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Le potentiel des plantes connues pour leurs vertus médicinales suscite un grand intérêt dans un contexte mondial de réduction des risques d’antibiorésistance. Dans le cadre de la nutrition animale, l’usage des extraits de plantes se positionne dans une démarche de gestion intégrée de la santé des animaux dans le but de favoriser la construction de leur immunité et de limiter l’apparition des maladies. Le soutien des fonctions immunitaires par l’apport d’extraits de plantes est un moyen de renforcer les capacités d’adaptation des poulets, notamment chez le poussin. Pour mettre en œuvre leur usage, cela nécessite de disposer de méthodologies complémentaires, adaptées et fiables pour s’assurer de la qualité et de la valeur ajoutée fonctionnelle des extraits pour la santé des poulets. Les étapes décrites, indépendantes et complémentaires, ont permis d’élaborer et de valider une méthodologie globale, pertinente et robuste pour sélectionner, caractériser et évaluer la qualité et les effets des extraits de plantes sur l’immunité des poulets en situation d’élevage. Des grilles d’analyse ont été rassemblées en un outil d’aide à la décision (CHECK’MEX). Les extraits de plantes sélectionnés comme la mélisse et le ginseng ont été testés pour évaluer leurs capacités à stimuler l’immunité innée des volailles dans des modèles cellulaires ou des modèles d’inflammation et de stress oxydant développés ex vivo sur cellules de poulet. Les extraits ont ensuite été évalués chez le poulet dans des conditions expérimentales proches du terrain permettant de valider leurs effets et de réaliser une analyse multicritère incluant des indicateurs de santé, de bien-être et de zootechnie. Cette démarche est applicable à tous types d’extraits de plantes et elle peut être adaptée pour d’autres espèces animales ou d’autres effets biologiques.

The valorization of poultry byproducts, like feathers (processed to feather meal), in animal feed could contribute to the presence of veterinary drugs, including antibiotics. An animal study was carried out to study the fate of sulfadiazine, trimethoprim, and oxytetracycline in feathers, plasma, and droppings of broiler chickens. Cage and floor housing, different from current farm practices, were studied. Samples were analyzed by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). A longer presence of antibiotics was observed in feathers compared to plasma, with sulfadiazine being present the most. The internal presence (via blood) and the external presence (via droppings) of antibiotics in/on feathers were shown. Analysis of

The problems which were analyzed in this paper are about the kinds and uses of the functions of the English expressions that are communicated by the reservation staff to their client. The number of reservation staff which was used as the data source were five people, they were three males and two females. The collected data were analyzed by taking multiple samples of complaints on email correspondence by the staff of Baliku Tours and Travel, especially with their client and colleague. The purpose of this paper was to find out the kind of expressions are used and to investigate the formality of English expressions used by the staff in handling complaints by email. The theories applied in this study were based on the theory of John Blundell in his book entitled Function in English (1987) as the main theory. The supporting theory was taken from the book of Leo Jones entitled Function of English (1981). According to the analysis, the staff of Baliku Tours and Travel who were chosen as respondents used several functions of English Expressions when communicating with their clients or colleagues. English expressions for greeting, English expression for giving information, English expression for getting information, English expression for offering things, English expression for apologizing, English expression for thanking, English expression for inviting, English expression for saying goodbye, and English expression for giving suggestions were the English expressions they communicated to their client. Most of the staff used formal language expressions and polite way when they handled complaints. The neutral, less formal, and impolite expressions which they communicated to the client or colleagues were not in large number. Keywords: sociolinguistic, language function, emails by Baliku Tours and Travel

International audience; The PPILOW project aims to co-construct innovations to improve Poultry and Pig Welfare in Low-input outdoor and Organic farming systems through a multi-actor approach. PPILOW implements a participatory approach for proposing and studying welfare-improvement levers. It will provide a combination of practical solutions that can be applied at a pan-European level with specific adjustments depending on citizen’s expectations and the target market. The multi-actor approach consists in involving end-users including farmers, breeding companies, feed producers, consumer associations, retailers, advisers, processors, and scientists in National Practitioner Groups (NPG) in six participating countries. PPILOW partners facilitate the groups by connecting NPG at European level, transferring scientific information, interacting with partners engaged in animal experiments, and co-creating innovations rising from NPG-specific demands. They co-build with PPILOW partners welfare self-assessment tools (development of the PIGLOW app for pigs and refinement of the EBENE® app for poultry), and innovative breeding, feeding, and rearing strategies and techniques to improve the welfare of animals. They co-design protocols, test innovations on farm, and disseminate the results. In turn, they receive insights on methods and scientific results, and inputs from other NPG reinforcing the value of the expected outcomes. Approaches focus on avoiding physical damage and the elimination of layer male chicks, on reducing boar taint of intact male pigs, promoting positive behaviours, animal health, and robustness through field studies with pigs and poultry. Multicriteria analyses of the most effective levers of welfare improvement will be performed to evaluate their economic, social, and environmental impacts based on the ‘One Welfare’ concept; economic and business models will also be developed. To ensure the rapid uptake of the project results by end-users, the close involvement of PPILOW’s NPG throughout the EU will ensure disseminationactivities and the facilitation of change. The PPILOW project has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation Programme under grant agreement N°816172. www.ppilow.eu.

