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Norfolk Archaeology, 36 (2), 149-166

Norfolk Archaeology, 25 (1), 0-0

Norfolk Archaeology, 12 (1), 1-12

Norfolk Archaeology, 39 (3), 320-322

Norfolk Archaeology, 37 (3), 356-357

An archaeological watching brief was conducted for Swann Edwards Architecture during ground works associated with Plots 1-5 of a new housing development on land adjacent to 83 Chapel Road, Terrington St Clement, Norfolk. The only significant archaeological feature encountered was a possible former watercourse present at the westerns edge of the development area. It had been backfilled in the 17th-18th century with material containing a number of medieval brick and roof tile and it seems likely that this material had been imported from elsewhere. A small number of 19th to 20th century features were also encountered.

A4 comb-bound

A4 ring-bound report

Project OF0112 contributes to MAFF's main policy focus of encouraging conversion to organic farming methods. It is part of a long term rotational study that began in 1990 as OF0102 and has recently been extended to 2001 as OF0145. The overall objective of these three projects is to evaluate the cost of conversion to organic arable production on a fertile soil, to assess the physical and financial performance of the organic rotation, to identify and overcome limitations to sustainabilty and to compare the results with conventional arable production. The project comprises a field-scale unreplicated systems comparison and associated replicated experiments at ADAS Terrington, and a financial analysis of ten commercial 'linked' organic farms. The silty clay loam soil at Terrington has proved ideal for organic production, primarily because it has very good water and nutrient and retention. As expected, organic crop yields have been less than conventional, averaging 70% for winter wheat; yields have been, on average, double that of the linked farms, and reached a peak of 10 t/ha in 1996. Variable costs have been lower and organic prices have been twice or more that for conventionally grown potatoes and wheat. Crop grossmargins (i.e. the value of the crop harvested minus the drect variable costs of growing it) have been consistently higher from organic than conventional. Even allowing for the lower value of the other three crops in the rotation, i.e. beans, spring cereal and clover (Set aside), overall gross margin from organic was higher than from conventional (average from 1993 to 1997 was 1,878 v 1,290 #/ha). Crop yields and gross margins were generally lower on the linked farms, probably mainly because they were on lighter soils more prone to leaching losses. However, all were viable businesses and had similar profitabilities to conventional farms of their size. The most profitable rotations in cluded potatoes and/or vegetables. In the absence of animal manures and synthetic fertilisers, the main driver of crop yield and key to sucess, will be the fixation of sufficient atmospheric nitrogen by the Rhizobium bacteria in the root nodules of legumes. Replicated experiments comparing a range of species have shown that in terms of gross accumulation of nitrogen in the cut foliage, and in the yield of a following wheat crop, red clover, lucerne and white clover are all very effective fertility builders, with red clover on average just the best. A second experiment has compared wheat, barley and oats as the cover crops for the undersowing of red clover. In 1997 clover dry matter at harvest uder oats was only 4.5kg/ha compared with 88 under wheat and 74 under barley. Baley was also the most profitable crop, however this was affected by relative grain prices which vary between years. A third experiment tested timing of manure application across the rotation. The modest quantity applied (30 t/ha per rotation) was chosen as what could have been produced from animals fed on crops grown within the rotation. There was only one isolated response in crop yield over four different crops. This was probably a reflection of the high inherent fertility and nitrogen retention capacity of the silty clay loam soil at Terrington. There are real current business opportunities for conversion to arable production. The linked farms, mostly with mixed arable livestock rotations, show profitability comparable with conventional; stockless arable production was consistently more profitable than conventional on the fertile nutrient retentive soil at Terrington. However there remain questions about the longer term sustainability of a stockless arable rotation, even on such a well suited soil. The next phase of the project (OF0145), which has just started, will focus on sustainability studying potential threats from perennial weeds, nutrient supply and soil-borne pests and diseases. The use of manure will be discontinued and, in that part of the study area, vegetables will be introduced in place of potatoes to test an alternative rotation.

