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Understanding human interactions in today’s transportation system is a prerequisite for developing well-accepted cooperatively interacting autonomous vehicles. This paper is devoted to the two-sided narrow passage scenario and uses trajectory data to investigate drivers’ interaction behavior when encountering each other from opposite directions. Trajectory data of 209 encounters at a road narrowing were analyzed in terms of drivers’ approaching behavior and arrival order. The exploratory analysis has shown that in this specific location an informal traffic rule has developed: It was not the order of arrival but the direction of travel that primarily determined who passed the road narrowing first. This result shows that informal rules can influence drivers’ interaction behavior and should accordingly be considered in the development of autonomous vehicles to ensure safe and efficient encounters with human road users.

Cooperative Intelligent Transport Systems (C-ITS) are emerging in the field of transportation systems, which can be used to provide safety, sustainability, efficiency, communication and cooperation between vehicles, roadside units, and traffic command centres. With improved network structure and traffic mobility, a large amount of trajectory-based data is generated. Trajectory-based knowledge graphs help to give semantic and interconnection capabilities for intelligent transport systems. Prior works consider trajectory as the single point of deviation for the individual outliers. However, in real-world transportation systems, trajectory outliers can be seen in the groups, e.g., a group of vehicles that deviates from a single point based on the maintenance of streets in the vicinity of the intelligent transportation system. In this paper, we propose a trajectory deviation point embedding and deep clustering method for outlier detection. We first initiate network structure and nodes' neighbours to construct a structural embedding by preserving nodes relationships. We then implement a method to learn the latent representation of deviation points in road network structures. A hierarchy multilayer graph is designed with a biased random walk to generate a set of sequences. This sequence is implemented to tune the node embeddings. After that, embedding values of the node were averaged to get the trip embedding. Finally, LSTM-based pairwise classification method is initiated to cluster the embedding with similarity-based measures. The results obtained from the experiments indicate that the proposed learning trajectory embedding captured structural identity and increased F-measure by 5.06% and 2.4% while compared with generic Node2Vec and Struct2Vec methods.

This thesis aims to investigate the potential of a transfer orbit using successive aerocaptures at Saturn and Titan to establish a science orbit around Titan. Titan is an Earth-like moon with a dense atmosphere and organic compounds present. It has many similarities with Earth that are useful to study such as superrotation. Superrotation is when the atmosphere rotates faster than the body it surrounds. In order to study Titan, we need to establish an orbit around it. The Saturn system is distant from Earth, 8.5 Astronomical Units (AU) which makes it difficult to reach from a time and velocity point of view. We propose to use an aerocapture at Saturn to intercept Titan with lower relative velocity in order to perform an aerocapture at Titan. The analysis was performed in primarily MATLAB to simulate the orbits. The results of this showed that we can aerocapture a spacecraft at Saturn and arrive at Titan within roughly 4 to 8 km/s relative velocity regardless of the incoming hyperbolic excess velocity at the Saturn system. This can be improve upon by using intermediate transfer orbits, such as bi-elliptics, to arrive with even lower relative velocities to Titan of as low as 1 km/s. The drag acceleration experienced during the Saturn aerocapture had peak values of between 0.2 and 1.4 g's and acceleration over 50% of the peak is experienced between 6.8 and 8 minutes. This capture method has the potential to make Titan more easily accessible and allow for scientific study of a clear target for improving our understanding of Earth-like processes on other bodies in our solar system. Master of Science This thesis aims to investigate the potential of a transfer orbit using successive aerocaptures at Saturn and Titan to establish a science orbit around Titan. Aerocapturing is utilizing the atmosphere of a body to slow down a spacecraft. Titan is an Earth-like moon with a dense atmosphere and organic compounds present. It has many similarities with Earth that are useful to study such as superrotation. Superrotation is when the atmosphere of a body rotates faster than the body it surrounds. In order to study Titan, we need to establish an orbit around it. The Saturn system is distant from Earth, 8.5 Astronomical Units (AU) which makes it difficult to reach from a time and velocity point of view. It takes a large amount of time to get there so we attempt to get there faster by increasing velocity. This means we arrive at the Saturn system with a large amount of velocity that we need to counter-act in order to orbit. We propose to use an aerocapture at Saturn to intercept Titan with lower velocity in order to perform another aerocapture at Titan to slow into an orbit. The analysis was performed in primarily MATLAB to simulate the orbits. The results of this showed that we can aerocapture a spacecraft at Saturn and arrive at Titan within roughly 4 to 8 km/s regardless of the incoming velocity to the Saturn system. This can be improve upon by using intermediate transfer orbits, after capturing at Saturn, to arrive with even lower velocities at Titan of as low as 1 km/s. The drag acceleration experienced during the Saturn aerocapture had peak values of between 0.2 and 1.4 g's and acceleration over 50% of the peak is experienced between 6.8 and 8 minutes. This is relatively gentle for an aerocapture and means the spacecraft likely will not require significant structural support. This capture method has the potential to make Titan more easily accessible and allow for scientific study of a clear target for improving our understanding of Earth-like processes on other bodies in our solar system.

International audience; Long-term monitoring programs are fundamental to detect changes in ecosystem health and understand ecological processes. In the current context of increasing anthropogenic threats on marine ecosystems, understanding the dynamics and response of communities becomes essential. We used data collected over 14 years in the REBENT benthic coastal invertebrates monitoring program, at a regional scale in the North-East Atlantic, covering a total of 26 sites and 979 taxa. Four distinct habitats were studied: two biogenic habitats associated with foundation species in the intertidal and subtidal zones and two bare sedimentary habitats in the same respective tidal zones. We used community trajectory analysis (CTA), a statistical approach that allows for quantitative measures and comparisons of temporal trajectories of ecosystems. We compared observed community trajectories to trajectories simulated under a non-directional null model in order to better understand the dynamics of the communities, their potential drivers, and the role of the studied habitats in these dynamics. Despite strong differences in the community compositions between sites and habitats, the communities followed non-directional dynamics during the 14 years monitored, which suggested stability at the regional scale. However, the shape, size, and direction of the trajectories of benthic communities were more similar within than among habitats, also suggesting the influence of the nature of the habitat on community dynamics. Results showed a higher variability in community composition the first years of the monitoring in the intertidal bare habitat and confirmed the role of biogenic habitats in maintaining temporal stability. They also highlighted the need to apprehend the role of transient and rare species and the scale of observation in temporal beta diversity analyses. Finally, our study confirmed the usefulness of CTA to link observed trajectory patterns to fundamental ecological processes.

Movement-specific vehicle classification and counting at traffic intersections is a crucial component of various traffic management activities. In this context, with recent advancements in computer-vision-based techniques, cameras have emerged as a reliable data source for extracting vehicular trajectories from traffic scenes. However, classifying these trajectories by movement type is quite challenging, as characteristics of motion trajectories obtained this way vary depending on camera calibrations. Although some existing methods have addressed such classification tasks with decent accuracies, the performance of these methods significantly relied on the manual specification of several regions of interest. In this study, we proposed an automated classification method for movement-specific classification (such as right-turn, left-turn and through movements) of vision-based vehicle trajectories. Our classification framework identifies different movement patterns observed in a traffic scene using an unsupervised hierarchical clustering technique. Thereafter, a similarity-based assignment strategy is adopted to assign incoming vehicle trajectories to identified movement groups. A new similarity measure was designed to overcome the inherent shortcomings of vision-based trajectories. Experimental results demonstrated the effectiveness of the proposed classification approach and its ability to adapt to different traffic scenarios without any manual intervention.