A través del presente trabajo se va a analizar la transmisión de la empresa familiar, poniendo el foco en los beneficios fiscales que ha aprobado el legislador en nuestro ordenamiento jurídico para facilitar su continuidad. Así, por una parte, se destaca la fiscalidad de la transmisión de la empresa familiar y, por otra, la controversia que se ha suscitado en la aplicación del régimen fiscal de empresa familiar. Sin ninguna duda, una de las resoluciones judiciales más recientes en esta materia es la sentencia del Tribunal Supremo de 10 de enero de 2022, la cual avala la afectación de los activos financieros a la actividad económica cuando sean necesarios por cuestiones de solvencia, liquidez o crédito para la entidad. Es por ello que, en este trabajo, se analiza esta jurisprudencia observando el impacto cuantitativo que tiene el cambio de criterio en la empresa familiar entendida bajo forma societaria.

Brominated flame retardants (BFR) are primarily used as flame retardant additives in insulating materials. These lipophilic compounds can bioaccumulate in animal tissues, leading to human exposure via food ingestion. Although their concentration in food is not yet regulated, several of these products are recognised as persistent organic pollutants; they are thought to act as endocrine disruptors. The present study aimed to characterise the occurrence of two families of BFRs (hexabromocyclododecane (HBCDD) and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDE)) in hen eggs and broiler or pig meat in relation to their rearing environments. Epidemiological studies were carried out on 60 hen egg farms (34 without an open-air range, 26 free-range), 57 broiler farms (27 without an open-air range, 30 free-range) and 42 pig farms without an open-air range in France from 2013 to 2015. For each farm, composite samples from either 12 eggs, five broiler pectoral muscles or three pig tenderloins were obtained. Eight PBDE congeners and three HBCDD stereoisomers were quantified in product fat using gas chromatography–high-resolution mass spectrometry, or high-performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry, respectively. The frequencies of PBDE detection were 28% for eggs (median concentration 0.278 ng/g fat), 72% for broiler muscle (0.392 ng/g fat) and 49% for pig muscle (0.403 ng/g fat). At least one HBCDD stereoisomer was detected in 17% of eggs (0.526 ng/g fat), 46% of broiler muscle (0.799 ng/g fat) and 36% of pig muscle (0.616 ng/g fat). Results were similar in concentration to those obtained in French surveillance surveys from 2012 to 2016. Nevertheless, the contamination of free-range eggs and broilers was found to be more frequent than that of conventional ones, suggesting that access to an open-air range could be an additional source of exposure to BFRs for animals. However, the concentration of BFRs in all products remained generally very low. No direct relationship could be established between the occurrence of BFRs in eggs and meat and the characteristics of farm buildings (age, building materials). The potential presence of BFRs in insulating materials is not likely to constitute a significant source of animal exposure as long as the animals do not have direct access to these materials.

Guaranteeing consumers a production process that respects animal welfare is one of the civil societal demands, especially for fast-growing poultry production (1). EBENE® method, developed by ITAVI, coupled with the new image and sound technologies must allow for finer and additional analysis than those carried out by man, and even better to manage health of poultry. From the video-surveillance methods/tools are proposed to measure general variations in the activity of chickens but none of them can be used to measure the animal welfare principles proposed by the OIE. One objective of the project is to demonstrate the feasibility to associate group-wide sound measurements signing the state of well-being and health of poultry en the course of a respiratory pathologies. This project (E-broiler-track) received financial support from French ministry of agriculture (CAS DAR). The project will thus lead to technical specifications that will serve as a basis for the development of an infectious diseases control tool for poultry breeders. First part of this study was to collect sound data after infectious inducted disease under experimental controlled conditions. Different protocols have evaluated welfare with EBENE® method and clinical symptoms were measured during avian infectious bronchitis (IBV). After infection, all infected chickens (30/30) for each chicken line (EOPS PA12 and ROSS 308) developed respiratory clinical signs. 100 percent of tracheal swabs were positive IBV at D4 post-infection (p.i.). Tracheal lesions of IBV (7/7 chicken after necropsy at D7 p.i.) confirmed the IBV infection, as compared to the control group. Chicken rales, coughs and sneezes have therefore been characterized and analysed using an algorithm developed here. The 2/3 of the registered sound were coughs and sneezes and 1/3 were rails in infected chickens. These initial results made possible to better characterize the pathophysiology of IBV fromm zootechnical, behavioural, acoustic and histological points of view. The acoustic approach is innovative and has made possible the development of new algorithms and sound analysis to differentiate healthy from diseased chickens. In short, this approach will aim to develop a useful tool for poultry farmers to monitor their farms.(1) Dawkins MS. Evolution and Animal Welfare. The Quaterly Review of Bilogy. 1998 ;73(3) :305 28.

The potential of herbal extracts containing bioactive compounds to strengthen immunity could contribute to reducing antimicrobial use in poultry. This study aimed at developing a reliable and robust methodological pipeline to assess the ability of herbal extracts to strengthen chicken innate defenses, especially concerning inflammation and oxidative stress. This methodology was applied to Melissa officinalis L. (MEL) extract, recognized for its biological activities including antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. Different methods were used to (1). guarantee the quality of MEL extract and its capacity to stimulate the innate immune system; (2). evaluate the relevance of an ex vivo model to mimic inflammatory and oxidative stress challenges to replace LPS injection in chickens; (3). analyse the effects of feed supplemented with MEL extract on inflammation and oxidative stress induced ex vivo; (4). assess the effects of MEL extract on the redox balance, health, welfare and performance in broilers exposed to suboptimal starting conditions through a large-scale approach. The quality of MEL extract preparations, through phytochemical quantification of rosmarinic acid (RA), revealed varying concentrations of RA in the different MEL extracts. RA concentrations remained stable for at least 9 months and in feed three months after incorporating MEL extract. When incubated with chicken cell lines MEL extract showed potential metabolic activation and ability to stimulate immune functions but induced cytotoxicity at high concentrations. The original ex vivo model of inflammation developed on chicken blood cells enabled inflammation and oxidative stress biomarkers to be expressed and revealed antioxidative and anti-inflammatory properties of blood cells from chickens fed MEL extract. The experimental model of chicken suboptimal starting conditions validated beneficial effects of MEL extract on the redox balance and also evidenced improved performance during the growth phase, a tendency for fewer muscle defects but a higher severity of pododermatitis lesions without affecting other welfare indicators. This study grouped methods and tools that could be combined according to the plant extract, the needs of professionals working in poultry production systems and staff responsible for animal health, welfare and feeding.