A4, stapled monograph

A comprehensive investigation, using experimental, computational and analytic methods, is reported on the motion of, and the forces on, spheres of different density ratios rolling freely down an incline in a fluid under gravity. The Reynolds number, based on sphere diameter and terminal velocity, ranged up to 1000 for the experiments, and up to 250 for the computer simulations. A modified Reynolds number, incorporating the density ratio, gravitational acceleration and angle of incline, was found to govern the saturated state of the flow. Transition from steady to unsteady flow was sensitive to mass ratio, with lighter spheres undergoing earlier transition. Indeed, positively buoyant spheres develop cross-slope oscillations prior to the onset of shedding. Also of interest, the transition to chaotic wake flow occurs at Reynolds numbers lower than for a sphere forced to roll at a constant speed. In addition to the average sphere motion, flow-induced vibrations were predicted and measured, with quasi-periodic lateral oscillations found to increase as the flow became more unstable, and to decrease with increased density ratio. The study confirms the time-averaged results of a previous experimental study, although closer inspection shows sensitivity to the relative surface roughness of the sphere and plane in experiments; this sensitivity is masked in typical log–log plots of drag against Reynolds number. Physical surface roughness appears to play a role analogous to the necessary imposed gap between the sphere and plane in computations, removing the singularity in drag that would prevent rolling for an incompressible fluid and perfectly smooth surfaces.

This paper proposes a new approach for evaluating numerically the forces and moments applied to a circular cylinder that is immersed in a fluid and which translates and rotates near a plane wall. Under the proposed approach, the flow is decomposed into inner and outer flows. The inner flow represents the flow in the thin interstice between the cylinder and the wall, and is obtained as an analytic expression using lubrication theory. The outer flow represents the flow far from the interstice, which does not depend on the magnitude of the gap between the cylinder and the wall, when the gap is small. The outer flow is obtained using numerical simulation as a function of both the Reynolds number and the slip coefficient. The force and moment coefficients are then obtained, as functions of the Reynolds number, slip coefficient and gap-to-diameter ratio, by combining the inner and outer solutions. Importantly, since the outer flow does not depend on the gap-to-diameter ratio, the parameter space to be explored by numerical simulations is greatly reduced compared to using finite gap ratio simulations. Moreover, the numerical difficulties associated with resolving the interstitial flow are avoided. The proposed approach can be extended to a wide range of rolling bodies, including spherical particles and wheels, and should significantly reduce the computational expense required to model the hydrodynamic forces and predict the subsequent motion of such bodies.

The Lighthill–Panton and Lyman–Huggins interpretations of vorticity dynamics are extended to the dynamics of enstrophy. There exist two competing definitions of the vorticity current tensor, which describes the flow rate of vorticity in the fluid interior, and the corresponding boundary vorticity flux, which represents the local vorticity creation rate on a boundary. It is demonstrated that each definition of the vorticity current tensor leads to a consistent set of definitions for the enstrophy current, boundary enstrophy flux and the enstrophy dissipation term. This leads to two alternative interpretations of vorticity and enstrophy dynamics: the Lighthill–Panton and Lyman–Huggins interpretations. Although the kinematic evolution of the vorticity and enstrophy fields are the same under each set of definitions, the dynamical interpretation of the motion generally differs. For example, we consider the Stokes flow over a rotating sphere, and find that the flow approaches a steady state where, under the Lyman–Huggins interpretation, there is no enstrophy creation or dissipation. Under the Lighthill–Panton interpretation, however, the steady-state flow features a balance between the continuous generation and subsequent dissipation of enstrophy. Moreover, the Lyman–Huggins interpretation has previously been shown to offer several benefits in understanding the dynamics of vorticity, and therefore it is beneficial to extend this interpretation to the dynamics of enstrophy. For example, the Lyman–Huggins interpretation allows the creation of vorticity, and therefore enstrophy, to be interpreted as an inviscid process, due to the relative acceleration between the fluid and the boundary.