Time-lapse imaging is a powerful approach to gain insight into the dynamic responses of cells, but the quantitative analysis of morphological changes over time remains challenging. Here, we exploit the concept of “trajectory embedding” to analyze cellular behavior using morphological feature trajectory histories—that is, multiple time points simultaneously, rather than the more common practice of examining morphological feature time courses in single timepoint (snapshot) morphological features. We apply this approach to analyze live-cell images of MCF10A mammary epithelial cells after treatment with a panel of microenvironmental perturbagens that strongly modulate cell motility, morphology, and cell cycle behavior. Our morphodynamical trajectory embedding analysis constructs a shared cell state landscape revealing ligand-specific regulation of cell state transitions and enables quantitative and descriptive models of single-cell trajectories. Additionally, we show that incorporation of trajectories into single-cell morphological analysis enables (i) systematic characterization of cell state trajectories, (ii) better separation of phenotypes, and (iii) more descriptive models of ligand-induced differences as compared to snapshot-based analysis. This morphodynamical trajectory embedding is broadly applicable to the quantitative analysis of cell responses via live-cell imaging across many biological and biomedical applications.

Delving into the spatiotemporal evolution of the railway network in different periods can provide guidance and reference for the planning and layout of the railway network. However, most of the existing studies tended to model the railway data separately and compare the network indices of adjacent periods based on the railway data of different periods, thus failing to integrate the railway network in different periods into a unified framework for evolution analysis. Therefore, this paper used the railway data from 2008, 2010, 2015, and 2019, and analyzed the spatiotemporal integration of the railway network evolution based on the complex network theory and the self-organizing maps (SOM) method. Firstly, this study constructed the geographical railway network in the four years and probed into how the network feature indices changed. Then, it used the SOM method to capture the spatiotemporal integration of the railway network evolution in multi-time series. Finally, it clustered the change trajectory of each city node and unveiled the relationship between the evolution of city nodes and the hierarchy of urban systems. The results show that from 2008 to 2019, the railway network feature indices showed an upward trend and that the expansion pattern of the railway network could be divided into the core–peripheral pattern, belt expansion pattern, strings of beads pattern, and multi-center network pattern. The evolution of the change trajectory of the city nodes was highly related to the hierarchical structure of the urban system. This study helps to understand the evolution process of the railway network in China, and provides decision-making reference for improving and optimizing China’s railway network.

With its superb spatial and temporal resolution, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has great potential to track cellular activities that define early stages of disease. To improve molecular imaging techniques, we are developing MRI reporter gene expression based on the magnetosome. In magnetotactic bacteria (MTB), magnetosome formation compartmentalizes iron biominerals in membrane-enclosed vesicles. We hypothesize that essential magnetosome proteins interact in any cell type to form rudimentary magnetosome-like nanoparticles, providing a genetically-controlled contrast agent for molecular MRI. MTB genes mamE, mamB, mamI, and mamL were cloned from M. magneticum sp. AMB-1 genomic DNA by PCR and inserted into fluorescent vectors to create Mam fusion proteins then stably expressed in human MDA-MB-435 melanoma cells. Cines of fluorescent elements detected in intact cells were captured with confocal microscopy (Nikon A1R) and analyzed using both ImageJ and Mathematica for Brownian motion and velocity. To obtain longitudinal and transverse relaxation rates, cells stably expressing magnetosome proteins were supplemented with 250 µM ferric nitrate, harvested, mounted in a gelatin phantom, and scanned at 3 Tesla (Biograph mMR). Tomato-MamL, Tomato-MamL/GFP-MamI, and Tomato-MamB all express punctate, mobile fluorescence, while GFP-MamE expresses punctate but stationary fluorescence. Analysis of motility revealed that magnetosome proteins have variable diffusion coefficients due to their variable sizes, but all magnetosome proteins travel at a velocity of around 0.2 µm/s. Relaxation rates of iron-supplemented cells expressing Tomato-MamB, GFP-MamI, or Tomato-MamL have significantly higher R2 and R2* than non-supplemented cells. Interestingly, iron-supplemented cells expressing GFP-MamE or co-expressing FLAG-MamL/GFP-MamI had relaxation rates comparable to unsupplemented cell types. This is the first report characterizing essential magnetosome proteins MamE, MamB, MamI, and MamL in mammalian cells. Analysis of motion shows that magnetosome proteins travel at velocities comparable to the mammalian motor protein myosin. Expression of either MamB, MamI or MamL increases transverse relaxation rates; however, co-expression of MamI and MamL reduces them again, suggesting a regulatory effect of magnetosome gene combinations. Biosynthesis of magnetosome-like nanoparticles in mammalian cells would provide an endogenous magnetic resonance (MR) contrast agent under genetic control. This patented technology would provide long-term molecular imaging for tracking cellular and molecular activities throughout the cell's life cycle.

Mosquito-borne diseases account for around one million deaths annually. There is a constant need for novel intervention mechanisms to mitigate transmission, especially as current insecticidal methods become less effective with the rise of insecticide resistance among mosquito populations. Previously, we used a near infra-red tracking system to describe the behaviour of mosquitoes at a human-occupied bed net, work that eventually led to an entirely novel bed net design. Advancing that approach, here we report on the use of trajectory analysis of a mosquito flight, using machine learning methods. This largely unexplored application has significant potential for providing useful insights into the behaviour of mosquitoes and other insects. In this work, a novel methodology applies anomaly detection to distinguish male mosquito tracks from females and couples. The proposed pipeline uses new feature engineering techniques and splits each track into segments such that detailed flight behaviour differences influence the classifier rather than the experimental constraints such as the field of view of the tracking system. Each segment is individually classified and the outcomes are combined to classify whole tracks. By interpreting the model using SHAP values, the features of flight that contribute to the differences between sexes are found and are explained by expert opinion. This methodology was tested using 3D tracks generated from mosquito mating swarms in the field and obtained a balanced accuracy of 64.5% and an ROC AUC score of 68.4%. Such a system can be used in a wide variety of trajectory domains to detect and analyse the behaviours of different classes, e.g., sex, strain, and species. The results of this study can support genetic mosquito control interventions for which mating represents a key event for their success.

Long-range atmospheric transport (LRAT) plays a crucial role in the occurrence of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in remote regions. When studying the LRAT of POPs on the Tibetan Plateau, westerly-controlled regions have received insufficient attention compared with regions influenced by the Indian monsoon or air flow from East Asia. We investigated the residual levels of POPs in soils from the eastern Pamirs and used air backward trajectory analysis to elucidate the influence of potential source regions via LRAT. Organochlorine pesticides (OCPs, mainly comprising DDTs, HCHs, and HCB), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs, mainly comprising penta- and hexa-CBs), and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs, mainly comprising three- and four-ring) were detected at low concentrations of 40-1000,MDL-88, and 2100-34,000 pg/g, respectively. We elucidated three major geographical distribution patterns of POPs, which were influenced by (1) the distribution of total organic carbon and black carbon in soil, (2) historical use of pesticides in the Tarim Basin, and (3) continuous emissions. Central Asia and the Tarim Basin were major potential source regions of POPs reaching the eastern Pamirs via LRAT. Historical use of technical HCH or lindane and technical DDT in potential source regions may contribute to the accumulation of HCHs and DDTs in the eastern Pamirs, respectively. Local sources seem to play a more important role in the occurrence of PAHs in the study area. By being under the control of less contaminated westerly air flow, the eastern Pamirs are more pristine than the core of the Tibetan Plateau where the Indian and East Asia monsoons deliver contaminants from highly industrialized areas in East China and India.