International audience; Garantir aux consommateurs une production respectueuse du bien-être animal est l’une des exigences sociétales civiles, notamment pour les productions avicoles en forte croissance (1). La méthode EBENE®, développée par l’ITAVI, couplée aux nouvelles technologies de l’image et du son doit permettre des analyses plus fines et complémentaires à celles réalisées par l’homme, et encore mieux de gérer la santé des volailles. Des méthodes/ outils de vidéosurveillance sont proposés pour mesurer les variations générales de l’activité des poulets mais aucun d’entre eux ne peut être utilisé pour mesurer les principes de bien-être animal proposés par l’OIE. Un des objectifs du projet est de démontrer la faisabilité d’associer des mesures sonores à l’échelle du groupe signant l’état de bien-être et de santé des volailles au cours d’une pathologie respiratoire soutenu financièrement par le ministère français de l’agriculture (CAS DAR). La première partie de cette étude a consisté à collecter des données sur le bien-être après l’introduction d’une maladie infectieuse dans des conditions expérimentales contrôlées. Différents protocoles ont évalué le bien-être avec la méthode EBENE® et les signes cliniques ont été mesurés pendant l’infection par le virus de la bronchite infectieuse (IBV, coronavirus aviaire). Après l’infection, les poulets (30/30) de toutes souches confondues (EOPS PA12 et ROSS 308) ont développé des signes cliniques respiratoires. 100 % des écouvillons trachéaux ont été positif à l’IBV à J4 post-infection (p.i.). Les lésions trachéales (7/7 poulets autopsiés à J7 p.i.) ont confirmé l’infection par IBV, par rapport au groupe témoin. Les râles, toux et éternuements des poulets ont donc été caractérisés et analysés à l’aide d’un algorithme développé pour ce projet. Les 2/3 des sons enregistrés étaient des toux et des éternuements et 1/3 des râles chez les poulets infectés. Ces premiers résultats ont permis de mieux caractériser la physiopathologie de l’IBV d’un point de vue zootechnique, comportemental, acoustique et histologique. L’approche acoustique est innovante et a permis de développer de nouveaux algorithmes et analyses sonores pour différencier les poulets sains des poulets malades. Ces résultats nous ont notamment fourni des données pour une information prédictive précoce d’une infection potentielle.

International audience

American Express Global Business Travel and Cvent, an event planning and resource company, have partnered to generate a survey with 47 tailored questions. These questions will be partnered with Requests for Proposal (RFPs) when clients are looking into a company. The inclusion of this updated tool will reduce back and forth conversations on the phone, and allow for the provision of more efficient service to customers. American Express Global Business Travel and Cvent have partnered to release a set of 47 hotel sourcing questions focused on sustainability, diversity, equity and inclusion to help better serve their customers. The questions that they previously had were believed to be out of touch with the client's needs today. This information is being gathered to also create more efficient service to customers" (Business Travel News, 2021).

The World Travel and Tourism Council (WTTC) released this article in an effort to inform the public regarding the devastating impacts caused by the failure to approve the AstraZeneca vaccine that a large portion of United Kingdom inhabitants have received. While individual states can approve the vaccine, such as New York, the U.S. federal government has yet to take a stand on the matter. The WTTC believes it is costing them dearly, daily. "It also fears that if the U.S. rounded on a policy which only approved the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) vaccines, this would prevent millions of travelers from visiting America, the third most popular destination for travelers in the world" (World Travel & Tourism Council, 2021).

The potential of herbal extracts containing bioactive compounds to strengthen immunity could contribute to reducing antimicrobial use in poultry. This study aimed at developing a reliable and robust methodological pipeline to assess the ability of herbal extracts to strengthen chicken innate defenses, especially concerning inflammation and oxidative stress. This methodology was applied to Melissa officinalis L. (MEL) extract, recognized for its biological activities including antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. Different methods were used to (1). guarantee the quality of MEL extract and its capacity to stimulate the innate immune system; (2). evaluate the relevance of an ex vivo model to mimic inflammatory and oxidative stress challenges to replace LPS injection in chickens; (3). analyse the effects of feed supplemented with MEL extract on inflammation and oxidative stress induced ex vivo; (4). assess the effects of MEL extract on the redox balance, health, welfare and performance in broilers exposed to suboptimal starting conditions through a large-scale approach. The quality of MEL extract preparations, through phytochemical quantification of rosmarinic acid (RA), revealed varying concentrations of RA in the different MEL extracts. RA concentrations remained stable for at least 9 months and in feed three months after incorporating MEL extract. When incubated with chicken cell lines MEL extract showed potential metabolic activation and ability to stimulate immune functions but induced cytotoxicity at high concentrations. The original ex vivo model of inflammation developed on chicken blood cells enabled inflammation and oxidative stress biomarkers to be expressed and revealed antioxidative and anti-inflammatory properties of blood cells from chickens fed MEL extract. The experimental model of chicken suboptimal starting conditions validated beneficial effects of MEL extract on the redox balance and also evidenced improved performance during the growth phase, a tendency for fewer muscle defects but a higher severity of pododermatitis lesions without affecting other welfare indicators. This study grouped methods and tools that could be combined according to the plant extract, the needs of professionals working in poultry production systems and staff responsible for animal health, welfare and feeding.

