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1. A feature-based survey of Fog modeling languages

Author: Abdelghani Alidra, Hugo Bruneliere, Thomas Ledoux, Département Automatique, Productique et Informatique (IMT Atlantique - DAPI), IMT Atlantique (IMT Atlantique), Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] (IMT)-Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] (IMT), Software Stack for Massively Geo-Distributed Infrastructures (STACK), Inria Rennes – Bretagne Atlantique, Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-Laboratoire des Sciences du Numérique de Nantes (LS2N), Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-IMT Atlantique (IMT Atlantique), Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] (IMT)-Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] (IMT)-École Centrale de Nantes (Nantes Univ - ECN), Nantes Université (Nantes Univ)-Nantes Université (Nantes Univ)-Nantes université - UFR des Sciences et des Techniques (Nantes univ - UFR ST), Nantes Université - pôle Sciences et technologie, Nantes Université (Nantes Univ)-Nantes Université (Nantes Univ)-Nantes Université - pôle Sciences et technologie, Nantes Université (Nantes Univ)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-IMT Atlantique (IMT Atlantique), Nantes Université (Nantes Univ), NaoMod - Nantes Software Modeling Group (LS2N - équipe NaoMod), Laboratoire des Sciences du Numérique de Nantes (LS2N), Nantes Université (Nantes Univ)-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-IMT Atlantique (IMT Atlantique), and ANR-20-CE25-0017,SeMaFoR,Gestion autonome des ressources dans le Fog computing(2020)
Subjects: Computer Networks and Communications, Hardware and Architecture, Internet of Things, Modeling language, Fog Computing, [INFO.INFO-SE]Computer Science [cs]/Software Engineering [cs.SE], Cloud Computing, Survey, [INFO.INFO-CL]Computer Science [cs]/Computation and Language [cs.CL], Software
Abstract: International audience; Fog Computing is a new paradigm aiming at decentralizing the Cloud by geographically distributing away computation, storage and network resources as well as related services. In order to design, develop, deploy, maintain and evolve Fog systems, languages are required for properly modeling both their entities (e.g., infrastructures, topologies, resources configurations) and their specific features such as the locality concept, QoS constraints applied on resources (e.g., energy, data privacy, latency) and their dependencies, the dynamicity of considered workloads, the heterogeneity of both applications and devices, etc. This paper provides a detailed overview of the current state-of-the-art in terms of Fog modeling languages. We relied on our long-term experience in Cloud Computing and Cloud Modeling to contribute a feature model describing what we believe to be the most important characteristics of Fog modeling languages. We also performed a systematic scientific literature search and selection process to obtain a list of already existing Fog modeling languages. Then, we evaluated and compared these Fog modeling languages according to the characteristics expressed in our feature model. As a result, we discuss in this paper the main capabilities of these Fog modeling languages and propose a corresponding set of open research challenges in this area. We expect the presented work to be helpful to both current and future researchers or engineers working on/with Fog systems, as well as to anybody genuinely interested in Fog Computing or more generally in distributed systems.
Published: 2023
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2. The cost of immortality: A Time To Live for smart contracts

Author: Dimitri SAINGRE, Thomas Ledoux, Jean-Marc Menaud, Département Automatique, Productique et Informatique (IMT Atlantique - DAPI), IMT Atlantique Bretagne-Pays de la Loire (IMT Atlantique), Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] (IMT)-Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] (IMT), Software Stack for Massively Geo-Distributed Infrastructures (STACK), Inria Rennes – Bretagne Atlantique, Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-Laboratoire des Sciences du Numérique de Nantes (LS2N), Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] (IMT)-Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] (IMT)-Université de Nantes - UFR des Sciences et des Techniques (UN UFR ST), Université de Nantes (UN)-Université de Nantes (UN)-École Centrale de Nantes (ECN)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-IMT Atlantique Bretagne-Pays de la Loire (IMT Atlantique), Université de Nantes (UN)-Université de Nantes (UN)-École Centrale de Nantes (ECN)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), This paper has been financed by the HYDDA FSN project., GRID5000, IMT Atlantique (IMT Atlantique), Software Stack for Massively Geo-Distributed Infrastructures (LS2N - équipe STACK), Université de Nantes - UFR des Sciences et des Techniques (UN UFR ST), Université de Nantes (UN)-Université de Nantes (UN)-École Centrale de Nantes (ECN)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-IMT Atlantique (IMT Atlantique), and Experiments presented in this paper were carried out us-ing the Grid’5000 testbed, supported by a scientific inter-est group hosted by Inria and including CNRS, RENATERand several Universities as well as other organizations (seehttps://www.grid5000.fr).This paper has been financed by the HYDDA FSN project
Subjects: Ethereum, [INFO.INFO-PF]Computer Science [cs]/Performance [cs.PF], Blockchain, smart-contracts, Time-to-live, [INFO.INFO-DC]Computer Science [cs]/Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing [cs.DC], performances
Abstract: International audience; Smart contracts, scripts at the heart of blockchainbased applications, are meant to be available forever once deployed. However, this property has a price. The amount of space required to store new contracts keeps increasing. This increase impacts each participating node's performance and makes it inconvenient for low-end devices to participate in the network. Among all contracts deployed in the blockchain, a vast majority will lead to little if any usage. We demonstrate that, in the course of one year, 70% of deployed contracts lead to no use. Unfortunately, unused contracts keep occupying space on the blockchain. To tackle this issue, we propose a new protocol to identify and delete unused contracts. Through simulation, based on Ethereum historical data, we show that deletion of smart contracts after an inactivity period of 90 days could lead to a 66% reduction in the number of contracts stored over a year.
Published: 2021
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3. Measuring performances and footprint of blockchains with BCTMark: a case study on Ethereum smart contracts energy consumption

Author: Dimitri Saingre, Jean-Marc Menaud, Thomas Ledoux, Département Automatique, Productique et Informatique (IMT Atlantique - DAPI), IMT Atlantique (IMT Atlantique), Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] (IMT)-Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] (IMT), Software Stack for Massively Geo-Distributed Infrastructures (LS2N - équipe STACK), Inria Rennes – Bretagne Atlantique, Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-Laboratoire des Sciences du Numérique de Nantes (LS2N), Université de Nantes - UFR des Sciences et des Techniques (UN UFR ST), Université de Nantes (UN)-Université de Nantes (UN)-École Centrale de Nantes (ECN)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-IMT Atlantique (IMT Atlantique), Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] (IMT)-Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] (IMT)-Université de Nantes - UFR des Sciences et des Techniques (UN UFR ST), GRID5000, IMT Atlantique Bretagne-Pays de la Loire (IMT Atlantique), Software Stack for Massively Geo-Distributed Infrastructures (STACK), Université de Nantes (UN)-Université de Nantes (UN)-École Centrale de Nantes (ECN)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-IMT Atlantique Bretagne-Pays de la Loire (IMT Atlantique), and Université de Nantes (UN)-Université de Nantes (UN)-École Centrale de Nantes (ECN)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Subjects: Blockchain, Computer Networks and Communications, Computer science, Performance, 02 engineering and technology, Footprint, 020204 information systems, 0202 electrical engineering, electronic engineering, information engineering, [INFO]Computer Science [cs], Evaluation, Benchmarks, 020206 networking & telecommunications, Energy consumption, Benchmarking, Replication (computing), Reproducibility, Smart-contracts, [INFO.INFO-PF]Computer Science [cs]/Performance [cs.PF], Risk analysis (engineering), Key (cryptography), State (computer science), [INFO.INFO-DC]Computer Science [cs]/Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing [cs.DC], Software, Energy (signal processing)
Abstract: International audience; A rich ecosystem of blockchain-based projects has emerged since the introduction of Bitcoin in 2008. New protocols seek to improve the performances of blockchain systems. In particular, the energy consumption of blockchains has been particularly decried. Unfortunately, those new proposals are often evaluated with ad hoc tools and experimental environments. Therefore, reproducibility and comparison of these new contributions with the state of the art of blockchain technologies are complicated. To the best of our knowledge, only a few tools partially address the design of a generic benchmarking of blockchain technologies (e.g., load generation). This paper introduces BCTMark, a generic framework for benchmarking blockchain technologies on an emulated network in a reproducible way. Based on this novel framework, we studied a key aspect of modern blockchains' energy consumption: smartcontract execution. Based on experiments and the analysis of one year of real-world Ethereum transactions, we measured and modeled smart-contracts' energy consumption on Ethereum. Furthermore, this study details how the replication of contract calls execution can impact their energy cost. In particular, we give insights on the energy consumed by smart-contracts on Ethereum over one year.
Published: 2021
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4. Modeling Self-Adaptive Fog Systems Using Bigraphs

Author: Hamza Sahli, Eric Rutten, Thomas Ledoux, Software Stack for Massively Geo-Distributed Infrastructures (LS2N - équipe STACK), Inria Rennes – Bretagne Atlantique, Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-Laboratoire des Sciences du Numérique de Nantes (LS2N), Université de Nantes - UFR des Sciences et des Techniques (UN UFR ST), Université de Nantes (UN)-Université de Nantes (UN)-École Centrale de Nantes (ECN)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-IMT Atlantique (IMT Atlantique), Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] (IMT)-Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] (IMT)-Université de Nantes - UFR des Sciences et des Techniques (UN UFR ST), Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] (IMT)-Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] (IMT), Département Automatique, Productique et Informatique (IMT Atlantique - DAPI), IMT Atlantique (IMT Atlantique), Control for Autonomic computing systems (CTRL-A ), Inria Grenoble - Rhône-Alpes, Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-Laboratoire d'Informatique de Grenoble (LIG), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP ), Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP ), Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA), Software Stack for Massively Geo-Distributed Infrastructures (STACK), Université de Nantes (UN)-Université de Nantes (UN)-École Centrale de Nantes (ECN)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-IMT Atlantique Bretagne-Pays de la Loire (IMT Atlantique), and IMT Atlantique Bretagne-Pays de la Loire (IMT Atlantique)
Subjects: Computer science, Computation, Distributed computing, Bigraph, 020207 software engineering, Self adaptive, 02 engineering and technology, Formal methods, ENCODE, [INFO.INFO-MO]Computer Science [cs]/Modeling and Simulation, [INFO.INFO-IU]Computer Science [cs]/Ubiquitous Computing, [INFO.INFO-FL]Computer Science [cs]/Formal Languages and Automata Theory [cs.FL], 020204 information systems, 0202 electrical engineering, electronic engineering, information engineering, Algebraic number, [INFO.INFO-DC]Computer Science [cs]/Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing [cs.DC], Formal verification, Reactive system
Abstract: International audience; Fog systems are a recent trend of distributed computing having vastly ubiquitous architectures and distinct requirements making their design difficult and complex. Fog computing is based on an idea that consists of leveraging both resource-scarce computing nodes around the Edge to perform latency and delay sensitive tasks and Cloud servers for the more intensive computation. A convenient way to address the challenge of designing Fog systems is through the use of formal = methods, which provide the needed precision and high-level assurance for their specication through formal verication. In this paper, we present a novel formal model dening spatial and structural aspects of Fog-based systems using Bigraphical Reactive Systems, a fully graphical process algebraic formalism. The model is extended with reaction rules to rep- resent the dynamic behavior of Fog systems in terms of self-adaptation. The notion of bigraph patterns is used in conjunction with boolean and temporal operators to encode spatio-temporal properties inherent to Fog systems and applications. The feasibility of the modelling approach is demonstrated via a motivating case study and variou self-adaptationscenarios.
Published: 2019
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5. BCTMark - Vers un outil pour l’évaluation des performances et du coût énergétique des technologies blockchain

Author: Dimitri SAINGRE, Thomas Ledoux, Jean-Marc Menaud, IMT Atlantique Bretagne-Pays de la Loire (IMT Atlantique), Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] (IMT), Inria Rennes – Bretagne Atlantique, Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria), Laboratoire des Sciences du Numérique de Nantes (LS2N), Université de Nantes - UFR des Sciences et des Techniques (UN UFR ST), Université de Nantes (UN)-Université de Nantes (UN)-École Centrale de Nantes (ECN)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-IMT Atlantique Bretagne-Pays de la Loire (IMT Atlantique), Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] (IMT)-Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] (IMT), Software Stack for Massively Geo-Distributed Infrastructures (STACK), Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-Laboratoire des Sciences du Numérique de Nantes (LS2N), Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] (IMT)-Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] (IMT)-Université de Nantes - UFR des Sciences et des Techniques (UN UFR ST), Département Automatique, Productique et Informatique (IMT Atlantique - DAPI), IMT Atlantique (IMT Atlantique), Université de Nantes (UN)-Université de Nantes (UN)-École Centrale de Nantes (ECN)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-IMT Atlantique (IMT Atlantique), and Software Stack for Massively Geo-Distributed Infrastructures (LS2N - équipe STACK)
Subjects: [INFO.INFO-OS]Computer Science [cs]/Operating Systems [cs.OS], ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS
Abstract: National audience
Published: 2019

6. CoMe4ACloud: An End-to-End Framework for Autonomic Cloud Systems

Author: Charles Prud'homme, Zakarea Alshara, Frederico Alvares, Jonathan Lejeune, Hugo Bruneliere, Thomas Ledoux, Software Stack for Massively Geo-Distributed Infrastructures (LS2N - équipe STACK), Inria Rennes – Bretagne Atlantique, Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-Laboratoire des Sciences du Numérique de Nantes (LS2N), Université de Nantes - UFR des Sciences et des Techniques (UN UFR ST), Université de Nantes (UN)-Université de Nantes (UN)-École Centrale de Nantes (ECN)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-IMT Atlantique (IMT Atlantique), Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] (IMT)-Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] (IMT)-Université de Nantes - UFR des Sciences et des Techniques (UN UFR ST), Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] (IMT)-Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] (IMT), Département Automatique, Productique et Informatique (IMT Atlantique - DAPI), IMT Atlantique (IMT Atlantique), EASYVIRT, NaoMod - Nantes Software Modeling Group (LS2N - équipe NaoMod), Laboratoire des Sciences du Numérique de Nantes (LS2N), DistributEd aLgorithms and sYStems (DELYS), Inria de Paris, Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-LIP6, Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Théorie, Algorithmes et Systèmes en Contraintes (LS2N - équipe TASC ), CoMe4ACloud (Atlanstic 2020), Software Stack for Massively Geo-Distributed Infrastructures (STACK), IMT Atlantique Bretagne-Pays de la Loire (IMT Atlantique), Université de Nantes (UN)-Université de Nantes (UN)-École Centrale de Nantes (ECN)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-IMT Atlantique Bretagne-Pays de la Loire (IMT Atlantique), Université de Nantes (UN)-Université de Nantes (UN)-École Centrale de Nantes (ECN)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), NaoMod - Nantes Software Modeling Group (NaoMod), and Théorie, Algorithmes et Systèmes en Contraintes (TASC )
Subjects: Computer Networks and Communications, Computer science, Distributed computing, Cloud computing, 02 engineering and technology, [INFO.INFO-SE]Computer Science [cs]/Software Engineering [cs.SE], [INFO.INFO-CL]Computer Science [cs]/Computation and Language [cs.CL], Autonomic computing, Constraint Programming, End-to-end principle, Autonomic Computing, 0202 electrical engineering, electronic engineering, information engineering, Constraint programming, Layer (object-oriented design), computer.programming_language, business.industry, 020206 networking & telecommunications, Cloud Computing, Model Driven Engineering, Hardware and Architecture, 020201 artificial intelligence & image processing, Model-driven architecture, [INFO.INFO-DC]Computer Science [cs]/Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing [cs.DC], business, computer, Software
Abstract: International audience; Autonomic Computing has largely contributed to the development of self-manageable Cloud services. It notably allows freeing Cloud administrators of the burden of manually managing varying-demand services, while still enforcing Service-Level Agreements (SLAs). All Cloud artifacts, regardless of the layer carrying them, share many common characteristics. Thus, it should be possible to specify, (re)configure and monitor any XaaS (Anything-as-a-Service) layer in an homogeneous way. To this end, the CoMe4ACloud approach proposes a generic model-based architecture for autonomic management of Cloud systems. We derive a generic unique Autono-mic Manager (AM) capable of managing any Cloud service, regardless of the layer. This AM is based on a constraint solver which aims at finding the optimal configuration for the modeled XaaS, i.e. the best balance between costs and revenues while meeting the constraints established by the SLA. We evaluate our approach in two different ways. Firstly, we analyze qualitatively the impact of the AM behaviour on the system configuration when a given series of events occurs. We show that the AM takes decisions in less than 10 seconds for several hundred nodes simulating vir-tual/physical machines. Secondly, we demonstrate the feasibility of the integration with real Cloud systems, such as Openstack, while still remaining generic. Finally, we discuss our approach according to the current state-of-the-art.
Published: 2018
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7. Dynamic reconfiguration of software architectures: from metaclasses to 'green Clouds'

