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We tend to mentally segment a series of events according to perceptual contextual changes, such that items from a shared context are more strongly associated in memory than items from different contexts. It is also known that timing context provides a scaffold to structure experiences in memory, but its role in event segmentation has not been investigated. We adapted a previous paradigm, which was used to investigate event segmentation using visual contexts, to study the effects of changes in timing contexts on event segmentation in associative memory. In two experiments, we presented lists of 36 items in which the interstimulus intervals (ISIs) changed after a series of six items ranging between 0.5 and 4 s in 0.5 s steps. After each list, participants judged which one of two test items were shown first (temporal order judgment) for items that were either drawn from the same context (within an ISI) or from consecutive contexts (across ISIs). Further, participants judged from memory whether the ISI associated to an item lasted longer than a standard interval (2.25 s) that was not previously shown (temporal source memory). Experiment 2 further included a time-item encoding task. Results revealed an effect of timing context changes in temporal order judgments, with faster responses (Experiment 1) or higher accuracy (Experiment 2) when items were drawn from the same context, as opposed to items drawn from across contexts. Further, in both experiments, we found that participants were well able to provide temporal source memory judgments based on recalled durations. Finally, replicated across experiments, we found subjective duration bias, as estimated by psychometric curve fitting parameters of the recalled durations, correlated negatively with within-context temporal order judgments. These findings show that changes in timing context support event segmentation in associative memory.

Brain waves, determined by electrical and magnetic brain recordings (e.g., EEG and MEG), and fluctuating behavioral responses, determined by response time or accuracy measures, are frequently taken to support discrete perception. For example, it has been proposed that humans experience only one conscious percept per brain wave (e.g., during one alpha cycle). However, the proposed link between brain waves and discrete perception is typically rather vague. More importantly, there are many models and aspects of discrete perception and it is often not apparent in what theoretical framework brain wave findings are interpreted and to what specific aspects of discrete perception they relate. Here, we review different approaches to discrete perception and highlight issues with particular interpretations. We then discuss how certain findings on brain waves may relate to certain aspects of discrete perception. The main purpose of this meta-contribution is to give a short overview of discrete models of perception and to illustrate the need to make explicit what aspects of discrete theories are addressed by what aspects of brain wave findings.

Temporal genetic studies of low‐dispersing organisms are rare. Marine invertebrates lacking a planktonic larval stage are expected to have lower dispersal, low gene flow, and a higher potential for local adaptation than organisms with planktonic dispersal. Leptasterias is a genus of brooding sea stars containing several cryptic species complexes. Population genetic methods were used to resolve patterns of fine‐scale population structure in central California Leptasterias species using three loci from nuclear and mitochondrial genomes. Historic samples (collected between 1897 and 1998) were compared to contemporary samples (collected between 2008 and 2014) to delineate changes in species distributions in space and time. Phylogenetic analysis of contemporary samples confirmed the presence of a bay‐localized clade and revealed the presence of an additional bay‐localized and previously undescribed clade of Leptasterias. Analysis of contemporary and historic samples indicates two clades are experiencing a constriction in their southern range limit and suggests a decrease in clade‐specific abundance at sites at which they were once prevalent. Historic sampling revealed a dramatically different distribution of diversity along the California coastline compared to contemporary sampling and illustrates the importance of temporal genetic sampling in phylogeographic studies. These samples were collected prior to significant impacts of Sea Star Wasting Disease (SSWD) and represent an in‐depth analysis of genetic structure over 117 years prior to the SSWD‐associated mass die‐off of Leptasterias., Leptasterias is a genus of brooding sea stars with low dispersal and restricted gene flow. Genetic analysis of Leptasterias species along the California coastline revealed high temporal variability and genetic structure over 117 years Photo by Jeyna Perez.

The informative value of time and temporal structure often remains neglected in cognitive assessments. However, next to information about stimulus identity we can exploit temporal ordering principles, such as regularity, periodicity, or grouping to generate predictions about the timing of future events. Such predictions may improve cognitive performance by optimising adaptation to dynamic stimuli. Here, we investigated the influence of temporal structure on verbal working memory by assessing immediate recall performance for aurally presented digit sequences (forward digit span) as a function of standard (1000 ms stimulus-onset-asynchronies, SOAs), short (700 ms), long (1300 ms) and mixed (700-1300 ms) stimulus timing during the presentation phase. Participant's digit spans were lower for short and mixed SOA presentation relative to standard SOAs. This confirms an impact of temporal structure on the classic "magical number seven," suggesting that working memory performance can in part be regulated through the systematic application of temporal ordering principles.

When children testify in cases of child sexual abuse (CSA), they often provide minimal responses to attorneys' questions. Thus, how attorneys ask questions may be particularly influential in shaping jurors' perceptions and memory for case details. This study examined mock jurors' perceptions after reading an excerpt of a CSA trial transcript. Participants' memory of the excerpt was tested after a two-day delay. We examined how reading a direct or cross-examination excerpt that included either high or low temporal structure impacted participants' perceptions, verdict decisions and memory reports. We found that participants who read a direct examination excerpt rated the child witness as more credible, were more likely to convict the defendant and had more accurate memory reports than those who read a cross-examination excerpt, regardless of temporal structure. Suggestions for improving jurors' comprehension and recall of child statements presented as evidence in CSA cases are discussed.

In the Cartesian tradition of discussing the structure of the micro-judgement “I think” Kant‘s treatment deserves extraordinary attention. Under the idiomatic heading of self-affection he delivers a micro-analysis of this judgment, contributing in a unique way to the clarification of a singular case of self-knowledge: In this case the thinking subject 1. thematises the act of judging “I think” by conferring on this act the specific logical, categorical form, 2. intuits this act under the temporal form of successively using “I ...” as subject and “… think” as predicate, 3. identifies him-/herself — at the same time — with the subject logically structuring this act as well as with the subject intuiting the successively existing subject of this judging act, and 4. recognises him-/herself as identical in these two different cognitive roles. By this very analysis Kant shows that the eminent micro-judgement-act “I think” has the complex, though paradigmatic substructure of each human subject recog­nising his/her identity as thinking / judging and temporally existing while thinking / judging.

Crime activity in many cities worldwide causes significant damages to the lives of victims and their surrounding communities. It is a public disorder problem, and big cities experience large amounts of crime events. Spatio-temporal prediction of crimes activity can help the cities to have a better allocation of police resources and surveillance. Deep learning techniques are considered efficient tools to predict future events analyzing the behavior of past ones; however, they are not usually applied to crime event prediction using a spatio-temporal approach. In this paper, a Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) together with a Long-Short Term Memory (LSTM) network (thus CLSTM-NN) are proposed to predict the presence of crime events over the city of Baltimore (USA). In particular, matrices of past crime events are used as input to a CLSTM-NN to predict the presence of at least one event in future days. The model is implemented on two types of events: “street robbery” and “larceny”. The proposed procedure is able to take into account spatial and temporal correlations present in the past data to improve future prediction. The prediction performance of the proposed neural network is assessed under a number of controlled plausible scenarios, using some standard metrics (Accuracy, AUC-ROC, and AUC-PR).

Les habiletés rythmiques varient considérablement d’un individu à l’autre. Cependant, notre compréhension du lien entre ces variations au niveau comportemental et les marqueurs électrophysiologiques qui les sous-tendent est incertaine. L’objectif du travail actuel était d’examiner la signature cérébrale (EEG) des différences individuelles des habiletés rythmiques impliquant la prédiction temporelle (i.e., perceptuelles, sensorimotrices). Les participants (n=43) ont effectué deux tâches provenant de la Battery for the Assessment of Auditory Sensorimotor and Rhythmic abilities (BAASTA, Dalla Bella et al., 2017). De plus, l’activité cérébrale de ces participants a été enregistrée lors d’une tâche de prédiction temporelle. Cette tâche utilisant le paradigme du stimulus discordant (i.e., oddball paradigm) consistait en la présentation de sons purs standards (i.e., non pertinents) et discordants (i.e., pertinents) sur des séquences isochrones ou non-isochrones (i.e., régulières ou non). Les résultats ont montré des différences individuelles dans les habiletés rhythmiques se reflétant au niveau des composantes ERP. Chez tous les participants, des meilleures habiletés sensorimotrices ont été associées à de plus petites amplitudes de la P50 lors de la présentation de sons standards, suggérant une inhibition accrue des stimuli non pertinents. Aussi, l’amplitude de la composante N100 pourrait servir de marqueur de la capacité de traitement de la discordance des stimuli. Effectivement, les individus ayant de bonnes habiletés de traitement du rythme, présente des amplitudes moins négatives de la N100 pour les sons discordants présentés régulièrement, suggérant une discrimination accrue des sons discordants. Ainsi, ces résultats ajoutent à notre compréhension des processus sous-jacents aux différences individuelles dans les habiletés rhythmiques., It is known that rhythmic abilities vary widely in the general population. However, our understanding of the link between these variations at the behavioral level and their underlying brain electrophysiological patterns is uncertain. The aim of the present work was to investigate the electrophysiological correlates of individual differences in rhythmic abilities (i.e., perceptual, sensorimotor). Participants (n=43) performed two tasks of rhythmic abilities (beat alignment test and paced tapping) from the Battery for the Assessment of Auditory Sensorimotor and Rhythmic abilities (BAASTA, Dalla Bella et al., 2017). Moreover, the brain activity (EEG) of these participants was recorded while they performed a temporal predictability task. This task consisted in an oddball paradigm where standard (i.e., irrelevant tones) and deviant (i.e., relevant tones) sinusoidal tones were presented in isochronous (i.e., regular) and temporally random (i.e., irregular) sequences. Results indicated that individual differences in rhythmic abilities are reflected in electrophysiological markers of temporal predictability. Across all participants, improved sensorimotor abilities were associated with smaller amplitudes of the P50 auditory evoked potential to standard tones, suggesting increased inhibition of irrelevant stimuli. Moreover, the amplitude of the N100 component serve as a potential marker of the ability to process stimuli deviance. Indeed, individuals with good rhythm abilities have less negative amplitudes of N100 for deviant tones presented in the isochronous sequence, suggesting enhanced discrimination of deviant tones. Altogether, these findings add to our understanding of the processes underlying individual differences in rhythmic abilities.