On isolated islands, large arthropods can play an important functional role in ecosystem dynamics. On the Norfolk Islands group, South Pacific, we monitored the diet and foraging activity of an endemic chilopod, the Phillip Island centipede (

This article presents a three-dimensional theory of vorticity creation on generalised interfaces, including both non-slip and free-slip boundaries, which generalises a previous two-dimensional formulation (Terrington et al., J. Fluid Mech., vol. 890, 2020, p. A5). Under this description, vorticity may be created on a boundary by the inviscid relative acceleration between fluid elements on each side of the boundary, driven by either tangential pressure gradients or body forces. Viscosity acts to transfer circulation between the vortex sheet representing the slip velocity on the interface, and the fluid interior, but is not responsible for the creation of vorticity on the interface. This formulation also describes a principle of vorticity conservation for interfacial and free-surface flows: in many flow configurations, the net generation of vorticity on the interface is zero, and the total circulation remains constant throughout flow evolution.

We perform numerical simulations of the interaction between a vortex ring and a free surface, and provide a new interpretation of the mechanism by which the vortex ring connects to the free surface. Large vorticity gradients at the free surface result in the diffusion of surface-tangential vorticity out of the fluid. This is accompanied by the diffusion of opposite-signed surface-normal vorticity away from the connection line, along the free surface, which results in the attachment of the vortex ring to the free surface. Compared to existing descriptions, this interpretation explains better how the solenoidal property that vortex lines do not end in the fluid is maintained. By including an interface vortex sheet at the free surface, the important property of vorticity conservation is maintained throughout the interaction. The upper part of the vortex ring simply diffuses out of the fluid, and into the interface vortex sheet, with the total circulation remaining constant.

Vorticity is an important physical quantity which describes the rotation of a fluid, and is useful for visualising and understanding various flow structures within a fluid. This thesis investigates the creation of vorticity on either a solid boundary, the boundary between two fluids, or the boundary between a fluid and a vacuum, and finds that the total vorticity within a fluid flow is usually conserved.

River islands (Ait or Eyot) within the inner tidal Thames serve as unique recorders of current and historical estuarine chemical pollution. Sediment cores from Chiswick Ait were assessed for contamination using Microtox® solid phase bioassay, stable isotopes (δ13C, δ15N), heavy metals and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). Microtox® classified these sediments as non-toxic to moderately toxic and bulk isotopes identified a change in organic input. Metals Cu, Zn, Cr, Ni, Cd, Hg and Ag showed parallel rise, peak and fall profiles which when allied to a 207/208Pb and 137Cs based chronology supported major changes in trace metal contributions corresponding to approximate input times of 1940 (rise), 1963 (peak) and 1985 (fall). Metals ranged from Cu 15 to 373 mg kg−1 (mean 141 mg kg−1), Zn 137 to 1331 mg kg−1 (mean 576 mg kg−1), Cr 14–351 mg kg−1 (mean 156 mg kg−1), Pb 10 to 1506 mg kg−1 (mean 402 mg kg−1), As 1 to 107 (mean 38 mg kg−1), Ni 11 to 113 mg kg−1 (mean 63 mg kg−1), Cd 0.2 to 53 mg kg−1 (mean 9 mg kg−1), Hg 1 to 8 mg kg−1 (mean 4.6 mg kg−1) and Ag from 0.7 to 50 mg kg−1 (mean 7.5 mg kg−1). Down core total PCBs ranged from 10.5 to 121 μg kg−1 and mean of 39 μg kg−1. The rise, peak and fall of Cu, Zn, Cr, Ni, Cd and Ag pollution matched local sewage works' treatment discharge records. Whereas the Hg, Pb and As profiles were disconnected, reflecting alternative historic sources and or partitioning behaviour. Comparison to marine sediment quality guidelines indicate that Zn, Pb, Ni, Cd and Hg exceed action level 2, whereas sedimentary Cu, Cr and As concentrations were above action level 1 (no action) but below action level 2 (further investigation required). The river islands of the tidal Thames capture a unique contaminant chemistry record due in part to their location in the tidal frame (salinity minimum) and close proximity to west London.