This study was carried out in the central district of Kirklareli province in Turkey. It presents the chemical composition of three deposition types, namely wet, bulk and dry. In this study, 150 deposition samples (wet + bulk + dry) were collected for a year in the urban and suburban areas in the central district of Kirklareli. The concentrations of the main cations (Ca2+, K+, Na+, Mg2+, NH4 +) and main anions (SO4 2-, Cl-, NO3 -) in the collected deposition samples were determined. The seasonal variations of the concentrations of the major ions in the three deposition types were studied. The wet and dry deposition fluxes of major ions were calculated. Among the major ions, the ion with the highest annual mean flux values in the wet deposition is Ca2+ in the urban area, while it is Cl- in the suburban area. In the wet deposition, the annual mean flux values of Ca2+ in the urban area and Cl- in the suburban area were 65.40 and 38.09 mg m-2 h-1, respectively. The relationship between ion concentrations and acid deposition was also investigated and the sources of ions were determined. The arithmetic mean pH values of the samples in the urban and suburban areas were 6.39 and 6.14 in wet deposition, 6.75 and 6.41 in bulk deposition, and 7.36 and 6.56 in dry deposition, respectively. The backward trajectories arriving at the region during the study period were divided into two groups. In the first cyclone group, SO4 2- was to 97 % of anthropogenic origin in both the urban and suburban areas.

These files contain code and data used in this study., This work was funded by Leverhulme Trust grant RPG-2019-402, 'Darwin, Wallace, Bates and biodiversity change in the Anthropocene', awarded to Anne Magurran and Maria Dornelas, {"references":["Blowes, S. A., Supp, S. R., Antão, L. H., Bates, A., Bruelheide, H., Chase, J. M., … Dornelas, M. (2019). The geography of biodiversity change in marine and terrestrial assemblages. Science, 366(6463), 339–345. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aaw1620","USGS Patuxent Wildlife Research Center (2014) North American Breeding Bird Survey ftp data set, version 2014.0. US Breeding Birds Survey. Available at: https://www.pwrc.usgs.gov/BBS/RawData/ (Accessed:2013).","DATRAS (2010) Fish trawl survey: ICES North Sea International Bottom Trawl Survey for commercial fish species. ICES Database of trawl surveys (DATRAS). The International Council for the Exploration of the Sea, Copenhagen. Available at: http://www.emodnet-biology.eu/data-catalog?%3Fmodule=dataset&dasid=2763, accessed 2013."]}

Worldwide the number of large urban agglomerations is steadily increasing. At a local scale, their emissions lead to air pollution, directly affecting people’s health. On a global scale, their emissions lead to an increase of greenhouse gases, affecting climate. In this context, in 2017 and 2018, the airborne campaigns EMeRGe (Effect of Megacities on the transport and transformation of pollutants on the Regional to Global scales) investigated emissions of European and Asian major population centres (MPCs) to improve the understanding and predictability of pollution outflows. Here, we present two methods to identify and characterise emission outflows probed during EMeRGe. First, we use a set of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) as chemical tracers to characterise air-masses by specific source signals, i.e. benzene from anthropogenic emissions of targeted regions, acetonitrile from biomass burning (BB, primarily during EMeRGe-Asia) and isoprene from fresh biogenic signals (primarily during EMeRGe-Europe). Second, we attribute probed air-masses to source regions and estimate their individual contribution by constructing and applying a simple emission uptake scheme for the boundary layer which combines FLEXTRA back-trajectories and EDGAR carbon monoxide (CO) emission rates (acronyms are provided in Appendix A). During EMeRGe-Europe, we identified anthropogenic emission outflows from Northern Italy, Southern Great Britain, the Belgium-Netherlands-Ruhr area and the Iberian Peninsula. Additionally, our uptake scheme indicates significant long-range transport of emissions from the USA and Canada. During EMeRGe-Asia, the emission outflow is dominated by sources in China and Taiwan, with further emissions (mostly from BB) originating from Southeast Asia and India. Emissions of pre-selected MPC targets are identified in less than 20 % of the sampling time, due to restrictions in flight planning and constraints of the measurement platform itself. Still, EMeRGe combines in a unique way near- and far-field measurements, which show signatures of local and distant sources, transport and conversion fingerprints and complex emission mixtures. Our approach already provides a valuable classification and characterisation of the EMeRGe dataset, e.g. for BB and anthropogenic influence of potential source regions, and paves the way for a more comprehensive analysis and various model studies.

International audience; In computer animation, the creation of believable and engaging virtual characters has been a long-lasting endeavour. While researchers investigated several aspects of character design, not many studies focused on the qualities of biological human motion itself. We approached the perception of motion from the perspective of distinct movement patterns which can be observed on people with neurotic and emotionally stable personality traits. We designed an experiment in virtual reality, using a photo-realistic metro scenario, where we studied the avoidance behaviour of participants when encountering these two types of virtual characters in a constrained environment. We also make a contribution by successfully implementing two behavioural measures in particular: a choice task, and a novel 'turning point' metric, which calculates the point in the trajectory when people turned to avoid the character. Our results indicate that users' behaviour is affected by character's motion and we propose the use of these behavioural measures to investigate other aspects of character motion in future research.

Climate–land interaction over West Africa has often been assessed using climate simulations, although the model-based approach suffers from the limitations of climate models for the region. In this paper, an alternative method based on the analysis of historical land cover data and standardized climatic indices is used to investigate climate–land interactions, in order to establish climatic conditions and their corresponding land cover area changes. The annual variation in land cover area changes and climatic changes are first estimated separately and then linked using various spatiotemporal scales. The results show that incidences of land cover change result from abrupt changes in climatic conditions. Interannual changes of −1.0–1.0 °C, 0–1.5 °C, and −0.5–0.5 °C, and up to ±50 mm changes in precipitation and climatic water balance, lead to 45,039–52,133 km2, 20,935–22,127 km2, and approximately 32,000 km2 changes, respectively, while a ±0.5 °C and ±20 mm change represents normal climate conditions with changes below 20,000 km2. Conversely, conversions of cropland, forest, grassland, and shrubland are the main land cover change types affecting the climate. The results offer a basis for the re-evaluation of land cover change and climate information used in regional climate models simulating land–climate interactions over West Africa.

