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This thesis argues that judges of the International Criminal Court (‚ÄövÑv=ICC‚ÄövÑv¥) should interpret the definition of crimes in the Rome Statute consistently with customary international law, as stipulated by the ‚ÄövÑv=principle of systemic integration‚ÄövÑv¥ in article 31(3)(c) of the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties. There are three normative assumptions behind this argument. First, compliance with the principle of systemic integration will lead to greater consistency in judicial reasoning across ICC Chambers than is currently the case. Second, it will promote the ICC as a model international court whose decisions represent authoritative interpretations of customary international law, simultaneously preventing the unnecessary fragmentation of international criminal law. Third, it will facilitate the legitimate, incremental development of the law in accordance with the evolving practice and legal opinion of states. This thesis seeks to substantiate each of these normative assumptions through empirical research, qualitative case analysis, hermeneutic reasoning, and legal argumentation. While there is already strong academic support for using customary international law as an obligatory interpretive aid in the interpretation of the Rome Statute, there are significant gaps in the literature that this thesis aims to fill. To begin with, there are no empirical analyses of ICC jurisprudence to determine the extent of its compliance with the principle of systemic integration. Furthermore, there remains debate over the methodology used to identify rules of customary international law (particularly in the international criminal context) and there have been no attempts to apply the International Law Commission‚ÄövÑv¥s 2018 Draft Conclusions on Identification of Customary International Law to the ICC context. Finally, there are no case studies examining what ICC compliance with the principle of systemic integration might look like in practice. This thesis demonstrates that the ICC has been reluctant to comply with the principle of systemic integration. It provides an original contribution to the debate on how to identify customary rules in the international criminal context and builds on existing proposals for using custom as an obligatory aid when interpreting the definition of crimes. To illustrate this approach, this thesis focuses on the impact of using customary international humanitarian law to interpret war crimes under article 8 of the Rome Statute and provides a three-part case study on interpreting the war crime of denying a fair trial in the context of a non-international armed conflict.

Anton Pottegård,1 Kasper Bruun Kristensen,1 Mette Reilev,1 Lars Christian Lund,1 Martin Thomsen Ernst,1 Jesper Hallas,1,2 Reimar Wernich Thomsen,3 Christian Fynbo Christiansen,3 Henrik Toft Sørensen,3,4 Nanna Borup Johansen,5 Henrik Støvring,1,6 Steffen Christensen,7 Marianne Kragh Thomsen,8 Anders Husby,9 Marianne Voldstedlund,10 Jesper Kjær,11 Nikolai C Brun5 1Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacy, Department of Public Health, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark; 2Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Clinical Pharmacology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark; 3Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark; 4Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA; 5Department of Medical Evaluation and Biostatistics, Danish Medicines Agency, Copenhagen, Denmark; 6Department of Public Health – Biostatistics, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark; 7Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark; 8Department of Clinical Microbiology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark; 9Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark; 10Infection Preparedness, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark; 11Data Analytics Center, Danish Medicines Agency, Copenhagen, DenmarkCorrespondence: Anton PottegårdClinical Pharmacology and Pharmacy, Department of Public Health, University of Southern Denmark, JB Winsløws Vej 19, 2, Odense DK-5000, DenmarkTel +45 28913340Email apottegaard@health.sdu.dkBackground: To facilitate research on severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), a prospective cohort of all Danish residents tested for SARS-CoV-2 in Denmark is established.Data Structure: All Danish residents tested by reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reactions (RT-PCR) for SARS-CoV-2 in Denmark are included. The cohort is identified using the Danish Microbiology Database. Individual-level record linkage between administrative and health-care registries is facilitated by the Danish Civil Registration System. Information on outcomes related to SARS-CoV-2 infection includes hospital admission, intensive care unit admission, mechanical ventilation, and death and is retrieved from the five administrative Danish regions, the Danish National Patient Registry, and the Danish Register of Causes of Death. The Patient Registry further provides a complete hospital contact history of somatic and psychiatric conditions and procedures. Data on all prescriptions filled at community pharmacies are available from the Danish National Prescription Registry. Health-care authorization status is obtained from the Danish Register of Healthcare Professionals. Finally, selected laboratory values are obtained from the Register of Laboratory Results for Research. The cohort is governed by a steering committee with representatives from the Danish Medicines Agency, Statens Serum Institut, the Danish Health Authority, the Danish Health Data Authority, Danish Patients, the Faculties of Health Sciences at the Danish universities, and Danish regions. The steering committee welcomes suggestions for research studies and collaborations. Research proposals will be prioritized based on timeliness and potential clinical and public health implications. All research protocols assessing specific hypotheses for medicines will be made publicly available using the European Union electronic Register of Post-Authorisation Studies.Conclusion: The Danish COVID-19 cohort includes all Danish residents with an RT-PCR test for SARS-CoV-2. Through individual-level linkage with existing Danish health and administrative registries, this is a valuable data source for epidemiological research on SARS-CoV-2.Keywords: Covid-19, SARS-CoV-2, epidemiology, follow-up, database, prognosis, prospective cohort