Author: Thomas Ledoux, Software Stack for Massively Geo-Distributed Infrastructures (LS2N - équipe STACK), Inria Rennes – Bretagne Atlantique, Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-Laboratoire des Sciences du Numérique de Nantes (LS2N), Université de Nantes - UFR des Sciences et des Techniques (UN UFR ST), Université de Nantes (UN)-Université de Nantes (UN)-École Centrale de Nantes (ECN)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-IMT Atlantique (IMT Atlantique), Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] (IMT)-Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] (IMT)-Université de Nantes - UFR des Sciences et des Techniques (UN UFR ST), Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] (IMT)-Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] (IMT), Département Automatique, Productique et Informatique (IMT Atlantique - DAPI), IMT Atlantique (IMT Atlantique), Université de Nantes, Faculté des sciences et des techniques, Claude Jard [examinateur], Software Stack for Massively Geo-Distributed Infrastructures (STACK), IMT Atlantique Bretagne-Pays de la Loire (IMT Atlantique), Université de Nantes (UN)-Université de Nantes (UN)-École Centrale de Nantes (ECN)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-IMT Atlantique Bretagne-Pays de la Loire (IMT Atlantique), and Université de Nantes (UN)-Université de Nantes (UN)-École Centrale de Nantes (ECN)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Subjects: Green computing, ACM: D.: Software/D.2: SOFTWARE ENGINEERING/D.2.11: Software Architectures, reconfiguration dynamique, dynamic reconfiguration, software architectures, Cloud computing, informatique en nuage, [INFO.INFO-SE]Computer Science [cs]/Software Engineering [cs.SE], informatique durable, [INFO.INFO-DC]Computer Science [cs]/Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing [cs.DC], architectures logicielles
Abstract: Cette habilitation à diriger des recherches présente une synthèse de mes travaux ayant trait à la reconfiguration dynamique d'architectures logicielles. En première partie, je propose une analyse de l'adaptation dynamique du logiciel avec la volonté de poser les concepts de base et d'identifier les verrous à lever. Je motive l'intérêt de l'adaptation dynamique et modélise son processus de développement. Je présente un nombre de caractéristiques indispensables à l'adaptation dont la réification et la modularité. Je traite alors l'adaptation dynamique du logiciel comme un objet de première classe introduisant un découplage spatio-temporel entre code métier et logique d'adaptation. L'adaptation dynamique ne pouvant se faire au détriment de la qualité du logiciel et de son intégrité, j'énumère un nombre de propriétés indispensables à respecter, de pistes à étudier pour réaliser à l'exécution ce processus d'adaptation du logiciel.En deuxième partie, je présente ma contribution à la mise en oeuvre de l'adaptation dynamique pour les logiciels à base de composants. Dans un premier temps, je propose un patron d'auto-administration pour les architectures à composants, des langages dédiés pour la navigation et la reconfiguration dans les architectures logicielles Fractal, un framework pour faciliter la création d'applications sensibles au contexte. Dans un second temps, je développe une approche multi-étape pour des reconfigurations dynamiques fiables, qui contient à la fois une partie prévention de fautes basée sur une analyse statique et une partie tolérance aux fautes assurée par un moniteur transactionnel. Cette approche s'appuie sur une spécification des (re)configurations du modèle Fractal basée sur une logique du premier ordre. En troisième partie, je montre que la reconfiguration dynamique dans les « architectures en nuages » (Cloud computing) peut apporter une réponse à un enjeu sociétal important, à savoir les transitions numérique et énergétique. Contrairement aux travaux actuels qui visent à améliorer l'efficacité énergétique des centres de données en proposant des solutions dans les couches basses du Cloud, je préconise une approche d'éco-élasticité logicielle sur ses couches hautes. En m'inspirant à la fois du concept d'innovation frugale (Jugaad) et du mécanisme d'effacement de la consommation électrique, un certain nombre d'artefacts originaux comme le Cloud SLA, l'effacement de la consommation du logiciel, la virtualisation de l'énergie ou encore le SaaS green energy-aware, sont suggérés pour diminuer l'empreinte carbone des architectures en nuages. En conclusion, je dresse un bilan final de ma contribution et présente mes perspectives de recherche centrées d'abord sur une généralisation de l'approche précédente à l'aide de méta-modèles, puis sur la conception de micro-services « verts ».
Published: 2018

8. A Model-based Architecture for Autonomic and Heterogeneous Cloud Systems

Author: Zakarea Alshara, Frederico Alvares, Jonathan Lejeune, Thomas Ledoux, Hugo Bruneliere, Département Automatique, Productique et Informatique (IMT Atlantique - DAPI), IMT Atlantique (IMT Atlantique), Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] (IMT)-Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] (IMT), NaoMod - Nantes Software Modeling Group (LS2N - équipe NaoMod), Laboratoire des Sciences du Numérique de Nantes (LS2N), Université de Nantes - UFR des Sciences et des Techniques (UN UFR ST), Université de Nantes (UN)-Université de Nantes (UN)-École Centrale de Nantes (ECN)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-IMT Atlantique (IMT Atlantique), Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] (IMT)-Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] (IMT)-Université de Nantes - UFR des Sciences et des Techniques (UN UFR ST), Berger-Levrault, EASYVIRT, DistributEd aLgorithms and sYStems (DELYS), Inria de Paris, Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-LIP6, Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Software Stack for Massively Geo-Distributed Infrastructures (LS2N - équipe STACK), Inria Rennes – Bretagne Atlantique, Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-Laboratoire des Sciences du Numérique de Nantes (LS2N), CoMe4ACloud project (funded by Atlanstic2020), IMT Atlantique Bretagne-Pays de la Loire (IMT Atlantique), NaoMod - Nantes Software Modeling Group (NaoMod), Université de Nantes (UN)-Université de Nantes (UN)-École Centrale de Nantes (ECN)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-IMT Atlantique Bretagne-Pays de la Loire (IMT Atlantique), Université de Nantes (UN)-Université de Nantes (UN)-École Centrale de Nantes (ECN)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and Software Stack for Massively Geo-Distributed Infrastructures (STACK)
Subjects: Modeling language, Computer science, Distributed computing, Interoperability, Context (language use), Cloud computing, 02 engineering and technology, [INFO.INFO-SE]Computer Science [cs]/Software Engineering [cs.SE], [INFO.INFO-CL]Computer Science [cs]/Computation and Language [cs.CL], Autonomic computing, Autonomic Computing, 0202 electrical engineering, electronic engineering, information engineering, Adaptation (computer science), Astrophysics::Galaxy Astrophysics, Constraint satisfaction problem, business.industry, Modeling, 020206 networking & telecommunications, Cloud Computing, Constraints, Key (cryptography), 020201 artificial intelligence & image processing, Heterogeneity, [INFO.INFO-DC]Computer Science [cs]/Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing [cs.DC], business
Abstract: Best Paper Award; International audience; Over the last few years, Autonomic Computing has been a key enabler for Cloud system's dynamic adaptation. However, autonomously managing complex systems (such as in the Cloud context) is not trivial and may quickly become fastidious and error-prone. We advocate that Cloud artifacts, regardless of the layer carrying them, share many common characteristics. Thus, this makes it possible to specify, (re)configure and monitor them in an homogeneous way. To this end, we propose a generic model-based architecture for allowing the autonomic management of any Cloud system. From a " XaaS " model describing a given Cloud system, possibly over multiple layers of the Cloud stack, Cloud administrators can derive an autonomic manager for this system. This paper introduces the designed model-based architecture, and notably its core generic XaaS modeling language. It also describes the integration with a constraint solver to be used by the autonomic manager , as well as the interoperability with a Cloud standard (TOSCA). It presents an implementation (with its application on a multi-layer Cloud system) and compares the proposed approach with other existing solutions.
Published: 2018
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9. GPaaScaler

Author: Sabbir Hasan, Frederico Alvares, Thomas Ledoux, Design and Implementation of Autonomous Distributed Systems (MYRIADS), Inria Rennes – Bretagne Atlantique, Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-SYSTÈMES LARGE ÉCHELLE (IRISA-D1), Institut de Recherche en Informatique et Systèmes Aléatoires (IRISA), Université de Rennes (UR)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - Rennes (INSA Rennes), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Bretagne Sud (UBS)-École normale supérieure - Rennes (ENS Rennes)-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-CentraleSupélec-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-IMT Atlantique (IMT Atlantique), Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] (IMT)-Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] (IMT)-Université de Rennes (UR)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - Rennes (INSA Rennes), Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] (IMT)-Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] (IMT)-Institut de Recherche en Informatique et Systèmes Aléatoires (IRISA), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Bretagne Sud (UBS)-École normale supérieure - Rennes (ENS Rennes)-CentraleSupélec-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-IMT Atlantique (IMT Atlantique), Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] (IMT)-Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] (IMT), Département Automatique, Productique et Informatique (IMT Atlantique - DAPI), IMT Atlantique (IMT Atlantique), Software Stack for Massively Geo-Distributed Infrastructures (LS2N - équipe STACK), Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-Laboratoire des Sciences du Numérique de Nantes (LS2N), Université de Nantes - UFR des Sciences et des Techniques (UN UFR ST), Université de Nantes (UN)-Université de Nantes (UN)-École Centrale de Nantes (ECN)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-IMT Atlantique (IMT Atlantique), Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] (IMT)-Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] (IMT)-Université de Nantes - UFR des Sciences et des Techniques (UN UFR ST), Labex CominLabs, Université de Bretagne Sud (UBS)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - Rennes (INSA Rennes), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-École normale supérieure - Rennes (ENS Rennes)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Rennes 1 (UR1), Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-CentraleSupélec-IMT Atlantique Bretagne-Pays de la Loire (IMT Atlantique), Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] (IMT)-Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] (IMT)-Université de Bretagne Sud (UBS)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - Rennes (INSA Rennes), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-École normale supérieure - Rennes (ENS Rennes)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Rennes 1 (UR1), IMT Atlantique Bretagne-Pays de la Loire (IMT Atlantique), Software Stack for Massively Geo-Distributed Infrastructures (STACK), and Université de Nantes (UN)-Université de Nantes (UN)-École Centrale de Nantes (ECN)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-IMT Atlantique Bretagne-Pays de la Loire (IMT Atlantique)
Subjects: business.industry, Computer science, Distributed computing, Autonomic computing, 020207 software engineering, Cloud computing, Workload, [INFO.INFO-SE]Computer Science [cs]/Software Engineering [cs.SE], 02 engineering and technology, Energy consumption, Sustainable computing, 7. Clean energy, Renewable energy, Green computing, Service level, Green IT, 0202 electrical engineering, electronic engineering, information engineering, Interactive Cloud application, 020201 artificial intelligence & image processing, PaaS, [INFO.INFO-DC]Computer Science [cs]/Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing [cs.DC], business
Abstract: International audience; Recently, smart usage of renewable energy has been a hot topic in the Cloud community. In this vein, we have recently proposed the creation of green energy awareness around Interactive Cloud Applications, but in static amount of underlying resources. This paper adds to previous ones as it considers elastic underlying infrastructure, that is, we propose a PaaS solution which efficiently utilize the elasticity nature at bothinfrastructure and application levels, by leveraging adaptation in facing to changing condition i.e., workload burst, performancedegradation, quality of energy, etc. While applications are adapted by dynamically re-configuring their service level based on performance and/or green energy availability, the infrastructure takes care of addition/removal of resources based on application’s resource demand. Both adaptive behaviors are implemented in separated modules and are coordinated in a sequential manner. We validate our approach by extensiveexperiments and results obtained over Grid’5000 test bed. Results show that, application can reduce significant amount of brown energy consumption by 35% and daily instance hour cost by 37% compared to a baseline approach when green energy aware adaptation is considered.
Published: 2017
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10. Investigating Energy Consumption and Performance Trade-off for Interactive Cloud Application

Author: Sabbir Hasan, Thomas Ledoux, Frederico Alvares, Jean-Louis Pazat, Design and Implementation of Autonomous Distributed Systems (MYRIADS), Inria Rennes – Bretagne Atlantique, Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-SYSTÈMES LARGE ÉCHELLE (IRISA-D1), Institut de Recherche en Informatique et Systèmes Aléatoires (IRISA), Université de Rennes 1 (UR1), Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - Rennes (INSA Rennes), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Bretagne Sud (UBS)-École normale supérieure - Rennes (ENS Rennes)-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-CentraleSupélec-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-IMT Atlantique Bretagne-Pays de la Loire (IMT Atlantique), Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] (IMT)-Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] (IMT)-Université de Rennes 1 (UR1), Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] (IMT)-Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] (IMT)-Institut de Recherche en Informatique et Systèmes Aléatoires (IRISA), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Bretagne Sud (UBS)-École normale supérieure - Rennes (ENS Rennes)-CentraleSupélec-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-IMT Atlantique Bretagne-Pays de la Loire (IMT Atlantique), Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] (IMT)-Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] (IMT), Département Automatique, Productique et Informatique (IMT Atlantique - DAPI), IMT Atlantique Bretagne-Pays de la Loire (IMT Atlantique), Aspect and Composition Languages (ASCOLA), Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-Laboratoire des Sciences du Numérique de Nantes (LS2N), Université de Nantes - UFR des Sciences et des Techniques (UN UFR ST), Université de Nantes (UN)-Université de Nantes (UN)-École Centrale de Nantes (ECN)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-IMT Atlantique Bretagne-Pays de la Loire (IMT Atlantique), Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] (IMT)-Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] (IMT)-Université de Nantes - UFR des Sciences et des Techniques (UN UFR ST), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - Rennes (INSA Rennes), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES), Labex CominLabs, EPOC Project, Université de Rennes (UR)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - Rennes (INSA Rennes), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Bretagne Sud (UBS)-École normale supérieure - Rennes (ENS Rennes)-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-CentraleSupélec-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-IMT Atlantique (IMT Atlantique), Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] (IMT)-Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] (IMT)-Université de Rennes (UR)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - Rennes (INSA Rennes), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Bretagne Sud (UBS)-École normale supérieure - Rennes (ENS Rennes)-CentraleSupélec-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-IMT Atlantique (IMT Atlantique), IMT Atlantique (IMT Atlantique), Aspect and Composition Languages (LS2N - équipe ASCOLA), Université de Nantes (UN)-Université de Nantes (UN)-École Centrale de Nantes (ECN)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-IMT Atlantique (IMT Atlantique), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA), Université de Bretagne Sud (UBS)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - Rennes (INSA Rennes), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-École normale supérieure - Rennes (ENS Rennes)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Rennes 1 (UR1), Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-CentraleSupélec-IMT Atlantique Bretagne-Pays de la Loire (IMT Atlantique), Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] (IMT)-Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] (IMT)-Université de Bretagne Sud (UBS)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - Rennes (INSA Rennes), and Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-École normale supérieure - Rennes (ENS Rennes)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Rennes 1 (UR1)
Subjects: Engineering, Control and Optimization, Distributed computing, Real-time computing, Autonomic computing, Cloud computing, 02 engineering and technology, [INFO.INFO-SE]Computer Science [cs]/Software Engineering [cs.SE], Sustainable computing, 7. Clean energy, Green computing, [INFO.INFO-AU]Computer Science [cs]/Automatic Control Engineering, 0202 electrical engineering, electronic engineering, information engineering, Green IT, Renewable Energy, Sustainability and the Environment, business.industry, Quality of service, Node (networking), Performance analysis, 020206 networking & telecommunications, Cloud application, Energy consumption, Renewable energy, Computational Theory and Mathematics, Hardware and Architecture, Benchmark (computing), Carbon footprint, 020201 artificial intelligence & image processing, [INFO.INFO-DC]Computer Science [cs]/Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing [cs.DC], business, Software
Abstract: With the ever growing demand and popularity of cloud based services, data centers have to urgently face energy consumption issue. Similar to other large consumers of power, data centers find themselves increasingly pressured to reduce their carbon footprint. In response, cloud providers have started to set sustainability goals to reduce carbon emissions by using renewable sources to their services. Traditionally, batch processing cloud applications are deadline oriented, hence they can be easily adapted with the different green energy profile. Whereas, interactive cloud applications are imposed with several performance criteria. This paper, the first of its kind, investigates a thorough analysis of energy consumption and performance trade-off by allowing smart usage of green energy for interactive cloud application. Moreover, we propose an auto-scaler, named SaaScaler, that implements several control loop based application controllers to satisfy different performance (i.e., response time, availability, and user experience) and resource aware metrics (i.e., quality of energy). Based on extensive experiments with RUBiS benchmark and real workload traces using single compute node in Openstack/Grid’5000, results suggest that 13 percent brown energy consumption can be reduced without deprovisioning any physical or virtual resources at IaaS layer while 29 percent more users can access the application by dynamically adjusting capacity requirements. Furthermore, our investigation verifies that the energy consumption deviates as little as .07 percent when our approach is scaled using several physical nodes.
Published: 2017
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11. Exploiting Renewable sources: when Green SLA becomes a possible reality in Cloud computing