The Yangtze River Delta, located in East China, is an important passage on the eastern pathway of the northward migration of fall armyworm Spodoptera frugiperda (Smith) in China, connecting China’s year-round breeding area and the Huang-Huai-Hai summer maize area. Clarifying the migration dynamics of S. frugiperda in the Yangtze River Delta is of great significance for the scientific control and prevention of S. frugiperda in the Yangtze River Delta, even in the Huang-Huai-Hai region and Northeast China. This study is based on the pest investigation data of S. frugiperda in the Yangtze River Delta from 2019 to 2021, combining it with the migration trajectory simulation approach and the synoptic weather analysis. The result showed that S. frugiperda migrated to the Yangtze River Delta in March or April at the earliest, and mainly migrated to the south of the Yangtze River in May, which can be migrated from Guangdong, Guangxi, Fujian, Jiangxi, Hunan and other places. In May and June, S. frugiperda migrated further into the Jiang–Huai region, and its source areas were mainly distributed in Jiangxi, Hunan, Zhejiang, Jiangsu, Anhui and Hubei provinces. In July, it mainly migrated to the north of Huai River, and the source areas of the insects were mainly distributed in Jiangsu, Anhui, Hunan, Hubei and Henan. From the south of the Yangtze River to the north of the Huai River, the source areas of S. frugiperda were constantly moving north. After breeding locally, S. frugiperda can not only migrate to other regions of the Yangtze River Delta, but also to its surrounding provinces of Jiangxi, Hunan, Hubei, Henan, Shandong and Hebei, and even cross the Shandong Peninsula into Northeast China such as Liaoning and Jilin provinces. Trajectory simulation showed that the emigrants of S. frugiperda from the Yangtze River Delta moved northward, westward and eastward as wind direction was quite diverse in June–August. This paper analyzes the migration dynamics of S. frugiperda in the Yangtze River Delta, which has important guiding significance for the monitoring, early warning and the development of scientific prevention and control strategies for whole country.

International audience

The association between physical activity (PA) and dyslipidemia is well known, but the relationship between a temporal pattern of PA and dyslipidemia remain unknown. Here, we aimed to identify the intensity and temporal patterns of PA clustered by the trajectory model and their relationship with dyslipidemia. The participants were 701 adults (305 males) aged 18–60 years undergoing continuous measurement of PA with Actigraph GT3X+ accelerometers for at least 3 days. A trajectory analysis was applied based on moderate-to-vigorous intensity physical activity (MVPA) accumulated values over every period per day. The association between PA and dyslipidemia was estimated using a logistic regression model. Four distinct PA trajectory groups in the population were identified (continued low, stable and moderate, late increasing, and early increasing). Specifically, the “moderate and stable group” was associated with a decreased rate of high TG (p < 0.05) and the “moderate and stable group” and “late increasing group” were associated with decreased rates of low HDL-C (p < 0.05). In conclusion, there were four activity trajectory groups in this population and the continued low PA trajectory was associated with a high prevalent rate of an abnormal lipid profile, and continued and moderate activity or late afternoon increasing activity might have lower HDL-C distribution.

This study is the first attempt to assess the presence of 16 priority polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) enlisted by the US Environmental Protection Agency in PM2.5 and PM10 from industrial areas of Odisha State, India. During 2017–2018, bimonthly sampling of PM10 and PM2.5 was carried out for 24 h in the industrial and mining areas of Jharsuguda and Angul in Odisha during the pre-monsoon, monsoon, and post monsoon seasons. Highest mean concentration of ∑16PAHs in PM2.5 was observed during the post monsoon (170 ng/m3) period followed by pre-monsoon (48 ng/m3) and monsoon (16 ng/m 3) periods, respectively. A similar trend of ∑16PAHs was also observed in PM10 with higher levels observed during post monsoon (286 ng/m3) followed by pre-monsoon (81 ng/m3) and monsoon (27 ng/m3) seasons. Diagnostic ratios and principal component analysis suggested diesel, gasoline and coal combustion as the major contributors of atmospheric PAH pollution in Odisha. Back trajectory analysis revealed that PAH concentration was affected majorly by air masses originating from the northwest direction traversing through central India. Toxic equivalents ranged between 0.24 and 94.13 ng TEQ/m3. In our study, the incremental lifetime cancer risk ranged between 10–5 and 10–3, representing potential cancer risk.

High levels of early emotionality (of either negative or positive valence) are hypothesized to be important precursors to early psychopathology, with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) a prime early target. The positive and negative affect domains are prime examples of Research Domain Criteria (RDoC) concepts that may enrich a multilevel mechanistic map of psychopathology risk. Utilizing both variable-centered and person-centered approaches, the current study examined whether levels and trajectories of infant negative and positive emotionality, considered either in isolation or together, predicted children's ADHD symptoms at 4 to 8 years of age. In variable-centered analyses, higher levels of infant negative affect (at as early as 3 months of age) were associated with childhood ADHD symptoms. Findings for positive affect failed to reach statistical threshold. Results from person-centered trajectory analyses suggest that additional information is gained by simultaneously considering the trajectories of positive and negative emotionality. Specifically, only when exhibiting moderate, stable or low levels of positive affect did negative affect and its trajectory relate to child ADHD symptoms. These findings add to a growing literature that suggests that infant negative emotionality is a promising early life marker of future ADHD risk and suggest secondarily that moderation by positive affectivity warrants more consideration.

Atmospheric rivers (ARs) are filamentary channels of high water vapor flux that transfer moisture horizontally through the atmosphere at low levels. ARs are often responsible for large annual rainfall totals as well as high-intensity storms due to orographic forcing. ARs are important features when predicting hazardous events such as flooding and are vital components of many regional water budgets. This is especially true for drought-prone areas such as southern California (SCA), which experiences relatively few storms per season, many from AR events. Here, we use a Lagrangian model to create backward air parcel trajectories of 159 AR events that made landfall on the US west coast from December 2004 to December 2015. Trajectories are used to examine the lifecycles and movements of these ARs and to differentiate ARs that made landfall in different regions. Prior to landfall, SCA ARs share similarities to but also have distinct differences from other ARs. At 1000 m above mean sea level (MSL), SCA AR trajectories travel shorter distances over the same 72 h time frame than trajectories for ARs that made landfall farther north. Additionally, along-trajectory measurements for SCA ARs tend to be warmer and have higher specific humidity values. This applies to both the 1000 and 2000 m MSL levels. These results imply that SCA ARs move slower and have the potential to produce higher intensity storms at landfall. An analysis of a case study event of an extreme AR that made landfall in SCA on 17 February 2017 confirms these results.

Subjective social status is an individual's perception of his/her position in the social stratum, and it shapes social inequality in a perceived way. By using the China Family Panel Studies and employing growth curve modeling strategies, this article examines the subjective social status trajectories of Chinese people between 2010 and 2018 and how these trajectories are shaped by objective social status. The empirical findings show that the distribution of subjective social status in each wave (2010, 2012, 2014, 2016 and 2018) presents a middle-class identification, which means that the majority of people tend to position their subjective social status at the middle level, while the overall trend in average subjective social status has increased over time. The results of trajectory analysis show that different objective socioeconomic status indicators have different effects on the baseline value and rate of growth in subjective social status, which suggests that the trajectories of subjective social status are influenced by multiple determinants in China. While education, income and political capital reduce the gaps between the classes in subjective social status over time, wealth and employment status enlarge these gaps and thus enhance subjective social inequality. This article highlights the gradient effect that wealth has on the dynamics of subjective social status and helps us to better understand subjective social stratification in contemporary China.