In traditional group work in mathematics, handwriting is a relevant element to enable reasoning, for instance, by supporting the generation of ideas or the storing of information. However, as COVID- 19 has forced students to learn mathematics over distance, trad1⁄2itional handwriting cannot be used anymore during group work. To address this issue, this exploratory study investigated the question of how students can use handwriting in a mobile-learning setting via Zoom, in which students use tablets and smartpens to collaborate over distance. It was found that, compared to traditional group work with pen-and-paper, the distance collaboration setup allows for handwriting to become a syn- chronous collaboration tool, for example, enabling the individual development of ideas that can be extended by peers. More research is needed to investigate the particular epistemic role of handwriting and, particularly, the role of handwriting with smartpens in distance collaboration settings.

Emotional arousal has long been thought vital for maintaining viewers in long-form serial fictions, but the dynamic nature of audience emotional arousal has made it difficult to examine and relate to viewer ratings and channel hopping. This study provides a method for comparing moments of affect with TV ratings during exposure and explores the role of arousal for TV ratings by analyzing the Danish public service fiction series Bankerot (Bankrupt) (2014-2015). The method applied is an innovative mixed-method strategy, combining self-reports, TV ratings and psychophysiological measurements, SCL (Skin Conductance Level). Results indicate a correlation between periods of low emotional arousal and fall in TV ratings, suggesting that viewer engagement is decreased without the presence of emotional peaks, which may cause some viewers to change TV channel. This study was able to find only two considerable declines in ratings, and while this provides limited empirical evidence, it indicates that arousal is likely to play a larger role in maintaining viewer engagement than previously assumed within television studies., Series - International Journal of TV Serial Narratives, Vol. 7 No. 1 (2021)

BACKGROUND Establishing cardiovascular safety of new therapies for type 2 diabetes is important. Safety data are available for the subcutaneous form of the glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist semaglutide but are needed for oral semaglutide. METHODS We assessed cardiovascular outcomes of once-daily oral semaglutide in an event-driven, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial involving patients at high cardiovascular risk (age of ≥50 years with established cardiovascular or chronic kidney disease, or age of ≥60 years with cardiovascular risk factors only). The primary outcome in a time-to-event analysis was the first occurrence of a major adverse cardiovascular event (death from cardiovascular causes, nonfatal myocardial infarction, or nonfatal stroke). The trial was designed to rule out 80% excess cardiovascular risk as compared with placebo (noninferiority margin of 1.8 for the upper boundary of the 95% confidence interval for the hazard ratio for the primary outcome). RESULTS A total of 3183 patients were randomly assigned to receive oral semaglutide or placebo. The mean age of the patients was 66 years; 2695 patients (84.7%) were 50 years of age or older and had cardiovascular or chronic kidney disease. The median time in the trial was 15.9 months. Major adverse cardiovascular events occurred in 61 of 1591 patients (3.8%) in the oral semaglutide group and 76 of 1592 (4.8%) in the placebo group (hazard ratio, 0.79; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.57 to 1.11; P

The crystal structure of PD1 from the Haemophilus surface fibril was determined at a resolution of 3.3 Å, revealing a novel domain arrangement., The Haemophilus surface fibril (Hsf) is an unusually large trimeric autotransporter adhesin (TAA) expressed by the most virulent strains of H. influenzae. Hsf is known to mediate adhesion between pathogen and host, allowing the establishment of potentially deadly diseases such as epiglottitis, meningitis and pneumonia. While recent research has suggested that this TAA might adopt a novel ‘hairpin-like’ architecture, the characterization of Hsf has been limited to in silico modelling and electron micrographs, with no high-resolution structural data available. Here, the crystal structure of Hsf putative domain 1 (PD1) is reported at 3.3 Å resolution. The structure corrects the previous domain annotation by revealing the presence of an unexpected N-terminal TrpRing domain. PD1 represents the first Hsf domain to be solved, and thus paves the way for further research on the ‘hairpin-like’ hypothesis.