Author: Yousri Kouki, Sabbir Hasan, Thomas Ledoux, Jean-Louis Pazat, Design and Implementation of Autonomous Distributed Systems (MYRIADS), Inria Rennes – Bretagne Atlantique, Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-SYSTÈMES LARGE ÉCHELLE (IRISA-D1), Institut de Recherche en Informatique et Systèmes Aléatoires (IRISA), Université de Rennes (UR)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - Rennes (INSA Rennes), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Bretagne Sud (UBS)-École normale supérieure - Rennes (ENS Rennes)-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-Télécom Bretagne-CentraleSupélec-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Rennes (UR)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - Rennes (INSA Rennes), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Bretagne Sud (UBS)-École normale supérieure - Rennes (ENS Rennes)-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-Télécom Bretagne-CentraleSupélec-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche en Informatique et Systèmes Aléatoires (IRISA), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Bretagne Sud (UBS)-École normale supérieure - Rennes (ENS Rennes)-Télécom Bretagne-CentraleSupélec-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - Rennes (INSA Rennes), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA), Aspect and Composition Languages (LS2N - équipe ASCOLA), Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-Laboratoire des Sciences du Numérique de Nantes (LS2N), Université de Nantes - UFR des Sciences et des Techniques (UN UFR ST), Université de Nantes (UN)-Université de Nantes (UN)-École Centrale de Nantes (ECN)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-IMT Atlantique (IMT Atlantique), Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] (IMT)-Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] (IMT)-Université de Nantes - UFR des Sciences et des Techniques (UN UFR ST), Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] (IMT)-Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] (IMT), Département Automatique, Productique et Informatique (IMT Atlantique - DAPI), IMT Atlantique (IMT Atlantique), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Bretagne Sud (UBS)-École normale supérieure - Rennes (ENS Rennes)-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-CentraleSupélec-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-IMT Atlantique (IMT Atlantique), Labex CominLabs, EPOC Project, CentraleSupélec-Télécom Bretagne-Université de Rennes 1 (UR1), Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-École normale supérieure - Rennes (ENS Rennes)-Université de Bretagne Sud (UBS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - Rennes (INSA Rennes), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-CentraleSupélec-Télécom Bretagne-Université de Rennes 1 (UR1), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Institut de Recherche en Informatique et Systèmes Aléatoires (IRISA), Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-École normale supérieure - Rennes (ENS Rennes)-Université de Bretagne Sud (UBS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - Rennes (INSA Rennes), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES), Aspect and Composition Languages (ASCOLA), Université de Nantes (UN)-Université de Nantes (UN)-École Centrale de Nantes (ECN)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-IMT Atlantique Bretagne-Pays de la Loire (IMT Atlantique), IMT Atlantique Bretagne-Pays de la Loire (IMT Atlantique), Université de Bretagne Sud (UBS)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - Rennes (INSA Rennes), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-École normale supérieure - Rennes (ENS Rennes)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Rennes 1 (UR1), Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-CentraleSupélec-IMT Atlantique Bretagne-Pays de la Loire (IMT Atlantique), Université de Rennes 1 (UR1), Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - Rennes (INSA Rennes), and Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Bretagne Sud (UBS)-École normale supérieure - Rennes (ENS Rennes)-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-CentraleSupélec-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-IMT Atlantique Bretagne-Pays de la Loire (IMT Atlantique)
Subjects: 0209 industrial biotechnology, Computer Networks and Communications, Computer science, Cloud computing, 02 engineering and technology, [INFO.INFO-SE]Computer Science [cs]/Software Engineering [cs.SE], computer.software_genre, Computer security, 7. Clean energy, Service-level agreement, 020901 industrial engineering & automation, Green computing, PlanetLab, 0202 electrical engineering, electronic engineering, information engineering, Renewable Energy, GeneralLiterature_REFERENCE(e.g.,dictionaries,encyclopedias,glossaries), Sustainable Computing, business.industry, 020206 networking & telecommunications, Energy consumption, Environmental economics, Cloud Computing, Virtualization, Computer Science Applications, Renewable energy, Green Service Level Agreement, Hardware and Architecture, Cross-layer SLA, Data center, [INFO.INFO-DC]Computer Science [cs]/Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing [cs.DC], business, computer, Software, Information Systems
Abstract: International audience; While the proliferation of Cloud services have greatly impacted our society, how green are these services is yet to be answered. Although, demand escalation for green services has grown due to societal awareness, the approaches to provide green services and establish Green SLAs remain oblivious for cloud or infrastructure providers. The main challenge for cloud provider is to manage Green SLAs with their customers while satisfying their business objectives, such as maximizing profits by lowering expenditure for green energy. Since, Green SLA needs to be proposed based on the presence of green energy, the intermittent nature of renewable sources makes it difficult to be achieved. In response, this paper presents a scheme for green energy management in the presence of explicit and implicit integration of renewable energy in data center. More specifically we propose three contributions: i) we introduce the concept of virtualization of green energy to address the uncertainty of green energy availability, ii) we extend the Cloud Service Level Agreement (CSLA) language to support Green SLA by introducing two new threshold parameters and iii) we introduce greenSLA algorithm which leverages the concept of virtualization of green energy to provide per interval specific Green SLA. Experiments were conducted with real workload profile from PlanetLab and server power model from SPECpower to demonstrate that, Green SLA can be successfully established and satisfied without incurring higher cost.
Published: 2017
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12. Towards a generic autonomic model to manage Cloud Services

Author: Jonathan Lejeune, Frederico Alvares, Thomas Ledoux, Sorbonne Université (SU), Large-Scale Distributed Systems and Applications (Regal), Laboratoire d'Informatique de Paris 6 (LIP6), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Inria Paris-Rocquencourt, Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria), Aspect and Composition Languages (ASCOLA), Inria Rennes – Bretagne Atlantique, Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-Laboratoire des Sciences du Numérique de Nantes (LS2N), IMT Atlantique Bretagne-Pays de la Loire (IMT Atlantique), Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] (IMT)-Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] (IMT)-Université de Nantes - UFR des Sciences et des Techniques (UN UFR ST), Université de Nantes (UN)-Université de Nantes (UN)-École Centrale de Nantes (ECN)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-IMT Atlantique Bretagne-Pays de la Loire (IMT Atlantique), Université de Nantes (UN)-Université de Nantes (UN)-École Centrale de Nantes (ECN)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Département Automatique, Productique et Informatique (IMT Atlantique - DAPI), Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] (IMT)-Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] (IMT), Laboratoire des Sciences du Numérique de Nantes (LS2N), Université de Nantes - UFR des Sciences et des Techniques (UN UFR ST), Aspect and Composition Languages (LS2N - équipe ASCOLA), Université de Nantes (UN)-Université de Nantes (UN)-École Centrale de Nantes (ECN)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-IMT Atlantique (IMT Atlantique), and IMT Atlantique (IMT Atlantique)
Subjects: Service (business), 020203 distributed computing, business.industry, Computer science, Services computing, Cloud computing, 02 engineering and technology, [INFO.INFO-SE]Computer Science [cs]/Software Engineering [cs.SE], Cloud Computing, Cloud Modeling, Autonomic computing, Task (project management), Constraint Programming, World Wide Web, 020204 information systems, Service level, Cloud Self-Management, 0202 electrical engineering, electronic engineering, information engineering, Constraint programming, Layer (object-oriented design), [INFO.INFO-DC]Computer Science [cs]/Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing [cs.DC], Software engineering, business, XaaS
Abstract: International audience; Autonomic Computing has recently contributed to the development of self-manageable Cloud services. It provides means to free Cloud administrators of the burden of manually managing varying-demand services while enforcing Service Level Agreements (SLAs). However, designingAutonomic Managers (AMs) that take into account services' runtime properties so as to provide SLA guarantees without the proper tooling support may quickly become a non-trivial, fastidious and error-prone task as systems size grows. In fact, in order to achieve well-tuned AMs, administrators need to take into consideration the specificities of each managed service as well as its dependencies on underlying services (e.g., a Sofware-as-a-Service that depends on a Platform/Infrastructure-as-a-Service). We advocate that Cloud services, regardless of the layer, may share the same consumer/provider-based abstract model. From that model we can derive a unique and generic AM that can be used to manage any XaaS service defined with that model.This paper proposes such an abstract (although extensible) model along with a generic constraint-based AM that reasons on abstract concepts, service dependencies as well as SLA constraints in order to find the optimal configuration for the modeled XaaS. The genericity of our approach areshowed and discussed through two motivating examples and a qualitative experiment has been carried out in order to show the approache's applicability as well as to point out and discuss its limitations.
Published: 2017
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13. ElaScript: a DSL for Coding Elasticity in Cloud Computing

Author: Salma Bouri, Thomas Ledoux, Simon Dupont, Frederico Alvares, Laboratoire des Sciences du Numérique de Nantes (LS2N), Université de Nantes - UFR des Sciences et des Techniques (UN UFR ST), Université de Nantes (UN)-Université de Nantes (UN)-École Centrale de Nantes (ECN)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-IMT Atlantique Bretagne-Pays de la Loire (IMT Atlantique), Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] (IMT)-Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] (IMT), Aspect and Composition Languages (ASCOLA), Inria Rennes – Bretagne Atlantique, Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-Laboratoire des Sciences du Numérique de Nantes (LS2N), Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] (IMT)-Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] (IMT)-Université de Nantes - UFR des Sciences et des Techniques (UN UFR ST), Sigma Informatique, Département Automatique, Productique et Informatique (IMT Atlantique - DAPI), IMT Atlantique Bretagne-Pays de la Loire (IMT Atlantique), Bourse Cifre Sigma Informatique, Université de Nantes (UN)-Université de Nantes (UN)-École Centrale de Nantes (ECN)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-IMT Atlantique (IMT Atlantique), Aspect and Composition Languages (LS2N - équipe ASCOLA), IMT Atlantique (IMT Atlantique), and Université de Nantes (UN)-Université de Nantes (UN)-École Centrale de Nantes (ECN)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Subjects: Domain-specific language, business.industry, Computer science, Distributed computing, Domain Specific Language, Real-time computing, Testbed, Control reconfiguration, 020207 software engineering, Cloud computing, 02 engineering and technology, [INFO.INFO-SE]Computer Science [cs]/Software Engineering [cs.SE], Elasticity, Software, Digital subscriber line, 020204 information systems, 0202 electrical engineering, electronic engineering, information engineering, Granularity, Elasticity (economics), [INFO.INFO-DC]Computer Science [cs]/Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing [cs.DC], business
Abstract: International audience; Some of the Cloud elasticity model’s main shortcomings refer to the low reactivity due to resource granularity and large start up time at the infrastructure layer. Prior work in the literature advocates that the software layer may take part in the global elasticity process in order to cope with these shortcomings and hence achieve efficient Cloud elasticity. In this paper, we introduce ElaScript, a Domain Specific Language which offers Cloud administrators a simple and concise way to define complex elasticity-based reconfiguration plans. ElaScript is capable of dealing with both infrastructure and software elasticities, independently or together, in a coordinated way. We validate our approach by first showing the interest to have a Domain Specific Language offering multiple levels of control for Cloud elasticity, and then by showing its integration with a realistic well-known application benchmark deployed in OpenStack and Grid’5000 infrastructure testbed. Results show the benefits of using ElaScript, and consequently the elasticity at the software layer, to improve system’s reactivity to environment’s changes.
Published: 2017
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14. Towards energy-proportional Clouds partially powered by renewable energy