Cet article s’intéresse aux effets d’une politique de régionalisation du recrutement et des affectations pour l’attraction et la rétention des enseignants en zones rurales au Burkina Faso. Nous proposons une analyse des trajectoires professionnelles pendant les huit premières années d’exercice d’une cohorte de 100 enseignants recrutés dans une région majoritairement rurale. Nos résultats montrent que la politique de la régionalisation est efficace, à court terme, pour attirer les enseignants dans les zones rurales, mais que leur rétention dans les zones rurales les plus difficiles reste un défi à plus long terme., This article examines the effects of regionalization policy for the recruitment and assignments on attracting and retaining teachers in rural areas in Burkina Faso. We provide an analysis of the professional trajectories during the first eight years of practice of a cohort of 100 teachers recruited from a predominantly rural region. Our results show that the regionalization policy is effective, in the short term, in attracting teachers to rural areas, but that their retention in the most difficult rural areas remains a challenge in the long term., Este artículo se interesa por los efectos de una política de regionalización de contratación y de asignación de centro escolar sobre la atracción y la retención de los docentes en zonas rurales de Burkina Faso. Proponemos un análisis de las trayectorias profesionales durante los primeros ocho años de ejercicio de una cohorte de 100 docentes contratados en una región mayoritariamente rural. Nuestros resultados muestran que la política de desregionalización es eficaz, a corto plazo, para atraer docentes a las zonas rurales, pero que su retención en las zonas rurales más difíciles es un desafío para el largo plazo.

Purpose: Family may play an important role in Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) recovery; however, little is known about the effect of family functioning on an individual’s health. The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of family cohesion (family functioning) on the trajectory of HSCT recipients’ symptom distress (symptom frequency and symptom bother) before, during, and after HSCT. Methods: Secondary analysis was conducted using data collected from178 individuals who underwent HSCT. Longitudinal parallel-process (LPP) modeling was used to examine how family cohesion and HSCT associated symptoms (symptom frequency and symptom bother) change over time; and how these longitudinal changes relate to each other. Results: The trajectory of family cohesion predicted the trajectories of HSCT associated symptom frequency and bother. HSCT recipients who experienced higher family cohesion at baseline (T1) showed lower symptom frequency (pConclusion: Findings indicate that higher family cohesion predicts decrease in symptom distress over the HSCT trajectory. Interventions aimed at enhancing family cohesion have the potential to lower HSCT recipients’ symptom distress. Further research is needed to understand the critical role of family cohesion and family functioning and their relationship with HSCT symptom distress prevention, early detection, and risk stratification.

The Internet of Things (IoT) has recently been applied in the domain of cultural exhibition enabling the cultural sites to provide more personal and proactive experiences to their visitors. To come up with valuable services, several solutions to analyze the spatio-temporal trajectories of visitors have been put forward. However, they neither consider the inherent uncertainty of the underlying indoor positioning technologies – Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE), RFID, etc. – nor other visitors’ features apart from the spatio-temporal ones (e.g. the level of interaction with the museum displays). For that reason, the present work introduces RECITE, a framework to classify trajectories representing visitors’ actions that copes with the aforementioned limitations of existing solutions. Firstly, RECITE states a novel mapping process for a BLE-based indoor positioning system to accurately detect the visitors’ locations. On top of this mechanism, RECITE includes an ensemble of fuzzy rule classifiers able to tag the visitors’ ongoing trajectories in real time considering both spatio-temporal and other behavioural factors. Finally, the framework has been evaluated in a case of use scenario showing quite promising results.

Exploring typical and atypical brain developmental trajectories is very important for understanding the normal pace of brain development and the mechanisms by which mental disorders deviate from normal development. A precise and sex‐specific brain age prediction model is desirable for investigating the systematic deviation and individual heterogeneity of disorders associated with atypical brain development, such as autism spectrum disorders. In this study, we used partial least squares regression and the stacking algorithm to establish a sex‐specific brain age prediction model based on T1‐weighted structural magnetic resonance imaging and resting‐state functional magnetic resonance imaging. The model showed good generalization and high robustness on four independent datasets with different ethnic information and age ranges. A predictor weights analysis showed the differences and similarities in changes in structure and function during brain development. At the group level, the brain age gap estimation for autistic patients was significantly smaller than that for healthy controls in both the ABIDE dataset and the healthy brain network dataset, which suggested that autistic patients as a whole exhibited the characteristics of delayed development. However, within the ABIDE dataset, the premature development group had significantly higher Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule (ADOS) scores than those of the delayed development group, implying that individuals with premature development had greater severity. Using these findings, we built an accurate typical brain development trajectory and developed a method of atypical trajectory analysis that considers sex differences and individual heterogeneity. This strategy may provide valuable clues for understanding the relationship between brain development and mental disorders., We established a sex‐specific brain age prediction model based on T1‐weighted structural magnetic resonance imaging and resting‐state functional magnetic resonance imaging and This model showed good generalization and high robustness on four independent datasets with different ethnic information and age ranges. A predictor weights analysis showed the differences and similarities in changes in structure and function during brain development. Within the ABIDE dataset, the premature development group had significantly higher Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule (ADOS) scores than those of the delayed development group, implying that individuals with premature development had greater severity.

Objectives We investigated the association between maternal depression trajectories from pregnancy until 2 years postpartum, and problematic internet use in children at nine years of age. Methods A total of 1132 mother-child pairs from the Panel Korea Study for Children were used. Maternal depression was assessed repeatedly using the Kessler scale (K-scale) (during pregnancy, and at 6, 12, and 24 months of age). Problematic internet use was assessed in children 9 years old using the K-scale. The children's behavioral problems were assessed using the Child Behavior Checklist at nine years old. Latent profile analysis was used to identify the group trajectories of maternal depression. We compared the severity of problematic internet use of the children according to the maternal depression trajectories. We also identified behavioral problems in children with problematic internet use in each maternal depression trajectory. Results Trajectory analysis identified three group trajectories of maternal depression: no symptoms (n = 478), mild symptoms (n = 534), and moderate symptoms (n = 120). The mild and moderate maternal depression trajectory groups were more associated with high-risk internet use in 9-year-old children compared to the non-depressed group. In children with high-risk internet use, more severe behavioral problems were reported when their mothers had depression. Conclusion Maternal depression up to two years after childbirth affected problematic internet use in middle childhood.

This work describes the early stage of an interactive and accelerated AI-driven framework for Practical Driving Courses and Driving Licence Exams. The core of the project is an innovative multi-parameter AI-assisted telemetry system able to compute test scores and outcome, useful for human-neutral auditability of Driving Licence Exams. The distributed Artificial Intelligence (AI) system available at the Track Testbed will be able to perform driving behaviour classifications and will suggest specific improvements based on the analysis of vehicle trajectories acquired during the driving test. Finally, the project will target the creation of a large dataset for driving test classification of key performance parameters. The system is envisioned to have a relevant impact on all the certification, driving licence operators and regulator entities.

Introduction Most studies modeling adolescent cigarette smoking trajectories use age as the time axis, possibly obscuring depiction of the natural course of cigarette smoking. We used a simulated example and real data to contrast smoking trajectories obtained from models that used time since smoking onset or calendar time (age) as the time axis. Methods Data were drawn from a longitudinal investigation of 1293 grade 7 students (mean age 12.8 years) recruited from 10 high schools in Montreal, Canada in 1999–2000, who were followed into young adulthood. Cigarette consumption was measured every 3 months during high school, and again at mean ages 20.4 and 24.0. Analyses using time since onset of smoking as the time metric was restricted to 307 incident smokers; analysis using calendar time included 645 prevalent and incident smokers. Smoking status and nicotine dependence (ND) were assessed at mean ages 20.4 and 24.0. Simulated data mimicked the real study during high school. Results Use of different time metrics resulted in different numbers and shapes of trajectories in the simulated and real datasets. Participants in the calendar time analyses reported more ND in young adulthood, reflecting inclusion of 388 prevalent smokers who had smoked for longer durations. Conclusions Choosing the right time metric for trajectory analysis should be balanced against research intent. Trajectory analyses using the time since onset metric depict the natural course of smoking in incident smokers. Those using calendar time offer a snapshot of smoking across ages during a given time period. Implications This study uses simulated and real data to show that trajectory analyses of cigarette smoking that use calendar time (e.g., age) versus time since onset as the time axis metric tell a different story. Trajectory analyses using the time since onset metric depict the natural course of smoking in incident smokers. Those using calendar time offer a snapshot of smoking across ages during a given time period. Choosing the right time metric should be balanced against research intent.