We examine Lyman's (Appl. Mech. Rev., vol. 43, issue 8, 1990, pp. 157–158) proposed definition of the boundary vorticity flux, as an alternative to the traditional definition provided by Lighthill (Introduction: boundary layer theory. In Laminar Boundary Layers (ed. L. Rosenhead), chap. 2, 1963, pp. 46–109. Oxford University Press). While either definition may be used to describe the generation and diffusion of vorticity, Lyman's definition offers several conceptual benefits. First, Lyman's definition can be interpreted as the transfer of circulation across a boundary, due to the acceleration of that boundary, and is therefore closely tied to the dynamics of linear momentum. Second, Lyman's definition allows the vorticity creation process on a solid boundary to be considered essentially inviscid, effectively extending Morton's (Geophys. Astrophys. Fluid Dyn., vol. 28, 1984, pp. 277–308) two-dimensional description to three-dimensional flows. Third, Lyman's definition describes the fluxes of circulation acting in any two-dimensional reference surface, enabling a control-surface analysis of three-dimensional vortical flows. Finally, Lyman's definition more clearly illustrates how the kinematic condition that vortex lines do not end in the fluid is maintained, providing an elegant description of viscous processes such as vortex reconnection. The flow over a sphere, in either translational or rotational motion, is examined using Lyman's definition of the vorticity flux, demonstrating the benefits of the proposed framework in understanding the dynamics of vortical flows.

Introduction. Sarcoidosis is a chronic granulomatous disease of unknown aetiology with a variable clinical course and prognosis. There is an urgent need to identify new and novel biomarkers to help differentiate between clinical phenotypes and guide clinical decisions with respect to commencing and monitoring treatment. Across the spectrum of respiratory disease there has been a growing interest in the role of breath-based biomarkers given their non-invasive nature and ability to repeat sampling with ease for serial monitoring. Soluble interleukin-2 receptor (sIL2R) in bronchoalveolar lavage and serum correlates with disease activity in sarcoidosis; however, no previous study has evaluated sIL2R in exhaled breath. Objectives. The main aim of this cross-sectional case-controlled pilot study was to determine the concentration of sIL2R in exhaled breath condensate (EBC) from patients with recently diagnosed sarcoidosis compared to healthy volunteers and to establish, if present, if this correlated with markers of disease activity, pulmonary function tests and serological markers used in current clinical practice. Methods. Paired serum and EBC samples were collected from twelve treatment naïve patients with histologically proven sarcoidosis diagnosed during the previous six months and compared to twelve healthy volunteers matched for age and gender. Results. Mean concentration of serum sIL2R was significantly elevated in participants with sarcoidosis compared to healthy controls (1584.3 ± 489.1 versus 874.2 ± 235.7 pg mL−1; p = 0.001). Soluble interleukin-2 receptor in EBC was detectable in only five subjects including three participants with sarcoidosis. The range of sIL2R across all five samples was 148.0–288.2 pg mL−1 with the two highest concentrations observed in two participants with sarcoidosis. There was no significant difference observed in EBC sIL2R between sarcoidosis and healthy controls (p = 0.71). No apparent correlations were observed between EBC sIL2R and radiological stage, pulmonary function tests or serological markers. Conclusion. Soluble interleukin-2 receptor is detectable in EBC; however, the findings from our study do not support its role as a diagnostic marker in sarcoidosis. Further research is required to evaluate its prognostic utility.