Seaweed was a previously untapped resource and is currently gaining increasing attention for its potential as biorefinery feedstock. In this emerging field of seaweed biorefinery, scientific production started in 2009 and has been rising at a fast pace with an annual growth rate of 17.49%, as shown by our bibliometric analysis1. The results of the keyword co-occurrence analysis based on the same bibliographic collection reveal a continued research interest in the fermentation process and a growing interest in extracting biomolecules with unique functional properties. The former is presumably due to the variety of the products derived from the fermentable sugars in seaweed biomass (e.g., biofuels, bioplastics, etc.) and the versatility of the products (e.g., succinic acid as a platform chemical), which can improve the economic viability of biorefinery businesses. The latter is likely to be driven by favorable market conditions, e.g., growing demand and prospects for market entry. Besides, there is a tendency of expanding existing phase I biorefinery systems to the multiple-line production system. Side (waste)-stream valorization through improved biomass utilization may result in increased environmental performance and economic value creation. This presentation provides an overview of progress in this research field by demonstrating a catalog of top value-added seaweed biorefinery products and cascading biorefinery designs. 1 Bibliographic collection used for the science mapping analysis was retrieved from a query on Web of Science (WoS) database by using generic keywords ("macroalgae*"OR"seaweed*")AND"biorefinery*”. After screening, a collection consisting of complete bibliographic data of 136 records was processed in R with package Bibliometrix (http:\\www.bibliometrix.org).

Future remote sensing of exoplanets will be enhanced by a thorough investigation of our solar system Ice Giants (Neptune-size planets). What can the configuration of the magnetic field tell us (remotely) about the interior, and what implications does that field have for the structure of the magnetosphere; energy input into the atmosphere, and surface geophysics (for example surface weathering of satellites that might harbour sub-surface oceans). How can monitoring of auroral emission help inform future remote observations of emission from exoplanets? Our Solar System provides the only laboratory in which we can perform in-situ experiments to understand exoplanet formation, dynamos, systems and magnetospheres.

Saccharina latissima, a brown algae native to North Atlantic and North Pacific, has received increasing attention recently for its potential for high-yield biomass production and rich content of valuable biomolecules. Extracts of alginate, mannitol, fucoidans, laminarin, proteins, and lipids are among the top value-added algal products possessing the potential to improve the net profitability of seaweed bioeconomic businesses.This review provides a systematic overview of the spatial and temporal variations in the content of biomolecular constituents of S. latissima on the basis of 34 currently available scientific studies containing primary measurements. We demonstrate the potential revenue of seaweed production and biorefinery systems by compiling a product portfolio of high-value extract products and assuming that S. latissima biomass is processed in a phase I biorefinery (i.e., producing one type of extract product at a time). Further, an investigation into the endogenous rhythms and extrinsic factors that impact the biomolecular composition of S. latissima is presented, and key performance factors for optimizing seaweed production are identified. Besides the provisioning ecosystem service, we highlight the contribution of green-engineered seaweed production systems to the mitigation of the ongoing and historical anthropogenic disturbances of the climate balance and nutrient flows. We conclude that there are risks of mismanagement, and we stress the importance and necessity of creating an adaptive ecosystem-based management framework within a triple-helix partnership for balancing the utilization of ecosystem services and long-term resilience of aquatic environment.

We report on several clinical cases of different appearance and complications of patients after THR with metal-on-metal (MoM) couplings or a revision knee system. There may be skin irritation mainly due to chromium hypersensitivity or systemic effects and even cobalt intoxication can appear. We recommend clinical control to patients with MoM and a head size of 36 mm or larger or with knee revision systems. Patients who have problems such as pain or mal positioning should have measured the metall ion levels of cobalt. A serum cobalt level of >7 µg /L indicates possible periprosthetic metallosis and may cause trouble. A normal serum cobalt level is below 1 µg /L. We also need an MRI with Metal-Artifact-Reduced-Sequences or if not possible an ultrasound investigation to detect pseudotumors around the hip joint. For the clinical investigation you should look and ask for general hypersensitivity reaction (skin rash), cardiomyopathy, neurological changes including sensory changes, renal function impairment or thyroid dysfunction which may occur in cobalt intoxication. To optimize the diagnostic histological investigations using the Krenn classification are extremely helpful.

