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Intussusception is a condition characterized by the penetration of one segment of the intestine into another. It is a medical emergency characterized by bowel obstruction. It can be fatal if left untreated, and occurs most often in children. It is a fairly common pathology in our country with seasonal peaks. The objective of this study is to describe the diagnostic and therapeutic clinical epidemiological aspects of intussusception in infants and children in the pediatric surgery department of Fousseyni Daou hospital. Material and methodology: This is a retrospective study which took place from January 2019 to December 2021 at the Fousseyni Daou hospital in Kayes and included in this study all children operated on for intussusception from 0 to 15 years, through the use of patient records. Results: During the study period, we operated on 975 patients, including 63 occlusions and 27 intussusceptions, i.e. 2.76% of operations and 42.85% of occlusions. The male sex was the most represented 18 cases or 66.66%. There was the notion of abdominal pain in all patients, vomiting in 18 patients and rectal bleeding in 7 patients. At the clinical examination the sausage was found in 18 patients, a standard blood test was carried out in all the patients. Ultrasound was the main radiological examination to confirm intussusception. Treatment was surgical in all patients, with resection. Anastomosis in 6 cases due to late management of these patients. In the immediate postoperative course, we noted two surgical site infections and one eventration. Conclusion: Intussusception is a fairly common pathology in our region, but the evolution of which depends on the promptness of treatment.

In this paper, we describe the WATRIMed (West African Herbal Traditional Medicine) Knowledge Graph visualisation tool, WIDGET. It enables a set of e-health services and will contribute in increasing patient safety in the context of herbal-based African Traditional Medicine. Users can browse in medicinal recipes for a given symptom or disease. The recipes consist in medicinal plants with proven effectiveness. It is therefore possible to access the information of the recipe composition and that of the plants. It also allow cross-linking most of common dialects of West Africa, their geographic distribution, and the name of plants in these ethnic dialects. Thus, from the symptoms, available indications in different West African regions are provided.

Introduction : Les céphalées font partie des dix causes les plus fréquentes de consultation en médecine générale. Elles peuvent être regroupées en deux catégories: les céphalées primaires et les céphalées secondaires. Les céphalées primaires par opposition aux céphalées symptomatiques sont sans cause retrouvée malgré un bilan étiologique exhaustif. Ces céphalées dominées par la migraine, la céphalée de tension et les céphalées trigémino dysautonomiques sont souvent méconnues. Le but de ce travail est de décrire les aspects épidémiologiques, cliniques et thérapeutiques des céphalées primaires en consultation externe dans le service de neurologie du CHU Gabriel Touré à Bamako au Mali.Méthodologie : Il s’agissait d’une étude transversale rétrospective descriptive qui s’est déroulée dans le service de neurologie du CHU Gabriel Touré. Elle a porté sur des données récoltées de janvier 2013 à décembre 2016, à partir des dossiers des malades vus en consultation externe pour des céphalées classées primaires. Les paramètres socio démographiques étudiés étaient : l’âge, le sexe, la profession, le statut matrimonial et lelieu de résidence. Les caractéristiques cliniques des céphalées étaient retenues sur la base des critères IHS 2007.Résultats : Durant la période d’étude, 3010 patients ont été vus en consultation externe de neurologie au CHU Gabriel Touré, 284 patients pour céphalées primaires, soit une fréquence de 9,44%. On notait une prédominance féminine avec un sex ratio de 0,54. La moyenne d’âge était de 41 ans avec des extrêmes de 5 à 82 ans, la tranche d’âge de 25 – 44 ans était la plus représentée avec 43,3% de la population d’étude. Les ménagères étaient les plus représentées avec 27,8% des cas. La céphalée de tension était la plus décrite avec 58,8% des cas, suivie de la migraine et 92,6% des patients avaient reçu une prescription d’antidépresseur tricyclique (amitriptylline) suivi des antiinflammatoires non stéroïdiens 79, 93% et le choix était porté sur l’indométacine dans 69,4% des cas. L’évolution était marquée par un soulagement qualifié de fort chez 67,6% et de moyen chez 26,1% des patients.Conclusion : Les céphalées primaires restent un motif fréquent de consultation. Leur connaissance permet une approche de prise en charge adéquate permettant ainsi de réduire leur impact sur les activités quotidiennes des malades.Mots clés : Prévalence, céphalée primaire, neurologie, CHU Gabriel Toure Primary headaches in external consultation in the neurology department of the Gabriel Toure Teaching Hospital: Epidemiological, clinical and therapeutic aspects over 4 years (2013-2016) Introduction: Headache is one of the top ten most common causes of reason for consultation in medicine. They can be divided into two groups: primary headaches and secondary headaches. Primary headaches as opposed to symptomatic headaches are without cause found despite a thorough etiological assessment. These headaches dominated by migraine, tensive headache and trigeminal dysautonomic headaches are often unknown. The aim of this work is to describe the epidemiological, clinical and therapeutic aspects of the patients seen for primary headaches in external consultation in the neurology department of Gabriel Touré Teaching Hospital of Bamako, Mali. Methodology: It was a descriptive retrospective cross-sectional study that took place in the neurology department of Gabriel Touré Teaching Hospital. It included data collected from January 2013 to December 2016, based on the clinical records of the patient examined for primary headaches. Age, sex, occupation, marital status and place of residence were the socio-demographic parameters studied. Clinical features of headache were done based on the 2007 IHS criteria.Results: During the period of study, a total of 3010 patients were seen, 284 patients for primary headache, a frequency of 9.44%. There was a female predominance with a sex ratio of 0.54. The average age was 41 years with extremes of 5 to 82 years, the age group of 25 - 44 years was the most represented with 43.3% of the study population. Housewives were the most represented with 27.8% of cases. Tensive headache was the most described with 58.8% of cases, followed by migraine. Treatment included tricyclic antidepressant (amitriptyline) prescription in 92.6% of patients, followed by nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in 79, 93% and the choice was indomethacin in 69.4% of cases. The course was marked by relief described as strong in 67.6% andaverage in 26.1% of patients.Conclusion: Primary headaches remain a frequent reason of consultation. Their knowledge enables an adequate management approach, thus reducing their impact on the daily activities of patients.Keywords : Prevalence, primary headache, neurology, Gabriel Toure Teaching Hospital