Temporal regularity is ubiquitous and essential to guiding attention and coordinating behavior within a dynamic environment. Previous researchers have modeled attention as an internal rhythm that may entrain to first-order regularity from rhythmic events to prioritize information selection at specific time points. Using the attentional blink paradigm, here we show that higher-order regularity based on rhythmic organization of contextual features (pitch, color, or motion) may serve as a temporal frame to recompose the dynamic profile of visual temporal attention. Critically, such attentional reframing effect is well predicted by cortical entrainment to the higher-order contextual structure at the delta band as well as its coupling with the stimulus-driven alpha power. These results suggest that the human brain involuntarily exploits multiscale regularities in rhythmic contexts to recompose dynamic attending in visual perception, and highlight neural entrainment as a central mechanism for optimizing our conscious experience of the world in the time dimension.

Sleep is an essential biological requirement for the human organism to regulate its physiological, physical, cognitive, psychological and emotional resources, according to its necessities, allowing the functionality to carry out daily activities successfully. Evidence claims that sleep deprivation has a negative impact on physical performance, motor development and quality of life. One of the components that reflects motor performance is postural control. Sleep deprivation decreases considerably the capacity of stabilizing the neuromuscular system and adapting to environmental constraints, leading to a greater propensity to injuries and falls. This study aims to investigate the effects of a 24-hour sleep deprivation on postural control. Seventeen healthy participants (age 23.88±2.42 years, height 1.75±0.06 m, weight 71.80±7.97 kg, body mass index 23.30±1.80 kg/m2) visited the laboratory on two occasions: pre and post 24 hours of sleep deprivation. In both sessions, participants performed the postural control assessment, using the posturography technique. The protocol consisted on stabilizing the body, standing on both legs over a platform, for two minutes, while remaining quiet. The evaluation was performed twice, under two conditions: with eyes opened, and with eyes closed. Linear parameters of the center of pressure data were analyzed. Non-linear parameters of variability in the regularity of postural control were also determined through the sample entropy metric. Paired samples t-tests or a Wilcoxon Signed-rank tests were performed to test the effect of sleep deprivation on all dependent variables. Nearly all linear parameters showed an increase after sleep deprivation (excluding range in the anterior-posterior direction in eyes opened condition, which was maintained), while sample entropy decreased. Our findings show that 24 hours of sleep deprivation negatively affects postural control. This study confirmed the observations of previous studies using linear variables and provided a new contribution regarding the effects of a 24-hour sleep deprivation on the complexity of postural control and motor performance. The measure of entropy reflects the adaptability of motor control and acts as an indirect index of the functional capacity of the human neuromuscular system. Accordingly, in a state of sleep deprivation, psychomotor, cognitive and adaptability capacities are reduced, suggesting that there is a greater probability of compromising the neuromuscular system and, consequently, a greater exposure to injuries and falls. O sono é um requisito biológico essencial para manter o organismo humano a regular o equilíbrio a nível fisiológico, físico, cognitivo, psicológico e emocional, de forma adequada e de acordo com as suas necessidades, permitindo restabelecer a sua funcionalidade para realizar as atividades diárias e garantir o seu bem-estar. Existe evidência de que a privação do sono tem um impacto negativo no desenvolvimento motor e na qualidade de vida. Uma das componentes que reflete o desempenho motor é o controlo postural. As situações de privação de sono aumentam consideravelmente as dificuldades na capacidade de estabilização do sistema neuromuscular e em adaptá-lo a constrangimentos do ambiente, tendendo a aumentar o risco de lesões e quedas. Desta forma, este estudo tem como objetivo investigar o efeito de 24 horas de privação do sono no controlo postural. Dezassete sujeitos saudáveis (idade 23.88±2.42 anos, altura 1.75±0.06 m, massa corporal 71.80±7.97 kg, índice de massa corporal 23.30±1.80 kg/m2) visitaram o laboratório em duas ocasiões; pré e pós 24 horas de privação do sono. Nas duas sessões, os participantes realizaram a avaliação do controlo postural a partir da técnica de posturografia. O protocolo consistiu na estabilização da postura em pé e bipedal, durante dois minutos. A avaliação realizou-se duas vezes, sob duas condições: olhos abertos e olhos fechados. Foram analisados os parâmetros lineares que caracterizam o equilíbrio postural, a partir dos dados do centro de pressão. Foram também determinados parâmetros não lineares de variação da regularidade do controlo postural, através da métrica da entropia amostral, na direção ântero-posterior (SampEn AP) e médio-lateral (SampEn ML). Foram efetuados testes t para amostras emparelhadas e os testes de Wilcoxon para testar o efeito da privação do sono de todas as variáveis dependentes. Em quase todos os parâmetros lineares foi observado um aumento depois da privação de sono (com exceção da amplitude na direção ântero-posterior na condição de olhos abertos, que se manteve), enquanto a entropia amostral diminuiu. Os resultados indicam que a privação de 24 horas de sono afeta negativamente o controlo postural. Este estudo confirmou as observações de estudos anteriores a partir de variáveis lineares e ainda forneceu um novo contributo em relação aos efeitos da privação do sono na complexidade do controlo postural e do controlo motor. A medida reflete a adaptabilidade do controlo motor e atua como uma medida indireta da capacidade funcional do sistema neuromuscular humano. Um estado de 24 horas de privação de sono contribuiu para a redução das capacidades psicomotoras, cognitivas e a adaptabilidade aos constrangimentos, sugerindo-se que existe maior probabilidade em comprometer o sistema neuromuscular e, consequente, maior exposição para ocorrência de lesões e quedas.

Tactile stimuli can be distinguished based on their temporal features (e.g., duration, local frequency, and number of pulses), which are fundamental for vibrotactile frequency perception. Characterizing how the hemodynamic response changes in shape across experimental conditions is important for designing and interpreting fMRI studies on tactile information processing. In this study, we focused on periodic tactile stimuli with different temporal structures and explored the hemodynamic response function (HRF) induced by these stimuli. We found that HRFs were stimulus‐dependent in tactile‐related brain areas. Continuous stimuli induced a greater area of activation and a stronger and narrower hemodynamic response than intermittent stimuli with the same duration. The magnitude of the HRF increased with increasing stimulus duration. By normalizing the characteristics into topographic matrix, nonlinearity was obvious. These results suggested that stimulation patterns and duration within a cycle may be key characters for distinguishing different stimuli. We conclude that different temporal structures of tactile stimuli induced different HRFs, which are essential for vibrotactile perception and should be considered in fMRI experimental designs and analyses., We found that HRFs were stimulus‐dependent in tactile‐related brain areas. Stimulation patterns and duration within a cycle may be key characters for distinguishing different stimuli.

BackgroundExtensive knowledge on the genetic characterization of marine organisms has been assembled, mainly concerning the spatial distribution and structuring of populations. Temporal monitoring assesses not only the stability in genetic composition but also its trajectory over time, providing critical information for the accurate forecast of changes in genetic diversity of marine populations, particularly important for both fisheries and endangered species management. We assessed fluctuations in genetic composition among different sampling periods in the western Portuguese shore in three fish species.MethodsWhite seabreamDiplodus sargus, sand smeltAtherina presbyterand shannyLipophrys pholiswere chosen, because of their genetic patterns in distinct ecological environments, insight into historical and contemporary factors influencing population effective size (Ne), and degree of commercial exploitation. Samples were obtained near Lisbon between 2003 and 2014 and screened for genetic variation with mitochondrial and nuclear markers. Analyses included genealogies, genetic diversities, temporal structures and contemporaryNe.ResultsFor mtDNA no temporal structure was detected, while for nDNA significant differences were recorded between some sampling periods for the shanny and the sand smelt. Haplotype networks revealed deep genealogies, with various levels of diversification. The shanny revealed a smallerNe/generation when compared to the other species, which, in turn, revealed no evidence of genetic drift for most study periods. These results highlight the fact that temporal variations in genetic pool composition should be considered when evaluating the population structure of fish species with long distance dispersal, which are more vulnerable to recruitment fluctuations.

Nonlinear blind source separation (BSS) is one of the unsolved problems in unsupervised learning, because the solutions are highly non-unique when there is no prior information for the mixing functions. In this paper, we present a novel approach to tackle the ill-posedness of the nonlinear BSS problem with a few assumptions. The derivation of our algorithm is inspired by the idea of an efficient layer-by-layer representation to approximate the nonlinearity. Once such a representation is built, a final output layer is constructed by solving a convex optimization problem. Relying on the multi-layer architecture, the algorithm transforms a time-invariant nonlinear BSS to the local linear problem with a tolerable computational cost. Then, the projected data can break the nonlinear problem down into the version of a generalized joint diagonalization problem in the feature space. Importantly, the parameters and forms of polynomials depend solely on the input data, which guarantee the robustness of the structure. We thus address the general problem without being restricted to any specific mixture or parametric model. Experiments show that the proposed algorithm has a higher estimation accuracy on audio data sets from the real world for separating various nonlinear mixtures.

Timing abilities help organizing the temporal structure of events but are known to change systematically with age. Yet, how the neuronal signature of temporal predictability changes across the age span remains unclear. Younger (n = 21; 23.1 years) and older adults (n = 21; 68.5 years) performed an auditory oddball task, consisting of isochronous and random sound sequences. Results confirm an altered P50 response in the older compared to younger participants. P50 amplitudes differed between the isochronous and random temporal structures in younger, and for P200 in the older group. These results suggest less efficient sensory gating in older adults in both isochronous and random auditory sequences. N100 amplitudes were more negative for deviant tones. P300 amplitudes were parietally enhanced in younger, but not in older adults. In younger participants, the P50 results confirm that this component marks temporal predictability, indicating sensitive gating of temporally regular sound sequences.

