Search

Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC), the fourth leading cause of cancer death, has a 5-year survival rate of approximately 7–9%. The ineffectiveness of anti-PDAC therapies is believed to be due to the existence of a subpopulation of tumor cells known as cancer stem cells (CSCs), which are functionally plastic, and have exclusive tumorigenic, chemoresistant and metastatic capacities. Herein, we describe a 2D in vitro system for long-term enrichment of pancreatic CSCs that is amenable to biological and CSC-specific studies. By changing the carbon source from glucose to galactose in vitro, we force PDAC cells to utilize OXPHOS, resulting in enrichment of CSCs defined by increased CSC biomarker and pluripotency gene expression, greater tumorigenic potential, induced but reversible quiescence, increased OXPHOS activity, enhanced invasiveness, and upregulated immune evasion properties. This CSC enrichment method can facilitate the discovery of new CSC-specific hallmarks for future development into targets for PDAC-based therapies.

Environmental Informatics is an interdisciplinary subject and it is the combination of Environment related subjects and Informatics related subjects. It is the utilization and applications of Informatics and IT principles and tools in Environmental Management, Environmental Monitoring, and Science. In other words, it is the practice of Sustainable Computing and Information Technology. Environmental Informatics is responsible for the applications of Information Technology in Environment, Nature and various allied subjects and areas like Geology, Agriculture, Forestry, Geography, Climatology, Oceanography and all these are valuable stakeholders of Environmental Informatics. Ecology Informatics in some contexts is related with Eco Informatics. Environmental Informatics is broader than Environmental Information Technology; as it interconnects both environmental as well as information science for the complete natural processes with language common to both humans and computers. Internationally Environmental Informatics has become a field of study in many universities. Apart from PG degree in recent past Environmental Informatics has also started at Bachelors level and many universities have started an initiative on this. This is a conceptual paper and also analytical study regarding Environmental Informatics including its basic feature and importance as an academic program. The paper shows about the universities which offer Bachelors degree in brief.

SMALL PROTECTIVE MODULES