International audience

The World Travel & Tourism Council (WTTC) and the T.H. Chan School of Public Health have partnered together to release two case studies focusing on the best practices of sustainability throughout business and tourism and travel. The first study aims to focus on eliminating any gaps of ambiguity and that tourism groups are all on the same page surrounding sustainability. The second study highlighted B Corporation and the actions it takes to ensure workers and customers are focused on the best sustainability practices around their business model. Streamlining sustainability practices not only throughout travel and tourism, but every business model, will greatly enhance the WTTC and T.H. Chan School of Public Health's overall sustainability goals.

The U.S. Travel Association, International Franchise Association, the American Hotel & Lodging Association, and UNITE HERE have forged together to amplify support of The Save Hotel Jobs Act. The Save Hotel Jobs Act was introduced by both sides of the political isle that aims at providing relief to jobs lost within the lodging industry by providing direct payroll grants and tax credits. The joining of the American Hotel & Lodging Association and the labor union, UNITE HERE, which represents hotel workers, is historic and clearly displays just how dire the situation is across the United States.

International audience; The marketing of poultry livers is only authorized as fresh, frozen, or deep-frozen. The higher consumer demand for these products for a short period of time may lead to the marketing of frozen–thawed poultry livers: this constitutes fraud. The aim of this study was to design a method for distinguishing frozen–thawed livers from fresh livers. For this, the spectral fingerprint of liver proteins was acquired using Matrix-Assisted Laser Dissociation Ionization-Time-Of-Flight mass spectrometry. The spectra were analyzed using the chemometrics approach. First, principal component analysis studied the expected variability of commercial conditions before and after freezing–thawing. Then, the discriminant power of spectral fingerprint of liver proteins was assessed using supervised model generation. The combined approach of mass spectrometry and chemometrics successfully described the evolution of protein profile during storage time, before and after freezing-thawing, and successfully discriminated the fresh and frozen–thawed livers. These results are promising in terms of fraud detection, providing an opportunity for implementation of a reference method for agencies to fight fraud.

Seven Black travel professionals participated in a roundtable discussion that explored their experiences in the industry. To get a better understanding of the perception gap a roundtable was conducted to get a better perspective from Black travel professionals on what might be driving this divide.

The World Travel & Tourism Council (WTTC) has recently announced recommendations to categorize high risk travelers instead of labeling entire countries as high risk. The WTTC is calling for refined testing upon arrival and departure of international flights, increased mask mandates, and focused implementation of social distancing. The WTTC also emphasized the need for countries to use technology to track vaccinations and testing throughout their specific regions.

International audience; Toxic effects among fumonisins B (FB), deoxynivalenol (DON) and zearalenone (ZEN) administered alone and combined were investigated in 84-day-old ducks during force-feeding. 75 male ducks, divided into five groups of 15 animals, received daily during the meal a capsule containing the desired among of toxin. Treated animals received dietary levels of toxins equivalent to 20 mg FB1+FB2/kg (FB), 5 mg DON/kg (DON), 0.5 mg ZEN/kg (ZEN) and 20, 5 and 0.5 mg/kg of FB, DON and ZEN (FBDONZEN), respectively. Control birds received capsules with no toxin. After 12 days, a decrease in body weight gain accompanied by an increase in the feed conversion ratio was observed in ducks exposed to FBDONZEN, whereas there was no effect on performances in ducks exposed to FB, DON and ZEN separately. No difference among groups was observed in relative organ weight, biochemistry, histopathology and several variables used to measure oxidative damage and testicular function. A sphinganine to sphingosine ratio of 0.32, 1.19 and 1.04, was measured in liver in controls and in ducks exposed to FB and FBDONZEN, respectively. Concentrations of FB1 in liver were 13.34 and 15.4 ng/g in ducks exposed to FB and FBDONZEN, respectively. Together ZEN and its metabolites were measured after enzymatic hydrolysis of the conjugated forms. Mean concentrations of α-zearalenol in liver were 0.82 and 0.54 ng/g in ducks exposed to ZEN and FBDONZEN, respectively. β-zearalenol was 2.3-fold less abundant than α-zearalenol, whereas ZEN was only found in trace amounts. In conclusion, this study suggests that decreased performance may occur in ducks exposed to a combination of FB, DON and ZEN, but does not reveal any other interaction between mycotoxins in any of the other variables measured.

