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Summary Immune systems respond to “non-self” molecules termed microbe-associated molecular patterns (MAMPs). Microbial genes encoding MAMPs have adaptive functions and are thus evolutionarily conserved. In the presence of a host, these genes are maladaptive and drive antagonistic pleiotropy (AP) because they promote microbe elimination by activating immune responses. The role AP plays in balancing the functionality of MAMP-coding genes against their immunogenicity is unknown. To address this, we focused on an epitope of flagellin that triggers antibacterial immunity in plants. Flagellin is conserved because it enables motility. Here, we decode the immunogenic and motility profiles of this flagellin epitope and determine the spectrum of amino acid mutations that drives AP. We discover two synthetic mutational tracks that undermine the detection activities of a plant flagellin receptor. These tracks generate epitopes with either antagonist or weaker agonist activities. Finally, we find signatures of these tracks layered atop each other in natural Pseudomonads.

The relevant available literature highlights the beneficial effects of social support on the well-being of an individual. There is convincing evidence of its beneficial effects, especially those coming from family or friends. The aim of this study was to assess the level of social support perception of persons with and without spinal cord injury. The study included 100 participants who lived on the territory of R. Serbia. The basic criteria for the formation of E group were: age between 18-65 years, diagnosed paraplegia or tetraplegia without brain injury, without intensive congenital diseases or psychiatric illnesses. The research was conducted at the Clinic for rehabilitation 'Dr. Miroslav Zotović' in Belgrade. Criteria for the formation of K group were: age between 18-65 years, without the characteristic somatic diseases, without significant congenital illnesses or psychiatric illness. The sample was formed at the Health Center 'Dr. Simo Milosevic' in Belgrade. The survey instrument was a multidimensional scale of perceived social support (MSOPSS), which assessed the perceived social support through three subscales: support from family, friends and other persons important to the patient. The questionnaire consisted of 12 statements on a seven-point Likert scale. Applying ANOVA model of analysis of differences in arithmetic means, statistically significant differences of means in the domain of the family(r=0.598); friends (r=0855) and leading to the conclusion that the perception of the level of social support did not differ in its intensity and quality in participants with and without spinal cord injury. Relevantna dostupna literatura naglašava blagotvorne efekte socijalne podrške na dobrobit pojedinca. Postoje ubedljivi dokazi o njenim korisnim efektima, naročito onima koji dolaze od strane porodice ili prijatelja. Cilj istraživanja je bio da procenimo nivo opažene socijalne podrške osobama sa i bez povrede kičmene moždine. U istraživanje je bilo uključeno 100 ispitanika koji žive na teritoriji R. Srbije. Osnovni kriterijumi za formiranje E grupe bili su: starost između 18 i 65 godina, dijagnoza para ili tetraplegije, bez povreda mozga, bez izrazitih urođenih oboljenja i psihijatrijskih bolesti. Istraživanje je sprovedeno u Klinici za rehabilitaciju 'Dr Miroslav Zotović' u Beogradu. Kriterijumi za formiranje K grupe bili su: starost između 18 i 65 godina, bez karakterističnih somatskih oboljenja, bez izrazitih urođenih oboljenja i psihijatrijskih bolesti. Uzorak je formiran u Domu zdravlja 'Dr Simo Milošević' u Beogradu. Instrument istraživanja bila je Multidimenziona skala opažene socijalne podrške (MSOPSS), koja procenjuje opaženu socijalnu podršku sagledavajući tri subskale: podrške od strane porodice, prijatelja i drugih, za pacijenta važnih osoba. Upitnik se sastojao od 12 izjava, na sedmostepenoj skali likertovog tipa. Primenom ANOVA modela analize razlika aritmetičkih sredina nije ustanovljeno postojanje statistički značajnih razlika aritmetičkih sredina u domenu porodice (r=0,598); prijatelja (r=0,855) i značajnih osoba (r=0,539), što navodi na konstataciju da se opažanje nivoa socijalne podrške ne razlikuje po svom intezitetu i kvalitetu kod ispitanika sa i bez povrede kičmene moždine.