Author: Barbara Dumas Feris, Ammar Sharaiha, Pascal Morel, Michel Morvan, Gilles Madi-Wamba, Claude Jard, Sabbir Hasan, Philippe Gravey, Jean-Marc Menaud, Didier Lime, Anne-Cécile Orgerie, Yunbo Li, Olivier Roux, Thomas Ledoux, Marie-Laure Moulinard, Jean-Louis Pazat, Nicolas Beldiceanu, Théorie, Algorithmes et Systèmes en Contraintes (TASC ), Laboratoire des Sciences du Numérique de Nantes (LS2N), Université de Nantes - UFR des Sciences et des Techniques (UN UFR ST), Université de Nantes (UN)-Université de Nantes (UN)-École Centrale de Nantes (ECN)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-IMT Atlantique Bretagne-Pays de la Loire (IMT Atlantique), Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] (IMT)-Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] (IMT)-Université de Nantes - UFR des Sciences et des Techniques (UN UFR ST), Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] (IMT)-Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] (IMT), Département Automatique, Productique et Informatique (IMT Atlantique - DAPI), IMT Atlantique Bretagne-Pays de la Loire (IMT Atlantique), Lab-STICC_TB_MOM_DIM, Laboratoire des sciences et techniques de l'information, de la communication et de la connaissance (Lab-STICC), École Nationale d'Ingénieurs de Brest (ENIB)-Université de Bretagne Sud (UBS)-Université de Brest (UBO)-Télécom Bretagne-Institut Brestois du Numérique et des Mathématiques (IBNM), Université de Brest (UBO)-Université européenne de Bretagne - European University of Brittany (UEB)-École Nationale Supérieure de Techniques Avancées Bretagne (ENSTA Bretagne)-Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] (IMT)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École Nationale d'Ingénieurs de Brest (ENIB)-Université de Bretagne Sud (UBS)-Université de Brest (UBO)-Télécom Bretagne-Institut Brestois du Numérique et des Mathématiques (IBNM), Université de Brest (UBO)-Université européenne de Bretagne - European University of Brittany (UEB)-École Nationale Supérieure de Techniques Avancées Bretagne (ENSTA Bretagne)-Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] (IMT)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Département Optique (OPT), Université européenne de Bretagne - European University of Brittany (UEB)-Télécom Bretagne-Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] (IMT), Aspect and Composition Languages (ASCOLA), Inria Rennes – Bretagne Atlantique, Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-Laboratoire des Sciences du Numérique de Nantes (LS2N), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - Rennes (INSA Rennes), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES), Université de Nantes (UN), Design and Implementation of Autonomous Distributed Systems (MYRIADS), Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-SYSTÈMES LARGE ÉCHELLE (IRISA-D1), Institut de Recherche en Informatique et Systèmes Aléatoires (IRISA), Université de Bretagne Sud (UBS)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - Rennes (INSA Rennes), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-École normale supérieure - Rennes (ENS Rennes)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Rennes 1 (UR1), Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-CentraleSupélec-IMT Atlantique Bretagne-Pays de la Loire (IMT Atlantique), Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] (IMT)-Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] (IMT)-Université de Bretagne Sud (UBS)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - Rennes (INSA Rennes), Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] (IMT)-Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] (IMT)-Institut de Recherche en Informatique et Systèmes Aléatoires (IRISA), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-École normale supérieure - Rennes (ENS Rennes)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Rennes 1 (UR1), École Centrale de Nantes (ECN), École Nationale d'Ingénieurs de Brest (ENIB), Lab-STICC_ENIB_MOM_DIM, Lab-STICC/MOM/MF, École Nationale d'Ingénieurs de Brest (ENIB)-École Nationale d'Ingénieurs de Brest (ENIB), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Labex CominLabs, Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] (IMT)-Télécom Bretagne-Université européenne de Bretagne - European University of Brittany (UEB), Orgerie, Anne-Cécile, Théorie, Algorithmes et Systèmes en Contraintes (LS2N - équipe TASC ), Université de Nantes (UN)-Université de Nantes (UN)-École Centrale de Nantes (ECN)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-IMT Atlantique (IMT Atlantique), IMT Atlantique (IMT Atlantique), Université européenne de Bretagne - European University of Brittany (UEB)-École Nationale d'Ingénieurs de Brest (ENIB)-Université de Bretagne Sud (UBS)-Université de Brest (UBO)-Télécom Bretagne-Institut Brestois du Numérique et des Mathématiques (IBNM), Université de Brest (UBO)-École Nationale Supérieure de Techniques Avancées Bretagne (ENSTA Bretagne)-Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] (IMT)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université européenne de Bretagne - European University of Brittany (UEB)-École Nationale d'Ingénieurs de Brest (ENIB)-Université de Bretagne Sud (UBS)-Université de Brest (UBO)-Télécom Bretagne-Institut Brestois du Numérique et des Mathématiques (IBNM), Université de Brest (UBO)-École Nationale Supérieure de Techniques Avancées Bretagne (ENSTA Bretagne)-Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] (IMT)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Aspect and Composition Languages (LS2N - équipe ASCOLA), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA), Université de Rennes (UR)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - Rennes (INSA Rennes), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Bretagne Sud (UBS)-École normale supérieure - Rennes (ENS Rennes)-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-CentraleSupélec-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-IMT Atlantique (IMT Atlantique), Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] (IMT)-Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] (IMT)-Université de Rennes (UR)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - Rennes (INSA Rennes), and Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Bretagne Sud (UBS)-École normale supérieure - Rennes (ENS Rennes)-CentraleSupélec-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-IMT Atlantique (IMT Atlantique)
Subjects: Power management, Computer science, Distributed computing, Cloud computing, 02 engineering and technology, 7. Clean energy, Theoretical Computer Science, [INFO.INFO-NI]Computer Science [cs]/Networking and Internet Architecture [cs.NI], 020210 optoelectronics & photonics, 0202 electrical engineering, electronic engineering, information engineering, Numerical Analysis, [INFO.INFO-NI] Computer Science [cs]/Networking and Internet Architecture [cs.NI], business.industry, 020206 networking & telecommunications, Energy consumption, Electrical grid, Computer Science Applications, Renewable energy, Computational Mathematics, Computational Theory and Mathematics, 13. Climate action, Middleware, Embedded system, Data center, business, Software, Efficient energy use
Abstract: International audience; With the emergence of the Future Internet and the dawning of new IT models such as cloud computing, the usage of data centers (DC), and consequently their power consumption, increase dramatically. Besides the ecological impact, the energy consumption is a predominant criterion for DC providers since it determines the daily cost of their infrastructure. As a consequence, power management becomes one of the main challenges for DC infrastructures and more generally for large-scale distributed systems. In this paper, we present the EpoCloud prototype, from hardware to middleware layers. This prototype aims at optimizing the energy consumption of mono-site Cloud DCs connected to the regular electrical grid and to renewable-energy sources.
Published: 2017
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15. Enabling Green Energy awareness in Interactive Cloud Application

Author: Jean-Louis Pazat, Sabbir Hasan, Frederico Alvares de Oliveira, Thomas Ledoux, Design and Implementation of Autonomous Distributed Systems (MYRIADS), Inria Rennes – Bretagne Atlantique, Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-SYSTÈMES LARGE ÉCHELLE (IRISA-D1), Institut de Recherche en Informatique et Systèmes Aléatoires (IRISA), Université de Rennes (UR)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - Rennes (INSA Rennes), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Bretagne Sud (UBS)-École normale supérieure - Rennes (ENS Rennes)-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-Télécom Bretagne-CentraleSupélec-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Rennes (UR)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - Rennes (INSA Rennes), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Bretagne Sud (UBS)-École normale supérieure - Rennes (ENS Rennes)-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-Télécom Bretagne-CentraleSupélec-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche en Informatique et Systèmes Aléatoires (IRISA), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Bretagne Sud (UBS)-École normale supérieure - Rennes (ENS Rennes)-Télécom Bretagne-CentraleSupélec-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Aspect and composition languages (ASCOLA), Laboratoire d'Informatique de Nantes Atlantique (LINA), Mines Nantes (Mines Nantes)-Université de Nantes (UN)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Mines Nantes (Mines Nantes)-Université de Nantes (UN)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Département informatique - EMN, Mines Nantes (Mines Nantes)-Inria Rennes – Bretagne Atlantique, Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria), Mines Nantes (Mines Nantes), Labex CominLabs EPOC (http://www.epoc.cominlabs.ueb.eu/), CentraleSupélec-Télécom Bretagne-Université de Rennes 1 (UR1), Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-École normale supérieure - Rennes (ENS Rennes)-Université de Bretagne Sud (UBS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - Rennes (INSA Rennes), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-CentraleSupélec-Télécom Bretagne-Université de Rennes 1 (UR1), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Institut de Recherche en Informatique et Systèmes Aléatoires (IRISA), Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-École normale supérieure - Rennes (ENS Rennes)-Université de Bretagne Sud (UBS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - Rennes (INSA Rennes), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA), and Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Mines Nantes (Mines Nantes)-Université de Nantes (UN)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Mines Nantes (Mines Nantes)-Université de Nantes (UN)-Département informatique - EMN
Subjects: Index Terms—Cloud Computing, Computer science, business.industry, Quality of service, Distributed computing, Software as a service, Real-time computing, Autonomic computing, 020207 software engineering, Cloud computing, 02 engineering and technology, Energy consumption, 7. Clean energy, Renewable energy, User Experience, SaaS Application, 020204 information systems, 0202 electrical engineering, electronic engineering, information engineering, Carbon footprint, [INFO]Computer Science [cs], Renewable Energy, business, Efficient energy use
Abstract: International audience; With the proliferation of Cloud computing, data centers have to urgently face energy consumption issues. Although recent efforts such as the integration of renewable energy to data centers or energy efficient techniques in (virtual) machines contribute to the reduction of carbon footprint, creating green energy awareness around Interactive Cloud Applications by smartly using the presence of green energy has not been yet addressed. By awareness, we mean the inherited capability of Software-as-a-Service applications to dynamically adapt with the availability of green energy and to reduce energy consumption while green energy is scarce or absent. In this paper, we present two application controllers based on different metrics (e.g., availability of green energy, response time, user experience level). Based on extensive experiments with a real application benchmark and workloads in Grid'5000, results suggest that providers revenue can be increased as high as 64%, while 13% brown energy can be reduced without deprovisioning any physical or virtual resources at IaaS layer and 17 fold increment of performance can be guaranteed.
Published: 2016
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16. Cloud Capacity Planning and Management

Author: Yousri Kouki, Thomas Ledoux, Frederico Alvares, Linagora [Puteaux], Aspect and composition languages (ASCOLA), Laboratoire d'Informatique de Nantes Atlantique (LINA), Mines Nantes (Mines Nantes)-Université de Nantes (UN)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Mines Nantes (Mines Nantes)-Université de Nantes (UN)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Département informatique - EMN, Mines Nantes (Mines Nantes)-Inria Rennes – Bretagne Atlantique, and Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)
Subjects: Elasticity (cloud computing), Capacity planning, Operations research, business.industry, Systems engineering, Cloud computing, [INFO.INFO-DC]Computer Science [cs]/Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing [cs.DC], business, Capacity management, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS
Abstract: International audience
Published: 2016
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17. Self-management of cloud applications and infrastructure for energy optimization

Author: Frederico Alvares de Oliveira, Thomas Ledoux, Aspect and composition languages (ASCOLA), Laboratoire d'Informatique de Nantes Atlantique (LINA), Mines Nantes (Mines Nantes)-Université de Nantes (UN)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Mines Nantes (Mines Nantes)-Université de Nantes (UN)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Département informatique - EMN, Mines Nantes (Mines Nantes)-Inria Rennes – Bretagne Atlantique, Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria), and Mines Nantes (Mines Nantes)-Université de Nantes (UN)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Subjects: [INFO.INFO-AR]Computer Science [cs]/Hardware Architecture [cs.AR], Computer science, business.industry, Quality of service, Distributed computing, Cloud computing, Energy consumption, Energy minimization, Virtualization, computer.software_genre, Footprint, Control system, Embedded system, General Earth and Planetary Sciences, business, computer, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, Energy (signal processing), General Environmental Science
Abstract: As a direct consequence of the increasing popularity of Cloud Computing solutions, data centers are amazingly growing and hence have to urgently face with the energy consumption issue. Available solutions rely on Cloud Computing models and virtualization techniques to scale up/down application based on their performance metrics. Although those proposals can reduce the energy footprint of applications and by transitivity of cloud infrastructures, they do not consider the internal characteristics of applications to finely define a trade-off between applications Quality of Service and energy footprint. In this paper, we propose a self-adaptation approach that considers both application internals and system to reduce the energy footprint in cloud infrastructure. Each application and the infrastructure are equipped with their own control loop, which allows them to autonomously optimize their executions. Simulations show that the approach may lead to appreciable energy savings without interfering on application provider revenues.
Published: 2012
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18. CREOLE: a Universal Language for Creating, Requesting, Updating and Deleting Resources

Author: Hervé Grall, Mayleen Lacouture, Thomas Ledoux, Laboratoire d'Informatique de Nantes Atlantique (LINA), Mines Nantes (Mines Nantes)-Université de Nantes (UN)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Aspect and composition languages (ASCOLA), Mines Nantes (Mines Nantes)-Université de Nantes (UN)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Mines Nantes (Mines Nantes)-Université de Nantes (UN)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Département informatique - EMN, Mines Nantes (Mines Nantes)-Inria Rennes – Bretagne Atlantique, Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria), and M.R. Mousavi and G. Salaün
Subjects: FOS: Computer and information sciences, SQL, Computer science, Creole language, Universal language, Context (language use), computer.software_genre, lcsh:QA75.5-76.95, Computer Science - Networking and Internet Architecture, Computer Science - Software Engineering, Resource (project management), Adaptation (computer science), Architectural style, computer.programming_language, Networking and Internet Architecture (cs.NI), [INFO.INFO-PL]Computer Science [cs]/Programming Languages [cs.PL], Computer Science - Programming Languages, Programming language, lcsh:Mathematics, lcsh:QA1-939, language.human_language, Software Engineering (cs.SE), Scripting language, language, lcsh:Electronic computers. Computer science, computer, Programming Languages (cs.PL)
Abstract: In the context of Service-Oriented Computing, applications can be developed following the REST (Representation State Transfer) architectural style. This style corresponds to a resource-oriented model, where resources are manipulated via CRUD (Create, Request, Update, Delete) interfaces. The diversity of CRUD languages due to the absence of a standard leads to composition problems related to adaptation, integration and coordination of services. To overcome these problems, we propose a pivot architecture built around a universal language to manipulate resources, called CREOLE, a CRUD Language for Resource Edition. In this architecture, scripts written in existing CRUD languages, like SQL, are compiled into Creole and then executed over different CRUD interfaces. After stating the requirements for a universal language for manipulating resources, we formally describe the language and informally motivate its definition with respect to the requirements. We then concretely show how the architecture solves adaptation, integration and coordination problems in the case of photo management in Flickr and Picasa, two well-known service-oriented applications. Finally, we propose a roadmap for future work., In Proceedings FOCLASA 2010, arXiv:1007.4993
Published: 2010

19. Pesticide Concentrations in Matrices Collected in the Perinatal Period in a Population of Pregnant Women and Newborns in New Jersey, USA

Author: Xiaoyong Yan, Mark G. Robson, Susan Lashley, John C. Smulian, Thomas Ledoux, Cande V. Ananth, Dana B. Barr, and Paromita Hore
Subjects: Pregnancy, education.field_of_study, Amniotic fluid, Chemistry, Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis, Ecological Modeling, Population, Physiology, Urine, Pesticide, medicine.disease, Pollution, Toxicology, Meconium, Biomonitoring, medicine, Population study, education
Abstract: Gestational exposure to pesticides may adversely affect fetal development and birth outcomes. However, data on fetal exposure and associated health effects in newborns remain sparse. We measured a variety of pesticides and metabolites in maternal urine, maternal serum, cord serum, amniotic fluid, and meconium samples collected at the time of cesarean delivery from 150 women in central New Jersey, USA. Women who used pesticides at home had higher concentrations of pesticides or metabolites in cord serum [e.g., dacthal (p = .007), diethyltoluamide (p = .043), and phthalimide (p = .030)] than those who did not use pesticides, suggesting that residential use of pesticides may contribute to overall exposure as assessed by biomonitoring. Except for orthophenylphenol, the concentrations of most pesticides in biological matrices of this study population were either comparable to or lower than the levels reported in previous studies and in the U.S. general population. The daily exposure estimates of two r...
Published: 2009
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20. Perinatal Exposure to Perchlorate, Thiocyanate, and Nitrate in New Jersey Mothers and Newborns

Author: John C. Smulian, Paromita Hore, Betty J. Spain, Dana B. Barr, Benjamin C. Blount, Mark G. Robson, Susan Lashley, Cande V. Ananth, Eileen Murphy, Thomas Ledoux, David Q. Rich, and Liza Valentin-Blasini
Subjects: Vitamin, medicine.medical_specialty, Amniotic fluid, Urine, Article, chemistry.chemical_compound, Perchlorate, Pregnancy, Internal medicine, medicine, Humans, Environmental Chemistry, Maternal-Fetal Exchange, Fetus, Nitrates, Perchlorates, New Jersey, Chemistry, Infant, Newborn, Environmental Exposure, General Chemistry, Environmental exposure, medicine.disease, Pregnancy Complications, Endocrinology, Cord blood, Environmental Pollutants, Female, Thiocyanates
Abstract: Perchlorate is a commonly occurring environmental toxicant that may be transported across the placental barrier by the sodium-iodide symporter (NIS), possibly resulting in both increased perchlorate exposure and decreased iodide uptake by the fetus. Therefore, we measured levels of three physiologically relevant NIS-inhibitors (perchlorate, nitrate, and thiocyanate) and iodide in maternal and fetal fluids collected during cesarean-section surgeries on 150 U.S. women. Geometric means of perchlorate, thiocyanate, and nitrate levels in maternal urine (2.90, 947, and 47900 microg/L, respectively) were similar to previously published results, while urinary iodide levels (1420 microg/L) were significantly higher (p < 0.0001), likely because of prevalent prenatal vitamin use in the study population (74%). Thiocyanate levels were higher in the maternal serum, cord serum, and amniotic fluid of smokers compared to women with environmental tobacco smoke exposure and nonsmokers (p-values of 0.0006, 0.0011, and 0.0026, respectively). Perchlorate was detected in most samples: urine (100%), maternal serum (94%), cord serum (67%), and amniotic fluid (97%). Maternal urinary perchlorate levels were positively correlated with perchlorate levels in amniotic fluid (r = 0.57), indicating that maternal urine perchlorate is an effective biomarker of fetal perchlorate exposure. Maternal serum perchlorate was generally higher than cord serum perchlorate (median ratio 2.4:1 for paired samples), and maternal urine perchlorate was always higher than fetal amniotic fluid perchlorate levels (mean ratio 22:1); conversely, iodide levels were typically higher in fetal fluids compared to maternal fluids. We found no evidence of either disproportionate perchlorate accumulation or lack of iodide in the fetal compartment. In this panel of healthy infants, we found no association between cord blood levels of these anions and newborn weight length, and head circumference.
Published: 2009
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21. Phthalates Biomarker Identification and Exposure Estimates in a Population of Pregnant Women