Introduction: Exhaled biomarkers may indicate disease processes in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF). We performed a PRISMA-compliant systematic review to investigate whether such markers discriminate between patients with IPF and healthy controls or correlate with lung function. Methods: Database searches were performed using the terms (Pulmonary fibrosis OR Lung Diseases, interstitial OR Fibrosing Alveolitis OR Diffuse Parenchymal Lung Disease OR Usual Interstitial Pneumonia) AND (Breath tests OR Volatile Organic Compounds OR Metabolomics OR Breath analysis OR Breath biomarkers OR Breathomics OR exhaled breath). Study selection was limited to adults with a diagnosis of IPF as per international guidelines. Results: 1014 studies were screened, 53 underwent full text review and 15 fulfilled selection criteria. The mean number of IPF patients included was 19 (range 6-40). 20 individual biomarkers discriminated between IPF and healthy controls, and four correlated with lung function. Metanalysis of three studies indicated alveolar nitric oxide levels were higher in IPF (8.5±5.5 ppb) than controls (4.4±2.2 ppb). Measurements of oxidative stress, such as hydrogen peroxide and 8-isoprostane were also found to discriminate between IPF and controls. Two breathomic studies, one using exhaled breath condensate and the other using volatile organic compounds have isolated discriminative compounds using mass spectrometry. One, p-cymene, correlated with lung function. Conclusions: Evidence suggests alveolar nitric oxide is higher in patients with IPF, however in general studies were limited by small sample size. Further breathomic work may identify biomarkers with diagnostic and prognostic potential.

Background/objective Fixed flexion deformity of the proximal interphalangeal joint can commonly occur following a traumatic injury impacting on hand function and occupational performance. Numerous interventions have been proposed for fixed flexion deformity resolution. This paper investigates the efficacy of static or dynamic orthoses in reducing fixed flexion deformity contracture following traumatic proximal interphalangeal joint injury. Methods A multi-database search of three databases (CINAHL, EMBASE, MEDLINE) was conducted. Data extracted for each study were design, patient descriptions, degree of fixed flexion deformity pre- and post-orthoses, and prescribed interventions and exercise programmes. Results The search yielded 643 studies, of which eight met the inclusion criteria. Studies used heterogeneous methodologies investigating various orthotic interventions. Meta-analysis or pooling of results was not possible. Dissimilar orthotic wear regimes were noted in all studies and an alternative clinical significance outcome was found. Conclusion More research is required to support clinical reasoning in orthotic choice for fixed flexion deformity of the proximal interphalangeal joint post-traumatic injury.

Purpose of Review: We review recent studies of patients with septated malignant pleural effusions, to understand what the clinical implications for patients are and what evidence-based methods should be used to manage these effusions. Recent Findings: Fibrinolytics improve effusion size assessed radiologically in patients with a chest drain inserted for septated malignant pleural effusions but this does not translate into an improvement in breathlessness relief or pleurodesis success. Fibrinolytics have also been used in patients with septated effusions associated with indwelling pleural catheters, but dyspnoea relief has not been assessed in this population. Patients with septated effusions or extensive adhesions appear to have a worse prognosis. Summary: Patients with septated malignant pleural effusions have a poor prognosis and do not gain clinical benefit from fibrinolytics via chest drain. The role of fibrinolytics for septated effusions associated with indwelling pleural catheters requires further study.

The Glasgow area has a combination of highly variable superficial deposits and a legacy of heavy industry, quarrying and mining. These factors create complex foundation and hydrological conditions, influencing the movement of contaminants through the subsurface and giving rise locally to unstable ground conditions. Digital geological three-dimensional models developed by the British Geological Survey are helping to resolve the complex geology underlying Glasgow, providing a key tool for planning and environmental management. The models, covering an area of 3200km2 to a depth of 1.2km, include glacial and post-glacial deposits and the underlying, faulted Carboniferous igneous and sedimentary rocks. Control data, including 95,000 boreholes, digital mine plans and published geological maps, were used in model development. Digital outputs from the models include maps of depth to key horizons, such as rockhead or depth to mine workings. The models have formed the basis for the development of site-scale high-resolution geological models and provide input data for a wide range of other applications from groundwater modelling to stochastic lithological modelling.