The expropriation is a forced deprivation of property in the public interest, and represents a form of restriction of property rights. The core issue of expropriation is a expropriated real estate. In determining fair monetary compensation, it is necessary to find criteria which protect both sides and find a balance and proportionality between social and individual interests. In the procedure of question of the just monetary compensation to the owner of the determining the compensation for the expropriated property the court has a duty to determine fair monetary compensation so that there is no unjust enrichment of the owners of the real estate and the impoverishment of the user of the expropriated property or vice versa. This paper analyzes the rules by which it is acted upon when there is a need to expropriate and determine a fair monetary compensation that should belong to the owner of the expropriated real estate.

The Enlightenment, mostly in its Austrian form, influenced in many ways the Serbs both in the Habsburg Empire and in the Principality of Serbia, still under Ottoman suzerainty. First, its emphasis on the value of knowledge and science raised the awareness of the importance of education and contributed to its development. Religious tolerance and anticlericalism placed Orthodox Serbs side by side with representatives of other nations and religions and helped them to liberate themselves from the strong traditionalist impact of their church. Both education and a new awareness of their own rights strengthened national consciousness, eventually leading to the creation of a nation state and modern national culture.

II International Scientific Conference "Special Education and Rehabilitation - Cerebral Palsy"

Reviewing the literature we have revealed that there were gaps in research of everyday activities of persons with impairments in institutions of social care. It is often assumed that if a person is accommodated an institution of social care has all the necessary support and that there are no major obstacles in everyday activities with a given support. Therefore, we believe that this subject was not even studied. The research that was conducted for the purpose of this paper gave us the overall picture of everyday activities of persons with physical disabilities in social care institutions.

Introduction. During the past decades, the medical progress has led to the improvement of survival rates in persons who have experienced SCI, but in return the focus from a survival has moved to a lifetime monitoring of the quality of life. The ultimate goal of rehabilitation after the spinal cord injury is the optimization of the remaining functions and achievement of acceptable quality of life. The aim of the research. Presentation of the obtained results of the perceived quality of life in persons with spinal cord injury and the differences between groups in relation to the lesion level. Method. The sample consisted of 43 participants of both genders, aged 18-65 years, living on the territory of the R. Serbia. The first group included 23 participants diagnosed with paraplegia and the other included 21 participants diagnosed with quadriplegia. Instruments of research. The clinical and sociodemographic data were collected by a specially constructed questionnaire General sociodemographic questionnaire, and for the purpose of the quality of life evaluation The Spinal Cord Injury Quality of Life Questionnaire - SCI QL-23 was used. The analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used for determination of the difference between the variables. Conclusion: Out of four, which were included by the QL-23, in three areas no statistically significant difference between participants with paraplegia and tetraplegiawas found. The difference was identified only at the level of functioning (P lt 0.001). The research results show that the injury level makes no significant difference in the perception of mood and depressive emotions, independence or autonomy loss, and global quality of life.

The recB268 ::Tn 10 mutation was introduced into the HfrH strain of Escherichia coli . Compared with recB F − and recB F + cells, the viability of this mutant strain was much lower. Compared with wild-type HfrH, the recB derivative donated much shorter fragments of its chromosome to the recipient. It is suggested that the recB gene product (i.e., RecBCD enzyme) participates in Hfr transfer.

The available data concerning postreplication repair are summarized. In Escherichia coli, recombination is implicated in this repair because the recA+ gene is necessary and because strand exchanges occur that extend over long regions. Other experiments involving phage-induced resistance also point to an interrelation between recombination and repair. In this phenomenon, gene products of lambda bacteriophage are introduced into bacteria, resulting in an increased resistance of the cells when they are subsequently exposed to X rays.

The available data concerning postreplication repair are summarized. In Escherichia coli, recombination is implicated in this repair because the recA + gene is necessary and because strand exchanges occur that extend over long regions. Other experiments involving phage-induced resistance also point to an interrelation between recombination and repair. In this phenomenon, gene products of λ bacteriophage are introduced into bacteria, resulting in an increased resistance of the cells when they are subsequently exposed to X rays.

