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Background: The biodiversity of the Peruvian Amazon tropical forests is one of the most expressive in the world, with 2500 forest species, although restricted to about 250 tree species used commercially. This species diversity indicates the challenge magnitude for research in taxonomy and timber species identification. Likewise, it implies the complexity of biodiversity conservation and restoration measures, which are directly related to the control of deforestation, cutting and transport of illegal wood. With this objective, the present study describes the macroscopic wood anatomical features in order to identify 20 tree species from Peruvian Amazon Forest, “Selva Central”, including an identification key and tree species botanical validation. Results: The wood species are included in 12 families commonly found in the tropical forests of Peru, highlighting the Fabaceae (25%), Moraceae (15%), Podocarpaceae and Lauraceae (10%) families and are sold as timber for several uses and applications in the internal market and for export. The wood species presented common anatomical features, such as diffuse porosity, visible axial parenchyma mainly distinct, and, eventually, with ray storied, e. g: A. cearensis, M. balsamum and M. peruiferum. Conclusion: The tropical tree species identification is possible by analyzing their wood macroscopic anatomical structure. The results can be also applied in the wood trade traceability by controlling deforestation and illegal wood commerce and in proposing policies for biodiversity conservation and sustainable use of natural resources. They constitute, likewise, a database for the recent wood identification methodologies presented in the specialized literature.

Background: Knowledge of the anatomy and properties of wood help to understand the quality of wood and plan its ideal technological use, therefore, it is necessary to understand the variations in wood characteristics and properties. Here we evaluate the radial variation of wood density and fiber morphology of two commercial forest species in a tropical humid forest of the department of Madre de Dios in Peru: Jacaranda copaia and Hura crepitans collected in a management area. Results: Forestry collecting 10 usable trees by species. We provide general values of the densities and fibers of the two species studied. Conclusions: Regarding the variation of the radial density, J. copaia presented a density growth in the pith-bark direction, while for H. crepitans its variation was not significant, these variations are clearly explained by the morphology of its fibers.

The aim of the present study was to determine the physical properties of the Guazuma crinita wood by conventional methods, as well as to estimate these properties by near infrared spectroscopy (NIR) through the development of multivariate calibration models. The samples were obtained from five trees and from three levels longitudinally for 5 and 8 years of age randomly selected from a plantation in Puerto Inca, Department of Huánuco (Perú). Basic density, volumetric, tangential and radial contraction were determined by the conventional methods. Models were developed by regression of partial least squares (PLS) through mathematical transformations. For the validation of the models, a new group of samples -which did not participate in the development of the model were used. Statistical significance was found F 5años = 191,5; F 8 años =84,9) between the different heights in the stem. Basic density and volumetric contraction show values of (0,88 and 0,83) and RPDp (1,55 and 3,27) acceptable for prediction. Resumen: El objetivo del presente estudio fue determinar las propiedades físicas de la madera de Guazuma crinita por el método convencional, así como estimar estas propiedades por espectroscopia infrarroja cercana (NIR) a través del desarrollo de modelos de calibración multivariada. Las muestras fueron obtenidas de tres niveles del eje longitudinal en 5 árboles para 5 y 8 años de edad seleccionados al azar de una plantación en la zona de Puerto Inca, departamento de Huánuco (Perú). Se determinó la densidad básica, contracción total volumétrica, tangencial y radial por el método destructivo o convencional. Los modelos fueron desarrollados por regresión de mínimos cuadrados parciales (PLS) mediante transformaciones matemáticas. Para la validación de los modelos se empleó un grupo de muestras que no participo en el desarrollo del modelo. Se encontró diferencias estadísticas significativas (F 5años = 191,5; F 8años =84,9) entre las tres alturas en el fuste. Para densidad básica y contracción volumétrica se encontró valores de (0,88 y 0,83) y RPDp (1,55 y 3,27) aceptables para la predicción.

Made available in DSpace on 2022-04-28T19:40:25Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2021-01-01 Cunninghamia lanceolata has been indicated for cultivation on the highlands of southern Brazil, but in spite of its high potential it is not commercially cultivated. This study aimed to characterize the wood of C. lanceolata and evaluate the effects of meteorological variables on the 21-years of wood formation and, therefore, expand the understanding and commercial use possibilities of the species. Results indicate that apparent density was 0.364 g cm-3, similar on trees with smaller and bigger diameter. There were no substantial differences between the wood formed close to the pith (juvenile) band the one close to the bark (mature). Growth was significantly and positively affected by the minimum temperature in June previous to the beginning of the vegetative growth period, and by the air relative humidity of March, April and May. Aside from the negative effects of frosts on the growth during the whole period studied, the absence of 4-7 annual growth rings at tree's base indicates that frosts are probably the main limiting factor for plantation establishment of this species in the studied region. Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina - UFSC Universidade Federal do Acre - UFAC Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná - UTFPR Universidade Estadual Paulista Júlio de Mesquita Filho - UNESP Universidade de São Paulo - USP Universidade Estadual Paulista Júlio de Mesquita Filho - UNESP

0 trabalho teve coma objetivo discriminar 2 especies florestais tropicais, ocorrentes na Unidade de Manejo Florestal, do municipio de Paragominas, estado do Pará, Brasil, monitorada ha 25 anos pelo IMAZON. Foram selecionadas 41 e 46 arvores de Copaifera duckei Dwyer (copaiba) e de Cordia goeldiana Huber (freijó), respectivamente, e extraidas amostras do lenho do DAP, pelo metodo nao destrutivo. As amostras do lenho foram fixadas em suportes de madeira, sua seção transversal foi polida, acondicionadas (12% umidade, UR 65%, 20°C) e analisadas (1 cm de distancia, direção radial) no espectrômetro NIR MPA Bruker (módulo das sondas de fibra óptica 12800-4000 cm·1, resolução espectral 8 cm·1, dados médios de 32 leituras). Foram obtídos 2.161 espectros, tratados no software The Unscrambler® e simuladas as análises discriminantes com mínimos quadrados parciais (PLS-DA), compostas par 2 classes, (i) Copaifera duckei: valor esperado = 0, e (ii) Cordia goeldiana: valor esperado = 1, visando distinguir as 2 especies pela análise quimiométrica das suas madeiras. Os resultados mostraram uma clara separação, com base nos valores esperados, permitindo a discriminação das especies. A % do erro de classificação foi para a madeira de (i) copaiba [classe = 0, 0,6% [(validação cruzada), 0,8% (validação independente)] e (ii) freijó [classe =1, 0,7% (val. cruzada), 0,2% (val. independente)]. Concluise que a metodologia NIRS permite a discriminação de C. duckei e C. goeldiana, com base nas simulações PLS-DA, utilizando-se amostras nao destrutivas de madeira e, se constitui em eficiente ferramenta para a identificação de madeiras e controle da extração ilegal.