Since the late 1990’s correlates of rhythm classes of languages have been profusely used to search for differences between languages, dialects, speaking styles, degree of foreign accents, etc. Over the years the original attractiveness of the metrics has been replaced with suspicion and, occasionally, even fierce criticism. Among many reservations the critics argue that the metrics are only based on durational measures ignoring other dimensions of prominence, and they are considerably influenced by local temporal variation in utterances. We argue that the metrics could still be exploited in speech research as long as we do not expect them to reflect “speech rhythm” and as long as the proper account of their use is supplied. This study provides simulations to demonstrate the behaviour of the most commonly utilised metrics, and presents representative measurements of some Czech and English speech recordings under several conditions.

In recent years, vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs) have received significant interests from both academia and industry because of the ubiquitous communication capabilities they provide. VANETs are expected to support a wide range of applications that may influence our daily life, ranging from road safety applications to entertainment ones. A key to the development of protocols and algorithms for intervehicle communication and services lies in the knowledge of the structural properties of the VANET communication graph. Nonetheless, previous researches represented the VANET communication graph as a set of snapshots and tracked the evolution of some metrics on snapshots at certain time intervals. They neglected to take into account the temporal property of VANETs, which in many real scenarios plays a pivotal role. In this paper, we mainly explore the temporal structural characteristics of VANETs. A time-extended model is first presented to capture the temporal property of VANETs. Based on the model, some key metrics are defined to describe the structural characteristics of VANETs in various aspects. We then employ a real and large-scale urban taxi GPS dataset to provide a comprehensive study of the temporal structural characteristics involved with time-ordered paths, reachability, and connectivity of VANETs. These results are helpful in designing better protocols and algorithms to achieve reliable and low-latency communications.

Inferring functional components of behavioral sequences is a crucial but challenging task. A systematic comparison of their temporal structure is a good starting point, based on the postulate that more functional traits are less structurally variable. We studied stone handling behavior (SH) in Balinese long-tailed macaques, a versatile form of stone-directed play. We tested the hypothesis that stones are used by male monkeys to stimulate their genitals in a sexual context (i.e., “sex toy” hypothesis). Specifically, two SH actions (i.e., “tap-on-groin” (TOG) and “rub-on-groin” (ROG), respectively the repetitive tapping and rubbing of a stone onto the genital area) gained functional properties as self-directed tool-assisted masturbation. Owing to the structural organization of playful activities, we predicted that SH sequences without TOG/ROG would exhibit higher levels of variability, repeatability and exaggeration than SH sequences with TOG/ROG. We also predicted that TOG/ROG would occur more often and last longer in SH sequences in which penile erection – a sexually-motivated physiological response in primates – was observed than in SH sequences in which penile erection was not observed. To identify and compare recurring series of SH patterns otherwise undetectable by using conventional quantitative approaches across SH sequences containing TOG/ROG or not, we used a temporal analysis known as “T-pattern detection and analysis” (TPA). Our predictions about variability, exaggeration and temporal association between TOG/ROG in males and penile erection were supported. As expected, SH sequences without TOG/ROG were, on average, more repeatable than SH sequences with TOG/ROG, but the difference was not statistically significant. Overall, the “sex toy” hypothesis was partly supported, and our results suggested that TOG and ROG are two forms of tool-assisted genital stimulation, possibly derived from the playful handling of stones. These findings are consistent with the view that tool use may evolve in stages from initially non-functional object manipulation, such as object play.

Estimates of the projected changes in precipitation and temperature have great significance for adaption planning in the context of climate change. To obtain the climate change information at regional or local scale, downscaling approaches are required to downscale the coarse global climate model (GCM) outputs to finer resolutions in both spatial and temporal dimensions. The multi-site, multi-variate downscaling approach has received considerable attention recently due to its advantage in providing distributed, physically coherent downscaled meteorological fields for subsequent impact modeling. In this study, a newly developed multi-site multivariate statistical downscaling approach based on empirical copula was applied to downscale grid-based, monthly precipitation, maximum and minimum temperature outputs from nine global climate models to site-specific, daily data over four weather stations in Singapore. The advantage of this approach lies in its ability to reflect the at-site statistics, inter-site and inter-variable dependencies, and temporal structure in the downscaled data. The downscaling was conducted for two projection periods (i.e., the 2021&ndash, 2050 and 2071&ndash, 2100 periods) under two emission scenarios (i.e., representative concentration pathway (RCP)4.5 and RCP8.5 scenarios). Based on the downscaling results, projected changes in daily precipitation, maximum and minimum temperatures were examined. The results show that there is no consensus on the projected change in average precipitation over the two future periods. The major uncertainty for precipitation projection comes from the GCMs. For daily maximum and minimum temperatures, all downscaled GCMs project an increase of average temperature in the future. These change signals could be different from those of the original GCM data, both in magnitude and in direction. These findings could assist in adaption planning in Singapore in response to emerging climate risks.

Dans la littérature en badminton, l’aspect spatial prime sur l’aspect temporel. Les études sur la structure temporelle sont exclusivement descriptives, relatives au haut niveau, et produisent des données génériques et adynamiques, comme si le rapport au temps était le même pour l’ensemble des joueurs et sur l’ensemble du match. Notre étude vise à montrer que le rythme du set se réorganise avec les mobiles du badiste. 50 sujets, classés dans les cinq étapes du curriculum conatif du joueur de badminton ont porté un accéléromètre lors d’un set filmé. Nos résultats, portant sur l’analyse des 1806 points joués, montrent que le rapport temps d’échange / temps de non-jeu n’augmente pas de manière linéaire avec l’expertise et que le différentiel entre la quantité de mouvement en jeu et pendant les phases de repos se réorganise d’étape en étape. Il y a donc des rythmes ou temporalités spécifiques en fonction des mobiles. Par ailleurs, au sein même de certaines étapes, on observe une variation de ces facteurs en fonction de l’évolution du rapport de force et / ou du moment du match pour les experts et les grands débutants. En pédagogie, c’est donc la spécificité du jeu qui devrait orienter le choix didactique entre jeu au temps / jeu au point afin d’envisager la temporalité de manière plus responsable. In the badminton literature, the spatial aspect takes precedence over the temporal aspect. Studies on the temporal structure are exclusively descriptive, relating to the high level, and produce generic and adynamic data as if the relationship to time was the same for all players and for the whole game. Our study aims to show that the rhythm of the set is reorganized with the intentions of the badist. 50 subjects, classified in the five steps of the badminton conative classification, wore an accelerometer during a filmed set. Our results, on the analysis of the 1806 points played show that the ratio of time during the game / non-game does not increase linearly with expertise and that the differential between the amount of movement in play and during rest time is reorganized step by step. There are therefore specific rhythms or temporalities depending on the registers of intention. Moreover, within certain stages, a variation of these factors can be observed depending on the evolution of the balance of power and / or the moment of the match for the experts and the beginners. In pedagogy, it is therefore the specificity of the game that should guide the didactic choice between score-based forms and time-based forms of class competition in order to consider temporality in a more “responsible” way.

Different contributions in the design research community propose models to understand subjective experience with products. Recently, the temporal aspects of experience have particularly been highlighted, leading to initial studies of experience over time. In addition, many researchers interested in experience, addressed its aesthetic qualities. However, the temporal structure of the aesthetic experience has been rarely addressed in the design research community. In this paper we clarify theses concepts and we introduce an initial framework of aesthetic experience over time. Our framework focuses on three structural components: body and senses interaction, discourse elements and narrative dimension and has three goals. Firstly, we will show how to apply it as a descriptive framework, by allowing representing a significant range of existing aesthetic experiences in order to understand, accommodate and appropriate them. Secondly, we discuss its potential to be evaluative, permitting to analyze and compare the experiential potential of design situations in regards of aesthetic experience over time. Finally, we investigate its generative power, how it helps the creation of future aesthetic experiences.