An assessment of the engineered geothermal system (EGS) resource base that might be available for the generation of electricity for Great Britain has been undertaken by adopting a globally self-consistent protocol that if universally adopted, would allow estimates of EGS made for different countries and regions to be comparable. Maximum estimated temperatures at depths of 5 and 7 km are greater than 200 and 300 °C respectively, a considerable increase over previous estimates. The total heat in place in the basement, to a depth of 9.5 km that is theoretically available for EGS is 357,197 EJ. If it were possible to develop just 2% of this resource, this would be equivalent to 1242 times the final UK energy consumption in 2015. The theoretical and technical potential power has been calculated from the available heat in place. The total technical potential power, to a depth of 6.5 km, is 222,393 MWe and represents just 0.4% of the theoretical potential power. Current EGS exploitation is more likely to be restricted to a depths of around 4.5 km and reservoir temperatures greater than 175 °C. In which case technical potential power is mainly restricted to regions of high heat producing granites and represents a total technical potential power of 2280 MWe. However, improvements in drilling technology are expected to enable economic drilling to depths of 7 km or greater that will enable EGS exploitation in all regions of Great Britain.

The growth of urban populations, combined with the limited availability of above-ground space, is resulting in the increased use of underground structures as living spaces, e.g. residential basements. Such subsurface structures constitute continuous sources and sinks of heat to and from the surrounding underground environment, particularly if maintained at comfortable temperatures. In heavily populated cities and city-centres, underground temperature increases due anthropogenic heat fluxes are well-established, known as the urban underground heat island effect. Due to limited availability of long-term underground temperature data, models looking at subsurface temperature changes caused by man-made structures are difficult to calibrate. However, accurately accounting for the underground thermal climate is essential in ensuring efficient heating and cooling of underground structures as well as correctly estimating the geothermal potential in areas affected by the heat fluxes. The work to be presented explores the impact of temperature-maintained subsurface structures on the thermal climate of the shallow subsurface by developing a 3D finite element model of the Cardiff (UK) city-centre, using COMSOL Multiphysics. The model takes into account conductive and convective heat transfer between the ground and basements as well as geological features and existing hydraulic head measurements. Calibration of the model is performed using time-series temperature data, collected over several years by monitoring boreholes distributed throughout the modelled domain, provided by the British Geological Survey. This constitutes an important step towards accurately characterising the effects of underground urban heat islands and better understanding the human impact on the below ground thermal climate.

This article presents a revised formulation of the generation and transport of vorticity at generalised fluid–fluid interfaces, substantially extending the work of Brons et al. (J. Fluid Mech., vol. 758, 2014, pp. 63–93). Importantly, the formulation is effectively expressed in terms of the conservation of vorticity, and the latter is shown to hold for arbitrary deformation and normal motion of the interface; previously, vorticity conservation had only been demonstrated for stationary interfaces. The present formulation also affords a simple physical description of the generation of vorticity in incompressible, Newtonian flows: the only mechanism by which vorticity may be generated on an interface is the inviscid relative acceleration of fluid elements on each side of the interface, due to pressure gradients or body forces. Viscous forces act to transfer circulation between the vortex sheet representing the interface slip velocity, and the fluid interior, but do not create vorticity on the interface. Several representative example flows are considered and interpreted under the proposed framework, illustrating the generation, transport and, importantly, the conservation of vorticity within these flows.

Rapid rates of urbanisation are placing growing demands on cities for accommodation and transportation, with increasing numbers of basements and tunnel networks being built to meet these rising demands. Such subsurface structures constitute continuous heat sources and sinks, particularly if maintained at comfortable temperatures. At the city-scale, there is limited understanding of the effect of heat exchange of underground infrastructures with their environments, in part due to limited availability of long-term underground temperature data. The effects of underground temperature changes due anthropogenic heat fluxes can be significant, impacting ventilation and cooling costs of underground spaces, efficiency of geo-energy systems, quality and quantity of groundwater flow, and the health and maintenance of underground structures. In this paper we explore the impact of anthropogenic subsurface structures on the thermal climate of the shallow subsurface by developing a heat transfer model of the city of Cardiff, UK, utilising a recently developed semi-3D modelling approach.