Author: Thomas Ledoux, Susan Lashley, Antonia M. Calafat, John C. Smulian, Mark G. Robson, Xiaoyong Yan, Paromita Hore, Dana B. Barr, Manori J. Silva, and Cande V. Ananth
Subjects: medicine.medical_specialty, Pregnancy, education.field_of_study, business.industry, Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis, Ecological Modeling, Urinary system, Birth weight, Population, Phthalate, Physiology, Gestational age, Urine, medicine.disease, Pollution, Article, chemistry.chemical_compound, Endocrinology, Blood serum, chemistry, Internal medicine, medicine, education, business
Abstract: Phthalates are known reproductive and developmental toxicants in experimental animals. However, in humans, there are few data on the exposure of pregnant women that can be used to assess the potential developmental exposure experienced by the fetus. We measured several phthalate metabolites in maternal urine, maternal serum, and cord serum samples collected at the time of delivery from 150 pregnant women from central New Jersey. The urinary concentrations of most metabolites were comparable to or less than among the U.S. general population, except for mono(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (MEHP), mono(2-ethyl-5-hydroxyhexyl) phthalate (MEHHP), and mono(2-ethyl-5-oxohexyl) phthalate (MEOHP), three metabolites of di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP). The median urinary concentrations of MEHHP (109 mug/l) and MEOHP (95.1 mug/l) were more than 5 times their population-based concentrations, whereas the median urinary concentration of MEHP was more than 20 times higher. High concentration of MEHP may indicate a recent exposure to the parent chemical DEHP in the hospital shortly before the collection of the samples. Calculation of daily intakes using the urinary biomarker data reveals that none of the pregnant women tested had integrated exposures to DEHP greater than the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry's minimal risk levels (MRLs chronic 60, intermediate 100 mug/kg/day). No abnormal birth outcomes (e .g., birth weight, Apgar Score, and gestational age) were noted in those newborns whose mothers had relatively greater exposure to DEHP during the perinatal period than others in this study. Significantly greater concentrations and detection frequencies in maternal urine than in maternal serum and cord serum suggest that the urinary concentrations of the phthalate metabolites may be more reliable biomarkers of exposure than their concentrations in other biological specimens.
Published: 2009
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22. FPath and FScript: Language support for navigation and reliable reconfiguration of Fractal architectures

Author: Pierre-Charles David, Thomas Ledoux, Thierry Coupaye, and Marc Léger
Subjects: Computer science, Semantics (computer science), Programming language, business.industry, Reliability (computer networking), Control reconfiguration, Context (language use), Notation, computer.software_genre, Scripting language, Component (UML), Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Architecture, Software engineering, business, computer
Abstract: Component-based systems must support dynamic reconfigurations to adapt to their execution context, but not at the cost of reliability. Fractal provides intrinsic support for dynamic reconfiguration, but its definition in terms of low-level APIs makes it complex to write reconfigurations and to ensure their reliability. This article presents a language-based approach to solve these issues: direct and focused language support for architecture navigation and reconfiguration make it easier both to write the reconfigurations and to ensure their reliability. Concretely, this article presents two languages: (1) FPath, a domain-specific language that provides a concise yet powerful notation to navigate inside and query Fractal architectures, and (2) FScript, a scripting language that embeds FPath and supports the definition of complex reconfigurations. FScript ensures the reliability of these reconfigurations thanks to sophisticated run-time control, which provides transactional semantics (ACID properties) to the reconfigurations.
Published: 2008
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23. SLA guarantees for cloud services

Author: Luciana Arantes, Julien Sopena, Pierre Sens, Sara Bouchenak, Damián Serrano, Frederico Alvares de Oliveira, Yousri Kouki, Jonathan Lejeune, Thomas Ledoux, Université Grenoble Alpes [2016-2019] (UGA [2016-2019]), Laboratoire d'Informatique de Grenoble (LIG ), Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes [2016-2019] (UGA [2016-2019]), Distribution, Recherche d'Information et Mobilité (DRIM), Laboratoire d'InfoRmatique en Image et Systèmes d'information (LIRIS), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées de Lyon (INSA Lyon), Université de Lyon-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Lyon-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-École Centrale de Lyon (ECL), Université de Lyon-Université Lumière - Lyon 2 (UL2)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées de Lyon (INSA Lyon), Université de Lyon-Université Lumière - Lyon 2 (UL2), Université de Lyon-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA), LINA, Mines Nantes (Mines Nantes), Aspect and composition languages (ASCOLA), Laboratoire d'Informatique de Nantes Atlantique (LINA), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Mines Nantes (Mines Nantes)-Université de Nantes (UN)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Mines Nantes (Mines Nantes)-Université de Nantes (UN)-Département informatique - EMN, Mines Nantes (Mines Nantes)-Inria Rennes – Bretagne Atlantique, Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria), Large-Scale Distributed Systems and Applications (Regal), Laboratoire d'Informatique de Paris 6 (LIP6), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Inria de Paris, ANR-10-SEGI-0009,MyCloud,SLA et qualité de service pour le Cloud Computing(2010), European Project: 610535,EC:FP7:ICT,FP7-ICT-2013-10,AMADEOS(2013), Université Lumière - Lyon 2 (UL2)-École Centrale de Lyon (ECL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées de Lyon (INSA Lyon), Université de Lyon-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Lumière - Lyon 2 (UL2)-École Centrale de Lyon (ECL), Université de Lyon-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Mines Nantes (Mines Nantes)-Université de Nantes (UN)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Mines Nantes (Mines Nantes)-Université de Nantes (UN)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Département informatique - EMN, Inria Rennes – Bretagne Atlantique, Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-Département informatique - EMN, Mines Nantes (Mines Nantes)-Mines Nantes (Mines Nantes)-Laboratoire d'Informatique de Nantes Atlantique (LINA), and Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Mines Nantes (Mines Nantes)-Université de Nantes (UN)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Nantes (UN)
Subjects: Online control, Computer Networks and Communications, Computer science, Distributed computing, Control (management), QoS, Cloud computing, 02 engineering and technology, [INFO.INFO-SE]Computer Science [cs]/Software Engineering [cs.SE], computer.software_genre, 0202 electrical engineering, electronic engineering, information engineering, [INFO.INFO-SY]Computer Science [cs]/Systems and Control [cs.SY], Dependability, Service (business), Database, business.industry, Software as a service, Quality of service, 020206 networking & telecommunications, Cloud Computing, Hardware and Architecture, 020201 artificial intelligence & image processing, SLA, [INFO.INFO-DC]Computer Science [cs]/Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing [cs.DC], business, computer, Software, Specific language
Abstract: Quality-of-service and SLA guarantees are among the major challenges of cloud-based services. In this paper we first present a new cloud model called SLAaaS - SLA?aware Service. SLAaaS considers QoS levels and SLA as first class citizens of cloud-based services. This model is orthogonal to other SaaS, PaaS, and IaaS cloud models, and may apply to any of them. More specifically we make three contributions: (i) we provide a novel domain specific language that allows to describe QoS-oriented SLA associated with cloud services; (ii) we present a general control-theoretic approach for managing cloud service SLA; (iii) we apply the proposed language and control approach to guarantee SLA in various case studies, ranging from cloud-based MapReduce service, to locking service, and higher-level e-commerce service; these case studies successfully illustrate SLA management with different QoS aspects of cloud services such as performance, dependability, financial energetic costs. We provide a domain specific language that allows to describe SLA in cloud services.We present a general control-theoretic approach for managing cloud service SLA.We apply our approach on MapReduce, locking, and e-commerce services.
Published: 2016
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24. Experimental Analysis on Autonomic Strategies for Cloud Elasticity

Author: Frederico Alvares, Simon Dupont, Jonathan Lejeune, Thomas Ledoux, Laboratoire d'Informatique de Nantes Atlantique (LINA), Mines Nantes (Mines Nantes)-Université de Nantes (UN)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Aspect and composition languages (ASCOLA), Mines Nantes (Mines Nantes)-Université de Nantes (UN)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Mines Nantes (Mines Nantes)-Université de Nantes (UN)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Département informatique - EMN, Mines Nantes (Mines Nantes)-Inria Rennes – Bretagne Atlantique, Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria), and Sigma Informatique
Subjects: Engineering, business.industry, Process (engineering), Quality of service, Overhead (engineering), QoS, Cloud computing, Cloud Computing, Computer security, computer.software_genre, Elasticity, Autonomic computing, Software, Resource (project management), Elasticity (cloud computing), Risk analysis (engineering), Autonomic Computing, [INFO.INFO-AU]Computer Science [cs]/Automatic Control Engineering, Data_GENERAL, [INFO]Computer Science [cs], SLA, business, computer
Abstract: International audience; In spite of the indubitable advantages of elasticity in Cloud infrastructures, some technical and conceptual limitations are still to be considered. For instance , resource start up time is generally too long to react to unexpected workload spikes. Also, the billing cycles' granularity of existing pricing models may incur consumers to suffer from partial usage waste. We advocate that the software layer can take part in the elasticity process as the overhead of software reconfigurations can be usually considered negligible if compared to infrastructure one. Thanks to this extra level of elasticity, we are able to define cloud reconfigurations that enact elasticity in both software and infrastructure layers so as to meet demand changes while tackling those limitations. This paper presents an autonomic approach to manage cloud elasticity in a cross-layered manner. First, we enhance cloud elasticity with the software elasticity model. Then, we describe how our au-tonomic cloud elasticity model relies on dynamic selection of elasticity tactics. We present an experimental analysis of a subset of those elasticity tactics under different scenarios in order to provide insights on strategies that could drive the autonomic selection of the proper tactics to be applied.
Published: 2015
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25. Delta Scaling: How Resources Scalability/Termination Can Be Taken Place Economically?

Author: Sabbir Hasan, Yousri Kouki, Thomas Ledoux, Linagora [Puteaux], Aspect and composition languages (ASCOLA), Laboratoire d'Informatique de Nantes Atlantique (LINA), Mines Nantes (Mines Nantes)-Université de Nantes (UN)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Mines Nantes (Mines Nantes)-Université de Nantes (UN)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Département informatique - EMN, Mines Nantes (Mines Nantes)-Inria Rennes – Bretagne Atlantique, Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria), Design and Implementation of Autonomous Distributed Systems (MYRIADS), Inria Rennes – Bretagne Atlantique, Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-SYSTÈMES LARGE ÉCHELLE (IRISA-D1), Institut de Recherche en Informatique et Systèmes Aléatoires (IRISA), Université de Rennes (UR)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - Rennes (INSA Rennes), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Bretagne Sud (UBS)-École normale supérieure - Rennes (ENS Rennes)-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-Télécom Bretagne-CentraleSupélec-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Rennes (UR)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - Rennes (INSA Rennes), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Bretagne Sud (UBS)-École normale supérieure - Rennes (ENS Rennes)-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-Télécom Bretagne-CentraleSupélec-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche en Informatique et Systèmes Aléatoires (IRISA), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Bretagne Sud (UBS)-École normale supérieure - Rennes (ENS Rennes)-Télécom Bretagne-CentraleSupélec-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), IEEE, ANR-10-SEGI-0009,MyCloud,SLA et qualité de service pour le Cloud Computing(2010), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Mines Nantes (Mines Nantes)-Université de Nantes (UN)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Mines Nantes (Mines Nantes)-Université de Nantes (UN)-Département informatique - EMN, CentraleSupélec-Télécom Bretagne-Université de Rennes 1 (UR1), Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-École normale supérieure - Rennes (ENS Rennes)-Université de Bretagne Sud (UBS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - Rennes (INSA Rennes), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-CentraleSupélec-Télécom Bretagne-Université de Rennes 1 (UR1), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Institut de Recherche en Informatique et Systèmes Aléatoires (IRISA), Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-École normale supérieure - Rennes (ENS Rennes)-Université de Bretagne Sud (UBS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - Rennes (INSA Rennes), and Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)
Subjects: Exploit, Computer science, Distributed computing, Service Level Agreement (SLA), Cloud computing, 02 engineering and technology, [INFO.INFO-SE]Computer Science [cs]/Software Engineering [cs.SE], computer.software_genre, Capacity planning, 0202 electrical engineering, electronic engineering, information engineering, Database, business.industry, Quality of service, Scalability, Auto-Scaling, 020206 networking & telecommunications, Cloud Computing, Capacity management, Elasticity, Elasticity (cloud computing), Virtual machine, 020201 artificial intelligence & image processing, [INFO.INFO-DC]Computer Science [cs]/Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing [cs.DC], business, computer, Capacity Planning, Termination
Abstract: International audience; Cloud Computing promises to completely revolutionize the capacity management of resources. The elasticityand the economy of scale are the intrinsic elements that differentiate it from traditional computing paradigm. A good capacity planning method is a necessary factor but not sufficient to fully exploit Cloud elasticity. This paper proposes innovative policies for resource management to achieve the optimal balance between capacity and quality of Cloud services while supporting Cloud technical and conceptual limitations. The main idea is to control finely the scalability and the termination of virtual machines in regards of several criteria such as the lifecycle of the instances (e.g. initialization time) or their cost. The approach was evaluated with a real infrastructure (Amazon EC2) and an application testbed. Experimental results illustrate the soundness of the proposed approach and the impact of scalability/termination resource policies. Using DeltaScaling, the cost saving of as much as 30% can be achieved while causing the minimum number of violations, as small as 1%.
Published: 2015
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26. The EPOC project: Energy Proportional and Opportunistic Computing system