The present investigation intends to explore the semantics of some English and Spanish prepositions. For the English language, the prepositions to be analyzed are between, among, and amid (chapter 4), to (chapter 5), and for (chapter 6). These English prepositions are then contrasted with their Spanish equivalents; these are entre (usually equivalent to between, among, and amid in chapter 4), a (usually equivalent to English to in chapter 5), and para (usually equivalent to for in chapter 6). This contrastive analysis, in turn, might shed light on the conceptual differences and similarities that are exhibited by these two prepositional sets. The differences and similarities will be spotted by focusing on the semantic units that populate the conceptual basis of each preposition. The term conceptual basis (Morras 2018; Morras and Barcelona 2019) must be understood as the semantic or meaning potential (in the sense of Allwood 2003) that words facilitate access to. The semantic units that populate the conceptual basis of each preposition are referred to here as (conceptual) parameters (Morras, in press). These are phenomenology-based structures, akin to image schemas (Johnson 1987), that constitute the bedrock of word meaning and figurative reasoning (Lakoff 1990). The methodology used to pin down the parameters for each preposition is based on corpus work. Doing a manual search in the concordance section of two databases, the British National Corpus (BNC) for the English prepositions, and the Spanish Web 2011 (esTenTen11, Eu + Am) for the Spanish ones, the present research intends to keep up with the spirit of the usage-based approach to language and cognition by analyzing real instances of language use. In addition, data drawn from dictionaries (the Cambridge (online) English Dictionary (CED) for English, and the Diccionario de la Lengua Española (DLE) for Spanish) was analyzed to propose the conceptual parameters that may constitute each conceptual basis. The cognitivist approach adopted in this research comes from important advances in the cognitive sciences (e.g., Allwood 2003; Clark 2003; Rice 1992; Slobin 2003; Talmy 2000) that point to the close link between linguistic structure and encyclopedic knowledge (Langacker 1987) or conceptual structure. In this line, the investigation reported here intends to shed some light on the schematic type of conceptual structure that is accessed via closed-class items and its role in embodied simulations. Following Talmy (2000), words can be broadly divided into open-class, and closed-class. Open-class words, traditionally referred to as content words, offer access points (in the sense of Langacker 1987) to a type of conceptual structure that is highly rich. Hence, open-class items such as nouns, verbs, and adjectives are thought of as offering wide access (Talmy 2007) to conceptual structure. On the contrary, closed-class items, traditionally known as functional words, are claimed (e.g., Talmy 2007) to offer narrower access to conceptual structure. In sum, the differences between wide and narrow access is reflected in the conceptual richness or schematicity that words facilitate access to. It follows that the semantic units that primarily constitute the conceptual basis of an open-class item can be associated with what is known as cognitive models and frames (Barsalou 1992, 1999), whereas the semantic units that populate the conceptual basis of a closed-class item are associated with conceptual parameters. The interplay between these two types of word classes gives rise to a cognitive representation (in Talmy’s 2000 parlance) where closed-class elements offer a “semantic scaffolding” for the rich conceptual material that is accessed via open-class items. The idea formulated above goes contrary to the claims of some cognitive linguists (especially Evans 2009, 2013), who maintain a sort of strict dichotomy between open and closed-class items by claiming that closed-class items, such as prepositions, conjunctions, and “particles”, do not offer access to conceptual structure but encode purely linguistic content. While I agree with the idea that there must be something that is unique about the linguistic system (see Morras, in press), closed-class items do offer access to conceptual structure. The difference lies in the type of conceptual structure that is accessed. This is precisely the reason why the present research introduces the notion of conceptual parameter: Because it captures the schematic conceptual material that constitutes the ‘semantic scaffolding’ of a linguistic event. This will allow us to appreciate the contribution that closed-class elements have in embodied simulations. Following Lawrence Barsalou (1999), all concepts are simulators and hence, form part of an embodied simulation. These include manners (e.g., clumsily), relations (e.g., between), properties (e.g., blue), among others. The analysis presented in chapters 4, 5, and 6 provides a view of word meaning as being constituted by two important representational levels which are related to what Talmy (2007) refers to as the first condition of attending (of the first and second levels of isolation). The first level of isolation within the first condition of attending relates to the lexical representation level of words. At this level, we can appreciate the meaning potential of words that is captured by the notion of conceptual basis, as we shall see in more detail later. This conceptual basis must be stored in long-term semantic memory and represents the mental units that constitute the mental lexico-grammatical system (using Panther’s 2006 term) of a person – that is, the semantics of words in complete isolation. On the other hand, there is the second level of isolation for linguistic analysis, and this is concerned with what Allwood (2003) refers to as meaning determination. Meaning determination has to do with the contextual realization of a word. It is only in context that words acquire their (situated) semantics: certain semantic attributes within the conceptual basis of a given word get activated or highlighted in a situated linguistic event, while others remain backgrounded. The analysis of the prepositions selected starts with a thorough description of their spatial roots in order to propose their respective conceptual basis and appreciate how parameters get activated differently depending on the linguistic contexts that the preposition is integrated with. After that, the research presents non-spatial and temporal usages, which crucially, are motivated by the spatio-conceptual structure that comes from the conceptual basis of the preposition. An important aspect to highlight about this second part of the analysis, is that temporal and other non-spatial usages are treated in separate sections. This is because the present research assumes that the domain of time exhibits its own structure, which can be qualitatively distinguished from the properties of space, as we shall see in chapter 2. This type of conceptual structure that is inherently temporal in nature, emerges as a result of temporal reference (Evans 2013). Whenever we deal with temporal reference as in See you at noon, there must be (schematic) temporal structure involved. This is clearly not the case as in an utterance such as Those countries are at war, in which the preposition at establishes a (non-spatial) relation between some countries and a state of warfare, rather than a relation between an event and its temporal reference. This issue will be further developed throughout the investigation. To sum up, the approach adopted here intends to shed light on the spatio-conceptual structuring of some English and Spanish prepositions and its role in non-spatial and temporal usages. It also offers an alternative view for language teaching, in that it sees language as flexible and structured at the same time, as opposed to the rigid view of language as dictionary-like entries in the mind, and the meaningless character of syntax. The usage-based approach to language and cognition assumes word meaning as being encyclopedic-like in character, as well as fostering a thorough description of phenomenological structures as essential if we seriously want to fully apprehend the area of spatial semantics. Some of the implications that this approach may bring to students, teachers, and researchers in language teaching are developed in chapter 7, along with possible applications of cognitive-linguistic methods in the classroom that can be extracted from the analysis presented in chapters 4, 5, and 6. Lastly, the conceptual bases are formulated in such a way that can they be psychologically validated through experimental methods. A sample (in chapter 7) of some conceptual parameters of between, among, amid, and entre, is provided to show this point. Finally, the investigation ends with some concluding remarks, among them the importance of a thorough understanding and description of the spatial semantics of prepositions to approach a more psychologically plausible theory of language and provide adequate explanations for non-spatial and temporal usages; the idea that time exhibits its own structure and that this is reflected in temporal linguistic constructions; the pedagogical implications and applications that the present account might offer; and the psycholinguistic experimentation that could be carried out using this approach. La presente investigación pretende explorar la semántica de algunas preposiciones del inglés y el español. Las preposiciones inglesas que serán analizadas son between, among, amid (capítulo 4), to (capítulo 5), y for (capítulo 6). Estas preposiciones serán seguidamente contrastadas con sus equivalentes del español; estos son entre (equivalente usualmente a between, among, y amid en el capítulo 4), a (equivalente usualmente al inglés to en el capítulo 5), y para (equivalente usualmente a for en el capítulo 6). Dicho análisis contrastivo podría arrojar luz sobre las diferencias y similitudes conceptuales que son exhibidas por estos dos grupos preposicionales. Estas diferencias y similitudes emergen a través de un enfoque en las unidades semánticas que conforman la base conceptual de cada preposición. El termino base conceptual (Morras 2018; Morras y Barcelona 2019) debe ser entendido como el potencial semántico o de significado (en el sentido de Allwood 2003) al que las palabras ofrecen acceso. Las unidades semánticas que conforman la base conceptual de cada preposición son entendidas como parámetros conceptuales (Morras, in press). Estos son estructuras emergentes basadas en la fenomenología, parecidos a los esquemas de imágenes (Johnson 1987), los cuales constituyen el cimiento del significado verbal y el razonamiento figurativo (Lakoff 1990). La metodología ocupada para identificar los parámetros de cada preposición está basada en corpus. Utilizando una búsqueda manual en la sección de concordancia de dos bases de datos, el British National Corpus (BNC) para las preposiciones inglesas, y el Spanish Web 2011 (esTenTen11, Eu + Am) para las del idioma español, la presente investigación intenta mantener el espíritu del estudio del lenguaje basado en el uso a través de un análisis de ejemplos reales de uso de lenguaje. También fue analizada información proveniente de diccionarios (el Cambridge (online) English Dictionary (CED) para el inglés, y el Diccionario de la Lengua Española (DLE) para el español) de manera de sugerir los parámetros conceptuales que podrían constituir cada base conceptual. La postura cognitivista adoptada en esta investigación proviene de importantes avances en las ciencias cognitivas (ej., Allwood 2003; Clark 2003; Rice 1992; Slobin 2003; Talmy 2000) los cuales apuntan a una estrecha relación entre la estructura lingüística y el conocimiento enciclopédico (Langacker 1987) o estructura conceptual. En este sentido, la investigación pretende arrojar luz sobre la estructura conceptual esquemática que es facilitada a través de clase cerrada, y su rol en las simulaciones corporeizadas. Siguiendo a Talmy (2000), las palabras pueden ser ampliamente divididas bajo la clase abierta o cerrada. Las palabras de la clase abierta, tradicionalmente conocidas como palabras de contenido, ofrecen puntos de acceso (en el sentido de Langacker 1987) a un tipo de estructura conceptual la cual es altamente rica. Por ende, las palabras de la clase abierta, tales como sustantivos, verbos, y adjetivos, ofrecen un acceso amplio (Talmy 2007) a la estructura conceptual. Por el contrario, las palabras de la clase cerrada, tradicionalmente llamadas palabras funcionales, ofrecerían un acceso más estrecho a la estructura conceptual. Para resumir, la diferencia entre acceso amplio y estrecho se ve reflejada en la riqueza o esquematicidad conceptual que es facilitada a través de las palabras. Las unidades semánticas que primordialmente constituyen la base conceptual de una palabra de la clase abierta son relacionadas con lo que se conoce como cuadros y modelos cognitivos (Barsalou 1992, 1999), mientras que las unidades semánticas que conforman la base conceptual de una palabra de la clase cerrada son asociadas con parámetros conceptuales. La interfaz entre estos dos tipos de palabras da como resultado una representación cognitiva (en el sentido de Talmy 2000) en donde los elementos de la clase cerrada brindan un tipo de “andamiaje semántico” para el rico material conceptual facilitado por la clase abierta. La idea formulada arriba es contraria a los postulados de algunos lingüistas del paradigma cognitivista (especialmente Evans 2009, 2013) quienes mantienen una estricta dicotomía entre estos dos grupos de palabras, postulando que los elementos de la clase cerrada, como las preposiciones, conjunciones, y “partículas”, no ofrecen acceso a la estructura conceptual, sino que codifican exclusivamente contenido lingüístico. Si bien el presente autor está de acuerdo con que debe existir algo exclusivo del sistema lingüístico (véase Morras, in press), los elementos de la clase carrada sí ofrecen acceso a la estructura conceptual. La diferencia radica en el tipo de estructura conceptual que es facilitada. Esta es precisamente la razón de introducir la noción de parámetro conceptual: el hecho de que captura el material conceptual esquemático que constituye el ‘andamiaje semántico’ de un evento lingüístico. Esto nos permitirá apreciar la contribución que las palabras de la clase cerrada tienen frente a las simulaciones corporeizadas. Siguiendo a Lawrence Barsalou (1999), todos los conceptos son simuladores, y, por ende, forman parte de una simulación corporeizada. Estos conceptos incluyen maneras (ej., inteligentemente), relaciones (ej., entre), propiedades (ej., azul), entre otros. El análisis presentado en los capítulos 4, 5, y 6, ofrece una visión del significado verbal que está constituido por dos importantes niveles de representación que están relacionados con lo que Talmy (2007) denomina primera condición de atención (del primer y segundo nivel de aislamiento). El primer nivel de aislamiento dentro de la primera condición de atención está relacionado con el nivel de representación léxico de una palabra. En este nivel podemos apreciar el potencial de significado de las palabras, el cual es capturado por la noción de base conceptual, como lo veremos en más detalle más adelante. Dicha base conceptual debe de ser almacenada en la memoria semántica de largo plazo y representa las unidades mentales que forman el sistema léxico-gramatical (usando el termino de Panther 2006) de una persona – quiere decir, la semántica de las palabras bajo completo aislamiento. Por el otro lado, está el segundo nivel de aislamiento para el análisis lingüístico; este concierne a lo que Allwood (2003) denomina determinación del significado. La determinación del significado tiene que ver con el uso contextual de una palabra. Las palabras adquieren su semántica (situada) solamente bajo contexto: sólo algunos atributos semánticos dentro de la base conceptual de una determinada palabra se activan en un uso lingüístico situado, mientras que los demás permanecen en su trasfondo. El análisis de las preposiciones seleccionadas comienza con una detallada descripción de sus raíces espaciales. Esto nos permite proponer sus respectivas bases conceptuales y apreciar cómo los parámetros conceptuales se activan diferentemente dependiendo del contexto lingüístico en el cual la preposición se ve integrada. Después de esto, la investigación presenta usos no espaciales y temporales, que crucialmente son motivados por la estructura espacio-conceptual proveniente de la base conceptual de la preposición. Un punto importante por resaltar aquí respecto a la segunda parte del análisis concierne al tratamiento individualizado (en secciones separadas) de los usos preposicionales no espaciales y temporales. Esto se debe a que el presente trabajo asume que el dominio del tiempo exhibe su propia estructura, que puede ser cualitativamente distinta de la del dominio espacial, como lo veremos en el capítulo 2. Este tipo de estructura conceptual, que es inherentemente temporal por naturaleza, emerge como resultado de la referencia temporal (Evans 2013). Cada vez que lidiamos con localización temporal, como en expresiones tales como See you at noon, debe de estar involucrada una estructura temporal (esquemática). Este claramente no es el caso de expresiones como Those countries are at war, en donde la preposición inglesa at establece una relación (no espacial) entre unos países y el estado de guerra, en vez de una relación entre un evento y su referente temporal. Este punto será desarrollado en profundad a lo largo de la investigación. Para resumir, la postura adoptada aquí intenta arrojar luz sobre la estructuración espacioconceptual de algunas de las preposiciones del inglés y el español, y su rol en usos no espaciales y temporales. También ofrece una visión alternativa para la enseñanza de idiomas, puesto que ve el lenguaje como algo flexible y estructurado al mismo tiempo, contrario a la rígida visión del lenguaje como entradas de un diccionario en la mente, así como el carácter vacío de la sintaxis. La idea del lenguaje basado en el uso asume el significado verbal como algo enciclopédico por naturaleza, como también fomenta una descripción meticulosa de las estructuras fenomenológicas como esenciales si es que queremos en serio comprender en detalle el área de la semántica espacial. Algunas implicaciones que esta postura acarrearía para estudiantes, profesores, e investigadores del área de la enseñanza, son desarrolladas en el capítulo 7, junto con posibles aplicaciones de métodos de lingüística cognitiva en el aula que pueden ser extraídos de los capítulos 4, 5, y 6. Por último, las bases conceptuales son formuladas de tal manera de que puedan ser validadas psicológicamente a través de métodos experimentales. Un posible ejemplo (capítulo 7) de algunos parámetros conceptuales de between, among, amid, y entre, es presentado para mostrar este punto. Finalmente, la investigación termina con algunos comentarios, entre ellos la importancia de un detallado conocimiento acerca de la semántica espacial de las preposiciones con objeto de acercarnos a una teoría del lenguaje que sea psicológicamente posible y provea explicaciones adecuadas para los usos preposicionales no espaciales y temporales; la idea de que el tiempo exhibe su propia estructura, que se refleja en construcciones lingüísticas temporales; las posibles implicaciones y aplicaciones pedagógicas que la presente visión podría ofrecer; y los experimentos psicolingüísticos que se podrían realizar utilizando este método.