OBJECTIVE To visualize the postoperative clinical course using the comprehensive complication index (CCI) and to propose an early alarming sign for subsequent serious outcomes in perihilar cholangiocarcinoma. BACKGROUND Surgery for this disease carries a high risk of morbidity and mortality. The developmental course of the overall morbidity burden and its clinical utility are unknown. METHODS Patients who underwent major hepatectomy for perihilar cholangiocarcinoma between 2010 and 2019 were reviewed retrospectively. All postoperative complications were evaluated according to the Clavien-Dindo classification (CDC), and the CCI was calculated on a daily basis until postoperative day 14 to construct an accumulating graph as a trajectory. Group-based trajectory modeling was conducted to categorize the trajectory into clinically distinct patterns and the predictive power of early CCI for a subsequent serious course was assessed. RESULTS A total of 4230 complications occurred in the 484 study patients (CDC grade I, n=27; II, n=132; IIIa, n=290; IIIb, n=4; IVa, n=21; IVb, n=1; and V, n=9). The trajectory was categorized into 3 patterns: mild (n=209), moderate (n=235), and severe (n=40) morbidity courses. The 90-day mortality rate significantly differed among the courses: 0%, 0.9%, and 17.5%, respectively (P

Objectives: The objective of this study was to determine the trajectory and duration of oil slick touching or reaching the shore of kribi-Cameroon in case of an oil spill in the coast of Guinea. With the trajectory analysis known, better contingency planning can be done to protect sensitive areas and the beach activating oil spill response. Methodology: systematic review past articles on oil spill trajectory analysis from peer was done. This article shows how the surface currents, waves and wind direction affects oil slick movement. The used of GNOME for oil slick modelling as well as the ADIOS for better analysis including the oil dispersed with the estimated budget to clean up the spill provides a better tool for spill trajectory analysis. Findings: There are two factors that affects the accuracy of oil slick trajectory analysis. The inability to obtain or measure wind and current speeds at the time of the spill and the rotation of the earth thus deflecting the spill either to the northern or southern hemisphere. Recommendations: Crude oil does not degrade easily and can remain in the environment for decades. Oil production companies needs to put in place a rapid clean up response group with frequent drill exercise. This can help to contain the spilled oil in a timely manner to avoid spreading and further contamination of the sea and other sensitive area. Focus should be on their operating equipment, processes put in place for maintenance strategies and trained qualified personnel to operate their facility.

It is essential to study the behaviour of soot particles in the engine cylinder, including movement and physical properties during engine operation, for further analysis of performance characteristics and engine emissions. This research aims to determine the size distribution of soot particles near the cylinder wall, leading to soot in lubricating oil. The research was carried out numerically using in-house MATLAB routines to post-process CFD simulation results. In this analysis, the soot particle size was calculated using the Hiroyasu soot formation, Nagle & Strickland-Constable oxidation, and Wersborg soot coagulation models. In addition, the simulation time and computing effort were minimized by using a post-processed soot particle size estimate. According to the findings, soot particles smaller than 50 nm were found in the squish area, especially near the cylinder wall. The average value of the final location of the particles tracked from all zones in the trajectory analysis varies between 0.4 and 3.1% of the magnitude closer to the cylinder wall relative to the particles tracked without the thermophoresis factor.

In several epidemic diseases, one of the main symptoms exhibited by people is abnormal body temperature. Therefore, monitoring body temperature is crucial for preventing the spread of infectious diseases and facilitating timely responses. This study presents a wearable bracelet that can be used as a temperature monitoring and trajectory analysis system. The temperature sensor in the bracelet can effectively monitor the body temperature of the wearer in the target scene, and the data transmission between the bracelet and the data collector can effectively detect the movement range and trajectory of the wearer. Through these, the whole set can also detect the direct and indirect contact of the wearer in any period of time, which is very helpful for the prevention and control of infectious diseases and the isolation of potentially infected persons.

The aim of this study was to evaluate possible sources, toxicity and human health risk via inhalation of particulate matter (PM10) bound polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). During November 2013–January 2014, 54 PM10 samples were collected from a tropical city of north-west India and analysed for sixteen priority PAHs (∑16PAHs). The concentration of ∑16PAHs ranged between 18 and 164 ng m−3 with an average of 96 ± 48 ng m−3. The concentration of seven carcinogenic PAHs (C-PAHs) accounted for 22.68% of ∑16PAHs. The carcinogenic potency of 16 PAHs as benzo(a)pyrene equivalent (BaPeq) ranged between 2.49 and 11.37 ng m−3. Composition profile and results of source apportionment indices suggested mixed pyrogenic sources. Back trajectory analysis revealed that the level of PAHs in ambient air (PM10) at Amritsar might have been influenced by long-range atmospheric transport and various local emission sources. The BaPeq-based PAH concentrations are used to estimate daily exposure level through inhalation pathways. The estimated inhalation cancer risk (CR) for human adults (8.5 × 10–9–6.5 × 10–6) and children (1.6 × 10–8–1.2 × 10–5) was within the stipulated acceptable limit. However, due to limitations in the exposure through inhalation, and lack of data on exposure through diet, total daily intake of PAHs and CR could not be estimated.

The study was conducted in the landscapes of south-eastern Ukraine during the nesting seasons 1988–2018. Within the landscape system associated with the Molochny Estuary, the ten most important ecosystem types were investigated, including the following: agricultural land, vegetated strips, meadows, islands and spits, reedbeds, urban areas, salt marshes, steppe, cliffs, artificial forests. Bird species responded to temperature and precipitation gradients. The patterns of responses were presented using Huisman, Olff and Fresco expanded by the Jansen-Oksanen hierarchical models. The nature of species response in the gradient of temperature or precipitation conditions depends on the type of particular ecosystem and is not uniform for all populations inhabiting the different landscape types. The bird communities were revealed to demonstrate an abrupt dynamic over time. The continuous changes in community structure initiated by the external environmental factors are combined with modifications of internal biotic interactions, which may lead to abrupt reorganization of the community.

Genetic background has been considered one of the important contributors to the rate of cognitive decline among patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD). We conducted a 4-year longitudinal follow-up study, recruited 255 AD and 44 mild cognitive impairment (MCI) patients, and used a data-driven trajectory analysis to examine the influence of selected AD risk genes on the age for and the rate of cognitive decline in Han Chinese population. Genotyping of selected single-nucleotide polymorphisms in the APOE, ABCA7, SORL1, BIN1, GAB2, and CD33 genes was conducted, and a Bayesian hierarchical model was fitted to analyze the trajectories of cognitive decline among different genotypes. After adjusting for sex and education years, the APOE e4 allele was associated with an earlier mean change of -2.39 years in the age at midpoint of cognitive decline, the G allele in ABCA7 rs3764650 was associated with an earlier mean change of -1.75 years, and the T allele in SORL1 rs3737529 was associated with a later mean change of 2.6 years. Additionally, the rate of cognitive decline was associated with the APOE e4 allele and SORL1 rs3737529. In summary, APOE and SORL1 might be the most important genetic factors related to cognitive decline in Han Chinese population.