Background: Counselling associated with screening is the entry point into the management for HIV-infected people. The purpose of the present study was to compare the profile of clients from the Screening and Information Centre (CADI) with those from the general population. Methods: A cross-sectional study including all complete medical records of CADI clients from 1996 to 2006 was conducted. The following information were collected: age, sex, education level, marital status, reasons for screening, desire to share one’s HIV status. The data were analyzed using stata13 software. Pearson khi2 Test was used to compare qualitative variables while Student Test was used to compare averages. The 0.05 significance level was applied. Results: A sample of 752 observations was analyzed. In 1996, the average age of CADI clients was (29.95 years [29.79 -31.26]) higher than the average age of the general population (21.7 years; p

Empowerment is an ongoing process through which individuals and communities appropriate power and acquire the capability to function autonomously. Research on empowerment in men who have sex with men (MSM) is lacking in community-based contexts. We investigated the relationship between willingness to be empowered and HIV care needs in West African MSM accessing community-based organisations' (CBO) services. Fifty-three interviews were administered to HIV-negative MSM participating in the CohMSM study (Mali, Burkina Faso, Cote d'Ivoire, Togo). Five indicators of empowerment were identified from a discourse analysis: (i) motivation to access HIV services, (ii) willingness to improve HIV services, (iii) desire to be involved in new activities, (iv) desire to participate in such services, (v) willingness to collaborate in decision making. Based on these indicators, participants were classified into two profiles: high (19/53, 36%) and low (34/53, 64%) level of willingness to be empowered (HWE, LWE). Using a thematic analysis, HWE participants were focused on collective benefit (preventive follow-up, questions about MSM identity), while LWE participants were centred on individual benefit (medical care). CBOs should consider empowerment as a tool to advance collective health benefits for MSM. To improve empowerment in MSM, specific training on issues regarding sexual identity and stigma is needed for CBO providers.

Background. Although men who have sex with men (MSM) are at high risk of hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection, they do not have access to vaccination in West Africa, which is a highly endemic region. We investigated HBV prevalence and associated factors, as well as acceptability and difficulties of vaccination in MSM enrolled in an operational research program in Burkina Faso, Cote d'Ivoire, Mali, and Togo. Methods. We followed up 779 MSM in 2015-2018. Participants who were negative for both hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) and antibodies (anti-HBs) at enrollment were offered HBV vaccination. Factors associated with HBV infection were identified using logistic regression models. Results. Overall, HBV prevalence was 11.2% (95% confidence interval [CI], 9.0%-13.6%). It was lower in Togo than in Cote d'Ivoire (2.7% vs 17.3%; adjusted odds ratio [aOR], 0.12; 95% CI, 0.02-0.28) and higher in participants with 6+ recent male sexual partners (21.0% vs 9.3%; aOR, 1.48; 95% CI, 1.12-1.97). Of 528 participants eligible for vaccination, 484 (91.7%) were willing to be vaccinated and received at least 1 dose (ranging from 68.2% in Abidjan to 96.4% in Bamako; P < .001). Of the latter, 390 (80.6%) received 3 or 4 doses. The proportion of participants for whom the minimum required time between each dose was respected ranged from 10.9% in Bamako to 88.6% in Lome (P < .001). Conclusions. MSM in West Africa should be targeted more for HBV screening and vaccination. Although vaccination is well accepted by MSM, greater training of health care workers and education of MSM are required.