The study of wood chemistry to explain the response of trees to climate variation is efficient for retrospective analysis of changes induced in wood during the process of adaptation to seasonal variations. Hyperspectral imaging (HSI) in near infrared could be useful for prediction of several wood chemical components. The objective is understand how water constraints influence wood formation. Wood disks of E. grandis clone from six treatments (100% and 65% of rainfall crossed with potassium and sodium fertilizations) were sampled. HSI were obtained on transversal section of the disks using a line scan hyperspectral camera from 1000-2500 nm with a pixel size of 625 x 625 µm. For calibration, were selected 60 wood solid samples from an Eucalyptus collection, which were measured the total extractive values. HSI or these samples were acquired from transversal section with the same camera. We regressed the mean spectra for each sample with extractives values by Partial Least Square Regression. Due to the model, the total extractives for each pixel to produce an image for the wooden disks were predicted. Based on them, the total extractive distribution according to growth conditions were compared. revealing that trees under stress conditions show a higher heterogeneous chemical profile from the pith to bark. Eucalyptus demonstrates sensitive precipitation variations. with rapid growth and considerable increase in DBH during rainy seasons and the reverse in drought. Consequently, is possible to discriminate different patterns of chemical compound distribution according to the growth conditions.

In Brazil. most Eucalyptus plantations are located in regions experiencing periods of water shortage where fertilizers such as potassium (K) are intensively used to achieve high productivity. Recently. sodium(, a) has also been considered a potential nutrient. As well as tree growth, wood properties are also an important factor to consider in order to measure the impacts of silvicultural practices and water deficit on forest productivity, since they are determinants for quality and yield of pulp and paper. In a split-plot experimental design with 4-year-old Eucalyptus grandis trees, located in Sao Paulo State, Brazil, we evaluate the effects or K and Na supply compared with a control treatment under two water supply regimes (37% throughfall reduction versus no throughfall reduction) on stem volume, heartwood proportion. basic density, fiber, and vessel properties. K and Na fertilization increased stem volume 2. 7 and 1.9 fold. respectively, with a nonsignificant effect of 37% throughfall reduction. Na fertilization was more detrimental to wood properties that K fertilization, affecting heartwood proportion, basic density, and fiber wall thickness. K fertilization affected only heartwood proportion and basic density. The 37% throughfall reduction only affected wood basic density. increasing it. Effects of fertilization treatments did not change regardless changes in water supply.Despite the detrimental effects of fertilizers (stronger with Na supply) in wood properties there is a large beneficial effect on stem volume (stronger with K supply), even under a water availability reduction, that would be compensates the loss of wood quality for pulp and paper production.

Most near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) studies for wood density use multiple spectral acquisitions taken manually at several points from pith to bark. Recently the use of near-infrared hyperspectral imaging (NIR- HSI) has shown good performance in predictions of wood properties allowing build high spatial resolution predictive images. The combined use of NIR-HSI and X-ray microdensity imaging (X-ray MDI) could be more practical for evaluation of spatial variation of wood density. The aim was to develop a wood density calibration model for NIR-HSI (625 µm pixel size) from X-ray MDI (30 µm pixel size) and evaluate the spatial variation of wood density along stem cross-section in Eucalyptus grandis trees. Wood discs were collected from 18 trees of 6 years old, submitted to two different water availability, located in Sao Paulo. Brazil. The challenge here was to match the pixels of X-ray MDI to pixels of NIR-HSI (in 2 mm width radial region) to transfer accurate values of wood density to each, pixel of NIR-HSI. The R2 of the model was 0. 72, while the root mean squared error was and 4.8 x 10-2 g cm-3 for the validation group. The prediction model allows comparing their spatial distributions according to the growth conditions. Trees with higher water stress showed higher wood density. Treatments showed a similar spatial variation or wood density. increasing from pith to bark. In perspective, these data will allow evaluating the spatial distribution of wood density inter and intra-tree rings in relation to meteorological variability.

0 presente trabalho teve como objetivo obter modelos de predição da densidade básica da madeira de árvores de Eucalyptus grandis, plantadas em espaçamento de 3 x 2m, fertilizadas com K e Na, submetidas ao estresse hidrico. Foram selecionadas 54 e 48 árvores, com 5 e 6 anos, respectivamente, cortando seções transversais do lenho na base e DAP do seu tronco. Foram analisadas a seção transversal de 1.222 corpos de prova de madeira, no espectrômetro NIR MPA da Bruker, nos módulos (i) esfera de integração (12800-3600cm·1) e (ii) sonda de fibra óptica (12800-4000cm-l ), comn resolução espectral 8 cm·1, media de 32 leituras. Posteriormente, foi determinada a densidade básica dos corpos de prova pelo método do máximo teor de umidade. Os dados foram tratados no software The Unscrambler®, sendo simuladas regressões com minimos quadrados parciais (PLS), baseadas nas informaões espectrais e na densidade básica, considerando 6 pré-tratamentos aplicados aos dados espectrais de validav cruzada e independente. Dos 36 modelos, os que apresentam os pârametros mais adequados segundo a literatura foram (i) esfera de integração: pré-tratamento Derivative 1 ;R'cv:0,69;RMSECV: 0,021 g.cm-3, LV: 9; R'p: 0,68; RMSEP: 0,022 g.cm-3, RPD: 1,76; (ii) fibra óptica: sem pré-tratamento;R'cv:0,65;RMSECV: 0,022 g.cm-3, LV: 5; R'p: 0,61; RMSEP: 0,024 g.cm-3, RPD: 1,62. Demonstrou-se, desta forma, que as regressões PLS que correlacionam as informações espectrais e a densidade básica da madeira de E. grandis, apresentam estatisticas satisfatórias, com coeficientes de correlação medios, baixos valores de erro padrão da predição, e RPD próximos a 2.