The background for my PhD research is H2020 Decisive project on circularity of peri- and intra-urban areas. The research is trying to solve the problem of food waste over the whole supply chain by combining biorefineries of existing and emerging technologies with integration of ecosystem services. First paper focuses on review of high-value food waste and food residues biorefineries with focus on unavoidable wastes from processing with 148 examples of food waste-based biorefineries, focusing mainly on acids, bioplastics, colorants and enzymes. In the review, we propose new synthesis of food waste definitions as well as sustainable criteria for future implementation of unavoidable wastes within circular economy.

Background: The main criteria for lameness assessment in horses are head movement for forelimb lameness and pelvic movement for hindlimb lameness. However, compensatory head nod in horses with primary hindlimb lameness is a well-known phenomenon. This compensatory head nod movement can be easily misinterpreted as a sign of primary ipsilateral forelimb lameness. Therefore, discriminating compensatory asymmetries from primary directly pain-related movement asymmetries is a prerequisite for successful lameness assessment. Objectives: To investigate the association between head, withers and pelvis movement asymmetry in horses with induced forelimb and hindlimb lameness.Study design: Experimental study. Methods: In 10 clinically sound Warmblood riding horses, forelimb and hindlimb lameness were induced using a sole pressure model. The horses were then trotted on a treadmill. Three-dimensional optical motion capture was used to collect kinematic data from reflective markers attached to the poll, withers and tubera sacrale. The magnitude and side (left or right) of the following symmetry parameters, vertical difference in minimum position, maximum position and range-up were calculated for head, withers, and pelvis. Mixed models were used to analyse data from induced forelimb and hindlimb lameness. Results: For each mm increase in pelvic asymmetry in response to hindlimb lameness induction, withers movement asymmetry increased by 0.35-0.55 mm, but towards the contralateral side. In induced forelimb lameness, for each mm increase in head movement asymmetry, withers movement asymmetry increased by 0.05-0.10 mm, in agreement with the head movement asymmetry direction, both indicating lameness in the induced forelimb.Main limitations: Results must be confirmed in clinically lame horses trotting overground. Conclusions: The vertical asymmetry pattern of the withers discriminated a head nod associated with true forelimb lameness from the compensatory head movement asymmetry caused by primary hindlimb lameness. Measuring movement symmetry of the withers may, thus, aid in determining primary lameness location.

International audience; We report on plasma and magnetic field observations from Juno's Jovian Auroral Distributions Experiment and Magnetic Field Investigation at 18 magnetopause crossings when the spacecraft was located at 6 h magnetic local time and 73-114 Jovian radii from Jupiter. Several crossings showed evidence of plasma energization, accelerated ion flows, and large magnetic shear angles, each representing a signature of magnetic reconnection. These signatures were observed for times when the magnetosphere was in both compressed and expanded states. We compared the flow change magnitudes to a simplified Walén relation and found 60% of the events to be 110% or less of the predicted values. Close examination of two magnetopause encounters revealed characteristics of a rotational discontinuity and an open magnetopause. These observations provide compelling evidence that magnetic reconnection can occur at Jupiter's dawn magnetopause and should be incorporated into theories of solar wind coupling and outer magnetosphere dynamics at Jupiter.

Saturn's largest icy moon, Rhea, hosts a tenuous surface-sputtered exosphere composed primarily of molecular oxygen and carbon dioxide. In this Letter, we examine Cassini Plasma Spectrometer velocity space distributions near Rhea and confirm that Cassini detected nongyrotropic fluxes of outflowing CO$_2^+$ during both the R1 and R1.5 encounters. Accounting for this nongyrotropy, we show that these possess comparable alongtrack densities of $\sim$2$\times$10$^{-3}$ cm$^{-3}$. Negatively charged pickup ions, also detected during R1, are surprisingly shown as consistent with mass 26$\pm$3 u which we suggest are carbon-based compounds, such as CN$^-$, C$_2$H$^-$, C$_2^-$, or HCO$^-$, sputtered from carbonaceous material on the moons surface. These negative ions are calculated to possess alongtrack densities of $\sim$5$\times$10$^{-4}$ cm$^{-3}$ and are suggested to derive from exogenic compounds, a finding consistent with the existence of Rhea's dynamic CO$_2$ exosphere and surprisingly low O$_2$ sputtering yields. These pickup ions provide important context for understanding the exospheric and surface-ice composition of Rhea and of other icy moons which exhibit similar characteristics., Comment: 6 pages, 4 figures, submitted to Geophysical Research Letters on 29th November 2017 and accepted on 24th January 2018

