe the footprint position with high precision. Here, we report the JIRAM data acquired since August 27th 2016 until May 23rd 2022, corresponding to the first 42 orbits of Juno. The dataset is used to compute the average position of the footprint tracks of Io, Europa and Ganymede. The result of the present analysis can help to test the reliability of magnetic field models, to calibrate ground-based observations and to highlight episodes of variability in the footprint positions, which in turn can point out specific conditions of the Jovian magnetospheric environment.

The fresh bulbs of Stenomesson miniatum, a plant belonging to Amaryllidaceae family with a poorly investigated phytochemical profile, were traditionally employed by Andean healers to treat tumors and abscesses. The aims of this study were to characterize the alkaloid extract from the bulbs of S. miniatum and test its cytotoxic and antibacterial potential. The alkaloid extract was characterized by dereplication using various techniques (CPC, NMR, UPLC-HRMS) and referring to in-home or online databases for spectroscopic data matching. Cytotoxic activities were evaluated on A431 human epidermoid carcinoma cells through a metabolic assay, and on Jurkat human acute T-leukemia cells through a cell-impermeant fluorescent nuclear probe. Antibacterial assays were carried out against Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis and Streptococcus pyogenes by using a standardized microdilution broth method 96-well plate. Eleven known Amaryllidaceae alkaloids were identified together with another compound determined as being an extraction artefact. The alkaloid extract showed good cytotoxic activity against both the tumor cell lines, reaching an IC50 of 3.3 µg/mL against A431 cells and of 10.9 µg/mL against Jurkat cells. The analysis of the fractions allowed the activity to be attributed to the presence of pretazettine and haemathamine. Conversely, no antibacterial activities were recorded for any of the samples.

Il contributo dell’A. muove dalla divergenza sempre più vistosa fra il riconoscimento delle esigenze personali e strutturali dei detenuti (avvenuta negli ultimi 20 anni tanto nella produzione legislativa quanto nella giurisprudenza italiana e della Corte europea dei diritti umani) e l’efficacia delle amministrazioni chiamate a garantire le relative prestazioni. Egli ne ravvisa la causa prossima (soprattutto successiva al 2006) nella dislocazione di tali competenze fra molti enti ed organi estranei alla amministrazione penitenziaria. L’enfasi istituzionale sul momento del controllo in luogo dell’attenzione alla prestazione concreta ne è un aspetto e per l’A. si inserisce del moto internazionale di scivolamento verso il Richterstaat. Svolte alcune precisazioni sulla centralità del carcere nella esecuzione delle pene in Italia, che viene erroneamente ripetuta da molti degli interessati alla disciplina, l’A. ha quindi esaminato nel dettaglio i casi più vistosi di inadeguatezza dei mezzi umani e strumentali (offerta rieducativa, prestazioni sanitarie e psichiatriche, reclutamento del corpo dirigente) rispetto al bisogno esistente nei ristretti. Ha nondimeno ricordato alcune azioni di governo e di amministrazione che paiono invertire, almeno in parte, l’indirizzo lamentato., DNA – Di Nulla Academia, V. 3 N. 2 (2022): Le officine delle pene esacerbate

Article 1 of the 1933 Montevideo Convention famously includes “a defined territory” among the four qualifications for statehood. This requirement is seen as reflective of customary law by many, whereas others hold the view that a defined territory is a pre-legal condition for exercising sovereignty in a community of equal states. Even if this can be doubted, based on the observation that some territorial entities in world history have fared well even with no clear understanding of their precise borders, it is true that the current international society has accepted the idea that boundaries are necessary. All in all, the idea that a “defined territory” is a prerequisite for statehood must allow for the possibility of some segments of the frontier line being undetermined (here and in the following we use the words “boundary,” “border,” and “frontier” interchangeably). This bibliography lists a number of items as starting references for research on the concept of a boundary, its history, its application in specific geographical contexts, and its role in interstate disputes (having in mind that the distinction between boundary and territorial disputes is a matter of quantity rather than quality). The point of view is primarily legal, but other perspectives—sociological, historical, geographical, anthropological, and political, inter alia—have given rise to a copious literature, including no less than five journals devoted to borders and border areas (Journal of Borderlands Studies; International Journal of Migration and Border Studies; Border and Regional Studies; Borders in Globalization Review; and Journal of Territorial and Maritime Studies). Since these approaches may be fruitful in light of what is usually known as cross-fertilization among different disciplines, non-legal studies are occasionally referred to, convinced as we are that lawyers should not ignore the origins, consequences, and other “surroundings” of their objects of study. Conversely, we leave out those subjects that are extensively covered by other Oxford Bibliographies articles, such as “Territorial Title”, “Secession,” and, save for some scattered bibliographic elements, “Uti Possidetis Iuris” (but other entries are quoted below). Some internal cross-references, to be found in introductory paragraphs and elsewhere, are present, given the unavoidable overlapping between sections.