National audience; Some devices allowing the sampling of chicken droppings in a non invasive way for the animal and insome aseptic conditions have been developped in the laboratory Pôle d’Expérimentation Avicole de Tours (PEAT).Depending on the age of the animals and therefore their morphology and their housing conditions, the use of fittedmaterial was necessary to the collection of the droppings samplings following the criteria of the research contract« resistance genes flow in the poultry sector” (« Flux de gènes de résistance en filière volaille »). The three devicesdescribed here have allowed to sample hundreds of individual droppings, in an aseptic and in a non invasive mannerfor the chicken. This methodology easy to implement and cheap has been set out thanks to the sharing of theauthors' experiences. It is easily transposable to other studies that need to sample aseptic droppings of chickenand is adaptable to other domestic bird species breeding in experimental laboratory; Des dispositifs permettant des prélèvements de fientes de poulet de façon non invasive pour l’animal et en conditions aseptiques ont été développés dans l’unité Pôle d’Expérimentation Avicole de Tours (PEAT). Enfonction de l’âge des animaux, donc de leur morphologie et de leur mode d’hébergement, l’utilisation de matériel adapté était nécessaire pour la réalisation des prélèvements de fientes dans le cadre du contrat de recherche« Flux de gènes de résistance en filière volaille ». Les trois dispositifs décrits ont permis de réaliser plusieurs centaines de prélèvements individualisés de fientes, de manière aseptique et non invasive pour les poulets. Cetteméthodologie simple à mettre en œuvre et peu coûteuse a été développée grâce au partage d’expériences des auteurs. Elle est transposable à d’autres études nécessitant d’échantillonner stérilement des fientes de poulet etadaptable à d’autres espèces d’oiseaux domestiques élevés en unité expérimentale.

International audience

Volatile organic Compounds (VOC)-based metabolomics, or volatolomics, was investigated for revealing livestock exposure to chemical contamination. Three farm animals, namely laying hens, broilers, and pigs, were experimentally exposed to 5 or 50 ng α-HBCDD g-1 feed. Liver and egg yolk for hens were analysed by headspace-SPME-GC-MS to reveal candidate markers of the livestock exposure to α-HBCDD. For hens, 2-butanol was found as marker in egg. In liver, twelve VOCs were highlighted as markers, with three aromatic VOCs – styrene, o-xylene, α-methylstyrene – highlighted for the two α-HBCDD doses. For broilers, six markers were revealed, with interestingly, styrene and phenol which were also found as markers in hen liver. For pigs, ten markers were revealed and the seven tentatively identified markers were oxygenated and sulfur VOCs. The candidate markers tentatively identified were discussed in light of previous volatolomics data, in particular from a γ-HBCDD exposure of laying hens.

The effects of fumonisins on sphingolipids in turkeys are unknown, except for the increased sphinganine to sphingosine ratio (Sa:So) used as a biomarker. Fumonisins fed at 20.2 mg/kg for 14 days were responsible for a 4.4 fold increase in the Sa:So ratio and a decrease of 33% and 36% in C14-C16 ceramides and C14-C16 sphingomyelins, respectively, whereas C18-C26 ceramides and C18-C26 sphingomyelins remained unaffected or were increased. Glucosyl- and lactosyl-ceramides paralleled the concentrations of ceramides. Fumonisins also increased dihydroceramides but had no effect on deoxysphinganine. A partial least squfares discriminant analysis revealed that all changes in sphingolipids were important in explaining the effect of fumonisins. Because deoxynivalenol and zearalenone are often found in feed, their effects on sphingolipids alone and in combination with fumonisins were investigated. Feeding 5.12 mg deoxynivalenol/kg reduced dihydroceramides in the liver. Zearalenone fed at 0.47 mg/kg had no effect on sphingolipids. When fusariotoxins were fed simultaneously, the effects on sphingolipids were similar to those observed in turkeys fed fumonisins alone. The concentration of fumonisin B1 in the liver of turkeys fed fumonisins was 0.06 µmol/kg. Changes in sphingolipid concentrations differed but were consistent with the IC50 of fumonisin B1 measured in mammals; these changes could explain the relative resistance of turkeys to fumonisins.

Previous studies using zearalenone (ZEN) and fumonisins (FB) revealed alpha-zearalanol (α-ZOL) and FB1 in the liver of turkeys and chickens with no sign of toxicity. The aim of the present study was to determine whether contamination persists after distribution of a mycotoxin-free diet for several days. Turkeys and broilers were fed for 14 days with a diet containing respectively, 7.5 and 0.6 mg/kg of FB and ZEN, then fed for 0, 2 or 4 days with a mycotoxin-free diet. FB1 and total α-ZOL were the most abundant metabolites found, and their concentration decreased with time. The decrease was linear for FB1 (P

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisa pengaruh kualitas layanan dan citra merek terhadap kepuasan nasabah dan pengaruh selanjutnya terhadap loyalitas nasabah tabungan Britama BRI Cabang Teluk Betung. Penelitian ini menggunakan sampel sebanyak 146 orang responden. Metode pengumpulan data dilakukan secara langsung dengan menggunakan kuesioner kepada nasabah tabungan Britama BRI Cabang Teluk Betung. Sedangkan analisis data yang digunakan untuk mengetahui pengaruh kualitas layanan (X1) dan citra merek (X2) terhadap kepuasan nasabah (Y1) dan pengaruh selanjutnya terhadap loyalitas nasabah (Y2) menggunakan Structural Equation Model (SEM), yaitu Partial Least Square (smartPLS 2.0). Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa terdapat pengaruh positif signifikan kualitas layanan terhadap kepuasan nasabah dengan nilai t-statistics sebesar 25,768142. Terdapat pengaruh positif signifikan citra merek terhadap kepuasan nasabah dengan nilai tstatistics sebesar 13,252993. Terdapat pengaruh positif signifikan kepuasan nasabah terhadap loyalitas nasabah dengan nilai t-statistics sebesar 24,917094. Terdapat pengaruh positif signifikan kualitas layanan terhadap loyalitas nasabah dengan nilai t-statistics sebesar 24,917094. Terdapat pengaruh positif signifikan citra merek terhadap loyalitas nasabah dengan nilai t-statistics sebesar 24,917094.