Author: Marie-Laure Moulinard, Olivier Roux, Thomas Ledoux, Nicolas Beldiceanu, Jean-Marc Menaud, Jean-Louis Pazat, Didier Lime, Barbara Dumas Feris, Anne-Cécile Orgerie, Sabbir Hasan, Philippe Gravey, Ammar Sharaiha, Yunbo Li, Gilles Madi-Wamba, Claude Jard, Pascal Morel, Michel Morvan, Theory, Algorithms and Systems for Constraints (TASC), Laboratoire d'Informatique de Nantes Atlantique (LINA), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Mines Nantes (Mines Nantes)-Université de Nantes (UN)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Mines Nantes (Mines Nantes)-Université de Nantes (UN)-Département informatique - EMN, Mines Nantes (Mines Nantes)-Inria Rennes – Bretagne Atlantique, Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Mines Nantes (Mines Nantes)-Université de Nantes (UN), Département Optique (OPT), Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] (IMT)-Télécom Bretagne-Université européenne de Bretagne - European University of Brittany (UEB), Aspect and composition languages (ASCOLA), Design and Implementation of Autonomous Distributed Systems (MYRIADS), Inria Rennes – Bretagne Atlantique, Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-SYSTÈMES LARGE ÉCHELLE (IRISA-D1), Institut de Recherche en Informatique et Systèmes Aléatoires (IRISA), CentraleSupélec-Télécom Bretagne-Université de Rennes 1 (UR1), Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-École normale supérieure - Rennes (ENS Rennes)-Université de Bretagne Sud (UBS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - Rennes (INSA Rennes), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-CentraleSupélec-Télécom Bretagne-Université de Rennes 1 (UR1), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Institut de Recherche en Informatique et Systèmes Aléatoires (IRISA), Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-École normale supérieure - Rennes (ENS Rennes)-Université de Bretagne Sud (UBS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - Rennes (INSA Rennes), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA), AELOS, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Mines Nantes (Mines Nantes)-Université de Nantes (UN)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Mines Nantes (Mines Nantes)-Université de Nantes (UN), Institut de Recherche en Communications et en Cybernétique de Nantes (IRCCyN), Mines Nantes (Mines Nantes)-École Centrale de Nantes (ECN)-Ecole Polytechnique de l'Université de Nantes (EPUN), Université de Nantes (UN)-Université de Nantes (UN)-PRES Université Nantes Angers Le Mans (UNAM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire des sciences et techniques de l'information, de la communication et de la connaissance (Lab-STICC), École Nationale d'Ingénieurs de Brest (ENIB)-Université de Bretagne Sud (UBS)-Université de Brest (UBO)-Télécom Bretagne-Institut Brestois du Numérique et des Mathématiques (IBNM), Université de Brest (UBO)-Université européenne de Bretagne - European University of Brittany (UEB)-École Nationale Supérieure de Techniques Avancées Bretagne (ENSTA Bretagne)-Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] (IMT)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - Rennes (INSA Rennes), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES), Projet EPOC du Labex CominLabs (ANR-10-LABX-07-01), Mines Nantes (Mines Nantes)-Université de Nantes (UN)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Mines Nantes (Mines Nantes)-Université de Nantes (UN)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Département informatique - EMN, Mines Nantes (Mines Nantes)-Université de Nantes (UN)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université européenne de Bretagne - European University of Brittany (UEB)-Télécom Bretagne-Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] (IMT), Université de Rennes (UR)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - Rennes (INSA Rennes), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Bretagne Sud (UBS)-École normale supérieure - Rennes (ENS Rennes)-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-Télécom Bretagne-CentraleSupélec-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Rennes (UR)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - Rennes (INSA Rennes), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Bretagne Sud (UBS)-École normale supérieure - Rennes (ENS Rennes)-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-Télécom Bretagne-CentraleSupélec-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche en Informatique et Systèmes Aléatoires (IRISA), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Bretagne Sud (UBS)-École normale supérieure - Rennes (ENS Rennes)-Télécom Bretagne-CentraleSupélec-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Mines Nantes (Mines Nantes)-Université de Nantes (UN)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Mines Nantes (Mines Nantes)-Université de Nantes (UN)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université européenne de Bretagne - European University of Brittany (UEB)-École Nationale d'Ingénieurs de Brest (ENIB)-Université de Bretagne Sud (UBS)-Université de Brest (UBO)-Télécom Bretagne-Institut Brestois du Numérique et des Mathématiques (IBNM), Université de Brest (UBO)-École Nationale Supérieure de Techniques Avancées Bretagne (ENSTA Bretagne)-Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] (IMT)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)
Subjects: Power management, Engineering, Data-Center, business.industry, Cloud computing, Energy consumption, Environmental economics, Virtualization, computer.software_genre, 7. Clean energy, Electrical grid, Renewable energy, Optical Network, [INFO.INFO-NI]Computer Science [cs]/Networking and Internet Architecture [cs.NI], Task Placement, 13. Climate action, Data center, [INFO.INFO-DC]Computer Science [cs]/Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing [cs.DC], business, Energy-Efficiency, computer, Computer network, Efficient energy use
Abstract: 15397; International audience; With the emergence of the Future Internet and the dawning of new IT models such as cloud computing, the usage of data centers (DC), and consequently their power consumption, increase dramatically. Besides the ecological impact, the energy consumption is a predominant criteria for DC providers since it determines the daily cost of their infrastructure. As a consequence, power management becomes one of the main challenges for DC infrastructures and more generally for large-scale distributed systems. In this paper, we present the EPOC project which focuses on optimizing the energy consumption of mono-site DCs connected to the regular electrical grid and to renewable energy sources.
Published: 2015

27. Cloud Energy Broker: Towards SLA-driven Green Energy Planning for IaaS Providers

Author: Thomas Ledoux, Yousri Kouki, Jean Louis Pazat, Sabbir Hasan, Aspect and composition languages (ASCOLA), Laboratoire d'Informatique de Nantes Atlantique (LINA), Mines Nantes (Mines Nantes)-Université de Nantes (UN)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Mines Nantes (Mines Nantes)-Université de Nantes (UN)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Département informatique - EMN, Mines Nantes (Mines Nantes)-Inria Rennes – Bretagne Atlantique, Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria), Mines Nantes (Mines Nantes)-Université de Nantes (UN)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Design and Implementation of Autonomous Distributed Systems (MYRIADS), Inria Rennes – Bretagne Atlantique, Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-SYSTÈMES LARGE ÉCHELLE (IRISA-D1), Institut de Recherche en Informatique et Systèmes Aléatoires (IRISA), Université de Rennes (UR)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - Rennes (INSA Rennes), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Bretagne Sud (UBS)-École normale supérieure - Rennes (ENS Rennes)-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-Télécom Bretagne-CentraleSupélec-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Rennes (UR)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - Rennes (INSA Rennes), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Bretagne Sud (UBS)-École normale supérieure - Rennes (ENS Rennes)-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-Télécom Bretagne-CentraleSupélec-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche en Informatique et Systèmes Aléatoires (IRISA), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Bretagne Sud (UBS)-École normale supérieure - Rennes (ENS Rennes)-Télécom Bretagne-CentraleSupélec-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - Rennes (INSA Rennes), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA), EPOC Project, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Mines Nantes (Mines Nantes)-Université de Nantes (UN)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Mines Nantes (Mines Nantes)-Université de Nantes (UN)-Département informatique - EMN, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Mines Nantes (Mines Nantes)-Université de Nantes (UN), CentraleSupélec-Télécom Bretagne-Université de Rennes 1 (UR1), Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-École normale supérieure - Rennes (ENS Rennes)-Université de Bretagne Sud (UBS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - Rennes (INSA Rennes), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-CentraleSupélec-Télécom Bretagne-Université de Rennes 1 (UR1), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Institut de Recherche en Informatique et Systèmes Aléatoires (IRISA), Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-École normale supérieure - Rennes (ENS Rennes)-Université de Bretagne Sud (UBS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - Rennes (INSA Rennes), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA), and Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)
Subjects: Computer science, 020209 energy, Service Level Agreement (SLA), Cloud computing, 02 engineering and technology, Computer security, computer.software_genre, 7. Clean energy, Green Computing, Capacity planning, Green computing, Server, 0202 electrical engineering, electronic engineering, information engineering, [INFO]Computer Science [cs], Renewable Energy, Budget constraint, business.industry, 020206 networking & telecommunications, Energy consumption, Environmental economics, Cloud Computing, Renewable energy, Cross-layer SLA, Data center, business, computer, Capacity Planning
Abstract: International audience; Demand for Green services is increasing con- siderably as people are getting more environmental con- scious to build a sustainable society. Therefore, enter- prise and clients want to shift their workloads towards green Cloud environment offered by the Infrastructure-as- a-Service (IaaS) provider. The main challenge for an IaaS provider is to determine the best trade-off between its profit while using renewable energy and customers satisfaction. In order to address this issue, we provide a Cloud energy broker, which can adjust the availability and price combi- nation to buy Green energy dynamically from the market to make datacenter green. We investigate a simplified power model from where we can formulate and predict power demand. Our energy broker tries to maximize of using renewable energy under strict budget constraint whereas it also tries to minimize the use of brown energy by capping the limit of overall energy consumption of datacenter. The energy broker was evaluated with a real workload traced by PlanetLab. Experimental results show that our energy broker successfully keeps the best trade-off.
Published: 2014

28. A Language Support for Cloud Elasticity Management

Author: Simon Dupont, Yousri Kouki, Frederico Alvares de Oliveira, Thomas Ledoux, Aspect and composition languages (ASCOLA), Laboratoire d'Informatique de Nantes Atlantique (LINA), Mines Nantes (Mines Nantes)-Université de Nantes (UN)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Mines Nantes (Mines Nantes)-Université de Nantes (UN)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Département informatique - EMN, Mines Nantes (Mines Nantes)-Inria Rennes – Bretagne Atlantique, Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria), and Mines Nantes (Mines Nantes)-Université de Nantes (UN)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Subjects: business.industry, Computer science, Quality of service, QoS, Cloud computing, Mobile QoS, Service provider, Elasticity, [INFO.INFO-CL]Computer Science [cs]/Computation and Language [cs.CL], Elasticity (cloud computing), Utility computing, Service level, Cloud testing, SLA, business, Language, Computer network
Abstract: International audience; Elasticity is the intrinsic element that differentiates Cloud Computing from traditional computing paradigm, since it allows service providers to rapidly adjust their needs for resources to absorb the demand and hence guarantee a minimum level of Quality of Service (QoS) that respects the Service Level Agreements (SLAs) previously defined with their clients. However, due to non-negligible resource initiation time, network fluctuations or unpredictable workload, it becomes hard to guarantee QoS levels and SLA violations may occur. This paper proposes a language support for Cloud elasticity management that relies on CSLA (Cloud Service Level Agreement). CSLA offers new features such as QoS/functionality degradation and an advanced penalty model that allow providers to finely express contracts so that services self-adaptation capabilities are improved and SLA violations minimized. The approach was evaluated with a real infrastructure and application testbed. Experimental results show that the use of CSLA makes Cloud services capable of absorbing more peaks and oscillations by trading-off the QoS levels and costs due to penalties.
Published: 2014
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29. RightCapacity: SLA-driven Cross-Layer Cloud Elasticity Management

Author: Yousri Kouki, Thomas Ledoux, Laboratoire d'Informatique de Nantes Atlantique (LINA), Mines Nantes (Mines Nantes)-Université de Nantes (UN)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Aspect and composition languages (ASCOLA), Mines Nantes (Mines Nantes)-Université de Nantes (UN)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Mines Nantes (Mines Nantes)-Université de Nantes (UN)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Département informatique - EMN, Mines Nantes (Mines Nantes)-Inria Rennes – Bretagne Atlantique, and Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)
Subjects: Quality-of-Service (QoS), Service Level Agreement (SLA), [INFO]Computer Science [cs], Cloud Computing, Cross-layer Elasticity, Capacity Planning
Abstract: International audience; Cloud computing paradigm has become the solution to provide good service quality and exploit economies of scale. However, the management of such elastic resources, with different Quality-of-Service (QoS) combined with on-demand self-service, is a complex issue. New challenges for elasticity management arise when people look deeper into the Cloud characteristics such as non-ignorable instance initiation time and full hour billing model. The main challenge for a SaaS provider is to determine the best trade-off between profit and end-user satisfaction. This paper proposes RightCapacity, an approach driven by Service Level Agreement (SLA) for optimizing the Cloud elasticity management (i.e., both elasticity at the application and at the infrastructure levels). We consider cross-layer (application-resource) Cloud elasticity. We model Cloud application using closed queueing network model taking into account the SLA concept and the Cloud economic model. Our results show that RightCapacity successfully keeps the best trade-off between SaaS provider profit and end-user satisfaction. Using RightCapacity, the cost saving of as much as 30% can be achieved while causing the minimum number of violations, as small as 1%.
Published: 2013

30. A framework for the coordination of multiple autonomic managers in cloud environments

Author: Rémi Sharrock, Thomas Ledoux, Frederico Alvares de Oliveira, Aspect and composition languages (ASCOLA), Laboratoire d'Informatique de Nantes Atlantique (LINA), Mines Nantes (Mines Nantes)-Université de Nantes (UN)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Mines Nantes (Mines Nantes)-Université de Nantes (UN)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Département informatique - EMN, Mines Nantes (Mines Nantes)-Inria Rennes – Bretagne Atlantique, Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria), Mines Nantes (Mines Nantes)-Université de Nantes (UN)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), S3, Laboratoire Traitement et Communication de l'Information (LTCI), and Télécom ParisTech-Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] (IMT)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Télécom ParisTech-Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] (IMT)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Subjects: [INFO.INFO-AR]Computer Science [cs]/Hardware Architecture [cs.AR], Cloud computing security, business.industry, Computer science, Distributed computing, 020207 software engineering, Cloud computing, Provisioning, 02 engineering and technology, computer.software_genre, Autonomic computing, Elasticity (cloud computing), Utility computing, Grid computing, Risk analysis (engineering), Cloud testing, 0202 electrical engineering, electronic engineering, information engineering, 020201 artificial intelligence & image processing, business, computer, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS
Abstract: One of the main reasons for the wide adoption of Cloud Computing is the flexibility in which resources and software services are provisioned on demand through the concept of elasticity. Implementing elasticity to tackle varying workloads while optimizing infrastructures (e.g. utilization rate) and fulfilling applications' requirements on Quality of Service still remains an open issue and should be addressed by self-adaptation techniques able to manage complexity and dynamism. However, since Cloud systems are organized indifferent but dependent Cloud layers, self-management decisions taken in isolation in a certain layer may indirectly interfere with the decision taken by an other layer and globally affect the performance of the whole Cloud stack. Indeed, non-coordinated managers may lead to conflicting decisions and consequently to non-desired states. This paper proposes a framework for the coordination of multiple autonomic managers in Cloud systems. This framework introduces two kinds of managers: (i) one for each application, and (ii)another for the infrastructure. To tackle the problem of interferences between these Cloud autonomic managers, we propose a coordination protocol based on inter-manager events and actions along with synchronization mechanisms. The goal is to improve the synergy between layers in a loose-coupling manner. We evaluated the approach through an experimental scenario on Grid'5000, a real physical infrastructure testbed. In this use case, we show that our framework improves the synergy between cloud systems while dealing with conflicting objectives and negative interferences.
Published: 2013

31. Towards QoS-Oriented SLA Guarantees for Online Cloud Services

Author: Jonathan Lejeune, Pierre Sens, Thomas Ledoux, Julien Sopena, Yousri Kouki, Luciana Arantes, Damián Serrano, Sara Bouchenak, Université Grenoble Alpes [2016-2019] (UGA [2016-2019]), Efficient and Robust Distributed Systems (ERODS), Laboratoire d'Informatique de Grenoble (LIG), Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Institut National Polytechnique de Grenoble (INPG)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Pierre Mendès France - Grenoble 2 (UPMF)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Institut National Polytechnique de Grenoble (INPG)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Pierre Mendès France - Grenoble 2 (UPMF)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF), Aspect and composition languages (ASCOLA), Inria Rennes – Bretagne Atlantique, Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-Département informatique - EMN, Mines Nantes (Mines Nantes)-Mines Nantes (Mines Nantes)-Laboratoire d'Informatique de Nantes Atlantique (LINA), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Mines Nantes (Mines Nantes)-Université de Nantes (UN)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Nantes (UN), Laboratoire d'Informatique de Nantes Atlantique (LINA), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Mines Nantes (Mines Nantes)-Université de Nantes (UN), Large-Scale Distributed Systems and Applications (Regal), Laboratoire d'Informatique de Paris 6 (LIP6), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Inria Paris-Rocquencourt, Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), ANR-10-SEGI-0009,MyCloud,SLA et qualité de service pour le Cloud Computing(2010), Université Pierre Mendès France - Grenoble 2 (UPMF)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Institut National Polytechnique de Grenoble (INPG)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Pierre Mendès France - Grenoble 2 (UPMF)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Institut National Polytechnique de Grenoble (INPG)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Mines Nantes (Mines Nantes)-Université de Nantes (UN)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Mines Nantes (Mines Nantes)-Université de Nantes (UN)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Mines Nantes (Mines Nantes)-Université de Nantes (UN)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Département informatique - EMN, Mines Nantes (Mines Nantes)-Inria Rennes – Bretagne Atlantique, LIG, and Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Mines Nantes (Mines Nantes)-Université de Nantes (UN)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Mines Nantes (Mines Nantes)-Université de Nantes (UN)-Département informatique - EMN
Subjects: Service (business), Specific Language, 020203 distributed computing, Cloud computing security, Computer science, business.industry, Quality of service, Software as a service, QoS, Cloud computing, 02 engineering and technology, Online Control, Cloud Computing, [INFO.INFO-PF]Computer Science [cs]/Performance [cs.PF], Utility computing, Cloud testing, 0202 electrical engineering, electronic engineering, information engineering, [INFO.INFO-SY]Computer Science [cs]/Systems and Control [cs.SY], Dependability, 020201 artificial intelligence & image processing, [INFO.INFO-ET]Computer Science [cs]/Emerging Technologies [cs.ET], SLA, [INFO.INFO-DC]Computer Science [cs]/Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing [cs.DC], business, Computer network
Abstract: Les rapports de recherche du LIG - ISSN: 2105-0422; Cloud Computing provides a convenient means of remote on-demand and pay-per-use access to computing resources. However, its ad-hoc management of quality-of-service and SLA poses significant challenges to the performance, dependability and costs of online cloud services. The paper precisely addresses this issue and makes a threefold contribution. First, it introduces a new cloud model, the SLAaaS (SLA aware Service) model. SLAaaS enables a systematic integration of QoS levels and SLA into the cloud. It is orthogonal to other cloud models such as SaaS or PaaS, and may apply to any of them. Second, the paper introduces CSLA, a novel language to describe QoS-oriented SLA associated with cloud services. Third, the paper presents a control-theoretic approach to provide performance, dependability and cost guarantees for online cloud services, with time-varying workloads. The proposed approach is validated through case studies and extensive experiments with online services hosted in clouds such as Amazon EC2. The case studies illustrate SLA guarantees for various services such as a MapReduce service, a cluster-based multi-tier e-commerce service, and a low-level locking service.
Published: 2013
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32. Synchronization of Multiple Autonomic Control Loops: Application to Cloud Computing