The shallow subsurface of dense cities is increasingly exploited for various purposes due to the significant rise in urban populations. Past research has shown that underground activities have a significant impact on local subsurface temperatures. However, the resulting spatial variability of ground temperature elevations on a city-scale is not well understood due to the lack of sufficient information and modelling complexity at such large scales. Resilient and sustainable planning of underground developments and geothermal exploitation in the short and long-term necessitate more detailed, more reliable knowledge of subsurface thermal status. This paper investigates the impact of some common underground heat sources such as train tunnels and residential basements on subsurface temperature elevation on a large scale and highlights the influence of local geology, hydrogeology, density, and type and arrangement of the heat sources on ground thermal disturbance. To tackle the size issues and computational expenses of such a large-scale problem, a semi-3D hydro-thermal numerical approach is presented to capture the combined influence of underground built environment characteristics coupled with ground properties on ground temperature elevation within the Royals Borough of Kensington and Chelsea (RBKC), London. Numerical results show that the extent of ground thermal disturbance is mostly affected by geological and hydrogeological characteristics in permeable ground (River Terrace Deposits). Density and spatial distribution of heat sources, however, are critical parameters in ground temperature evaluation in highly impermeable ground such as London Clay Formation. The locality of temperature rise and potential ground energy within immediate impermeable ground surrounding heat sources versus significantly large extent of ground thermal disturbance in permeable ground, highlights the significant dependency of ground thermal state and geothermal potential at the studied site to the ground and underground built environment characteristics and necessitates a better understanding of shallow subsurface thermal state for a sustainable and resilient urban underground development., This work was funded under the Global University Alliance (Cambridge Centre for Smart Infrastructure and Construction, University of California, Berkeley, and National University of Singapore) and in collaboration with the British Geological Survey (BGS) (EPSRC reference: EP/N021614/1).

The shallow subsurface of dense cities is increasingly exploited for various purposes due to the significant rise in urban populations. Past research has shown that underground activities have a significant impact on local subsurface temperatures. However, the resulting spatial variability of ground temperature elevations on a city-scale is not well understood due to the lack of sufficient information and modelling complexity at such large scales. Resilient and sustainable planning of underground developments and geothermal exploitation in the short and long-term necessitate more detailed, more reliable knowledge of subsurface thermal status. This paper investigates the impact of some common underground heat sources such as train tunnels and residential basements on subsurface temperature elevation on a large scale and highlights the influence of local geology, hydrogeology, density, and type and arrangement of the heat sources on ground thermal disturbance. To tackle the size issues and computational expenses of such a large-scale problem, a semi-3D hydro-thermal numerical approach is presented to capture the combined influence of underground built environment characteristics coupled with ground properties on ground temperature elevation within the Royals Borough of Kensington and Chelsea (RBKC), London. Numerical results show that the extent of ground thermal disturbance is mostly affected by geological and hydrogeological characteristics in permeable ground (River Terrace Deposits). Density and spatial distribution of heat sources, however, are critical parameters in ground temperature evaluation in highly impermeable ground such as London Clay Formation. The locality of temperature rise and potential ground energy within immediate impermeable ground surrounding heat sources versus significantly large extent of ground thermal disturbance in permeable ground, highlights the significant dependency of ground thermal state and geothermal potential at the studied site to the ground and underground built environment characteristics and necessitates a better understanding of shallow subsurface thermal state for a sustainable and resilient urban underground development.