El trastorno de ansiedad generalizada consiste en una ansiedad y preocupación excesiva que se produce durante más días de los que ha estado ausente durante un mínimo de seis meses causando malestar clínicamente significativo o deterioro en lo social, laboral u otras áreas importantes del funcionamiento. Tiene una prevalencia entre el 6 y 8% aunque solo un tercio de las personas que lo padecen son diagnosticadas y tratadas de manera correcta. Objetivos: Disminuir la puntuación de ansiedad en la escala GAD7 y su interferencia en el funcionamiento habitual de la persona en el centro de salud de Santomera (Murcia). Material y Métodos: El estudio consistirá en un ensayo clínico aleatorizado (ECA), donde el grupo que será asignado al grupo control no recibirá ninguna actuación mientras que el otro grupo recibirá como intervención un programa psicoeducativo combinado con ejercicios de relajación. Se medirán las puntuaciones pre y post intervención en ambos grupos con la escala GAD7 y la diferencia en la interferencia en la actividad habitual así como diversas características sociodemográficas de los participantes que pudieran inferir en la puntuación. Resultados: Esperamos obtener una disminución de al menos cinco puntos en la escala GAD7 de ansiedad generalizada y que esta no interfiera en la actividad normal de la persona.

International audience; This study assessed the transfer of fumonisins B1 and B2 (FBs), zearalenone (ZEA) and zearalenone metabolites alpha-zearalanol (alpha-ZAL) and alpha-zearalenol (alpha-ZEL) to poultry tissues. Two experimental groups of 9 male chickens each were exposed for 8 weeks to a contaminated diet (FB group: 12.7 mg FB1 + FB2 kg(-1), ZEA group: 0.40 mg ZEA kg(-1)). To measure the carry-over from feed to animal tissues (liver and muscle), a sensitive and accurate SIDA-UHPLC-MS/MS method was developed and validated. For all mycotoxins, the limit of detection (LOD) was 0.3 mu g kg(-1) and the limit of quantification (LOQ) was 1.0 mu g kg(-1). Recoveries ranged from 92% to 107% and the intermediate precision coefficients of variation (CVIP) were between 4.3% and 13%. ZEA and alpha-ZAL were not detected in livers, whereas alpha-ZEL was detected in five out of eight samples at levels between LOD and LOQ. FBs were detected and quantified in the livers of all animals exposed to the contaminated diet (mean 30.3 mu g FB1 kg(-1) and 2.3 mu g FB2 kg(-1)). A significant correlation between the FB1 and the FB2 contents in the liver was demonstrated and FB carry-over factors (CFs) from feed to liver were determined (CFFB1: 0.003 and CFFB2: 0.001). Filet muscles from the same animals were also analysed. FB1 was quantified at trace levels in eight samples out of nine (mean 2.0 mu g kg(-1)) and was only detected in the remaining sample. FB2 was detected in only one muscle sample.

International audience; Thermal manipulation during embryogenesis was previously reported to decrease the occurrence of ascites and to potentially improve cold tolerance of broilers. The objective of our study was to explore the effects of the interaction of cold incubation temperatures and cool ambient temperatures until 21 d of age on performance and body temperature. Ross 308 eggs were incubated either under control conditions I-0 (37.6A degrees C) or with cyclic cold stimulations I-1 (6 h/d at 36.6A degrees C from d 10 to 18 of incubation) or with 2 cold stimulations I-2 (30 min at 15A degrees C) at d 18 and 19 of incubation. These treatments were followed by individual rearing and postnatal exposure to either standard rearing temperature T-0 (from 33A degrees C at hatching to 21A degrees C at d 21) or continuously lower temperature T-2 (from 28A degrees C at hatching to 21A degrees C at d 21) or exposure to cyclically lower temperature T-1 (with circadian temperature oscillations). Treatments I-1 and I-2 did not significantly alter hatchability compared to control incubation (with 94.8, 95.1, and 92.3%, respectively), or hatching BW and overall chick quality. Hatching body temperature (Tb) was 0.5 and 0.3A degrees C higher in I-1 than in I-0 and I-2 groups, respectively (P = 0.007). A doubled occurrence of health problems was observed with T-2 condition, regardless of incubation or sex. At d 3, BW was 2% lower with treatment I-1 than with I-0 and I-2 and was 3% higher in T-1 and T-2 groups than in T-0, but these effects disappeared with age. Group T-2 presented a 5% higher feed intake than the control group T-0 between 3 and 21 d of age (P = 0.025). Feed conversion ratio (FCR) was affected by experimental conditions (P < 0.001), with low FCR values obtained with I-2 incubation in control or cyclically cold postnatal conditions. Maximal FCR values were observed in the continuously cold postnatal conditions, in males submitted to control incubation and in females submitted to I-1 incubation, revealing sex-dependent effects of the treatments on performance.