Author: Rémi Sharrock, Thomas Ledoux, Frederico Alvares de Oliveira, Aspect and composition languages (ASCOLA), Laboratoire d'Informatique de Nantes Atlantique (LINA), Mines Nantes (Mines Nantes)-Université de Nantes (UN)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Mines Nantes (Mines Nantes)-Université de Nantes (UN)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Département informatique - EMN, Mines Nantes (Mines Nantes)-Inria Rennes – Bretagne Atlantique, Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria), Mines Nantes (Mines Nantes)-Université de Nantes (UN)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Marjan Sirjani, and TC 6
Subjects: Utility computing, Computer science, business.industry, Quality of service, Distributed computing, Synchronization (computer science), Scalability, Provisioning, Context (language use), Cloud computing, [INFO]Computer Science [cs], business, Autonomic computing
Abstract: International audience; Over the past years, Autonomic Computing has become very popular, especially in scenarios of Cloud Computing, where there might be several autonomic loops aiming at turning each layer of the cloud stack more autonomous, adaptable and aware of the runtime environment. Nevertheless, due to conflicting objectives, non-synchronized autonomic loops may lead to global inconsistent states. For instance, in order to maintain its Quality of Service, an application provider might request more and more resources while the the infrastructure provider, due power shortage may be forced to reduce the resource provisioning. In this paper, we propose a generic model to deal with the synchronization and coordination of autonomic loops and how it can be applied in the context of Cloud Computing. We present some simulation results to show the scalability and feasibility of our proposal.
Published: 2012
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33. Self-Management of Applications and Systems to Optimize Energy in Data Centers

Author: Jean-Marc Menaud, Adrien Lebre, Thomas Ledoux, Frederico Alvares de Oliveira, Aspect and composition languages (ASCOLA), Laboratoire d'Informatique de Nantes Atlantique (LINA), Mines Nantes (Mines Nantes)-Université de Nantes (UN)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Mines Nantes (Mines Nantes)-Université de Nantes (UN)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Département informatique - EMN, Mines Nantes (Mines Nantes)-Inria Rennes – Bretagne Atlantique, Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria), Mines Nantes (Mines Nantes)-Université de Nantes (UN)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and Ivona Brandic and Massimo Villari and Francesco Tusa
Subjects: [INFO.INFO-AR]Computer Science [cs]/Hardware Architecture [cs.AR], Computer science, business.industry, Distributed computing, Quality of service, Control (management), Cloud computing, Energy consumption, Virtualization, computer.software_genre, Footprint, business, computer, Energy (signal processing), Efficient energy use
Abstract: As a direct consequence of the increasing popularity of cloud computing solutions, data centers are growing amazingly and hence have to urgently face with the energy consumption issue. Available solutions are focused basically on the system layer, by leveraging virtualization technologies to improve energy efficiency. Another body of works relies on cloud computing models and virtualization techniques to scale up/down applications based on their performance metrics. Although those proposals can reduce the energy footprint of applications and by transitivity of cloud infrastructures, they do not consider the internal characteristics of applications to finely define a trade-off between applications Quality of Service and energy footprint. In this paper, the authors propose a self-adaptation approach that considers both application internals and system to reduce the energy footprint in cloud infrastructure. Each application and the infrastructure are equipped with control loops, which allow them to autonomously optimize their executions. The authors implemented the control loops and simulated them in order to show their feasibility. In addition, the chapter shows how the solution fits in federated clouds through a motivating scenario. Finally, it provides some discussion about open issues on models and implementation of the proposal.
Published: 2012
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34. Self-management of applications QoS for energy optimization in datacenters

Author: Frederico Alvares de Oliveira, Thomas Ledoux, Aspect and composition languages (ASCOLA), Laboratoire d'Informatique de Nantes Atlantique (LINA), Mines Nantes (Mines Nantes)-Université de Nantes (UN)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Mines Nantes (Mines Nantes)-Université de Nantes (UN)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Département informatique - EMN, Mines Nantes (Mines Nantes)-Inria Rennes – Bretagne Atlantique, and Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)
Subjects: Engineering, business.industry, Quality of service, Distributed computing, Cloud computing, Energy consumption, [INFO.INFO-SE]Computer Science [cs]/Software Engineering [cs.SE], Energy minimization, Virtualization, computer.software_genre, Footprint, Embedded system, Control system, business, computer, Energy (signal processing)
Abstract: International audience; As a direct consequence of the increasing popularity of Cloud Computing solutions, data centers are amazingly growing and hence have to urgently face with the energy consumption issue. Available solutions rely on Cloud Computing models and virtualization techniques to scale up/down application based on their performance metrics. Although those proposals can reduce the energy footprint of applications and by transitivity of cloud infrastructures, they do not consider the internal characteristics of applications to finely de fine a trade-off between applications Quality of Service and energy footprint. In this paper, we propose a self-adaptation approach that considers both application internals and system to reduce the energy footprint in cloud infrastructure. Each application and the infrastructure are equipped with their own control loop, which allows them to autonomously optimize their executions. Simulations show that the approach may lead to appreciable energy savings without interfering on application provider revenues.
Published: 2011

35. Cross-layer SLA Selection for Cloud Services

Author: Yousri Kouki, Rémi Sharrock, Thomas Ledoux, Laboratoire d'Informatique de Nantes Atlantique (LINA), Mines Nantes (Mines Nantes)-Université de Nantes (UN)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Aspect and composition languages (ASCOLA), Mines Nantes (Mines Nantes)-Université de Nantes (UN)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Mines Nantes (Mines Nantes)-Université de Nantes (UN)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Département informatique - EMN, Mines Nantes (Mines Nantes)-Inria Rennes – Bretagne Atlantique, Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria), Laboratoire d'analyse et d'architecture des systèmes (LAAS), Université Toulouse Capitole (UT Capitole), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - Toulouse (INSA Toulouse), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université Toulouse - Jean Jaurès (UT2J), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), Université de Toulouse (UT), Système d’exploitation, systèmes répartis, de l’intergiciel à l’architecture (IRIT-SEPIA), Institut de recherche en informatique de Toulouse (IRIT), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université Toulouse - Jean Jaurès (UT2J), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Toulouse Mind & Brain Institut (TMBI), Université Toulouse - Jean Jaurès (UT2J), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université Toulouse Capitole (UT Capitole), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Mines Nantes (Mines Nantes)-Université de Nantes (UN), Inria Rennes – Bretagne Atlantique, Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-Département informatique - EMN, Mines Nantes (Mines Nantes)-Mines Nantes (Mines Nantes)-Laboratoire d'Informatique de Nantes Atlantique (LINA), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Mines Nantes (Mines Nantes)-Université de Nantes (UN)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Nantes (UN), Université Toulouse - Jean Jaurès (UT2J)-Université Toulouse 1 Capitole (UT1), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - Toulouse (INSA Toulouse), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées, Université Toulouse 1 Capitole (UT1), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Toulouse - Jean Jaurès (UT2J)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), and Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Toulouse 1 Capitole (UT1)
Subjects: Service (business), business.industry, Business process, Service delivery framework, Computer science, Quality of service, Service Level Agreement (SLA), Service level objective, Cloud computing, Service level requirement, [INFO.INFO-SE]Computer Science [cs]/Software Engineering [cs.SE], 02 engineering and technology, Mobile QoS, Cloud Computing, Differentiated service, Service provider, Quality of service (QoS), Service-level agreement, 020204 information systems, 0202 electrical engineering, electronic engineering, information engineering, 020201 artificial intelligence & image processing, Cloud Service Selection Multiobjective optimization, business, Constraint Programming (CP), Computer network
Abstract: International audience; Cloud computing is a paradigm for enabling remote, on-demand access to a set of configurable computing resources as a service. The pay-per-use model enables service providers to offer their services to customers in different Quality-of-Service (QoS) levels. These QoS parameters are used to compose some bipartisan Service Level Agreement (SLA) between a service provider and a service consumer. A main challenge for a service provider is to manage SLAs for its service consumers, i.e. automatically determine the appropri- ate resources required from the lower layer in order to respect the QoS requirements of his consumers. This paper proposes an optimization framework driven by consumer preferences to address the SLA dependencies problem across the different cloud layers as well as the need of flexibility and dynamicity required by the domain of Cloud computing. Our approach aims to select the optimal vertical business process designed by cross-layer cloud services, enforcing SLA dependen- cies between layers. Based on Constraint Programming (CP), our approach can take into account dynamic QoS parameters in a flexible manner to compose the best vertical business process. Experimental results demonstrate the flexibility and effectiveness of our approach.
Published: 2011
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36. Self-optimisation of the energy footprint in Service-Oriented Architectures

Author: Thomas Ledoux, Frederico Alvares de Oliveira, Aspect and composition languages (ASCOLA), Laboratoire d'Informatique de Nantes Atlantique (LINA), Mines Nantes (Mines Nantes)-Université de Nantes (UN)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Mines Nantes (Mines Nantes)-Université de Nantes (UN)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Département informatique - EMN, Mines Nantes (Mines Nantes)-Inria Rennes – Bretagne Atlantique, Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria), and Mines Nantes (Mines Nantes)-Université de Nantes (UN)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Subjects: Engineering, business.industry, computer.internet_protocol, Distributed computing, Quality of service, Quality of Service, Cloud computing, Energy consumption, Service-oriented architecture, [INFO.INFO-SE]Computer Science [cs]/Software Engineering [cs.SE], Application layer, Energy efficiency, Proof of concept, Adaptation (computer science), business, computer, Efficient energy use, Service-Oriented Architectures
Abstract: International audience; The impact of IT on the global energy consumption has frighteningly increased over the last years. One of the reasons for this is the demand for infrastructure to support the increasing number of online (24x7) services and data, followed by the popularisation of practices like Cloud Computing. From the infrastructure point of view, hardware throttling and server consolidation are techniques used to deal with energy efficiency. However, details about the application behavior are not visible from the infrastructure layer, which prevents a more complete energy-efficient treatment. This paper presents an approach for self-optimisation of the energy consumption at the application layer. We rely on Service-Oriented Architectures, since they allow rapid and seamless service composition and eases the application adaptation. The energy efficiency properties of services are defined by means of Quality of Service criteria and a set of event-condition-actions is defined to enable the application to react to environmental changes and optimise its energy consumption. As a proof of concept, we present a prototype for energy-aware self-adaptation in SOA-based applications as well as an example scenario that shows the practical usage of our approach.
Published: 2010
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37. Reliable Dynamic Reconfigurations in a Reflective Component Model

Author: Thierry Coupaye, Marc Léger, and Thomas Ledoux
Subjects: Engineering, Consistency (database systems), Fractal, business.industry, Order (exchange), Component (UML), Data integrity, Distributed computing, Software system, Transactional analysis, business, Reliability (statistics), Reliability engineering
Abstract: Software engineering must cope with a more and more increasing need for evolutivity of software systems in order to make their administration easier. However, evolution and especially dynamic evolution in a system must not be done at the expense of its reliability, that is to say its ability to deliver the expected functionalities. Actually runtime modifications in a given system may lead to inconsistent states and so it can have an impact on its reliability. The aim of this paper is to guarantee reliability of dynamic reconfigurations used to make component-based systems evolve at runtime while preserving their availability. We propose a definition of consistency for configurations and reconfigurations in Fractal component architectures with a model based on integrity constraints like for example structural invariants. Reliability of reconfigurations is ensured thanks to a transactional approach which allows us both to deal with error recovery and to manage distributed and concurrent reconfigurations in Fractal applications.
Published: 2010
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38. Unifying Runtime Adaptation and Design Evolution

Author: Mahmoud Ben Hassine, Olivier Barais, Franck Chauvel, Brice Morin, Jean-Marc Jézéquel, Thomas Ledoux, Reliable and efficient component based software engineering (TRISKELL), Institut de Recherche en Informatique et Systèmes Aléatoires (IRISA), Université de Rennes (UR)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - Rennes (INSA Rennes), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Rennes (UR)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - Rennes (INSA Rennes), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Inria Rennes – Bretagne Atlantique, Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria), Laboratoire d'Informatique de Nantes Atlantique (LINA), Mines Nantes (Mines Nantes)-Université de Nantes (UN)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Aspect and composition languages (ASCOLA), Mines Nantes (Mines Nantes)-Université de Nantes (UN)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Mines Nantes (Mines Nantes)-Université de Nantes (UN)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Département informatique - EMN, Mines Nantes (Mines Nantes)-Inria Rennes – Bretagne Atlantique, Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria), Software Engineering Institute [Peking], Peking University [Beijing], Université de Rennes 1 (UR1), Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - Rennes (INSA Rennes), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Rennes 1 (UR1), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Inria Rennes – Bretagne Atlantique, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Mines Nantes (Mines Nantes)-Université de Nantes (UN), and Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Mines Nantes (Mines Nantes)-Université de Nantes (UN)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Mines Nantes (Mines Nantes)-Université de Nantes (UN)-Département informatique - EMN
Subjects: Corrective maintenance, Computer science, business.industry, Distributed computing, Real-time computing, 020207 software engineering, Context (language use), 02 engineering and technology, [INFO.INFO-SE]Computer Science [cs]/Software Engineering [cs.SE], Preventive maintenance, Software quality, Software, High availability, Adaptive system, 0202 electrical engineering, electronic engineering, information engineering, 020201 artificial intelligence & image processing, Software system, Adaptation (computer science), business
Abstract: International audience; The increasing need for continuously available software systems has raised two key-issues: self-adaptation and design evolution. The former one requires software systems to monitor their execution platform and automatically adapt their configuration and/or architecture to adjust their quality of service (optimization, fault-handling). The later one requires new design decisions to be reflected on the fly on the running system to ensure the needed high availability (new requirements, corrective and preventive maintenance). However, design evolution and selfadaptation are not independent and reflecting a design evolution on a running self-adaptative system is not always safe. We propose to unify run-time adaptation and run-time evolution by monitoring both the run-time platform and the design models. Thus, it becomes possible to correlate those heterogeneous events and to use pattern matching on events to elaborate a pertinent decision for run-time adaptation. A flood prediction system deployed along the Ribble river (Yorkshire, England) is used to illustrate how to unify design evolution and run-time adaptation and to safely perform runtime evolution on adaptive systems.
Published: 2009

39. Pesticide concentrations in maternal and umbilical cord sera and their relation to birth outcomes in a population of pregnant women and newborns in New Jersey

Author: Cande V. Ananth, Mark G. Robson, Thomas Ledoux, Paromita Hore, John C. Smulian, Xiaoyong Yan, Dana B. Barr, and Susan Lashley
Subjects: Adult, medicine.medical_specialty, Environmental Engineering, Cord, Birth weight, Population, Physiology, Gestational Age, Umbilical cord, Pregnancy, Internal medicine, medicine, Environmental Chemistry, Birth Weight, Humans, Prospective Studies, Pesticides, education, Waste Management and Disposal, Maternal-Fetal Exchange, education.field_of_study, New Jersey, business.industry, Infant, Newborn, Pregnancy Outcome, Gestational age, medicine.disease, Fetal Blood, Pollution, medicine.anatomical_structure, Endocrinology, In utero, Maternal Exposure, Cord blood, Epidemiological Monitoring, Environmental Pollutants, Female, Waist Circumference, business, Environmental Monitoring
Abstract: We evaluated in utero exposures to pesticides by measuring maternal and cord serum biomarkers in a New Jersey cohort of pregnant women and the birth outcomes of their neonates. The study was based on 150 women that underwent an elective cesarean delivery at term in a hospital in central New Jersey. We evaluated the following pesticide compounds in both maternal and umbilical cord sera: chlorpyrifos, diazinon, carbofuran, chlorothalonil, dacthal, metolachlor, trifluralin and diethyl-m-toluamide (DEET). Of these compounds, chlorpyrifos, carbofuran, chlorothalonil, trifluralin, metolachlor and DEET were the pesticides most frequently detected in the serum samples. We found high (> or =75th percentile) metolachlor concentrations in cord blood that were related to birth weight (3605 g in upper quartile vs 3399 g; p=0.05). We also observed an increase in abdominal circumference with increasing cord dichloran concentrations (p=0.031). These observations suggest that in utero exposures to certain pesticides may alter birth outcomes.
Published: 2008