Background: During the last few decades, focus of rehabilitation outcome has been redirected to the lifetime monitoring of quality of life. The purpose of this study was to investigate the differences in quality of life perceptions between participants with spinal cord injury and participants of typical population. Methods: This cross-sectional controlled study of 100 adults aged 18-65 years was based on two questionnaires, Short Form-36 Health Survey (SF-36) and Spinal Cord Injury Quality of Life Questionnaire (QL-23), completed by 23 participants with paraplegia, 21 participants with tetraplegia, and 56 participants of typical population. Mann-Whitney U-test for planned comparison between groups and chi(2) test were used to analyze the differences between research groups. Results: Participants from control group perceived their general quality of life at higher level in comparison to participants with spinal cord injury (U=415.000, z=-5.804, P lt 0.000). Negative influence of spinal cord injury was detected in six domains (physical functioning, physical role, bodily pain, vitality, social functioning, mental health). Statistical differences between participants with paraplegia and participants with tetraplegia only in domain of functional limitations (U=103.000, z=-3.256, P lt 0.005). Conclusion: The participants with spinal cord injury perceived both health-related and general quality of life at a lower level in comparison to controls. However, the injury level only partially determined the estimated quality of life.

We have assessed the relative efficiencies by which chromosomal and extrachromosomal DNAs are repaired in irradiated bacteria. Repair-proficient Escherichia coli C600 cells lysogenic for, or infected with, the thermoinducible phage λcI857 ind were exposed to γ or ultraviolet radiation and then tested for colony- and plaque-forming ability. The results show that the bacterial cell is about 5 times more sensitive to γ rays and about 1.5 times more sensitive to ultraviolet light, if compared to either (1) the prophage that is irradiated in the bacterial chromosome and, on heat induction, repaired in the cytoplasm, or (2) the infecting phage that is irradiated and repaired in the cytoplasm. Since the bacterial DNA is about 80 times larger than the phage DNA, it is inferred that repair processes operating along the chromosomal DNA are one order of magnitude more efficient than those operating along the extrachromosomal DNA. This conclusion is reinforced by the fact that the absence of repair in the system Esch...

ture from 30 to 42?C. Thus, simply by measuring colony count at 300C and plaque count at 42?C, direct comparison of the effects of the host-cell repair system on uv survival of the cell and the phage can be made. In the present work, sensitivity of the phage in relation to its host was analyzed in various bacterial backgrounds. Because the bacterial chromosome contains 80 times more DNA than the phage, relative sensitivity of the phage and its host is the same if the uv survival curve for colonies is 80 times steeper than for plaques. Indeed, this same relative sensitivity is observed if the host cell does not possess any mechanism for DNA repair (uvrA recA background). In the uvrA recA+ background, the plaque survival is not significantly increased above the level observed in the uvrA recA double mutant. This probably means that recA-dependent recombinational postreplication repair does not operate on the phage DNA in the cytoplasm; relative sensitivity of the phage is therefore much higher than that of the host. In the uvrA+ recA background, the plaque survival is much higher than in the uvrA recA double mutant. Relative sensitivity of the phage, however, is higher than that of the host. If the lysogenic induction is delayed, a marked increase in the plaque count is seen so that in this case the phage shows the same relative sensitivity as the bacterial cell. These results are interpreted to mean that short-patch excision repair operates on both phage and bacterial DNA but less efficiently on phage DNA. In the wild-type (uvrA+ recA+) host, the highest survival of plaques and colonies is obtained. Relative sensitivity of the phage is nevertheless 50 times higher than that of the bacterial cell. This may mean that the recA gene product is involved in copy-choice excision and/or long-patch excision and/or incision-promoted recombination repair of the phage DNA but that it remains unable to mediate its recombinational postreplication repair.

The variations of sensitivity to gamma irradiation during the progression of E. coli B and E. coli ${\rm B}_{{\rm S}-2}$ through various phases of growth were compared with the ability of the same cells to break down their DNA during postirradiation incubation. DNA degradation was measured under the conditions that minimize the reincorporation of breakdown products. Both the survival and the DNA degradation varied during the cell progression in a very similar manner: the lowest radiosensitivity and the lowest DNA degradation were found in the stationary phase, while the cells from midlogarithmic phase displayed the lowest survival and the most extensive degradation. Among several strains examined, the strains of higher radio-resistance showed lower ability to break down their DNA; moreover, radio-sensitive phases of their growth displayed also higher degradation of DNA. A general correlation showing a direct proportionality of the percentage of degradation and the negative logarithm of survival was obtain...