Obstetric trauma is considered to be a complication of difficult deliveries. They generally concern 5 to 7 new born baby among 1000 live births. Obstrecal fracture of the clavicle is one of the most common lesions of obstetric trauma. It is usually unilateral and occurs after a dystocic birth. Bilateral involvement of the clavicles during obstetric trauma is rare. We report a case of bilateral obstetrical fracture of the clavicle during a eutocic delivery with favorable evolution.

Prolapse of the anus of the invagination pudding is a rare and serious complication of acute intestinal intussusception. It is a surgical emergency that requires early diagnosis and management. We report two cases of acute intestinal intussusception in two infants with favorable outcome after surgical treatment. Through these two observations, we present the diagnostic and therapeutic difficulties related to our context.

1. Steroid hormones can affect spermatogenesis and thereby fertility directly and/or indirectly. All antigonadotropically active steroids inhibit spermatogenesis via inhibition of gonadotropin secretion, mainly that of H. Androgens and steroids occurring in the biosynthetic chain of testosterone synthesis have a direct promoting effect on spermatogenesis if applied in high doses. It has not been possible as yet to make clinical use of this positive effect since it is obviously not possible to achieve the necessary intratesticular androgen concentrations. 2. As concerns the different androgens and the steroids in the androgen biosynthetic chain, and also all synthetic anabolics, there is no parallelism between the direct spermatogenic activity, the androgenic activity and the antigonadotropic activity. 3. Estrogens and synthetic gestagens do not inhibit spermatogenesis directly at the testicular level. All effects of estrogens can be abolished experimentally by adequate substitution with gonadotropins or androgens, or a combination of androgens and gonadotropins. 4. Only those antiandrogens inhibit spermatogenesis with additional antigonadotropic properties (e.g. cyproterone acetate). Pure antiandrogens, like flutamide or cyproterone, have a slight and transient influence on spermatogenesis at the most. If at all, they merely cause transient subfertility. 5. Beside steroids and several centrally active pharmaceutics (e.g. psychotropic drugs and several antihypertensive compounds), only siloxanes and methallibur seem to affect spermatogenesis via inhibition of gonadotropin secretion. Other antispermatogenic agents act by inhibition of mitosis (Colchicine, alkylating agents) or presumably via damage of the Sertoli cells. 6. Based on present knowledge, contraception in men could be principally managed by administration of a) androgens alone, b) gestagen/androgen combinations, c) estrogen/androgen combinations, d) certain antiandrogens. 7. The difficulties of contraception in men by steroid hormones or steroid hormone combinations have been pointed out. As regards the usefulness of antiandrogens for contraception, no definite conclusions can be drawn at the moment. All non-steroidal inhibitors of spermatogenesis which have been found up to the present are not suitable because of toxic effects.Literature on the actions of pharmaceutical compounds on testicular function and fertility is reviewed. Antigonadotropin steroids inhibit spermatogenesis by inhibiting the secretion of gonadotropins, especially luteinizing hormone. Although androgens and steroids occurring during the biosynthesis of testosterone have a positive effects on spermatogenesis in high doses, their clinical application is not yet possible because of the high intratesticular concentrations required. A parallelism between the direct spermatogenic activity, androgenic activity, and antigonadotropic activity of the various androgens and steroids occurring during androgen biosynthesis and synthetic anabolics has yet to be demonstrated. The evidence indicates that estrogens and synthetic gestagens do not affect spermatogenesis at the testicular level. Adequate doses of androgens or gonadotropins, alone or in combination, can counter the effects of estrogens on spermatogenesis. Only those antiandrogens with additional antigonadotropic properties, such as cyproterone acetate, inhibit spermatogenesi Pure antiandrogens, such as flutamide or cyproterone, cause, at most, only transient subfertility. Among psychotropic and antihypertensive compounds, only siloxanes and methallibur appear to affect spermatogenesis by inhibition of gonadotropin secretion, whereas colchicine and alkylating agents act by inhibition of mitosis, and presumably damage, of the Sertoli cells. Prospects for male hormonal contraception included the use of androgens alone, in combination with either gestagens or estrogens, and the use of some antiandrogens. So far, all nonsteroidal inhibitors of spermatogenesis investigated are not suitable for human application because of toxic effects.