Most living organisms show highly conserved physiological changes following a 24-hour cycle which goes by the name of circadian rhythm. Among experimental models, the effects of light-dark cycle have been recently investigated in the larval zebrafish. Owing to its small size and transparency, this vertebrate enables optical access to the entire brain. Indeed, the combination of this organism with light-sheet imaging grants high spatio-temporal resolution volumetric recording of neuronal activity. This imaging technique, in its multiphoton variant, allows functional investigations without unwanted visual stimulation. Here, we employed a custom two-photon light-sheet microscope to study whole-brain differences in neuronal activity between diurnal and nocturnal periods in larval zebrafish. We describe for the first time an activity increase in the low frequency domain of the pretectum and a frequency-localised activity decrease of the anterior rhombencephalic turning region during the nocturnal period. Moreover, our data confirm a nocturnal reduction in habenular activity. Furthermore, whole-brain detrended fluctuation analysis revealed a nocturnal decrease in the self-affinity of the neuronal signals in parts of the dorsal thalamus and the medulla oblongata. Our data show that whole-brain nonlinear light-sheet imaging represents a useful tool to investigate circadian rhythm effects on neuronal activity., 18 pages, 6 figures

Several science Working Groups (WG) were formed in 2019 within the Ariel Mission Consortium to help prepare the RedBook (Tinetti et al. ESA/SCI(2020)1), defining the science cases, and to contribute to address three fundamental questions 1) what exoplanets are made of; 2) how they formed and 3) how they evolve. Among those WGs, “Synergies between Solar System planets and exoplanets” was set-up to foster collaboration between the scientific community working on Solar System Planets atmospheres and the new growing community of the Ariel Science Team. We show here an overview of on-going studies and future projects foreseen by WG members, mostly focused on using our Solar System planets as proxies to develop and test tools to support Ariel science cases

The evolution of binaries that become double white dwarf (DWD) can cause the ejection of high amounts of dust and gas. Such material can give rise to circumbinary discs and become the cradle of new planets, yet no studies so far have focused on the formation of circumbinary planets around DWDs. These binaries will be the main sources of gravitational waves (GWs) detectable by the ESA Laser Interferometer Space Antenna (LISA) mission, opening the possibility to detect circumbinary planets around short-period DWDs everywhere in the Milky Way. We investigate the formation of Magrathea planets by simulating multiple planet formation tracks to explore how seeds growing first by pebble accretion, and then by gas accretion, are affected by the disc environments surrounding DWDs. We present both planetary formation tracks taking place in steady-state discs, and formation tracks taking place in discs evolving with time. The time-dependent tracks account for both the disc accretion rate onto the central binary and the disc photoevaporation rate caused by stellar irradiation. Our results show that planetary formation in circumbinary discs around DWDs can be possible. In particular, the extreme planetary formation environment implies three main significant results: (i) the accretion rate and the metallicity of the disc should be high in order to form sub-stellar objects with masses up to 31 M$_J$, this is achieved only if planet formation starts soon after the onset of the disc and if first generation seeds are present in the disc; (ii) seeds formed within 0.1 Myr, or within 1 Myr, from the onset of the disc can only produce sub-Neptune and Neptunian planets, unless the disc accommodates first generation seeds with mass 10 M$_{\oplus}$; (iii) most of the planets are finally located within 1 au from the disc centre, while they are still undergoing the gas accretion phase., Accepted for publication in A&A on 05/04/2023, abstract shortened, 28 pages, 11 figures, 14 tables

An integrative approach is presented which combines genomics, transcriptomics, and cell biology to address leaf scald disease. The results presented here disclose that the disease is not associated with a single shared characteristic between the most pathogenic strains or a unique genomic pattern.

Not available.

PDF file, 331KB, Cross-reactive CTL responses elicited by native IGKV3-20 epitopes.