Breeding programs in Africa are generally based on growth criteria and rarely on wood chemical properties. Indeed, chemical analysis are often expensive, time-consuming and require several replicates. Then, using NIRS to predict these properties is a relevant solution. The research question focuses on the possibility of using multispecies models to predict properties of different species. This study considers 7 chemical properties (extractives, Klason lignin, acidosoluble lignin ASL, SG ratio, holocellulose, alphacellulose, hemicelluloses) based on 367 samples from 4 countries, belonging to 5 eucalypt species with hybrids (E. robusta, camaldulensis, urophylla, uropellita, urograndis). Established models were validated by cross- and test-set validation. Results shows that all R2CV are greater than 0.73, and all %RMSECV are less than 8.3% except for extractives and ASL. Prediction errors (%RMSEP) are always less than 9.5% except for these 2 properties, with respectively 23.6% and 18.1%. Prediction errors are always less than the double of the error of laboratory (%SEL). This study shows that multispecies NIRS models can be used to predict chemical properties, there is no significant difference between measurement error obtained with standardized method and %RMSEP. This method is particularly well-suited for a rapid wood phenotyping of multiple samples belonging to different species.

Potassium and water availability are limiting factors for tree growth. Their influence on anatomical and morphological traits is well known but their combined effects on tree growth remain uncertain. Eucalyptus grandis trees (Itatinga, SP states -Brazil) were analysed in a split-plot experimental design of one clone (ADD clone name) growing under different water regimes (37% rainfall exclusion and no rainfall exclusion) and fertilization treatments (increased potassium supply and control potassium supply). Eight trees per plot were sampled representing a total of 32 trees. Wood anatomy traits (vessel frequency, diameter and lumen area, theoretical hydraulic conductivity, ray frequency and fibre lumen/wall dimensions), morphological traits (tree height, DBH and slenderness) and wood mechanical properties (longitudinal elastic modulus and specific modulus) were studied in order to investigate how water availability and potassium fertilization influenced these traits. Fertilized trees were both taller and had wider diameters than non-fertilized trees. Vessel diameter and theoretical hydraulic conductivity were also notably higher in fertilized trees. By contrast rainfall exclusion had no significant effect on tree growth and measured traits. Mechanical properties were similar across treatments and showed relatively high values compared to values known previously for Eucalyptus. In addition to the effects of potassium, anatomical traits showed strong relationships with morphological traits of trees. But all expected wood anatomical traits modifications in response to rainfall exclusion, as vessel diameter decreased, were not observed. The results suggest that potassium has a markedly positive effect on tree growth promoting taller and larger trees and that trees, at least of this clone, have developed mechanisms that mitigate against limited water availability. Potassium supply seems to indirectly impacts anatomical traits. Indeed, results show that modification of anatomical traits is primary linked to tree height and DBH witch are driven here by K fertilization.

The study aimed to analyze the physical and mechanical properties of charcoal from eucalypt clones by principal component analysis and demonstrate the relationships between these properties, in order to assess which charcoal property should aimed in the process to obtain a higher quality product. In this way, was cut eight clones of Eucalyptus and two of Corymbia, collecting three trees per clone and five disk in different heights. The disks were transformed into test samples, totaling an average of 75 samples per clones, which were carbonized under specific conditions for analysis of apparent density, compressive strength parallel to grain and linear and volumetric degradation due to high temperature. It is noteworthy that the data were weighted by disk and per tree, to an average closer to reality. For correlations, was used multivariate analysis of principal components. Herein, it is found that the apparent density of charcoal acts as the focal point of the other properties studied, and observed that as the higher the density, higher will be the compressive strength parallel to grain, the elastic modulus and the gravimetric yield. RESUMO O estudo teve como objetivo analisar as propriedades físicas e mecânicas do carvão de clones de eucalipto por análise de componentes principais e demonstrar as correlações entre essas propriedades, a fim de avaliar qual propriedade de carvão deve ser almejada no processo para obter um produto de alta qualidade. Desta forma, foram cortados oito clones de Eucalyptus e dois de Corymbia, coletando três árvores por clone e cinco discos em diferentes alturas. Os discos foram transformados em amostras para ensaio, totalizando uma média de 75 amostras por clones, que foram carbonizados sob condições específicas para a análise da densidade aparente, compressão paralela às fibras e degradação linear e volumétrica devido à alta temperatura. Vale ressaltar que os dados foram ponderados pelo disco e por árvore, para a uma média mais próxima da realidade. Para as correlações, foi utilizada a análise multivariada de componentes principais. Nisto, verificou-se a ação da densidade aparente do carvão como o ponto focal das outras propriedades estudadas e observou-se que quanto maior a densidade, maior será a força de compressão paralela à grã, o módulo de elasticidade e o rendimento gravimétrico.