This study estimates the potential source regions contributing to PM2.5 in the capital city of Thimphu, Bhutan, during the years 2018–2020 using the ground-based data, followed by the HYSPLIT back trajectory analysis. The average PM2.5 concentration in the entire study period was 32.47 µg/m3 which is three times of the World Health Organization recommended limit of 10 µg/m3. Less than half of the days in pre-monsoon (43.47%) and post-monsoon (46.41%), and no days in winter were within the 24-h average WHO guideline of 25 μg/m3. During the COVID-19 lockdown imposed from August 11 to September 21 in Bhutan, only a marginal reduction of 4% in the PM2.5 concentrations was observed, indicating that nonlocal emissions dominate the PM2.5 concentrations in Thimphu, Bhutan. Most back trajectories in the analysis period were allocated to south or south-west sector. India was the major contributor (~ 44%), followed by Bangladesh (~ 19%), Bhutan itself (~ 19%) and China (~ 16%). This study confirms that there are significant contributions from transboundary sources to PM2.5 concentrations in Thimphu, Bhutan, and the elevated PM2.5 concentrations need to be tackled with appropriate action plans and interventions.

The article deals with the issues of risk management of information projects. We propose not a deductive approach traditionally used in risk analysis, based on knowledge of the main provisions and their concretization in a real situation, but an inductive approach that requires data accumula- tion and the construction of training data sets as a result of a retrospective analysis of the progress and implementation of individual projects. It is proposed to use methods of trajectory analysis of sequences of events, each of which characterizes the state of risk of project implementation. To test this approach, random sequences of risk events are generated and data analysis methods are applied to these sequences.

This paper introduces a novel, temporally sensitive analytical method for qualitative researchers. This approach is simultaneously timely and necessary given increasing recognition of the fundament...

Mitochondria-selective fluorescent probes such as MitoTracker are often used for mitochondria imaging in various plants. Although some of the probes are reported to induce mitochondria dysfunction in animal cells, the effect on plant cells remains to be determined. In the present study, we applied quantitative methods to analyze mitochondrial movement, speed frequency, and speed-angle changes, based on trajectory analysis of mitochondria in mesophyll protoplast cells of Arabidopsis thaliana expressing the mitochondria-localized fluorescent protein. Using the quantitative method, we assessed whether MitoTracker Red (FM and CMXRos) induce mitochondria dysfunction in A. thaliana. Although both the fluorescent probes well-stained mitochondria, the CMXRos probe, not the FM probe, gave a severe effect on mitochondrial movement at the low concentration (10 nM), indicating a MitoTracker-induced mitochondria dysfunction in A. thaliana. These results revealed that our quantitative method based on mitochondrial movement can be used to determine the appropriate concentrations of mitochondria-selective fluorescent probes in plants.

Introduction Management of chronic kidney disease (CKD) entails high medical complexity and often results in high hospitalization burden. There are limited data on the associations of longitudinal hospital utilization patterns with adverse clinical outcomes in individuals with CKD. Methods We derived cumulative all-cause hospitalization trajectory groups using latent class trajectory analysis in 3012 participants of the Chronic Renal Insufficiency Cohort (CRIC) Study who were alive and did not reach end-stage kidney disease (ESKD) within 4 years of study entry. Cox proportional hazards models tested the associations between hospitalization trajectory groups and risks of ESKD and death prior to the onset of ESKD (ESKD-censored death). Results Within 4 years of study entry, there were 5658 hospitalizations among 3012 participants. We identified 3 distinct subgroups of individuals with CKD based on cumulative all-cause hospitalization trajectories over 4 years: low-utilizer (n = 1066), intermediate-utilizer (n = 1802), and high-utilizer (n = 144). High-utilizers represented a patient population of lower socioeconomic status who had a greater prevalence of comorbid conditions and lower kidney function compared with intermediate- and low-utilizers. After the 4-year ascertainment period to form the trajectory subgroups, there were 544 ESKD events and 437 ESKD-censored deaths during a median follow-up time of 5.1 years. Compared with low-utilizers, intermediate-utilizers and high-utilizers were at 1.49-fold (95% confidence interval [CI] 1.22–1.84) and 1.75-fold (95% CI 1.20–2.56) higher risk of ESKD in adjusted analyses, respectively. Compared with low-utilizers, intermediate-utilizers and high-utilizers were at 1.48-fold (95% CI 1.17–1.87) and 2.58-fold (95% CI 1.74–3.83) higher risk of ESKD-censored death in adjusted analyses, respectively. Conclusions Trajectories of cumulative all-cause hospitalization identify subgroups of individuals with CKD who are at high risk of ESKD and death., Graphical abstract

Evidence was limited on trajectory of body mass index (BMI) through adulthood and its association with hypertension. We aimed to evaluate their association by sex in large-scale study. Data were obtained from the China Health and Nutrition Survey (CHNS) from 1991 to 2015. Latent class trajectory analysis (LCTA) was used to capture BMI change trajectories. Hazard risks (HRs) were estimated from Cox proportion hazard regression. Among 14,262 participants (mean age, 38.8; 47.8% men), 5138 hypertension occurred (2687 men and 2451 women) occurred during a mean follow-up 9.6 years. Four body mass trajectory groups were identified as BMI loss, stable, moderate and substantial gain. Appropriately half of participants (48.0%) followed 1 of the 2 BMI gain trajectories, where BMI increased at least 3 kg/m2 overtime. Compared with participants with stable BMI, those gaining BMI substantially had higher risk of hypertension by 65% (HR 1.65, 95% CI 1.45–1.86) in male and 83% (HR 1.83, 95% CI 1.58–2.12) in female. The HRs in BMI loss patterns were 0.74 (0.62–0.89) in men and 0.87 (0.75–1.00) in women. Our findings imply that majority of Chinese adults transited up to a higher BMI level during follow-up. Avoiding excessive weight gain and maintaining stable weight might be important for hypertension prevention.

Background: Subgroups of individuals sharing similar patterns of postpartum depression (PPD) among Chinese women are unknown thus far. Using a group-based trajectory model, this study aimed to explore the subgroups of Chinese primiparous women that share similar patterns of PPD and to explore the predictors of PPD trajectory membership over the course of the first six months postpartum. Methods: In total, 674 first-time Chinese mothers were recruited, and their depression status was assessed using the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) at four time points. Findings: Around 18.0% of participants belonging to Group 1 labeled as “few or no symptoms” remained stable, with an EPDS score of less than 5 during a six-month postpartum period. Almost one-third of subjects fell within the second trajectory, labeled “subclinical but present symptoms”, and peaked into the range of mild PPD but mostly stayed in the minimal range and had few or no PPD symptoms. Group 3 included 31.2% of women labeled “minor PPD status”, and their mean EPDS scores increased to a peak of 14.66 at six weeks postpartum. Group 4, with “major PPD status”, comprised 19.2% of the population, and the mean EPDS scores dramatically increased, reaching a peak of 19.59 at 12 weeks postpartum. Fewer types of support and not attending parenting training were associated with membership in the minor and major PPD status trajectories. Conclusions: Almost half of the Chinese new mothers in the study were found to fall into the two groups with minor or major PPD status trajectories, who should be given more attention and awareness from health professionals and researchers. Understanding predictors of group membership could help health providers to identify folks to prioritize getting connected to care as well as forming targeted interventions. Less degree of received support and not attending parenting training were identified to predict PPD trajectory membership. The regular, routine screening of PPD should be conducted at least 12 weeks postpartum, especially for new mothers in the major PPD status trajectory.