National audience; From 2nd to 8th decembre 2012, the Journées Jeunes Chercheurs 2012 (Young Reseachers Meeting) in high energy physics were held in Munster (Alsace, France). During all this week, PhD students in various domains (particle and nuclear physics, cosmology and astrophysics) have presented their work in a pedagogic way to other membres. The meeting is organized by young permanent staff. Students were coming from French and Belgain laboratories working on fundamental research on the two infinites (from particles to stars and galaxies). Most of them were French but many were coming other european countries (Belgium, Italy, Spain, Ukraine) as well as the rest of the world (Asia, South America ...). Du 2 au 8 décembre 2012, la maison du Kleebach à Munster a accueilli les Journées Jeunes Chercheurs 2012 (JJC). Durant toute cette semaine, les étudiants en thèse dans des domaines variés (physique des particules et nucléaire, cosmologie et astrophysique) ont présenté leurs travaux de façon pédagogique dans une ambiance conviviale, le tout étant encadré par des jeunes chercheurs en poste. Les participants viennent des nombreux laboratoires de France et de Belgique travaillant sur la recherche fondamentale dans les deux infinis (les particules, les étoiles et galaxies). Ils sont originaires pour la plupart de France mais certains viennent d'autres pays Européens (Belgique, Italie, Espagne, Ukraine, etc) ou du reste du monde (Asie, Amérique du sud, etc).

We developed a new method for determining the bulk etch rate velocity based on both cone height and base diameter measurements of the etched tracks. This method is applied here for the calibration of CR39 and Makrofol nuclear track detectors exposed to 158 A GeV In^{49+} and Pb^{82+} ions, respectively. For CR39 the peaks corresponding to indium ions and their different fragments are well separated from Z/beta = 7 to 49: the detection threshold is at REL ~ 50 MeV cm^2 g^{-1}, corresponding to a nuclear fragment with Z/beta = 7. The calibration of Makrofol with Pb^{82+} ions has shown all peaks due to lead ions and their fragments from Z/beta ~ 51 to 83 (charge pickup). The detection threshold of Makrofol is at REL ~ 2700 MeV cm^2 g^{-1}, corresponding to a nuclear fragment with Z/beta = 51., Comment: 4 pages, 6 eps figures. Talk given at the 24th ICNTS, Bologna, Italy (1-5 Sept. 2008)

This paper deals with a practical approach for the integration of partial specifications. We use a structuring language to specify the overall system functions, and a set of specific languages for detailed specification. The specification approach is illustrated through the specification of an avionics system, named A340 CMWC. The specification is achieved through the three specification languages: Harel's StateCharts (1987), SDL and SAO. Partial specifications are composed in a unified format named SOLAR, which is used for later concurrent hardware/software design.

International audience; OBJECTIVE:To explore the interest in taking PrEP among Western African men who have sex with men (MSM).METHODS:A cross-sectional survey was implemented at enrolment of HIV-negative MSM in a multiple centre community-based cohort study in four West African countries (Mali, Côte d'Ivoire, Burkina Faso, Togo). A standardised face-to-face questionnaire collected data on socio-demographic and behavioural characteristics over the previous 6 months. Descriptive analysis and multivariate logistic regression helped identify factors associated with the interest in taking PrEP.RESULTS:Of 564 participants, 87% were interested in taking PrEP. Interest in PrEP was associated with inconsistent condom use for anal sex (adjusted odds ratio (aOR): 2.11; 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.21-3.67), transactional sex (aOR: 2.02; 95% CI 1.11-3.71), searching for male sexual partners on the Internet in the previous month (aOR: 1.86; 95% CI 1.01-3.43), having a high level of self-esteem (aOR: 1.20; 95% CI 1.06-1.36), having at least one sexually transmitted infections at enrolment (aOR: 5.08; 95% CI 1.40-18.4) and not being aware of PrEP (aOR: 2.03; 95% CI 1.04-3.96). Participants having sex with HIV-positive male partners (aOR: 0.28; 95% CI 0.11-0.74), those being more sexually attracted to women than to men (aOR: 0.20; 95% CI 0.07-0.89) and those reporting psychological and material support from close friends (aOR: 0.33; 95% CI 0.15-0.73) were less interested in taking PreP.CONCLUSIONS:Western African HIV-negative MSM appear very interested in taking PrEP, especially those most at risk of HIV infection. PrEP implementation in a comprehensive prevention package should be considered urgently.