Dans le cadre de l'étude des impacts des changements climatiques sur le développement des espèces pérennes, nous étudions des arbres ayant été soumis à différentes contraintes hydrique et minérale par rapport aux conditions normales de sylviculture industrielle au Brésil. Cette étude porte sur des eucalyptus de 5 ans (15-20 m de hauteur) d'un dispositif expérimental de l'ESALQ-USP, Brésil dans lequel nous avons récolté des disques de bois sur 48 arbres abattus. Outre les aspects de croissance, de cycle de l'eau et des éléments minéraux, étudiés par ailleurs, nous abordons les conséquences de ces contraintes environnementales sur la formation du bois. Nous avons évalué sur ces disques la densité du bois ainsi que la taille des éléments anatomiques du bois, fibres et vaisseaux, les propriétés chimiques du bois (extraits totaux, lignine, cellulose) moyennes des disques pour chacun des arbres à partir des étalonnages SPIR. Afin de mieux comprendre les interactions formation du bois et climat sous contraintes environnementales, nous avons pour objectif de d'évaluer ces propriétés chimiques à travers leur distribution radiale et spatiale existante sur les disques de bois. L'objectif de notre étude est donc de pouvoir transférer nos étalonnages d'un appareil (Vector, Bruker, 12500-3800 cm-1) basé sur des poudres de bois (dont nous possédons encore un certain nombre d'échantillons de collections sous forme de poudre et sous forme solide), à un autre appareil (caméra HSI, SPECIM, 900-2500 nm) sur des images de disques de bois solide. Nous allons ici montrer les résultats de transfert d'étalonnage entre les deux appareils pour les poudres de bois seulement qui constitue la première étape de ce transfert. Le transfert est basé sur une la base d'étalonnage complète (500 échantillons) et sur centaine d'échantillons, dits standard, mesurés sur les deux appareils. Avec la base complète et les 2/3 des standards et en régression PLS, nous avons comparé différents modèles de transfert comme Updating, Repfile, Transfer by Orthogonal Projection (TOP) et Piecewise Direct Standardization (PDS). Ensuite, leur efficacité a été comparée en prédiction sur le 1/3 restant des standards. Les résultats préliminaires pour le taux d'extractibles montrent que (i) le modèle existant basé sur le Vector et testé sur les spectres standard de la caméra sans transfert d'étalonnage donne des prédictions avec de faibles performances (RMSEP = 2.24% MS) comparé au test sur les spectres standard Vector (RMSEP = 1.14% MS) ; (ii) les transferts d'étalonnage testés améliorent significativement la qualité de la prédiction des standards caméra (Updating : RMSEP = 1.32% MS, PDS : RMSEP = 1.28% MS) et sont prometteurs pour le modèle TOP qui doit encore être testé. Ces résultats encourageants nous permettent de poursuivre le processus de transfert à savoir d'utiliser la base complète d'étalonnage pour prédire les propriétés chimiques des disques de bois à partir des spectres de caméra. Nous avons d'ailleurs un exemple d'images obtenues à partir de prédictions issues de l'étalonnage en régression PLS développée sur la caméra avec 50 échantillons de bois solide dont nous avons les mesures de propriétés chimiques.

In the context of climate change, survival and productivity of eucalyptus plantations are affected by prolonged drought periods. We evaluated the effects of forest nutrition (with K and Na compared to control) and water availability, and their interactions, in a real prolonged drought scenario (occurred in 2014) on the growth of Eucalyptus grandis trees in Brazil. In a split-plot design installed in June 2010, we evaluated trees submitted to two water regimes (without rainfall exclusion and with 37% rainfall exclusion) and three fertilizer supplies (K, Na and control). The stem diameter increment was measured every 15 days with dendrometer bands and total height, every 6 months in the period from 40th to 61st month. Soil moisture was analyzed weekly and precipitation and temperature daily. The results indicated that nutrition with K showed a higher growth rate; with Na, trees had an intermediate growth rate between K and control treatments. With the artificial exclusion of 37% of throughfall there was a negative effect on the increment growth of K fertilized trees; but in the control and Na treatments the rainfall exclusion showed no significant effect until 58° month. Rainfall influenced significantly the increment growth of the trees, followed by the minimum temperature and soil moisture. K and Na showed interaction with precipitation according to seasons: during dry season, by reducing the growth of the tree trunks with Na and its stoppage with K, and during the rainy season, with increasing growth in diameter and height of the trunk for both K and Na, compared with the control. It is shown the importance of including K in basic fertilization for higher productivity of Eucalyptus forest plantations, however in regions that are more arid and with a greater risk of prolonged drought, potassium and sodium could increase the drought effect.

Fast growing Eucalypsus tree if emerging as one of the best source of lignocellulosic biomass worldwide. However, water and mineral nutrition availability, particularly potassium, decrease severely wood biomass production. In this context of climate change, plantations are facing more frequent drought events and potassium resources are limited. This highlights the necessity to develop more sustainable cultural practices based on a better understanding of plant response to water stress in interaction with mineral nutrition.

Forests in Madagascar are rich in wood species and exhibit a remarkable endemism rate. However, forest loss is a major environment al issue mainly driven by land conversion for agricultural purposes, the growing domestic demand in wood products and the illegal trade of precious wood for international markets. Forest sustainable management requires a better knowledge of forest and wood properties and uses as well as specific tools to deal with. Unfortunately, few studies have been done regarding properties of Madagascar timber species. Only 200 out of the 4000 existing species have been described to date in terms of their mechanical, durability and physical properties. Some wood species like Dalbergia sp. (48 species) cannot be identified from log observations. A quick and reliable method to estimate wood properties and tools to ensure traceability for legal timber control purpose are therefore essential to improve the management of Madagascar's forest resources. This paper introduces the SPIRMADBOIS project that aims to contribute to the sustainable forest management, plantations and natural forests alike, by providing tools based on NIR spectroscopy analysis. Specific objectives to use NIR spectroscopy are: to estimate wood properties of one plantation species ( Eucalyptus robusta ), to determine geographical provenances of Eucalyptus robusta from Madagascar using wood and/or leaves samples, to estimate wood properties of 60 natural forest species, to distinguish between rosewood and palissander (both belong to the Dalbergia genus) using wood samples. This paper will present on-going progress focused on NIR spectroscopy. By participating in the "Application of NIR spectroscopy in wood science and technology" workshop, we grasp opportunities to create an efficient network amongst NIR specialists, to exchange experiences and to discuss our preliminary results.

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This work evaluated the wood anatomical and physical characteristics of 24 months-old Eucalyptus grandis trees, planted in 3x2m spacing and fertilized with nitrogen ( 6, 12, 18 month old ) and sewage sludge (planting, 8 month old). For each treatment 10 eucalypts trees were cut according to the distribution of basal area. Wood samples were collected in different percentages of the total height to analyze the anatomical (vessels and fibers) and physical (wood density) characteristics. The results showed that the wood apparent density and wood basic density of the eucalypt trees in the nitrogen and sewage sludge were larger in comparison to the control. Radial profiles of wood apparent density were similar in the three treatments, presenting the exected characteristics of juvenile wood of 24 months-old eucalypt trees. Fiber and vessel dimensions were not affected by fertilization. Conduziu-se este trabalho, com o objetivo avaliar o efeito da aplicação de lodo de esgoto e de fertilizante mineral nas características anatômicas e físicas da madeira juvenil de árvores de Eucalyptus grandis, com 24 meses, plantadas no espaçamento 3 x 2m e fertilizadas com nitrogênio (plantio, 6, 12, e 18 meses) e lodo de esgoto (plantio e 8 meses). Para cada tratamento, foram cortadas 10 árvores de acordo com a distribuição da área basal dos tratamentos e coletadas amostras do lenho em diferentes porcentagens da sua altura total para as análises das características anatômicas (vasos e fibras) e físicas (densidade aparente e básica). Os resultados mostraram que a densidade aparente e básica média do lenho das árvores nos tratamentos com aplicação de adubo nitrogenado e lodo de esgoto foram maiores em relação à testemunha, com perfis radiais de densidade aparente similares nos três tratamentos e característicos de madeira juvenil de árvores de eucalipto de 24 meses. As dimensões das fibras e vasos não mostraram variação em resposta à fertilização.