The extent to which long-term individual-oriented flexibility in working hours is associated with working beyond retirement age is not known. The aims of the present study were to identify trajectories of worktime control (WTC) and to examine whether the membership of WTC trajectories was associated with working beyond individual’s pensionable age. A total of 1,953 older employees participated in the study and had data up to 16 years before pensionable age. Group-based latent trajectory modeling was used to identify WTC trajectories and Cox proportional hazard regression models were used to examine the associations of WTC trajectories with duration of employment. Seven trajectories described WTC: “Stable very low” (7%), “Stable low” (21%), “Declined” (12%), “Stable mid-low” (28%), “Improved” (10%), “Stable high” (16%), and “Stable very high” (5%). When compared with the lowest WTC trajectory groups, trajectories of “Stable high/very high” (hazard ratio [HR] 1.34, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.17–1.54) and “Improved” WTC (HR 1.49, 95% CI 1.25–1.78) were associated with longer duration of employment. Although the memberships of the “Stable high/very high” and “Improved” WTC trajectories correlated with gender, marital status, occupational position, and self-rated health, the association between WTC and duration of employment was not fully confounded or mediated by these factors. These findings support the hypothesis that having improved or constantly high control over working times from midlife to retirement age may prolong working lives at retirement age.

This study aimed to investigate trajectories of night shift work in irregular shift work across a 12-year follow-up among hospital employees with and without sickness absence (SA). The payroll-based register data of one hospital district in Finland included objective working hours and SA from 2008 to 2019. The number of night shifts per year was used in group-based trajectory modeling (GBTM). The results indicate that, among those who had any sickness absence episodes, the amount of night work decreased prior to the first SA. In general, trajectories of night shift work varied from stably high to low-but-increasing trajectories in terms of the number of shifts. However, a group with decreasing pattern of night work was identified only among those with sickness absence episodes but not among those without such episodes. To conclude, the identified trajectories of night work with or without sickness absences may indicate that, among those with sickness absence episodes, night work was reduced due to increasing health problems. Hence, the hospital employees working night shifts are likely a selected population because the employees who work at night are supposed to be healthier than those not opting for night work.

Over the 21st century, the commercial interest in reusable launch technology has grown tremendously. Reusable Launch Vehicles (RLVs) reduce launch cost through recovery and reuse of parts of the launcher. The currently operational RLVs mostly land vertically using the engines from first stage to slow down. This method requires significant amount of fuel for deceleration and landing, thereby adding to the inert mass and causing a penalty on payload capacity. An innovative approach, called In-Air-Capturing (IAC), which eliminates these disadvantages has been patented by DLR [1]. The idea involves the winged stage being caught mid-air and towed back to the launch site without the need of additional propulsion system [2]. The operational cycle of IAC starts with the launcher lifting off vertically and ascending until Main Engine Cut-Off (MECO). At MECO, the winged first stage separates from the launch vehicle and re-enters the atmosphere in a ballistic trajectory, in the course of which it decelerates from supersonic velocity to a subsonic glide. Meanwhile, a capturing aircraft is waiting at the downrange rendezvous area, loitering until the RLV arrives. Between 8 km to 2 km altitude, the final IAC manoeuvre is performed [3]. First, the aircraft approaches the RLV such that both vehicles have similar velocities and flight path angles, separated by a safe distance [4]. Once a parallel formation is achieved, an Aerodynamically Controlled Capturing Device (ACCD) is released from the aircraft. This device autonomously navigates to the RLV and connects the two aircraft with a rope [5]. Next, the pull-up manoeuvre is performed. Here the mated configuration, pulls up from a descending flight to cruise at an optimal altitude. Finally, the RLV is towed back to launch site, where it is released to land horizontally on an airstrip. The focus of this study is to get a comprehensive understanding of the third phase of IAC, called the Pull-Up Manoeuvre. In this manoeuvre, the thrust from the aircraft should be able to counteract the drag from the RLV, thereby facilitating the mated configuration to gain altitude and eventually achieve cruise flight. Trajectory simulations are performed considering full-scale test cases. The towing aircraft is selected to be the four-engine commercial jetliner, Airbus A340-600 [3]. For the RLV, a 3-Stage-To-Orbit (3STO) launch vehicle with a folding wing (dubbed RLVC4) is proposed in [6]. For the current study, the two vehicles are assumed to be connected via a rigid link (rope) of fixed length. To get a more realistic definition, the aerodynamic datasets are generated using Reynolds-averaged NavierStokes (RANs) calculations. Additionally, the propulsion system is modelled with turbofan performance in consideration. The analysis also involves identification of an optimal guidance trajectory and control strategy for Pull-Up Manoeuvre. Some significant factors like thrust requirements, control surface limitations and environmental disturbances are also examined. The research is performed under the H2020 project - Formation flight for in-Air Launcher 1st stage Capturing demonstration (FALCon), aimed at the development and testing of the IAC technology.

ith the rapid increasing availability of information and popularization of mobility devices, trajectories have become more complex in their form. Trajectory data is now high dimensional, and often associated with heterogeneous sources of semantic data, that are called Multiple Aspect Trajectories. The high dimensionality and heterogeneity of these data makes classification a very challenging task both in term of accuracy and in terms of efficiency. The present demo offers a tool, called AUTOMATISE, to support the user in the classification task of multiple aspect trajectories, specifically for extracting and visualizing the movelets, the parts of the trajectory that better discriminate a class. The AUTOMATISE integrates into a unique platform the fragmented approaches available in the literature for multiple aspects trajectories and, in general, for multidimensional sequence classification into a unique web-based and python library system. We illustrate the architecture and the use of the tool for offering both movelets visualization and a complete configuration of classification experimental settings.

BackgroundThis study aimed to identify the trajectories of work ability over 16 years preceding the individual pensionable age and to examine the association with retirement timing.MethodsThe study population consisted of 2612 public sector employees from the Finnish Retirement and Aging study and the Finnish Public Sector study. Participants were grouped into ‘no-extension’ (retired at the individual pensionable date or worked no longer than 6 months after that date) and ‘extension’ (worked more than 6 months after individual pensionable age). Trajectories of self-reported work ability score (0–10) in maximum of eight measurement points over 16 years preceding retirement were examined using the group-based latent trajectory analysis. Log-binomial regression was used to analyse the association between trajectory groups and extended employment.ResultsFour stable (‘Stable excellent’, 7%; ‘Stable high’, 62%; ‘Stable medium’, 24%; ‘Low’, 4%) and one decreasing (‘Declining’, 3%) work ability trajectories were identified. After taking into account gender, age, occupational status, marital status and self-rated health, ‘Stable excellent’ trajectory was associated with a higher likelihood of extended employment compared with the ‘Low’ (risk ratio (RR) 2.38, 95% CI 1.21 to 4.68) and to the ‘Declining’ (RR 2.82, 95% CI 1.32 to 6.01) trajectories. There was no difference in retirement timing between ‘Declining’, ‘Low’ and ‘Stable medium’ trajectories.ConclusionWork ability remained relatively stable among majority of the participants over 16 years of follow-up. Stable excellent work ability from mid-life to late career was associated with higher likelihood of extending employment beyond individual pensionable age than those with low or declining work ability.