In certain populations of Japanese macaques, adult females mount adult males in the context of heterosexual consortships (i.e., temporary but exclusive sexual associations between a male and a female). Previous research suggested that, in this primate species, female-male mounting (FMM) may be a behavioral adaptation. This functional hypothesis holds that FMM is a (special) courtship behaviour, or a (super) sexual solicitation, that serves the function of focusing the male's attention, preventing him from moving away, and expediting male-female mounting, in the context of high female competition for male mates. In this study, we aimed to test some of the proposed functional features of FMM in Japanese macaques by comparing the temporal structure of mating behavioral sequences, including various well-known sexual solicitations, exhibited during heterosexual consortships with and without FMM. To identify and compare recurring series of behavioral events within and across sequences, we used a temporal analysis known as “T-pattern detection and analysis”. Our results (partly) supported the “FMM as a (super) sexual solicitation” hypotheses, and supported the “FMM as a sexual adaptation” hypothesis. The utilization of TPA allows for the detection of hidden features of primates’ behaviors otherwise undetectable by using conventional quantitative approaches, such as the calculation of frequencies or durations of isolated behavioral components, disjointed from the comprehensive behavioral architecture. This study fits into the scheme of a broader investigation of the functionality of non-conceptive mounting patterns observed in Japanese macaques and a reconstruction of their evolutionary history.

David Mitchell’s The Bone Clocks (2014) features a complex temporal scheme. Critics have discussed the novel as an allegory of mortality and in terms of labyrinthine time and reincarnation time. I herein discuss it in terms of elided time, examining the ellipses or breaks in temporal continuity that the novel so prominently highlights. Although what we might arguably call the main narrative covers Holly Sykes’s lifetime, most of that span is not narrated. Drawing on current discussions of the Anthropocene and climate change, I explore how The Bone Clocks, through its narrative ellipses, spurs readers to link past causes and future effects and to pay attention to the attritional environmental destruction that is taking place across a vast time-scale. Mitchell writes a history of the future that cautions us to mind the gaps.

Contains fulltext : 195561.pdf (Publisher’s version ) (Open Access) The aim of the current project is to enhance our understanding of cognitive creativity, specifically divergent thinking, by employing an interdisciplinary methodological approach. By integrating methodology from computational linguistics and complex systems into creativity research, the current study aims to shed light on the relationship between divergent thinking and the temporal structure of semantic associations. In complex systems, temporal structures can be described on a continuum from (i) random to (ii) flexible-stable and to (iii) persistent. Random structures are highly unpredictable, persistent structures are highly predictable, and flexible-stable structures are in-between, they are partly predictable from previous observations. Temporal structures of associations that are random (e.g., dog - graveyard - north pole) or persistent (e.g., dog - cat - rat) are hypothesized to be detrimental to divergent thinking. However, a flexible-stable structure (e.g. dog - police - drugs) is hypothesized to be related to enhanced divergent thinking (inverted-U). This notion was tested (N = 59) in a novel association chain task, combined with a frequently used measure of divergent thinking (i.e., Alternative Uses Test). Latent Semantic Analysis from computational linguistics was used to quantify the associations, and methods from complex systems in form of Power Spectral Density analysis and detrended fluctuation analysis were used to estimate the temporal structure of those associations. Although the current study does not confirm that a flexible-stable (vs. random/persistent) temporal structure of associations is related to enhanced divergent thinking skills, it hopefully challenges fellow researchers to refine the recent methodological developments for assessing the (temporal) structure of associations. Moreover, the current cross-fertilization of methodological approaches may inspire creativity researchers to take advantage of other fields' ideas and methods. To derive at a theoretically sound cognitive theory of creativity, it is important to integrate research ideas and empirical methods from a variety of disciplines. 14 p.

Insects have acquired excellent sensory information processing abilities in the process of evolution. In addition, insects have developed communication schemes based on the temporal patterns of specific sensory signals. For instance, male moths approach a female by detecting the spatiotemporal pattern of a pheromone plume released by the female. Male crickets attract a conspecific female as a mating partner using calling songs with species-specific temporal patterns. The dance communication of honeybees relies on a unique temporal pattern of vibration caused by wingbeats during the dance. Underlying these behaviors, neural circuits involving inhibitory connections play a critical common role in processing the exact timing of the signals in the primary sensory centers of the brain. Here, we discuss common mechanisms for processing the temporal patterns of sensory signals in the insect brain.

The article deals with the artistic time in the historical novel of the XIX century. The material of the research is Vs. S. Solovyov’s novel “The Voltairian” which is the second part of his famous pentalogy “The Chronicle of Four Generations”. Peculiarity of recreation of the time as the chronotope component of the second novel of the fiction writer’s artistic cycle is considered by the author. Four time layers – narrative time, plot time, chronicle and everyday time, historical time – are singled out in the temporal structure of the text. Particular significance of the historical time determined by the genre peculiarity of the work is emphasized. The main ways of the historical time recreation – the novelist’s use of the historic dates; the years of the monarchs’ reign with the subsequent coronation of their successors; the indication of the exact age of some of the historical characters (including their birth, full age and death); the dates of G.R. Derzhavin’s poetic works creation; dating of the imperial family members’ letters – have been indicated in the novel by the author.

The article deals with the artistic time in the historical novel of the XIX century. The material of the research is Vs. S. Solovyov’s novel “The Voltairian” which is the second part of his famous pentalogy “The Chronicle of Four Generations”. Peculiarity of recreation of the time as the chronotope component of the second novel of the fiction writer’s artistic cycle is considered by the author. Four time layers – narrative time, plot time, chronicle and everyday time, historical time – are singled out in the temporal structure of the text. Particular significance of the historical time determined by the genre peculiarity of the work is emphasized. The main ways of the historical time recreation – the novelist’s use of the historic dates; the years of the monarchs’ reign with the subsequent coronation of their successors; the indication of the exact age of some of the historical characters (including their birth, full age and death); the dates of G.R. Derzhavin’s poetic works creation; dating of the imperial family members’ letters – have been indicated in the novel by the author.