https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84922232547&partnerID=40&md5=5d8df1d4b8ac23dc641702d585cfb57d The use of the X-ray technique and the X-ray densitometry to determine pellet particle distribution and to understand the biomass compaction and its effects in pellet properties has been limited. The present work evaluates the quality of pellets manufactured with several lignocellulosic materials by using X-ray photography for studying surface cracks and irregularities, and by using X-ray densitometry to evaluate density and its variation in longitudinal and transversal directions. Density values and their variation were correlated to the pellets' mechanical properties (mechanical durability and compression resistance). It was found that X-ray photography may be applied to evaluate the presence of cracks and irregularities in the pellets' surface; however, these are not indicators of pellet durability or compression resistance. Moreover, density evaluation by the X-ray densitometry technique allowed the determination of the pellets' mechanical resistance and durability. A negative correlation was observed between the force at break and the coefficient of variation of density. No correlation was found between the mechanical durability and the average density or its variation. According to the above results, X-ray technique can be utilized to study the pellet quality.

Pellets may be produced with different types of agriculture or forestry crops in Costa Rica. This work evaluated the energy, physical, and mechanical properties of pellets fabricated from 12 types of agricultural and forestry crops (Ananas cumosos, Arundo donax, Coffea arabica, Cupressus lusitanica, empty fruit bunch and oil palm mesocarp fiber of the fruit of Elaeis guineensis, Gynerium sagittatum, Pennisetum purpureum, Phyllostachys aurea, Saccharum officinarum, Sorghum bicolor, and Tectona grandis), and similarities among these crops were established by multivariate principal component analysis. High variation was found in the pellet properties. The energy evaluation revealed that C. lusitanica and P. aurea are the crops with the best qualities for fuel use because of their high calorific values (from 16807 kJ/kg and 19919 kJ/kg, respectively) and low ash content (1.03% and 3.39%, respectively). As for physical properties, most crops exhibited values within the range noted by several authors and standards. All 12 pellet crops displayed high durability (from 72.12% to 92.98%) and compression force (from 295.18 N to 691.86 N). Moreover, the evaluation of crop similarities allowed the determination of four group combinations. Within these groups, C. lusitanica, P. aurea, and G. sagittatum had similar energy qualities and the best caloric characteristics.

Le teck (Tectona grandis L.f) est cultivé depuis plus d'un siècle au Togo. Actuellement, les forêts plantées couvrent environ 50 000 ha et représentent la seule opportunité de production de bois d'oeuvre et de service pour le pays. Toutefois le marché local de bois d'oeuvre se heurte à d'énormes difficultés d'approvisionnement. La base génétique initiale n'ayant pas été enrichie, les plantations actuelles sont de très faible productivité. Une étude a donc été initiée dans le but d'améliorer le matériel végétal et de l'adapter aux systèmes de production actuels au Togo, voire de la sous région. Il s'agit de sélectionner les individus les plus performants au sein des peuplements actuels sur la base des caractères morphologiques et technologiques d'intérêt chez les tecks du Togo afin de produire des clones à mettre à la disposition des planteurs. Ainsi sur 11 des meilleures plantations du Togo, d'au moins 15 ans, 67 arbres plus candidats (APC) provenant de cinq sites (Avétonou, Tchorogo, Eto, Haho baloé et Asrama) ont été sélectionnées sur la base de leurs caractères phénotypiques. Sur ces arbres certaines propriétés technologiques d'intérêt telles que l'infradensité, la durabilité naturelle et le pourcentage du bois de coeur ont été déterminés. Les résultats indiquent des différences significatives de l'infradensité entre les sites (F67,4 3,33; P = 0,018). Les plus faibles valeurs sont obtenues à Eto (0,53 ± 0,03 g/cm3) et à Asrama (0,54 ± 0,05 g/cm3) et les plus fortes sont obtenues à Avétonou (0,58 ± 0,04 g/cm3 et à Tchorogo (0,56 ± 0,04 g/cm3). Le pourcentage du bois de coeur, il varie de 65,18 % à 93,72 % pour des arbres de 15 à 45 ans Une différence significative est notée entre les cinq sites (F67,4= 22,33 ; P< 0,0001). Les résultats montrent par ailleurs une corrélation significative entre l'infradensité et l'âge d'une part (P< 0,0001, R² = 0,30; y = 97,622 x –27,478) et d'autre part entre le pourcentage du bois de coeur et l'âge (P< 0,0001, R² = 0,40; y = 0,545 x + 68,121). Concernant la durabilité naturelle, il n'existe pas de différence significative entre les cinq sites (F67,4 = 0,460; P = 0,765). La combinaison des propriétés technologiques d'intérêt des 67 APC avec des caractères phénotypiques a dégagée 20 arbres plus (AP) comme étant les meilleurs au regard des caractères retenus. Ces AP serviront à mobiliser les clones qui seront propagés en masse et judicieusement plantés pour le plus grand profit de la filière du teck au Togo. (Texte intégral)