International audience; This study examines the first observations from the Jovian Auroral Distributions Experiment (JADE) as the Juno spacecraft arrived at Jupiter. JADE observations show that Juno crossed the bow shock at 08:16 UT on 2016 day of year (DOY) 176 and magnetopause at 21:20 on DOY 177, with additional magnetopause encounters until 23:39 on DOY 181. JADE made the first detailed observations of the plasma environment just inside the dawn flank of the magnetopause. We find subcorotational ions and variable electron beaming, with multiple flux tubes of varying plasma properties. Ion composition shows a dearth of heavy ions; protons dominate the plasma, with only intermittent, low fluxes of O+/S++, along with traces of O++ and S+++. We also find very little H3+ or He+, which are expected for an ionospheric plasma source. A few heavy ion bursts occur when the radial field nears reversal, but many other such reversals are not accompanied by heavy ions.

International audience; Jupiter's main auroral oval provides a window into the complex magnetospheric dynamics of the Jovian system. The Juno spacecraft entered orbit about Jupiter on 5 July 2016 and carries on board the Auroral Distributions Experiment (JADE) that can directly sample the auroral plasma structures. Here we identify five distinct regimes in the JADE data based on composition/energy boundaries and magnetic field mappings, which exhibit considerable symmetry between the northern and southern passes. These intervals correspond to periods when Juno was connected to the Io torus, inner plasma sheet, middle plasma sheet, outer plasma sheet, and the polar region. When connected to the torus and inner plasma sheet, the heavy ions are consistent with a corotating pickup population. For Juno's first perijove, we do not find evidence for a broad auroral acceleration region at Jupiter's main auroral oval for energies below 100 keV.

International audience; A Hot Flow Anomaly (HFA) is created when an interplanetary current sheet interacts with a planetary bow shock. Previous studies have reported observing HFAs at Earth, Mercury, Venus, Mars, and Saturn. During Juno's approach to Jupiter, a number of its instruments operated in the solar wind. Prior to crossing into Jupiter's magnetosphere, Juno observed an HFA at Jupiter for the first time. This Jovian HFA shares most of the characteristics of HFAs seen at other planets. The notable exception is that the Jovian HFA is significantly larger than any HFA seen before. With an apparent size greater than 2 × 106 km the Jovian HFA is orders of magnitude larger than those seen at the other planets. By comparing the size of the HFAs at the other planets with the Jovian HFA, we conclude that HFAs size scales with the size of planetary bow shocks that the interplanetary current sheet interacts with.

One year's worth of plasma observations from geosynchronous orbit is examined for ion distributions that may simultaneously be subject to the ion Bernstein (IB) instability (generating fast magnetosonic waves) and the Alfven cyclotron (AC) instability (generating electromagnetic ion cyclotron waves). Confirming past analyses, distributions with robust partial derivative fp(v(perpendicular to))/partial derivative v(perpendicular to) > 0 near v(|)| = 0, which we denote as ring/shell distributions, are commonly found primarily on the dayside of the magnetosphere. A new approach to high-fidelity representation of the observed ring/shell distribution functions in a form readily suited to both analytical moment calculation and linear dispersion analysis is presented, which allows statistical analysis of the ring/shell properties. The ring/shell temperature anisotropy is found to have a clear upper limit that depends on the parallel beta of the ring/shell (beta|| r) in a manner that is diagnostic of the operation of the AC instability. This upper limit is only reached in the postnoon events, which are primarily produced by the energy-and pitch angle-dependent magnetic drifts of substorm-injected ions. Further, it is primarily the leading edge of such injections, where the distribution is strongly ring-like, that the AC instability appears to be operating. By contrast, the ratio of the ring energy to the Alfven energy remains well within the range of 0.25-4.0 suitable for IB instability throughout essentially all of the events, except those that occur in denser cold plasma of the outer plasmasphere. Plain Language Summary One year's worth of plasma observations from geosynchronous orbit is examined for ion distributions that may simultaneously be subject to the ion Bernstein (IB) instability (generating fast magnetosonic waves) and the Alfven cyclotron (AC) instability (generating electromagnetic ion cyclotron waves). Confirming past analyses, ring/shell distributions are commonly found primarily on the dayside of the magnetosphere. A new approach to high-fidelity representation of the observed ring/shell distribution functions allows statistical analysis of the ring/shell properties. Clear evidence is found for the operation of the AC instability, but only in the afternoon events, which are primarily produced by the energy-and pitch angle-dependent magnetic drifts of substorm-injected ions. Further, it is primarily at the leading edge of such injections, where the distribution is strongly ring-like, that the AC instability appears to be operating. By contrast, the IB instability seems to be driven throughout essentially all of the events, except those that occur in denser cold plasma of the outer plasmasphere. These results suggest that fast magnetosonic waves should typically dominate over electromagnetic ion cyclotron waves during most substorm injections.