International audience; Hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) is a critical emerging brominated flame retardant to which consumers can be exposed at high doses through a single food intake. Based on an animal experiment involving 3 groups of laying hens fed during 70 days with a control diet or gamma-HBCD-contaminated diets at 0.1 or 10mug gamma-HBCD g-1 feed, this study aims to use the volatolome of biological samples for revealing markers of livestock exposure to HBCD. Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry was used to monitor the time-course of HBCD levels in bodily samples. Each liver was analyzed by solid-phase microextraction-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry for volatolome profiling. After 70 days, gamma-HBCD concentrations in egg yolk, fat, liver and serum reached 54±4, 85±6, 31±6, and 32±4ngg-1 lw, respectively, for the low exposure level and 4.6+/5.7, 7.8+/6.5, 3.9+/3.0 and 3.9+/6.1mugg-1 lw, respectively, for the high exposure level. Isomerization of gamma-HBCD into alpha- and beta-HBCD was observed in all tissues, at least for the high exposure level. Volatolome data allowed a significant discrimination between control and exposed animals whatever the feed contamination load, demonstrating a liver metabolic response to gamma-HBCD exposure. The relevance of the twenty nine volatile exposure markers tentatively identified was discussed in light of literature data.

Hyperventilation syndrome is far more common than generally believed, and thus usually unrecognized. It often produces misleading complaints that include alterations of consciousness, inexplicable sensory and motor sensations, and it is often masked by coexisting somatic symptoms such as unusual chest pains. Obscuring recognition further, symptoms attributed to the panic disorder are often, in reality, those of hyperventilation. Proper diagnosis of this breathing disorder depends upon a heightened awareness of its various manifestations, which can then lead to effective means of diagnosis and management

International audience

Although provisional maximum tolerable daily intake and recommended guidelines have been established for fumonisins (FB) in food, few data are available concerning levels of FB in edible animal tissues. Such data are of particular interest in avian species that can tolerate relatively high levels of fumonisins in their feed. Also, even if multiple contamination of animal feed by toxins produced by Fusarium is very frequent, little is known about the consequences of multiple contamination for FB levels in tissues. The aim of this study was to analyze the concentrations of FB in the muscle and liver of chickens and turkeys fed with FB alone and with FB combined with deoxynivalenol (DON), and with zearalenone (ZEN). Experimental diets were formulated by incorporating ground cultured toxigenic Fusarium strains in corn-soybean based feeds. Control diets were free of mycotoxins, FB diets contained 20 mg FB1+FB2/kg, and FBDONZEN diets contained 20, 5, and 0.5 mg/kg of FB1+FB2, DON, and ZEN, respectively. Animals were reared in individual cages with free access to water and feed. The feed was distributed to male Ross chickens from the 1st to the 35th day of age and to male Grade Maker turkeys from the 55th to the 70th day of age. On the last day of the study, the birds were starved for eight hours, killed, and autopsied for tissues sampling. No sign of toxicity was observed. A UHPLC-MS/MS method with isotopic dilution and immunoaffinity clean-up of samples has been developed for analysis of FB in muscle (n = 8 per diet) and liver (n = 8 per diet). Only traces of FB that were below the LOQ of 0.25 &micro, g/kg were found in most of the samples of animals fed with the control diets. Mean concentrations of FB1, FB2, and FB3 in muscle were 17.5, 3.39, and 1.26 &micro, g/kg, respectively, in chickens, and 5.77, 1.52, and 0.54 &micro, g/kg in turkeys, respectively. In the liver, the respective FB1, FB2, and FB3 concentrations were 44.7, 2.61, and 0.79 &micro, g/kg in chickens, and 41.47, 4.23, and 1.41 &micro, g/kg, in turkeys. Cumulated level of FB1+FB2+FB3 in the highly contaminated samples were above 60 and 100 &micro, g/kg in muscle and liver, respectively. The concentrations of FB in the tissues of animals fed the FBDONZEN diet did not greatly differ from the concentrations measured in animals fed the diet containing only FB.

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This study aims to develop a method for recording and analysing chicks vocalisations emitted during the first 3days of life (D0 to D3). First, a bibliographic review identified vocalizations categories emitted by chicks(comfort, distress, snuggle, fear or pleasure trills) and identified their sound characteristics. Then, two programsdeveloped under Matlab, made it possible (1) to automate the recording of sound sequences and (2) to detect andidentify comfort and distress vocalizations. The study defined optimal sound recording conditions allowing anoptimal analysis of sound signals: a group of ten chicks, omni-directional microphones, 2-minute recordingsequences. Between D0 and D3, chicks emit short sounds with a limited frequency range (2000 - 5000 Hz). Theprogram developed is functional to characterize the following sound indicators: the frequencial gravity center,spectral spreading and instantaneous frequency. It also allows, through a time-frequency analysis of theirsignature, to count the chicks' comfort and distress vocalizations., Cette étude vise à développer une méthode d’enregistrement et d’analyse des vocalisations émises par lespoussins lors des 3 premiers jours de vie (J0 à J3). Dans un premier temps, une analyse de la bibliographie apermis d'identifier les différentes catégories de vocalisations émises par les poussins (confort, détresse,blottissement, trille de peur ou de plaisir) et d'identifier leurs caractéristiques sonores. Ensuite, deux programmesdéveloppés sous Matlab, ont permis (1) d’automatiser les séquences d’enregistrement et (2) de détecter etd'identifier les vocalisations de confort et de détresse. L’étude a permis de définir des conditions optimales deprise de son permettant une analyse optimale des signaux : groupe d'une dizaine de poussins, des microphonesomni-directionnels, des séquences de 2 minutes d’enregistrement. Entre J0 et J3, les poussins émettent des sonscourts dont la bande de fréquence est limitée (2000 - 5000 Hz). Le programme développé est fonctionnel pourcaractériser les indicateurs sonores suivants : le centre de gravité fréquentiel, l’étalement spectral ainsi que lafréquence instantanée. Il permet également par une analyse temps-fréquence de leur signature, de dénombrer lesvocalisations de confort et de détresse des poussins.