Coffee bean (Coffea arabica) processing generates high amount of residues that are sources of environmental pollution. Therefore, an appropriate solution is needed. The objective of this study was to determine the potential of coffee pulp to produce briquettes and pellets. The study included pulp drying (using air, solar and hot air methods); the production of briquettes and pellets; the evaluation of their energy, physical and mechanical properties; and the evaluation of pellet quality using X-ray densitometry. The results showed that the pulp presented an initial moisture content of 90%, resulting in drying times of 699, 308 and 55 hours for air, solar and hot air drying, respectively, and the calorific values of the pellets and briquettes were 12,501 kJ kg-1 and 11,591 kJ kg-1, respectively. The ash content was 8.68% for the briquettes and 6.74% for the pellets. The density of the briquettes was 1,110 kg m-3, compared with 1,300 kg m-3 for the pellets. The apparent densities were 1,000 kg m-3 and 600 kg m-3 for the briquettes and pellets, respectively, and the water absorptions by the briquettes were 7.90% and 8.10% by the pellets. The maximum horizontal compression effort was 26.86 kg cm-2, measured in the pellets, compared with 4.52 kg cm-2 in the briquettes. The maximum horizontal load was 93.24 kg, measured in the briquettes, compared with 33.50 kg in the pellets. The value of the pellet durability test was 75.54%. X-ray densitometry showed that the pellet was uniform and a few cracks were observed on the pellet surface. No processamento dos grãos de café (Coffea arabica) ocorre o problema de geração de grandes quantidades de resíduos não utilizados pela indústria, tornando-se uma fonte de poluição ambiental. Portanto, é necessária a busca de soluções para atender a este problema de geração de resíduos. O objetivo do trabalho foi determinar a possibilidade de utilização da polpa dos grãos de café processados para a fabricação de briquetes e pellets. A pesquisa compreendeu a secagem da polpa dos grãos de café (pelo meio do ar, solar e ar aquecido); a manufatura de briquetes e de pellets; a avaliação das suas propriedades como fonte de energia e propriedades físicas e mecânicas e a determinação da sua qualidade pela metodologia de densitometria de raios X. Os resultados mostraram que a umidade inicial da polpa de café foi de 90% e o tempo de secagem foi de 699, 308 e 55 horas no ar, secagem solar e por ar quente, respectivamente. O poder calórico foi de 12 501 kJ kg-1 e de 11 591 kJ kg-1 de pellets e de briquetes, respectivamente; o teor de cinzas foi de 8,68% e de 6,74% para os briquetes e os pellets, respectivamente. Em relação às propriedades físicas, a densidade dos briquetes foi de 1.110 kg m-3 e dos pellets de 1.300 kg m-3 a densidade aparente dos briquetes foi 1.000 kg m-3 e de 600 kg m-3 dos pellets e a absorção de água de 7,90% dos briquetes e 8,10% e dos pellets. Finalmente, o esforço de compressão horizontal máxima foi de 4,52 kg cm-2 para os briquetes e de 26,86 kg cm-2 para os pellets, a carga máxima horizontal foi 93,24 kg e de 33,50 kg para os briquetes e os pellets e de 75,54% para o teste de durabilidade dos pellets. A avaliação da qualidade dos pellets por densitometria de raios X mostrou que a sua homogeneidade, observando-se algumas fissuras ou fendas em sua superfície.

This study aimed to compare the results of the analysis of the wood density profile of pine trees using the methodologies of X-ray densitometry for direct reading, usually applied in laboratories, and digital X-ray images, which dispenses the radiographic film. In the present study the radial wood samples of 5 Pinus elliottii var elliottii x Pinus caribaea var. hondurensis trees 7 years-10 months were used. The radial wood density profiles obtained by applying the two radiographic methods were similar. However, the methodology of digital X-rays provides additional benefits and qualitative results, greater agility in processing the wood analysis, and is therefore recommended in research that requires the evaluation of the density of a significant number of wood samples of coniferous and hardwoods trees.

The aim of this study was to verify the applicability of near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) in assessing the quality of surface samples of wood floors under continuous surface treatment with sandpaper and varnishes. Wood samples of Myroxylon balsamum, Peru Balsam, were used due to their quality for making floors and other related applications. Ten samples of wood (wood flooring pattern dimensions (WxLxT) of 8, 50, 1.8 cm) underwent ten treatments combining sandpaper and varnish applications, since the original sample (untreated) to the final product. Using Bruker MPA with integrating sphere in the near-infrared range (NIR) from 800 to 2500 nm, ten spectra were obtained from the surface of each timber specimen. NIR spectra results were explored by Principal Component Analysis (PCA) as a descriptive analysis method. The NIR spectral data were used to develop classification models using partial least squares discrimination analysis (PLS-DA) regression method. The scheme defined by PC1 and PC2, explained 80% of PCA's variability. It showed different treatment groups regarding the original samples (without treatment), to the three initial and the final (final product) treatments. PLS-DA cross-validation indicated that NIR models are suitable for discrimination of the ten M. balsamum samples treatments, with an overall error of 5 %. Thus, it is concluded that the NIRS method has the potential to predict the surface treatment of wood M. balsamum in the floor making industrial process. For routine analysis it is necessary to develop NIRS classification models based on sampling expansion, including natural variations of wood and its surface treatments.

The use of digital image X-ray is one of the most advanced methods of non-destructive analysis and enabling reconstruction of anatomical structures and physical differences in shades of gray in wood and its products. The work applied to the analysis of X-ray images by digital X-ray equipment Faxitron Model LX-60 with an intensity of 30 kV for 19 seconds to evaluate the anatomy and densitometric profile of the leaf of Eucalyptus grandis, seed of Tectona grandis and wood of Pinus caribaea var. hondurensis. The analysis of digital images of macro and microscopic structure of the leaf, seed and wood by ImageJ software, allowed the construction of densitometric profiles. Highlight the advantages of analysis of digital image X-ray, compared to other methods of anatomical and physical analysis, the integrity of samples after analysis, density measurements in micron ranges, quick and easy to interpret.