Mathias Schmidt,1 Michael Thomsen,2 Olaf Kelber,3 Karin Kraft4 1Herbresearch Germany, Mattsies, Germany; 2Herbresearch Pty Ltd, South Hobart, Tasmania, Australia; 3Scientific Department, Steigerwald Arzneimittelwerk GmbH, Darmstadt, Germany; 4Universitätsmedizin Rostock, Rostock, Germany Background: Eleutherococcus senticosus radix (also known as “Siberian ginseng” or “eleuthero”) is used as a medicinal plant in cases of asthenia with fatigue and weakness, a condition especially common in elderly patients. Most reviews and monographs state the contraindication “arterial hypertension”. This excludes many elderly patients from therapy with eleuthero, as the prevalence of arterial hypertension in this age group is high. The origin and substantiation of this contraindication appears, however, unclear. Methods: Available data on eleuthero in the context of hypertension was searched and evaluated systematically for an increase in blood pressure after application of corresponding preparations. Results: Numerous clinical and preclinical studies with eleuthero, as well as reviews and monographs were identified. All sources directly or indirectly refer to only two Russian publications from 1966, presented to the Western world in a review in 1985. Later citations of these two Russian sources tended to mix up the results described therein, frequently indicating the observation of secured adverse effects in hypertensive patients. Such warnings are neither in accordance with the original data, nor are they supported by other published data, which rather point to potential antihypertensive effects. Conclusion: The contraindication “arterial hypertension” is not evidence-based and should be carefully re-evaluated for not unnecessarily excluding a large patient group from the benefits of eleuthero. Keywords: Eleutherococcus senticosus, Siberian ginseng, eleuthero, arterial hypertension, contraindication

The magnetospheric cusp is a funnel-shaped region where shocked solar wind plasma is able to enter the high latitude magnetosphere via the process of magnetic reconnection. The plasma observations include various cusp signatures such as ion energy dispersions as well as diamagnetic effects. We present an overview analysis of the cusp plasma observations at the Saturnian magnetosphere from the Cassini spacecraft era. A comparison of the observations is made as well as classification into groups due to varying characteristics. The locations of the reconnection site are calculated and shown to vary along the subsolar magnetopause. We show the first in situ evidence for lobe reconnection that occurred at nearly the same time as dayside reconnection for one of the cusp crossings. Evidence for 'bursty' and more 'continous' reconnection signatures are observed in different cusp events. The events are compared to solar wind propagation models and it is shown that magnetic reconnection and plasma injection into the cusp can occur for a variety of upstream conditions. These are important results because they show that Saturn's magnetospheric interaction with the solar wind and the resulting cusp signatures are dynamic, and that plasma injection in the cusp occurs due to a variety of solar wind conditions. Furthermore, reconnection can proceed at a variety of locations along the magnetopause.

This article discusses the detection of Ia antibodies in HLA-typing sera using B-cell lymphoid lines, the grouping of the sera into five preliminary clusters, and their associations with D-locus specificities.

International audience; In this paper we analyse institutional conditions facilitating the transition towards a green economy by encouraging investment in the enhancement of natural capital and social equity, focussing especially on government interventions. Presenting a conceptual institutional model how innovation generally occurs, we depict system levels that can be influenced by government interventions to facilitate societal innovations towards a green economy. We hypothesize that the transition to a green economy is about extending the possibility frontier outwards towards a greener economy while at the same time limiting the "action space" at the brown economy end; a normative evaluation framework is presented to assess transitions correspondingly. We elaborate on the emerging lessons for governance by examining evidence from five selected European case studies, and provide a non-exhaustive list of impacts that government intervention may have on the action spaces available at different system levels.