На примере кинематографического творчества А. Сокурова в тексте осуществляется попытка осмыслить связь между продлением экранной формы на уровне становления целостной фильмографии и отдельного экранного произведения и музыкой как прообразом кинематографической структуры и компонентом звукозрительного синтеза. К такому подходу провоцирует объединяющая все творчество режиссера сквозная интонация высказывания и принцип нанизывания повторяющихся из фильма в фильм музыкальных тем, аналогичный работе музыкальной системы лейтмотивов. При этом в пятичастной картине «Духовные голоса» (1995) обнаруживается сложный сплав полифонической временной конструкции со структурным архетипом спиралевидной формы (в вариантах архаической концентрической и классицистской сонатной схем). Оба уровня протяженной экранной формы подчиняются в творчестве мастера универсальному принципу вариативности, This text demonstrates an attempt to comprehend on the example of A. Sokurov’s cinematic work the relationship between the large-scale screen form (organization of a whole filmography and a separate film) and music as a prototype of the cinematic structure and a component of the audiovisual synthesis. This approach is provoked by the common intonation uniting all director’s works and the principle of threading musical themes repeating from film to film, similar to the work of the musical leitmotif system. At the same time in the five-part picture Spiritual Voices (1995) a complex combination of a polyphonic temporal structure and archetype of a spiral form (in variants of archaic concentric form and classic sonata) is revealed. Both levels of the large-scale screen form obey in the director’s work the universal principle of variations

Este trabajo tiene por objetivo comprobar la validez de la estructura temporal de los predicados estativos afirmada en la mayoría de los estudios sobre el aspecto léxico a través de la investigación de los comportamientos tempo-aspectuales del verbo japonés "shiru" y el verbo español "saber" correspondientes al verbo inglés "know". El resultado se resume como sigue: • El verbo japonés "shiru" y el verbo español "saber" comparten las particularidades siguientes: 1. Tanto la forma verbal -TA del verbo japonés "shiru", a la que se asigna generalmente el aspecto «concluso» en la lingüística japonesa, como el pretérito pertecto simple del verbo español "saber" denotan el surgimiento del cambio de "no-saber" al "sí saber". Esto sugiere que no es imposible poner el punto inicial en la estructura temporal de los predicados estativos que hasta ahora se afirmaba que temporalmente no poseen ni punto inicial ni final. 2. Ni la forma verbal -RU del verbo japonés "shiru", a la que en la lingüística del japonés se asigna generalmente el tiempo «no-pasado», ni el presente del verbo español "saber" se refieren al futuro, en contra de lo que sucede con la mayoría de los verbos de dichas dos lenguas. De esto se deduce que tanto al verbo japonés "shiru" como al verbo español "saber" les falta la agentividad. 3. Tanto en el verbo japonés "shiru" como en el vebo español "saber", el sujeto de la primera persona y los significados del complemento directo afectan mucho sus comportamientos tempo-aspectuales.

The spatial and temporal structures of extreme rainfall trends in South Korea are investigated in the current study. The trends in the annual maximum rainfall series are detected and their spatial distribution is analyzed. The scaling exponent is employed as an index representing the temporal structure. The temporal structure of the annual maximum series is calculated and spatially analyzed. Subsequently, the block bootstrap based Mann-Kendall test is employed detect the trend in the scaling exponent series subsampled by the annual maximum rainfalls using a moving window. Significant trends are detected in a small number of stations and there are no significant trends in many stations for the annual maximum rainfall series. There is a large variability in the temporal structures of the extreme rainfall events. Additionally, the variations of the scaling exponent estimates for each month within a rainy season are larger than the variation of the scaling exponent estimates on an annual basis. Significant trends in the temporal structures are observed at many stations unlike the trend test results of annual maximum rainfall series. Decreasing trends are observed at many stations located in the coastal area, while increasing trends are observed in the inland area.

Nous présentons dans cet article une analyse contrastive de la distribution et de l’interprétation de trois adverbes, or et maintenant du français et ora de l’italien. Notre objectif est de mettre en évidence le parallélisme entre l’emploi temporel et l’emploi argumentatif de ces adverbes, et de souligner les différences entre l’utilisation de ora en italien et de or / maintenant en français. Nous défendons l’idée que ora et or / maintenant réalisent la même fonction sémantique, celle d’actualiser le point de perspective du récit. Nous avançons l’hypothèse que le trait sémantique qui justifie cette fonction est le lien essentiel entre la lecture temporelle et épistémique. Ce lien est le résultat d’un procès d’abstraction de ces adverbes temporels et de leur utilisation comme marqueurs sur le plan discursif. This paper presents a contrastive analysis of the distribution and interpretation of the French adverbs or and maintenant and the Italian adverb ora. Our goal is to describe the parallelism between the temporal and argumentative use of these three adverbs, and to underline at the same time the differences in the use of ora with respect to or / maintenant. We claim that ora and or / maintenant share a common function, which is to update the point of perspective in the temporal structure of the ongoing discourse. Next, we propose that the semantic feature that justifies this updating function is the essential link between the temporal reading and the epistemic reading, which can be considered as the typical result of a process of abstraction of temporal adverbs into discourse connectives.

Human language is a recombinant system that achieves its productivity through the combination of a limited set of sounds. Research investigating the evolutionary origin of this generative capacity has generally focused on the capacity of non-human animals to combine different types of discrete sounds to encode new meaning, with less emphasis on meaning-differentiating mechanisms achieved through potentially simpler temporal modifications within a sequence of repeated sounds. Here we show that pied babblers (Turdoides bicolor) generate two functionally distinct vocalisations composed of the same sound type, which can only be distinguished by the number of repeated elements. Specifically, babblers produce extended ‘purrs’, composed of, on average, around 17 element repetitions when drawing young offspring to a food source, and truncated ‘clucks’ composed of a fixed number of 2-3 elements when collectively mediating imminent changes in foraging site. We propose that meaning-differentiating temporal structuring might be a much more widespread combinatorial mechanism than currently recognised, and is likely of particular value for species with limited vocal repertoires in order to increase their communicative output.

Schizophrenia (SCZ) is a complex psychiatric disorder including various symptoms. Resting-state fMRI investigations mostly focused on functional connectivity alterations in SCZ reflecting the spontaneous activity’s spatial structure. Complementing its spatial structure, the brain’s spontaneous activity can be characterized by a complex temporal structure such as scale-free dynamics or long- range temporal correlations (LRTCs). However, it remains an open question whether the temporal structure of spontaneous brain activity, as indexed by the power-law exponent (PLE), can provide biomarkers specific to SCZ as distinguished from other psychiatric disorders like major depressive disorder (MDD) and bipolar disorder (BP). Here, we studied a large-scale cohort (n = 244) of two independent schizophrenic data sets (n = 45), MDD (n = 28), and BP patients (n = 73, in manic, depressed, and euthymic phases) and 98 healthy controls. We found significant PLE reduction in specifically the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) in SCZ. This was replicated in an independent sample and was shown to be specific when compared to MDD and different phases of BP. Due to its disease-specific nature, the mPFC PLE reduction may eventually serve as a biomarker for SCZ.

Neural systems are characterized by their complex dynamics, reflected on signals produced by neurons and neuronal ensembles. This complexity exhibits specific features in health, disease and in different states of consciousness, and can be considered a hallmark of certain neurologic and neuropsychiatric conditions. To measure complexity from neurophysiologic signals, a number of different nonlinear tools of analysis are available. However, not all of these tools are easy to implement, or able to handle clinical data, often obtained in less than ideal conditions in comparison to laboratory or simulated data. Recently, the temporal structure function emerged as a powerful tool for the analysis of complex properties of neuronal activity. The temporal structure function is efficient computationally and it can be robustly estimated from short signals. However, the application of this tool to neuronal data is relatively new, making the interpretation of results difficult. In this methods paper we describe a step by step algorithm for the calculation and characterization of the structure function. We apply this algorithm to oscillatory, random and complex toy signals, and test the effect of added noise. We show that: (1) the mean slope of the structure function is zero in the case of random signals; (2) oscillations are reflected on the shape of the structure function, but they don't modify the mean slope if complex correlations are absent; (3) nonlinear systems produce structure functions with nonzero slope up to a critical point, where the function turns into a plateau. Two characteristic numbers can be extracted to quantify the behavior of the structure function in the case of nonlinear systems: (1). the point where the plateau starts (the inflection point, where the slope change occurs), and (2). the height of the plateau. While the inflection point is related to the scale where correlations weaken, the height of the plateau is related to the noise present in the signal. To exemplify our method we calculate structure functions of neuronal recordings from the basal ganglia of parkinsonian and healthy rats, and draw guidelines for their interpretation in light of the results obtained from our toy signals.

This study was undertaken to investigate whether, in rat interactive activities, recurring sequences of behavioural events might be identified and how and to what extent each component of the pair is involved. To this aim, the multivariate temporal-pattern (t-pattern) analysis was applied to the social interactions of 9 pairs of male Wistar rats tested in open field. Interactive activities were classified into intra- and inter-subjects. Quantitative evaluations showed that intra-subject behavioural elements represented 62.37% and inter-subject ones 37.63% of the comprehensive behaviour. T-pattern analysis revealed the presence of 221 different t-patterns organized in four different categories: containing exclusively inter-subject elements; containing both inter- and intra-subject elements; consisting of rat 1 and rat 2 intra-subject elements and, finally, consisting of intra-subject elements carried out by one of the two subjects. Results show that the activity of two interacting Wistar rats is structured on the basis of several recurring temporal sequences. Moreover, social interactions appear to be expressed also by t-patterns where the behavioural elements are carried out by animals seemingly not interacting. A support of t-pattern analysis to studies on Autism Spectrum Disorders is proposed.