INTRODUCTION: Sarcoidosis is a chronic granulomatous disease of unknown aetiology with a variable clinical course and prognosis. There is a growing need to identify non-invasive biomarkers to differentiate between clinical phenotypes, identify those at risk of disease progression and monitor response to treatment.OBJECTIVES: We undertook a systematic review and meta-analysis, to evaluate the utility of breath-based biomarkers in discriminating sarcoidosis from healthy controls, alongside correlation with existing non-breath based biomarkers used in clinical practice, radiological stage, markers of disease activity and response to treatment.METHODS: Electronic searches were undertaken during November 2017 using PubMed, Ebsco, Embase and Web of Science to capture relevant studies evaluating breath-based biomarkers in adult patients with sarcoidosis.RESULTS: 353 papers were screened; 21 met the inclusion criteria and assessed 25 different biomarkers alongside VOCs in exhaled breath gas or condensate. Considerable heterogeneity existed amongst the studies in terms of participant characteristics, sampling and analytical methods. Elevated biomarkers in sarcoidosis included 8-isoprostane, carbon monoxide, neopterin, TGF-β1, TNFα, CysLT and several metallic elements including chromium, silicon and nickel. Three studies exploring VOCs were able to distinguish sarcoidosis from controls. Meta-analysis of four studies assessing alveolar nitric oxide showed no significant difference between sarcoidosis and healthy controls (2.22ppb; 95% CI -0.83, 5.27) however, a high degree of heterogeneity was observed with an I2 of 93.4% (pCONCLUSIONS: The evidence for using breath biomarkers to diagnose and monitor sarcoidosis remains inconclusive with many studies limited by small sample sizes and lack of standardisation. VOCs have shown promising potential but further research is required to evaluate their prognostic role.

Background: Exhaled biomarkers may be related to disease processes in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) however their clinical role remains unclear. We performed a systematic review to investigate whether breath biomarkers discriminate between patients with IPF and healthy controls. We also assessed correlation with lung function, ability to distinguish diagnostic subgroups and change in response to treatment. Methods: MEDLINE, EMBASE and Web of Science databases were searched. Study selection was limited to adults with a diagnosis of IPF as per international guidelines. Results: Of 1014 studies screened, fourteen fulfilled selection criteria and included 257 IPF patients. Twenty individual biomarkers discriminated between IPF and controls and four showed correlation with lung function. Meta-analysis of three studies indicated mean (± SD) alveolar nitric oxide (CalvNO) levels were significantly higher in IPF (8.5 ± 5.5 ppb) than controls (4.4 ± 2.2 ppb). Markers of oxidative stress in exhaled breath condensate, such as hydrogen peroxide and 8-isoprostane, were also discriminatory. Two breathomic studies have isolated discriminative compounds using mass spectrometry. There was a lack of studies assessing relevant treatment and none assessed differences in diagnostic subgroups. Conclusions: Evidence suggests CalvNO is higher in IPF, although studies were limited by small sample size. Further breathomic work may identify biomarkers with diagnostic and prognostic potential.

Summary of QUADAS-2 assessment for each study. (DOCX 15 kb)

Search results per database. (DOCX 12 kb)

Urbanization and limited land availability have resulted in the increased utilization of underground structures including residential basements in largely populated cities such as London, with an average addition of 200 basements per year in some boroughs. Residential basements kept at a comfortable temperature level throughout the year significantly contribute to heat fluxes in the subsurface as well as an increase in ground temperature. Understanding the ground thermal status is crucial in managing the significant geothermal energy potential in urban areas as well as the sustainable development of the urban underground, and in maintaining the energy efficiency of underground structures. In this proof-of-concept study, a 3D finite element approach accounting for coupled heat transfer and groundwater flow in the ground was used to investigate the influence of ground conditions on the heat rejection rate from basements. A detailed analysis was made of ground, above ground and underground built environment characteristics. This study demonstrates that the amount of heat from basements rejected to the ground constitutes a significant percentage of the total heat loss from buildings, particularly in the presence of groundwater flow. The extent of thermal disturbance in the ground varies depending on the ground characteristics. The volume of thermally disturbance ground inversely correlates with the groundwater flow rate in ground mainly consisting of highly permeable material. However, a direct correlation exists when the thickness of permeable soil layer decreases. A larger horizontal to vertical ratio of ground thermal disturbance is observed when the thickness of permeable soil layer increases.