40. QoS Policies for Business Processes in Service Oriented Architectures

Author: Nicolas Rivierre, Thomas Ledoux, Fabien Baligand, France Telecom Division R&D [Issy-les-Moulineaux], France Télécom, Laboratoire d'Informatique de Nantes Atlantique (LINA), Mines Nantes (Mines Nantes)-Université de Nantes (UN)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Objects, aspects and components (OBASCO), Mines Nantes (Mines Nantes)-Inria Rennes – Bretagne Atlantique, Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria), and Springer Berlin / Heidelberg
Subjects: Service (systems architecture), Service delivery framework, Computer science, computer.internet_protocol, business.industry, Quality of service, Service design, Mobile QoS, Service-oriented architecture, [INFO.INFO-SE]Computer Science [cs]/Software Engineering [cs.SE], Differentiated service, World Wide Web, Business Process Execution Language, Software engineering, business, computer
Abstract: International audience; The advent of Service Oriented Architectures tends to promote a new kind of software architecture where services, exposing features accessible through highly standardized protocols, are composed in a loose coupling way. In such a context, where services are likely to be replaced or used by a large number of clients, the notion of Quality of Service (QoS), which focuses on the quality of the relationship between a service and its customers, becomes a key challenge. This paper aims to ease QoS management in service compositions through a better separation of concerns. For this purpose, we designed QoSL4BP, a domain-specific language which allows QoS policies specification for business processes. More specifically, the QoSL4BP language is designed to allow an architect to specify QoS constraints and mechanisms over parts of BPEL compositions. This language is executed by our ORQOS platform which cooperates in a non-intrusive way with orchestration engines. At pre-deployment time, ORQOS platform performs service planning depending on services QoS offers and on the QoS requirements in QoSL4BP policies. At runtime, QoSL4BP policies allow to react to QoS variations and to enact QoS management related mechanisms.
Published: 2008

41. A Multi-Stage Approach for Reliable Dynamic Reconfigurations of Component-Based Systems

Author: Pierre-Charles David, Thierry Coupaye, Hervé Grall, Marc Léger, Thomas Ledoux, Laboratoire d'Informatique de Nantes Atlantique (LINA), Mines Nantes (Mines Nantes)-Université de Nantes (UN)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Objects, aspects and components (OBASCO), Mines Nantes (Mines Nantes)-Inria Rennes – Bretagne Atlantique, Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria), France Télécom Recherche & Développement (FT R&D), France Télécom, ANR-05-RNTL-0018,SELFWARE,Déploiement, configuration et administration autonome de systèmes répartis(2005), and Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Mines Nantes (Mines Nantes)-Université de Nantes (UN)
Subjects: Architecture model, Semantics (computer science), business.industry, Computer science, IT service continuity, Distributed computing, Real-time computing, Control reconfiguration, 020207 software engineering, 02 engineering and technology, [INFO.INFO-SE]Computer Science [cs]/Software Engineering [cs.SE], Multi stage, Software, 020204 information systems, Component (UML), Fault prevention, 0202 electrical engineering, electronic engineering, information engineering, business
Abstract: International audience; In this paper we present an end-to-end solution to define and execute reliable dynamic reconfigurations of open component-based systems while guaranteeing their continuity of service. It uses a multi-stage approach in order to deal with the different kinds of possible errors in the most appropriate way; in particular, the goal is to detect errors as early as possible to minimize their impact on the target system. Reconfigurations are expressed in a restricted, domain-specific language in order to allow different levels of static and dynamic validation, thus detecting errors before executing the reconfiguration where possible. For errors that can not be detected early (including software and hardware faults), a runtime environment provides transactional semantics to the reconfigurations.
Published: 2008
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42. Reliable dynamic reconfigurations in the fractal component model

Author: Thierry Coupaye, Thomas Ledoux, Marc Léger, France Télécom Recherche & Développement (FT R&D), France Télécom, Objects, aspects and components (OBASCO), Mines Nantes (Mines Nantes)-Inria Rennes – Bretagne Atlantique, Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria), Laboratoire d'Informatique de Nantes Atlantique (LINA), and Mines Nantes (Mines Nantes)-Université de Nantes (UN)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Subjects: Consistency (database systems), Computer science, Data integrity, Component (UML), Reliability (computer networking), Concurrency, Distributed computing, Control reconfiguration, Context (language use), [INFO.INFO-SE]Computer Science [cs]/Software Engineering [cs.SE], Fractal component model
Abstract: International audience; This article is an analysis based on our experience with the Fractal component model of the need of reliability for dynamic reconfigurations in component based systems. We make a proposal to ensure this reliability for concurrent and distributed Fractal applications. We started from the definition of ACID properties in the context of dynamic reconfigurations in component models and we propose to use integrity constraints to define system consistency and transactions for guaranteeing the respect of these constraints at runtime. Moreover we manage concurrency between reconfigurations by avoiding potential conflicts between reconfiguration operations. Finally, a recovery mechanism has been conceived to deal with failures.
Published: 2007
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43. A Declarative Approach for QoS-Aware Web Service Compositions

Author: Fabien Baligand, Nicolas Rivierre, Thomas Ledoux, Objects, aspects and components (OBASCO), Mines Nantes (Mines Nantes)-Inria Rennes – Bretagne Atlantique, Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria), France Telecom Division R&D [Issy-les-Moulineaux], France Télécom, Laboratoire d'Informatique de Nantes Atlantique (LINA), and Mines Nantes (Mines Nantes)-Université de Nantes (UN)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Subjects: medicine.medical_specialty, computer.internet_protocol, business.industry, Computer science, Service design, [INFO.INFO-SE]Computer Science [cs]/Software Engineering [cs.SE], Mobile QoS, Differentiated service, computer.software_genre, Business Process Execution Language, World Wide Web, Service-level agreement, medicine, Web service, WS-Policy, Software engineering, business, computer, Web modeling
Abstract: International audience; While BPEL language has emerged to allow the specification of Web Service compositions from a functional point of view, it is still left to the architects to find proper means to handle the Quality of Service (QoS) concerns of their compositions. Typically, they use ad-hoc technical solutions, at the message level, that significantly reduce flexibility and require costly developments. In this paper, we propose a policy-based language aiming to provide expressivity for QoS behavioural logic specification in Web Service orchestrations, as well as a non-intrusive platform in charge of its execution both at pre-deployment time and at runtime.
Published: 2007
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44. Contrôle dynamique de l'intégrité des communications dans les architectures à composants

Author: Marc Léger, Thierry Coupaye, Thomas Ledoux, France Télécom Recherche & Développement (FT R&D), France Télécom, Objects, aspects and components (OBASCO), Mines Nantes (Mines Nantes)-Inria Rennes – Bretagne Atlantique, Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria), Laboratoire d'Informatique de Nantes Atlantique (LINA), Mines Nantes (Mines Nantes)-Université de Nantes (UN)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), R. Rousseau, C. Urtado, and S. Vauttier
Subjects: [INFO.INFO-PL]Computer Science [cs]/Programming Languages [cs.PL]
Abstract: National audience; Assurer la conformité entre la spécification d'une architecture logicielle à base de composants et son implémentation repose sur le respect d'un certain nombre de contraintes structurelles. L'intégrité des communications, qui est l'une de ces contraintes, est garantie statiquement à la compilation dans ArchJava. Cependant, dans le cas d'un modèle plus ouvert comme Fractal l'ensemble des reconfigurations dynamiques du système ne sont pas déterminées à la compilation. Nous nous intéressons donc aux violations possibles de l'intégrité des communications dans Julia, une implémentation de Fractal en Java, puis nous proposons un mécanisme dynamique de contrôle de cette intégrité dans Julia.
Published: 2006

45. Une approche par aspects pour le développement de composants Fractal adaptatifs

Author: Pierre-Charles David, Thomas Ledoux, Objects, aspects and components (OBASCO), Mines Nantes (Mines Nantes)-Inria Rennes – Bretagne Atlantique, Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria), Laboratoire d'Informatique de Nantes Atlantique (LINA), and Mines Nantes (Mines Nantes)-Université de Nantes (UN)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Subjects: aspect d'adaptation, [INFO.INFO-PL]Computer Science [cs]/Programming Languages [cs.PL], reconfiguration dynamique, Sociology, composants, Fractal, Humanities
Abstract: National audience; Les développeurs d'application sont aujourd'hui confrontés à des contextes d'exécution de plus en plus variables, qui nécessitent la création d'applications capables de s'adapter de façon autonome aux évolutions de ces contextes. Dans cet article, nous montrons qu'une approche par aspects permet de construire des applications adaptatives dans lesquelles le code d'adaptation est modularisé aussi bien sur le plan spatial que temporel. Concrètement, nous proposons SAFRAN, une extension du modèle de composants Fractal permettant le développement de l'aspect d'adaptation sous la forme de politiques réactives. Celles-ci détectent les évolutions du contexte d'exécution et adaptent le programme de base en le reconfigurant. SAFRAN permet ainsi de développer l'aspect d'adaptation de façon modulaire et de le tisser dynamiquement dans les applications.
Published: 2006

46. An Aspect-Oriented Approach for Developing Self-Adaptive Fractal Components

Author: Thomas Ledoux, Pierre-Charles David, France Télécom Recherche & Développement (FT R&D), France Télécom, Objects, aspects and components (OBASCO), Mines Nantes (Mines Nantes)-Inria Rennes – Bretagne Atlantique, Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria), Laboratoire d'Informatique de Nantes Atlantique (LINA), Mines Nantes (Mines Nantes)-Université de Nantes (UN)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and Welf Löwe, Mario Südholt
Subjects: [INFO.INFO-PL]Computer Science [cs]/Programming Languages [cs.PL], Computer science, Aspect-oriented programming, Distributed computing, Real-time computing, Context (language use), dynamic weaving, components, Variable (computer science), dsl, Fractal, fractal, Component-based software engineering, aosd, Adaptation (computer science), aop, Fractal component model, dynamic adaptation, eca
Abstract: International audience; Nowadays, application developers have to deal with increasingly variable execution contexts, requiring the creation of applications able to adapt themselves autonomously to the evolutions of this context. In this paper, we show how an aspect-oriented approach enables the development of self-adaptive applications where the adaptation code is well modularized, both spatially and temporally. Concretely, we propose SAFRAN, an extension of the Fractal component model for the development of the adaptation aspect as reactive adaptation policies. These policies detect the evolutions of the execution context and adapt the base program by reconfiguring it. This way, SAFRAN allows the development of the adaptation aspect in a modular way and its dynamic weaving into applications.
Published: 2006

47. WildCAT: a generic framework for context-aware applications

Author: Pierre-Charles David, Thomas Ledoux, Objects, aspects and components (OBASCO), Mines Nantes (Mines Nantes)-Inria Rennes – Bretagne Atlantique, Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria), Laboratoire d'Informatique de Nantes Atlantique (LINA), and Mines Nantes (Mines Nantes)-Université de Nantes (UN)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Subjects: Context model, [INFO.INFO-PL]Computer Science [cs]/Programming Languages [cs.PL], SIMPLE (military communications protocol), Computer science, business.industry, Distributed computing, context-awareness, Context (language use), self-adaptive applications, Mode (computer interface), Asynchronous communication, framework, Java collections framework, Context awareness, Software engineering, business, Implementation
Abstract: International audience; We present WildCAT, an extensible Java framework to ease the creation of context-aware applications. WildCAT provides a simple yet powerful dynamic model to represent an application's execution context. The context information can be accessed by application programmers through two complimentary interfaces: synchronous requests (pull mode) and asynchronous notifications (push mode). Internally, WildCAT is designed to support different kinds of extensions, from the simple configuration of the default generic implementation to completely new implementations tailored to specific needs. A given application can mix different implementations for different aspects of its context while only depending on WildCAT simple and unified API.
Published: 2005

48. Programmation post-objets : des langages d'aspects aux langages de composants

Author: Pierre Cointe, Jacques Noyé, Thomas Ledoux, Rémi Douence, Jean-Marc Menaud, Mario Südholt, Gilles Muller, Objects, aspects and components (OBASCO), Mines Nantes (Mines Nantes)-Inria Rennes – Bretagne Atlantique, Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria), Laboratoire d'Informatique de Nantes Atlantique (LINA), Mines Nantes (Mines Nantes)-Université de Nantes (UN)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Aspect and composition languages (ASCOLA), and Mines Nantes (Mines Nantes)-Université de Nantes (UN)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Mines Nantes (Mines Nantes)-Université de Nantes (UN)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Département informatique - EMN
Subjects: Engineering, Engineering drawing, [INFO.INFO-PL]Computer Science [cs]/Programming Languages [cs.PL], business.industry, Programming language, computer.software_genre, Field (computer science), Software, Perspective (geometry), Component (UML), Scalability, The Internet, Granularity, business, Software architecture, computer
Abstract: (Re)using and adapting components are two key issues in the field of software architecture. Yet, enterprises are still waiting for genuine off-the-shelf components. Since 20 years, object-oriented programming has become the de facto programming standard. Nevertheless objects have partially failed to address the scalability requirements introduced by the Internet. One of the unresolved challenges is the building of large software with the appropriate granularity. From this perspective, objects have given incomplete answers to the problem of component assembly and life-cycle management. We introduce the post-object age by discussing, on the one hand, the evolution from objects to components and by introducing, on the other hand the evolution from objects to aspects.
Published: 2004

49. Supporting AOP Using Reflection

Author: Bouraqadi-Saadani, Noury M., Thomas Ledoux, École des Mines de Douai (Mines Douai EMD), Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] (IMT), Objects, aspects and components (OBASCO), Mines Nantes (Mines Nantes)-Inria Rennes – Bretagne Atlantique, Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria), Laboratoire d'Informatique de Nantes Atlantique (LINA), Mines Nantes (Mines Nantes)-Université de Nantes (UN)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and Mehmet Aksit and Siobhán Clarke and Tzilla Elrad and Robert E. Filman
Subjects: [INFO.INFO-PL]Computer Science [cs]/Programming Languages [cs.PL]
Abstract: no abstract
Published: 2004

50. Towards a Framework for Self-adaptive Component-Based Applications

Author: Pierre Charles David, Thomas Ledoux, Objects, aspects and components (OBASCO), Mines Nantes (Mines Nantes)-Inria Rennes – Bretagne Atlantique, Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria), and Jean-Bernard Stefani and Isabelle Demeure and Daniel Hagimont
Subjects: Rest (physics), [INFO.INFO-PL]Computer Science [cs]/Programming Languages [cs.PL], Development (topology), Operations research, CPU cache, Order (exchange), Computer science, Separation of concerns, Distributed computing, Component (UML), Context (language use), Adaptation (computer science)
Abstract: International audience; Given today's fast pace of technological evolutions and diversity of computing platforms, building applications which can work in such a wide range of systems is becoming more and more challenging. To deal with this situation, applications must be \emph{self-adaptive}, that is adapt themselves to their environment and its evolutions. The goal of our works is to enable systematic development of self-adaptive component-based applications using the Separation of Concerns principle: we consider \emph{adaptation to a specific execution context and its evolutions} as a concern which should be treated separately from the rest of an application. In this paper, we first present the general approach we propose and the corresponding development framework and tools we are developing to support it. Then, in order to validate this approach, we show how a small component-based application can be made self-adaptive using our approach.
Published: 2003
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