Background Females are markedly underinvestigated in the biological and behavioral sciences due to the presumption that cyclic hormonal changes across the ovulatory cycle introduce excess variability to measures of interest in comparison to males. However, recent analyses indicate that male and female mice and rats exhibit comparable variability across numerous physiological and behavioral measures, even when the stage of the estrous cycle is not considered. Hormonal changes across the ovulatory cycle likely contribute cyclic, intra-individual variability in females, but the source(s) of male variability has, to our knowledge, not been investigated. It is unclear whether male variability, like that of females, is temporally structured and, therefore, quantifiable and predictable. Finally, whether males and females exhibit variability on similar time scales has not been explored. Methods These questions were addressed by collecting chronic, high temporal resolution locomotor activity (LA) and core body temperature (CBT) data from male and female BALB/c mice. Results Contrary to expectation, males are more variable than females over the course of the day (diel variability) and exhibit higher intra-individual daily range than females in both LA and CBT. Between mice of a given sex, variability is comparable for LA but the inter-individual daily range in CBT is greater for males. To identify potential rhythmic processes contributing to these sex differences, we employed wavelet transformations across a range of periodicities (1–39 h). Conclusions Although variability in circadian power is comparable between the sexes for both LA and CBT, infradian variability is greater in females and ultradian variability is greater in males. Thus, exclusion of female mice from studies because of estrous cycle variability may increase variance in investigations where only male measures are collected over a span of several hours and limit generalization of findings from males to females.

The enthusiasm of foreigners studying the Indonesian language by Foreign Speakers (BIPA) was documented in a sitcom "International Class". Tone and stress when they speak the Indonesian language is unique and different from Indonesian pronunciation. By using the Praat program, this research aims to describe prosodic Indonesian language which is spoken by 'International Class" actors consisting of Abbas from Nigeria, Lee from Korea, and Kotaro from Japan. Data for the research are taken from the video sitcom "International Class" that aired on Indonesian television. The results of this study revealed that pitch movement that arises when pronouncing Indonesian sentences was up and down gradually, there is also a rise and fall sharply. In terms of stress, respondents tend to contain a lot of stress when pronouncing Indonesian sentences. Meanwhile, in terms of temporal structure, the duration pronouncing Indonesian sentences tends to be longer than that of Indonesian speakers., {"references":["Hayward, Kathrina. Experimental Phonetics. Harlow: Longman. 2000.","Leon, J. \"Firth, John Ruppert (1890-1960)\" in Ecyclopedia of Language and Linguistics (Second edition). 2006; pp 484.","Van Heuven and Laksman. Prosody in Indonesian Language. LOT: Utrech, Netherland, 2007.","Collier, R. \"On the Communicative Function on Prosody: Some Experiment\" in IPO Annual Progress Report 28, 1993; pp 67-75.","VJ van Heuven. \"Experimental Studies on Indonesian Prosody\". In Vakgroep Talen en Culturen van Zuidoost-Azië en Oceanië vol. 9, Rijksuniversiteit te Leiden, pp 3.","Nooteboom, Sieb. \"The Prosody of Speech: Melody and Rhytm\". in Hardcastle, William J. and John Laver. 1999. The Handbook of Phonetics Sciences. Oxford: Basil Blackwell.1999; pp 641.","Rogers, Henry. The Sound of Language: An Introduction to Phonetics. Harlow: Longman. 2000.","Sugiyono. \"Pemarkah Prosodik Kontras Deklaratif dan Interogatif Bahasa Melayu Kutai\". Disertasi: Universitas Indonesia, 2003.","Halim, Amran. Intonation in Relation to Syntax in Bahasa Indonesia. Jakarta: Djambatan, 1974.\n[10]\tSwadesh, M. \"The Phonemic Principle\" in Language, 10 (2).1934; pp 117-129.\n[11]\tTrubetzkoy, N.S. Principles of Phonology. Bekerly: University of California Press. 1939.\n[12]\tMarsden, William. A Grammar of the Malayan Language with an Introduction and Praxis (1812). Kessinger Publishing, LLC. 2010.\n[13]\tSuryani, Y., & Darmayanti, N. \"Kemahiran Berbahasa Indonesia Penutur Korea : Kajian Prosodi Dengan Pendekatan Fonetik\" The Skill Of Korean Speakers In Indonesian Language : Prosody Study Using An Experimental Phonetics Approach. Sigma-Mu Politeknik Negeri Bandung, 4(2), 52–63. Retrieved from http://digilib.polban.ac.id/files/disk1/78/jbptppolban-gdl-yanisuryan-3900-1-kemahira-l.pdf"]}

The paper is devoted to the analysis of the concept of time in the worldview of Margaret Atwood, contemporary Canadian author, a representative of the postmodern literary style; image-bearing individual components of this concept are studied.

In this study we analyzed the inter-specific relationships in assemblages of syrphids at a site in northern Italy in order to determine whether there are patterns in diurnal co-occurrence. We adopted a null model approach and calculated two co-occurrence metrics, the C-score and variance ratio (V-ratio), both for the total catch and of the morning (8:00-13:00) and afternoon (13:00-18:00) catches separately, and for males and females. We recorded discordant species richness, abundance and co-occurrence patterns in the samples collected. Higher species richness and abundance were recorded in the morning, when the assemblage had an aggregated structure, which agrees with previous findings on communities of invertebrate primary consumers. A segregated pattern of co-occurrence was recorded in the afternoon, when fewer species and individuals were collected. The pattern recorded is likely to be caused by a number of factors, such as a greater availability of food in the morning, prevalence of hot and dry conditions in the early afternoon, which are unfavourable for hoverflies, and possibly competition with other pollinators. Our results indicate that restricting community studies to a particular time of day will result in certain species and/or species interactions not being recorded.

Temporal regularities in speech, such as interdependencies in the timing of speech events, are thought to scaffold early acquisition of the building blocks in speech. By providing on-line clues to the location and duration of upcoming syllables, temporal structure may aid segmentation and clustering of continuous speech into separable units. This hypothesis tacitly assumes that learners exploit predictability in the temporal structure of speech. Existing measures of speech timing tend to focus on first-order regularities among adjacent units, and are overly sensitive to idiosyncrasies in the data they describe. Here, we compare several statistical methods on a sample of 18 languages, testing whether syllable occurrence is predictable over time. Rather than looking for differences between languages, we aim to find across languages (using clearly defined acoustic, rather than orthographic, measures), temporal predictability in the speech signal which could be exploited by a language learner. First, we analyse distributional regularities using two novel techniques: a Bayesian ideal learner analysis, and a simple distributional measure. Second, we model higher-order temporal structure—regularities arising in an ordered series of syllable timings—testing the hypothesis that non-adjacent temporal structures may explain the gap between subjectively-perceived temporal regularities, and the absence of universally-accepted lower-order objective measures. Together, our analyses provide limited evidence for predictability at different time scales, though higher-order predictability is difficult to reliably infer. We conclude that temporal predictability in speech may well arise from a combination of individually weak perceptual cues at multiple structural levels, but is challenging to pinpoint.

PURPOSE:Previous research has demonstrated that attorney question format relates to child witness' response productivity. However, little work has examined the relations between the extent to which attorneys provide temporal structure in their questions, and the effects of this structure on children's responding. The purpose of the present study was to address this gap in the literature in order to identify methods by which attorneys increase children's response productivity on the stand without risking objections from opposing counsel for "calling for narrative answers". METHODS:In the present study we coded criminal court transcripts involving child witnesses (5-18 years) for narrative structure in attorney questions and productivity in children's responses. Half of the transcripts resulted in convictions, half in acquittals, balanced across key variables: child age, allegation severity, the child's relationship to the perpetrator, and the number of allegations. RESULTS:Prosecutors and defense attorneys varied substantially in their questioning tactics. Prosecutors used more temporal structure in their questions and varied their questioning by the age of the child. These variations had implications for children's response productivity. CONCLUSIONS:Results indicate that temporal structure is a novel and viable method for enhancing children's production of case-relevant details on the witness stand.

Recent studies of brain plasticity that pertain to time perception have shown that fast training of temporal discrimination in one modality, for example, the auditory modality, can improve performance of temporal discrimination in another modality, such as the visual modality. We here examined whether the perception of visual Ternus motion could be recalibrated through fast crossmodal statistical binding of temporal information and stimuli properties binding. We conducted two experiments, composed of three sessions each: pre-test, learning, and post-test. In both the pre-test and the post-test, participants classified the Ternus display as either “element motion” or “group motion.” For the training session in Experiment 1, we constructed two types of temporal structures, in which two consecutively presented sound beeps were dominantly (80%) flanked by one leading visual Ternus frame and by one lagging visual Ternus frame (VAAV) or dominantly inserted by two Ternus visual frames (AVVA). Participants were required to respond which interval (auditory vs. visual) was longer. In Experiment 2, we presented only a single auditory–visual pair but with similar temporal configurations as in Experiment 1, and asked participants to perform an audio–visual temporal order judgment. The results of these two experiments support that statistical binding of temporal information and stimuli properties can quickly and selectively recalibrate the sensitivity of perceiving visual motion, according to the protocols of the specific bindings.