資料番号: PA0810072000

We calculate the spin transport of hydrogenated graphene using the Landauer-B\"uttiker formalism with a spin-dependent tight-binding Hamiltonian. The advantages of using this method is that it simultaneously gives information on sheet resistance and localization length as well as spin relaxation length. Furthermore, the Landauer-B\"uttiker formula can be computed very efficiently using the recursive Green's function technique. Previous theoretical results on spin relaxation time in hydrogenated graphene have not been in agreement with experiments. Here, we study magnetic defects in graphene with randomly aligned magnetic moments, where interference between spin-channels is explicitly included. We show that the spin relaxation length and sheet resistance scale nearly linearly with the impurity concentration. Moreover, the spin relaxation mechanism in hydrogenated graphene is Markovian only near the charge neutrality point or in the highly dilute impurity limit.

The promise, which comes along with Building Information Models, is that they are information rich, machine readable and represent the insights of multiple building disciplines within single or linked models. However, this knowledge has to be stated explicitly in order to be understood. Trained architects and engineers are able to deduce non-explicitly explicitly stated information, which is often the core of the transported architectural information. This paper investigates how machine learning approaches allow a computational system to deduce implicit knowledge from a set of BIM models.

Recent advances in computation allow for the integration of design and simulation of highly interrelated systems, such as hybrids of structural membranes and bending active elements. The engaged complexities of forces and logistics can be mediated through the development of materials with project specific properties and detailing. CNC knitting with high tenacity yarn enables this practice and offers an alternative to current woven membranes. The design and fabrication of an 8m high fabric tower through an interdisciplinary team of architects, structural and textile engineers, allowed to investigate means to design, specify, make and test CNC knit as material for hybrid structures in architectural scale. This paper shares the developed process, identifies challenges, potentials and future work.

The focus of this project is to determine from experiment if green walls have an effect on the pollution degree from carbon dioxide (CO2) in single-person offices and how to design the most effective green wall. Minimizing CO2 pollution in offices is important because peoples decision-making are affected when the CO2 concentration is above 2000 ppm. Therefor it is in the companies' best interest to minimize CO2 concentration in the indoor air. Plants have been seen as an energy efficient way of achieving a better indoor environment, because they reduce the pollutants in the air. Furthermore they can be used as a recreational tool for the employees to enhance their work effort.

We report on the first analysis of magnetospheric cusp observations at Saturn by multiple in situ instruments onboard the Cassini spacecraft. Using this we infer the process of reconnection was occurring at Saturn's magnetopause. This agrees with remote observations that showed the associated auroral signatures of reconnection. Cassini crossed the northern cusp around noon local time along a poleward trajectory. The spacecraft observed ion energy-latitude dispersionsa characteristic signature of the terrestrial cusp. This ion dispersion is stepped, which shows that the reconnection is pulsed. The ion energy-pitch angle dispersions suggest that the field-aligned distance from the cusp to the reconnection site varies between approximate to 27 and 51 R-S. An intensification of lower frequencies of the Saturn kilometric radiation emissions suggests the prior arrival of a solar wind shock front, compressing the magnetosphere and providing more favorable conditions for magnetopause reconnection. Key Points We observe evidence for reconnection in the cusp plasma at Saturn We present evidence that the reconnection process can be pulsed at Saturn Saturn's cusp shows similar characteristics to the terrestrial cusp

In acute experiments the sciatic nerve of the rat is electrically stimulated to induce fatigue in the medial Gastrocnemius muscle. Fatigue tests are carried out using intermittent stimulation of different compartments (sequential) or a single compartment (synchronous) of the sciatic nerve. The activation of different compartments is achieved by dividing nerve fibres into subbundles and placing them in separate grooves in a multigroove electrode. The aim of the investigation is to quantify the effect of sequential contra synchronised stimulation in reducing muscle fatigue, with no overlap between compartments. Overlap between two compartments is calculated using the combined and individual forces from both compartments. Sequential stimulation of two and three compartments is investigated. There is a significant decrease of fatigue in sequential stimulation compared to synchronous. After 2 min of intermittent stimulation the force time level is significantly increased in sequential stimulation, than in synchronous stimulation. The rate of force time decrease is significantly slower in sequential stimulation than in synchronous stimulation. With sequential stimulation it takes significantly longer before the maximal force time is reached than with synchronous stimulation.