National audience; Maintaining optimal conditions of welfare and animal health is a daily concern in livestock breeding. The use of plant extracts in poultry feed seems an interesting approach to reinforce the animals’ natural defenses. However, this approach is limited by the lack of robust references and solid methodological bases. Our objective was to develop and test a simple, reliable and repeatable in vitro method to determine cytotoxic and immunostimulant capacities of plant extracts. A bibliographic study helped identifying 4 plant extracts: Astragalus, Echinacea, Ginseng and Melissa. A metabolic activity test (MTT) was carried out on three chicken cell lines, representative of the respiratory (CLEC213), hepatic (LMH) and immune (HD11 macrophages) functions. Immunostimulation was studied in macrophages by assessing the production of the pro-oxidant and antimicrobial molecule nitric oxide (NO) and the activation of the pro-inflammatory NFκB pathway. We have shown that Astragalus, Echinacea, Ginseng and Melissa had little or no cytotoxic effects. Melissa and Ginseng have the ability to significantly activate cell metabolism (50-100%), to induce the production of NO (10 to 20-fold) or the activation of the NFκB pathway (5 to 18-fold), thus suggesting immunostimulatory activities. In conclusion, extracts’ preparation steps, cell type’s choice and cell culture conditions allowed us to define a relevant methodology to assess cytotoxic and immunostimulant properties of the extracts. The Melissa and Ginseng extracts appear to be non-cytotoxic candidates, capable of stimulating the natural defenses of poultry.; Le maintien de conditions optimales de bien-être et de santé des animaux est une préoccupation quotidienne en élevage. L’utilisation d’extraits végétaux dans l’aliment des volailles semble un allié intéressant pour y contribuer, en renforçant les défenses naturelles des animaux. Néanmoins, cette voie de valorisation reste limitée par l’absence de références robustes et de bases méthodologiques solides. Notre objectif a été de mettre au point et d’éprouver une méthode in vitro simple, fiable et répétable qui permettrait d’évaluer l'innocuité cellulaire et la capacité immunostimulante d’extraits végétaux. Une étude bibliographique a permis d’identifier 4 extraits végétaux d’intérêt: Astragale, Echinacée, Ginseng et Mélisse. Un test d'activité métabolique (MTT) a été réalisé sur trois lignées cellulaires de poulets, représentatives des fonctions respiratoire (CLEC213), hépatique (LMH) et de la réponse immunitaire (macrophages HD11). L’immunostimulation induite chez les macrophages a été étudiée en évaluant la production de l’oxyde nitrique (NO), une molécule pro-oxydante et antimicrobienne, et l'activation de la voie pro-inflammatoire NFκB. Nous avons montré que les extraits d’Astragale, d’Echinacée, de Ginseng et de Mélisse sont peu ou pas toxiques pour les cellules. Les extraits de Mélisse et de Ginseng ont la capacité d'activer le métabolisme cellulaire de façon importante (50-100%) et induisent la production de NO (10 à 20 fois) ou l’activation de la voie NFκB (5 à 18 fois) de façon très marquée, suggérant des activités immunostimulantes. En conclusion, les différentes étapes de préparation des extraits, de choix des types cellulaires et des conditions de culture ont permis de définir une méthode pertinente pour évaluer l'innocuité et la capacité immunostimulante des extraits. Les extraits de Mélisse et de Ginseng semblent être des candidats non cytotoxiques, capables de stimuler les défenses naturelles des volailles

International audience; Surveys of mycotoxins worldwide have shown that deoxynivalenol (DON), fumonisins (FB), and zearalenone (ZON) are the most abundant Fusarium mycotoxins (FUS) in European poultry feed, in both the level and the frequency of contamination. Previous studies reported that a combination of FUS at concentrations that individually are not toxic may negatively affect animals. However, although toxic thresholds and regulatory guidelines exist for FUS, none account for the risk of multiple contamination, which is the most frequent. The aim of this study was to compare DON, FB, and ZON toxicity, alone and in combination, in male turkey poults. Ground cultured toxigenic Fusarium strains were incorporated in corn-soybean-based feed in five experimental diets: control diet, containing no mycotoxins, DON diet (5 mg DON/kg), FB diet (20 mg FB1 + FB2/ kg), ZON diet (0.5 mg ZON/kg), and DONFBZON diet (5, 20, and 0.5 mg/kg of DON, FB1 + FB2, and ZON, respectively). Seventy male Grade Maker turkeys were reared in individual cages on mycotoxin-free diets from 0 to 55 days of age. On the 55th day, the turkeys were weighed and divided into five groups each comprising 14 birds. Each group was fed one of the five experimental diets for a period of 14 days. On the 70th day of age, feed was withheld for 8 hr, at which time a blood sample was collected, and then all the turkeys were killed, autopsied, and different tissues sampled. The weight of the different organs, analyses of performance, biochemistry, histopathology, oxidative damage, and testis toxicity revealed no significant effects attributable to FUS. Measurement of sphingolipids in the liver revealed an increase in the sphinganine to sphingosine ratio in turkeys fed diets containing FB, but had no apparent consequences in terms of toxicity. Finally, only slight differences were found in some variables and the results of this study showed no interactions between DON, FB, and ZON. Taken together, results thus suggest that the maximum tolerated levels established for individual contamination by DON, FB, and ZON can also be considered safe in turkeys fed with combinations of these FUS for a period of 14 days.