Submitted by TAMIRIS BATISTA LEITE null (tamiris_bl@hotmail.com) on 2016-02-25T19:12:26Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese Pós-defesa Tamiris Batista Leite.pdf: 5180268 bytes, checksum: 7ea9b4399dc78949971ab81f1fd4a132 (MD5) Approved for entry into archive by Ana Paula Grisoto (grisotoana@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2016-02-26T17:27:37Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 leite_tb_dr_sjrp.pdf: 5180268 bytes, checksum: 7ea9b4399dc78949971ab81f1fd4a132 (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2016-02-26T17:27:37Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 leite_tb_dr_sjrp.pdf: 5180268 bytes, checksum: 7ea9b4399dc78949971ab81f1fd4a132 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-02-05 Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) Tomando-se como pressuposto a existência de um diálogo criativo e crítico entre textos de natureza literária e de natureza televisual, propomos a investigação, de caráter comparatista, entre o romance Grande sertão: veredas (1956) de João Guimarães Rosa e a minissérie homônima do ano de 1985, roteirizada por Walter George Durst em parceria com o diretor Walter Avancini. No texto adaptado temos um narrador que, no “presente-presente” da diégese, relata o curso épico de suas aventuras resgatadas de um “presente-passado”. Aquele tempo, formado por camadas da memória advindas de um “tempo vivo” passado que é recobrado pelo personagem, traz para o texto uma intensidade porque atualiza o passado da mesma forma que o faz a nossa consciência. Nossa pesquisa visa a esclarecer como se realiza a temporalidade em ambos os suportes textuais. Atentando para este caráter da obra literária, dialogaremos com os estudos de MENDILOW (1972), POUILLON (1974), RICOEUR (1997) e NUNES (1992), além de efetuarmos a revisão da fortuna crítica sobre o romance, direcionada para os estudos que focalizaram sua estruturação temporal. Os resultados esperados voltam-se, no campo da teoria literária, para o aprofundamento do estudo do ritmo narrativo no romance e, no que concerne ao formato televisual, para o desvelamento de sua realização plástica em sua montagem expressiva e rítmica. Para o estudo das características inerentes à linguagem televisual e ao processo de adaptação neste suporte, mobilizaremos as reflexões de BRADY (1994), STAM (2000; 2008) e CARDWELL (2003; 2005; 2007). Com relação aos estudos sobre a minissérie, destacamos os de MORAIS (2001), OLIVEIRA (2003) e BALOGH (2002; 2004). Comparando ambas as produções verificaremos os tipos de transposição e transformações observadas na minissérie e em que sentido esta possibilita outra visão da temporalidade presente no romance. Assuming the existence of a creative and critical dialogue between the literary text and the televisual text, we propose a comparative investigation between Guimarães Rosa’s Grande sertão: veredas (1956), and Walter George Durst and Walter Avancini’s work, the eponymous miniseries, exhibited in 1985. In the adapted text we have a narrator who, in the "present-present" of the narrative, tells the epic course of his adventures rescued from a "present-past." That time, formed by the memory layers resulting from a "living time" past that is recovered by the character, brings to the text intensity because it updates the past the same way as it does in relation to our conscience. Our research seeks to clarify how temporality is held in both textual supports. Paying attention to this aspect of the literary work, the studies of MENDILOW (1972), POUILLON (1974), RICOEUR (1997) and NUNES (1992) will be employed, and we make a review of literary criticism about the novel, directed to studies that focused in its temporal structure. In the field of literary theory, the expected results are directed to a more thorough study of the narrative rhythm in the novel, and, concerning the televisual format, we will show its plastic realization in the expressive and rhythmic editing. To study the characteristics of the televisual language and the process of adaptation to the miniseries, we mobilized the reflections of BRADY (1994), STAM (2000; 2008) and CARDWELL (2003; 2005; 2007). In the miniseries’s analysis, we will work with the studies by MORAIS (2001), OLIVEIRA (2003) and BALOGH (2002; 2004). Comparing the novel Grande sertão: veredas and the minisseries, the types of transpositions and transformations occurring in the adaptation will be analysed, as well as how the changes provide another view of temporality in the novel. FAPESP: 2012/08644-1 FAPESP: 2013/03690-8

In order to function optimally within our environment, we continuously extract temporal patterns from our experiences and formulate expectations that facilitate adaptive behavior. Given that our memories are embedded within spatiotemporal contexts, an intriguing possibility is that mnemonic processes are sensitive to the temporal structure of events. To test this hypothesis, in a series of behavioral experiments we manipulated the regularity of interval durations at encoding to create temporally structured and unstructured frameworks. Our findings revealed enhanced recognition memory (d’) for stimuli that were explicitly encoded within a temporally structured versus unstructured framework. Encoding information within a temporally structured framework was also associated with a reduction in the negative effects of proactive interference and was linked to greater recollective recognition memory. Furthermore, rhythmic temporal structure was found to enhance recognition memory for incidentally encoded information. Collectively, these results support the possibility that we possess a greater capacity to learn and subsequently remember temporally structured information.

As áreas de ocorrência de florestas paludosas se encontram alteradas e restritas devido aos processos de destruição e fragmentação, com consequente redução do seu tamanho populacional. Calophyllum brasiliense Camb. é uma espécie arbórea abundante em ambientes ciliares, devido à sua preferência em colonizar solos com alta saturação hídrica, sendo considerada especialista em hábitat. Além das consequências ecológicas, como mortalidade e baixo recrutamento, poderá ocorrer perda da variabilidade genética, comprometendo a viabilidade da espécie no local. Nesse contexto, foi realizado um censo da espécie em um fragmento de floresta paludosa, sendo estabelecidas quatro classes de altura para a análise genética. Os marcadores aloenzimáticos revelaram 11 locos polimórficos, com um número médio de 2,0 alelos em cada loco, não sendo observada a perda ou a fixação de alelos e polimorfismo de 100%. As Classes I e III apresentaram excesso de homozigotos, sendo esse valor não significativo para na Classe I. A heterozigosidade foi superior à esperada nas Classes II e IV. Os valores de diversidade genética encontrados na espécie estudada foram considerados altos em relação aos valores relatados em outras espécies arbóreas. Portanto, a ocorrência de mutações e a incorporação de novos alelos na população são elevadas, além de aumentarem o número de recombinações e múltiplas paternidades nas progênies. No geral, a análise da distribuição espacial dos genótipos foi aleatória nas classes analisadas e, na Classe I, os indivíduos próximos a uma distância de 10 m apresentaram estrutura de família. A alta diversidade genética da espécie e a ausência de estruturação espacial dos genótipos na maioria das classes analisadas devem ser consideradas em planos de conservação dessa área.The areas of occurrence of swampy forests have been altered and restricted due to destruction and fragmentation processes, with consequent reduction of their population size. Calophyllum brasiliense Camb. is an abundant tree species in Riparian environments for its preference for colonizing high water saturation soils, being considered specialist in habitat. Besides the ecological consequences, such as mortality and low recruitment, genetic variability loss can occur, compromising the viability of the species in the place. Thus, molecular markers are necessary to evaluate the genetic effects. Within this context, a census of the species was conducted in a swampy forest fragment, with four height classes being established for genetic analysis. The alloenzymatic markers revealed a total of 11 polymorphic loci with a mean number of 2.0 alleles in each locus it was not observed the loss or alleles fixation. The observed heterozigosity was larger than that expected for Classes II and IV, evidencing heterozygote excess. Classes I and III presented homozygote excess, the value being non significant for Class I. The genetic diversity values found were considered high compared to other tree species. Thus, the occurrence of mutations and the incorporation of new alleles in the population are high, besides increasing the recombination number and multiple paternities in the progenies. Overall, the analysis of the spatial distribution of the genotypes was random for most classes analyzed, except for Class I, where the individuals close to a 10m distance presented family structure. The high genetic diversity of this species and absence of spatial structuring of the genotypes in most of the classes analyzed should be considered for conservation planning of this area.

Temporal information promotes visual grouping of local image features into global spatial form. However, experiments demonstrating time-based grouping typically confound two potential sources of information: temporal synchrony (precise timing of changes) and temporal structure (pattern of changes over time). Here, we show that observers prefer temporal structure for determining perceptual organization. That is, human vision groups elements that change according to the same global pattern, even if the changes themselves are not synchronous. This finding prompts an important, testable prediction concerning the neural mechanisms of binding: patterns of neural spiking over time may be more important than absolute spike synchrony.

National audience; Dans cet article, nous mettons en évidence les propriétés d'invariance d'échelle (auto-similarité H, multifractalité M) des signaux cérébraux acquis par magnétoencephalographie (MEG) et nous démontrons leur pertinence fonctionnelle dans une tâche complexe de discrimination visuelle en contrastant les situations avant et après apprentissage. L'analyse de ces invariances démontre que le cerveau peut adopter deux stratégies complémentaires pour apprendre efficacement: soit réduire H dans les aires associatives sous-tendant la plasticité neurale, soit faire converger M vers un attracteur asymptotique dans ces mêmes aires. Abstract – In this paper, we provide evidence for scaling properties (self-similarity H, multifractality: M) in the human brain based on brain activity recorded with magnetoencephalography (MEG). We demonstrate the functional relevance of scaling properties during the learning of complex visual discrimination by contrasting before and after training. The analysis of scale-free dynamics show two complementary strategies for efficient learning and plasticity, namely: in those regions showing plasticity, we report a decrease of H and a convergence of M towards asymptotic values.

Boston's Museum of Science supports researchers whose projects advance science and provide educational opportunities to the Museum's visitors. For our project, 60 visitors to the Museum played “Fish Police!!,” a video game that examines audiovisual integration, including the ability to ignore irrelevant sensory information. Players, who ranged in age from 6 to 82 years, made speeded responses to computer-generated fish that swam rapidly across a tablet display. Responses were to be based solely on the rate (6 or 8 Hz) at which a fish's size modulated, sinusoidally growing and shrinking. Accompanying each fish was a task-irrelevant broadband sound, amplitude modulated at either 6 or 8 Hz. The rates of visual and auditory modulation were either Congruent (both 6 Hz or 8 Hz) or Incongruent (6 and 8 or 8 and 6 Hz). Despite being instructed to ignore the sound, players of all ages responded more accurately and faster when a fish's auditory and visual signatures were Congruent. In a controlled laboratory setting, a related task produced comparable results, demonstrating the robustness of the audiovisual interaction reported here. Some suggestions are made for conducting research in public settings.

Each of us has a rich set of autobiographical memories that provides us with a coherent story of our lives. These memories are known to be highly structured both thematically and temporally. However, it is not known how we naturally tend to explore the mental timeline of our memories. Here we developed a novel cued retrieval paradigm in order to investigate the temporal element of memory search. We found that, when asked to search for memories in the days immediately surrounding a salient cued event, participants displayed a marked set of temporal biases in their search patterns. Specifically, participants first tended to jump back in time and retrieve memories from the day prior to the cued event. Following this they then transitioned forward in time, and retrieved memories from the day after the cued event. This pattern of results replicated in a second experiment with a much larger group of participants, and a different method of cueing the memories. We argue that this set of temporal biases is consistent with memory search conforming to a temporally ordered narrative structure.