Climate changes result in hydrological cycle alterations, with impacts on distribution and quantity of rainfall affecting forest plantations in the tropics and subtropics. Trees minimize water stress effects by leaf osmotic adjustments which are dependent on K ions. Eucalyptus plantations were established in tropical and subtropical soils especially poor in K. Fertilization by substitution of K by Na is a potential alternative way, at lower cost and greater availability, that is especially suitable for smallholder plantations. For these reasons, we studied respective K and Na fertilization effects on growth and basic wood density of Eucalyptus grandis plantations with different objectives (domestic energy, timber). Significant differences in volume of trunk and wood density were observed on 8-year-old E. grandis trees fertilized with Na vs. K and the control. Trees with Na fertilization showed a significantly higher volume with Na vs. the control and a lower volume vs. K. Wood density and radial variability were significantly lower compared to trees with K and the control. In this paper we discuss the advantages of Na fertilization both to minimize the drought stress effect due to global climate change and to optimize economically the wood production of smallholder plantations. (Texte intégral)

O conhecimento das variações das características da madeira produzida pelas árvores de eucalipto em função da idade e posição no tronco é fundamental para o seu uso adequado. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar a influência da idade e das posições longitudinal na densidade básica e radial nas características anatômicas do lenho das árvores de Eucalyptus grandis plantadas no espaçamento 3x2 m e fertilizadas com adubação comercial no plantio, 6º, 12° mês. Foram selecionadas, de acordo com a distribuição de área basal, quinze árvores de eucalipto com 24, 36 e 72 meses de idade, sendo 5 árvores/idade, e cortados discos do lenho a 1,30 m da altura do solo (DAP) para as determinações das dimensões das fibras (comprimento, espessura da parede, diâmetro do lume e largura total) e vasos (diâmetro tangencial, frequência e área ocupada) e em diferentes alturas fixas do tronco para a determinação da densidade básica. A densidade básica do lenho aumentou de 0,43 g.cm-3 para 0,46 g.cm-3 com o avanço da idade das árvores, apresentando um modelo de variação longitudinal, comum as três idades, caracterizado pelo decréscimo da base-3m (0,42-0,49 g.cm-3 0,40-0,46 g.cm-3) e posterior aumento até a extremidade (0,46 g.cm-3 0,54 g.cm-3) do tronco. As dimensões das fibras e dos vasos apresentaram variações tanto em relação à idade quanto no sentido medula-casca. O comportamento e as variações das características do lenho das árvores de eucalipto indicam que o meristema cambial está formando, até este período, o lenho denominado de juvenil. The knowledge of the variations in the wood characteristics produced by eucalyptus trees according to age and sampling positions is essential for its proper use. This study had as objective to evaluate the influence of the age, longitudinal and radial positions on basic density and anatomical characteristics in Eucalyptus grandis wood. The trees were planted in 3x2 m spacing and fertilized with commercial fertilizers in planting, 6th and 12th months. According to basal area distribution, fifteen trees were selected (24, 36 and 72 months of age) - five trees per age. Disks at DBH position (1.3 m) were taken for fiber determination (length, wall thickness, lumen diameter and width) and vessels (tangential diameter, frequency and area occupied) and in other different sampling positions for basic density determination. Wood basic density increased from 0.43 to 0.46 g.cm-3 as well as the trees age increases with a longitudinal variation model, characterized through a decrease in base-3m (0.42-0.49 0.40-0.46 g.cm-3) and an increase to the top of the trunk (0.46 0.54 g.cm-3) Fibers and vessels dimensions showed variations related to age and to pit-bark direction. Wood properties behavior and variations indicate that, until this period, the juvenile wood is being formed.

The Nirs technology is particularly well-suited to tree improvement programmes where huge numbers of samples must be analysed, but it can be used in any forestry application where the rapid measurement of wood property data is required or to screen unknown samples. Forest breeders include chemicals wood properties as selection criteria for new varieties, especially lignin, cellulose, hemicellulose. Efforts to develop multi-site, multiple-species, multiple age calibrations are rare. Because of the genotype x environment/ age interactions, we try to develop a very useful multispecies Nirs calibrations to predict chemical properties for varied eucalyptus in term of species, age, and site plantation. Global near infrared models to predict wood properties of Eucalyptus were developed using more than one hundred samples well representatives from 3,000 wood samples. These calibration set was selected on spectral data based on Mahalanobis distance. Samples were provided from different country and location (Congo, Senegal, Brazil), including different species and hybrids of Eucalyptus (E. urophylla, E. grandis, E. camaldulensis, E. urophylla x E. grandis, E. urophylla x E. pellita) from different age (from 5 to 30 years old). The global models tested by cross-validation, based on our own reference data, shown encouraged fits for extractives, lignin, cellulose, hemicelluloses. The models for lignin and extractives showed higher fits than cellulose and hemicellulose even if for these late, the model remained sufficient for prediction. The high variability of chemical properties due to the sampling, associated to the good repeatability of reference measurements, provided high values of model parameters. These results suggest that global calibration could be useful in tree breeding program and for different experiment trials from the fields, to rank genotypes for extractives, lignin, cellose, and hemicelluloses. Local models are more accurate usually and in order to get local models, we are improving our sampling in term of number and origin of wood. The main interest of this type of calibration is the possibility to screen samples for different species, different origins and the other interest is to select new samples to be included in calibration and validation sets.

The area of eucalyptus plantations in Brazil is 4,3 million ha, as a result of the fiscal incentives policies implanted in the 60's. That significant area concentrated mainly in the states of Minas Gerais, Sao Paulo and Bahia seeks to supply the demand of the Brazilian forest industries, with strong expansion to attend the national and international market. Actually, the possibility of a wood shortage in the next decade has been stimulating an inversion in the decreasing tendency in the annual reforestation rates. Also, investments have been applied to genetic improvement, nutrition, soil preparation and, recently, with the experimental practice of fertilization associated with the irrigation. For example, the Project Brazil Eucalyptus Potential Productivity, initiated in 2000, demonstrated that the eucalyptus clone plantation presents a mean productivity of 49 m³/ha/year applying the traditional technique, that includes the fertilization. Without the fertilization the wood productivity is reduced to 34 m³ ha-1 year. The introduction of the irrigation increase the wood productivity to 63 m³ ha-1 year and with the irrigation plus fertilization the productivity reaches 68 m³ ha-1 year, representing an increase of 38% in relation to the usual silvicultural practices. While the irrigation and fertilization treatments increase the eucalyptus trees growth rate considerably, the information on the effects on the wood properties are scarce. The knowledge of the wood property alterations due to the stimulus in the volumetric growth is essential to define the strategy for future research. According to the forest managers and wood technologists it is fundamental to consider the wood properties, even if the main objective is the increase of the wood volume of the eucalyptus trees on plantations. The lack of alterations in the wood characteristics, or even, the improvement of the quality for specific applications are considered desirable. This work has the aim to present the wood quality variation of the main eucalyptus tree species from fast-growing plantations established in Brazil.