Cell-mediated immune reactions are essential to our immune response toward foreign organisms such as microorganisms, or in the response toward foreign tissue Ags, as seen in the rejection of allogeneic transplanted organs. Similar reactions form the basis for the development and the progression of delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) reactions. We found that the alpha-chemokine IL-8 plays an important pathophysiologic role for the development of a DTH reaction because infusion of a neutralizing anti-IL-8 mAb (WS-4) was able to suppress the development of a tuberculin skin reaction in rabbits, as judged by histologic, biochemical, and clinical examinations. Thus, the number of neutrophil granulocytes and lymphocytes at the site of tuberculin injection was decreased considerably, and the clinical signs of inflammation were suppressed almost completely at 24 h after intracutaneous injection of tuberculin, as judged by the size of the infiltrates. In contrast, we did not see any effect on the visible erythema of the skin. We found that the tissue content of myeloperoxidase (MPO), reflecting the number of infiltrating neutrophils, was lowered significantly. Furthermore, immunohistochemical analysis confirmed that IL-8 immunoreactivity is actually enhanced in the skin of positive tuberculin reactions. The results indicate that IL-8 plays an important role for the early accumulation of leukocytes in the skin and for the clinical signs of a DTH reaction.

The impact on survival of a combination of plasma separation by centrifugation and subsequent plasma filtration was tested in a bacterial sepsis model in pigs. In this animal study 19 pigs were included. Groups II and III received an intravenous lethal dose of live Staphylococcus aureus over 1 h; group I received saline (non-septic control-NC). Groups I and II were treated by an extracorporeal circuit consisting of online centrifugation and subsequent plasma filtration (group II: treated group-TG) for 4 h; group III had no specific treatment (septic control, SC). The observation time was 7 days. All animals of group I (NC) and group II (TG) survived, while all animals of group III (SC) died during the observation time. Extracorporeal therapy with online centrifugation and plasma filtration significantly improved survival in a pig model of sepsis. Further studies with this approach are encouraged.

During the Cassini Titan flyby on 2 July 2006 (T15), Titan was surrounded by a magnetospheric plasma flow with density about 0.1 cm‑3 as measured by Cassini Plasma Spectrometer (CAPS). A very low fraction of water group ions (O+) was detected in the flow dominated by hydrogen ions. We show that Titan's plasma interaction can be highly sensitive to the small fraction of oxygen ions in the magnetospheric flow. The ion quantities of the magnetospheric flow during the flyby were obtained from numerical moments calculated from the CAPS measurements; the average ambient magnetic field was determined using the Cassini magnetometer data. We simulated the flyby using a global hybrid model; the water group abundance in the flow was varied in three simulation runs. Based on the simulation results, the oxygen content has an especially notable effect on the extent of Titan's induced magnetosphere. A multi-instrument analysis was performed comparing with the simulations, whereby a comprehensive picture of the plasma properties around Titan during this flyby was obtained. Comparisons between the hybrid model simulations and Cassini measurements during the flyby point toward O+ density in the undisturbed magnetospheric flow having been around 0.008 cm‑3, which would have accounted for one half of the dynamic pressure of the flow. Fil: Sillanpää, I.. Southwest Research Institute; Estados Unidos Fil: Young, D. T.. Southwest Research Institute; Estados Unidos Fil: Crary, F.. Southwest Research Institute; Estados Unidos Fil: Thomsen, M.. Los Alamos National Laboratory,; Estados Unidos Fil: Reisenfelc, D.. University of Montana; Estados Unidos Fil: Wahlund, J. E.. Swedish Institute of Space Physics; Suecia Fil: Bertucci, Cesar. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciónes Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Ciudad Universitaria. Instituto de Astronomía y Física del Espacio. - Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Instituto de Astronomía y Física del Espacio; Argentina Fil: Kallio, E.. Finnish Meteorological Institute,; Finlandia Fil: Jarvinen, R.. Finnish Meteorological Institute; Finlandia Fil: Janhunen, P.. Finnish Meteorological Institute,; Finlandia

Detecting plasma dynamics in Saturn's magnetosphere is essential for understanding energy flow through the system. It has been proposed that both the Dungey and Vasyliunas cycles operate at Saturn, and the competition between these cycles has been debated. We examine data taken by the Cassini spacecraft in Saturn's post-dawn magnetosphere, similar to 17.5 Saturn radii from the planet, and identify an example of return flow from magnetotail reconnection. The flow included water group ions and had elevated ion temperatures (of order 1 keV), consistent with Vasyliunas cycle return flow. The flow was also supercorotating (similar to 200 km s(-1), similar to 120% of corotation), which is highly atypical of Saturn's outer magnetosphere. Our results suggest that return flows are time-variable, and our results concerning Dungey cycle return flows are inconclusive. We propose that supercorotating flows in Saturn's dawn magnetosphere strongly influence the current system that is responsible for the planet's main auroral emission.