The objective of this work was to evaluate Pinus aeda growth and based on X-ray methods of densitometry and bole analyses to develop mathematical models to estimate carbon amount accumulated on trees of different ages varying on DBH. Five P. taeda plantations were selected on sites of different soils, thinning intensity and growing rate. On each site dominant trees were selected and discs cuts from different heights were collected and submitted to X-ray densitometry for trunk analyses. Mathematical models were developed, to generated equations to compare by testing their statistical identity and equality and to validate by bootstrap methods. The results showed that P. taeda productivity was influenced by soil and silvicultural practices; X-ray densitometry and trunk analyses enhanced the development of mathematical models that estimated with high precision the carbon accumulation on P. taeda boles; site classes as well as trees of different DBH generated different mathematical models to estimate carbon accumulation. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o crescimento do Pinus taeda e, com base nas técnicas de densitometria de raios X e de análise de tronco, desenvolver modelos matemáticos para estimar a quantidade de carbono acumulada pelo lenho das árvores em função do DAP, em plantios de diferentes idades. Foram selecionados cinco plantios de Pinus taeda, plantados em sítios com diferentes tipos de solos, intensidade de desbaste e ritmos de crescimento. Em cada sítio foram selecionadas árvores do extrato dominante, que foram abatidas para coleta dos discos de madeira em diferentes alturas a serem submetidos a técnicas de densitometria de raios X e análise de tronco. Para a interpretação dos dados foram desenvolvidos modelos matemáticos, cujas equações foram comparadas pelo teste de identidade, igualdade estatística e validadas através da técnica de bootstrap. Os resultados obtidos mostraram que a produtividade do P. taeda é influenciada pelo solo e por práticas silviculturais; a densitometria de raios X e a análise de tronco permitem o desenvolvimento de modelos matemáticos que estimam com bastante precisão o acúmulo de carbono no lenho do Pinus taeda; classes de sítios assim como árvores de diferentes diâmetros geram diferentes modelos matemáticos para a estimativa do acúmulo de carbono.

Submitted by Morgana Andrade (morgana.andrade@ufes.br) on 2011-01-24T11:14:34Z No. of bitstreams: 2 18.pdf: 242323 bytes, checksum: 136439919e66a4d0c68b279f835fdb95 (MD5) license_rdf: 22876 bytes, checksum: 0a4e855daae7a181424315bc63e71991 (MD5) Approved for entry into archive by Patricia Barros(patricia.barros@ufes.br) on 2011-02-07T18:29:36Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 18.pdf: 242323 bytes, checksum: 136439919e66a4d0c68b279f835fdb95 (MD5) license_rdf: 22876 bytes, checksum: 0a4e855daae7a181424315bc63e71991 (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2011-02-07T18:29:36Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 18.pdf: 242323 bytes, checksum: 136439919e66a4d0c68b279f835fdb95 (MD5) license_rdf: 22876 bytes, checksum: 0a4e855daae7a181424315bc63e71991 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-09 As variações na retratibilidade no lenho das árvores são as principais causas dos defeitos de secagem, como o empenamento e fendilhamento das peças de madeira. Os tipos de madeira presentes em um tronco estão relacionados com as variações dessa importante propriedade física. Este trabalho teve como objetivo estudar a retratibilidade da madeira de sete espécies de eucaliptos. Os parâmetros de retratibilidade, bem como a sua variação na direção radial da medula em direção à periferia do tronco de sete espécies de eucaliptos, foram avaliados de acordo com a Norma brasileira. De modo geral, os resultados indicaram que as espécies de eucaliptos estudados possuíam madeira com elevada retratibilidade. À exceção das madeiras de Eucalyptus tereticornis e E. pilularis, as demais espécies estudadas apresentaram valores menores de retratibilidade na região próxima da medula. ABSTRACT The variation of the retratibility in lumber is the main cause of the occurrence of drying defects, especially those characterized by warped and split wood. The different wood types present in the stem are related to the variation of these important physical properties. This work aimed to study the retratibily of seven eucalypt species. The retratibility parameters such as the variation in the pith to bark direction in the peripheral of the trunk were studied according the Brazilian Standard for the seven eucalypts. In general the results showed that the species of eucalypts studied have a high retratibility. Except for Eucalyptus tereticornis and E. pilularis the others species studied showed lower values of retratibility in the pith region.

The objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of mineral nutrients on tree growth and wood quality of Pinus taeda, on commercial plantation at 20 years after planting, on different soil types. Experimental plots were set, and from trees representing each population, stem disks were collected at different heights. Treegrowth, wood quality and growth ring parameters – tracheids diameter and radial density by X-ray densitometry – were analyzed and related to mineral nutrient contents. Results showed negative correlation among Mn and Mg stem disk contents and Pinus taeda tree growth; negative correlation was also obtained among Ca, Mg and Mn contents and tracheids dimensions and wood density. There was no correlation among N, P, K and B contents in stem disks and tree growth or wood quality studied variables. Dendronutrition concept – study of relationship among tree growth parameters and growth rings to mineral nutrient contents in stem – is discussed in this work. Com o objetivo de avaliar o efeito dos nutrientes minerais na produtividade e qualidade da madeira de Pinus taeda, em plantações florestais com 20 anos, em diferentes tipos de solo. Foram demarcadas parcelas experimentais e selecionadas árvores representativas da população para coleta de discos do lenho, a diferentes alturas do tronco. Parâmetros de crescimento das árvores e de qualidade da madeira e dos anéis de crescimento - dimensões dos traqueídeos e densidade radial por densitometria de raios X - foram analisados e relacionados com o teor de nutrientes minerais. Os resultados mostraram correlações negativas entre o teor de Mn e Mg no lenho com o crescimento das árvores e entre os teores de Ca, Mg e o Mn e as dimensões dos traqueídeos e densidade do lenho; não foi verificada correlação entre os teores de N, P, K e B no lenho com as variáveis analisadas. O conceito de dendronutrição - estudo da relação entre os parâmetros de crescimento das árvores e dos anéis de crescimento com os nutrientes minerais no lenho - é discutido no presente trabalho.