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Additional file 7: Table S1. Recombinant and synthetic antigens used in antibody assays.

Additional file 6: Figure S6. No correlation between Ab levels at birth and number of infections detected by microscopy. Antibody levels (MFI) at the first visit (mean 9 ± 2 days) were plotted against the number of times each baby was slide-positive during the first year of life. No association between high Ab levels at birth and number of slide-positive infections was found.

Additional file 5: Figure S5. No correlation between Ab levels at birth and number of infections detected by PCR. Antibody levels (MFI) for each baby at the first visit (mean 9 ± 2 days) were plotted against the number of times the baby was PCR-positive during the first year of life. No association between Ab levels at birth and number of PCR-detected infections was seen.

Additional file 6: Figure S6. No correlation between Ab levels at birth and number of infections detected by microscopy. Antibody levels (MFI) at the first visit (mean 9 ± 2 days) were plotted against the number of times each baby was slide-positive during the first year of life. No association between high Ab levels at birth and number of slide-positive infections was found.

Additional file 1: Figure S1. Comparison of antibody levels in babies at 1 week of life whose subsequent primary infections were sub-microscopic (n = 18) or detected by slide-microscopy (n = 39) Horizontal lines = medians. SUB = sub-microscopic infection; Slide = infection detected by microscopy.

Additional file 3: Figure S3. Some infants had several IgG responses during the first year of life Note: MFI were similar between the primary and secondary IgG Ab response. Figure A-H show IgG responses of different infants (Baby#). Babies A-E had only 1 to 2 detected infections; whereas, babies F to H had multiple infections.

Additional file 2: Figure S2. IgM antibody levels during the first year of life. Horizontal lines show the cut-off for antibody positivity. (n = 47 babies). A. AMA-1 (3D7), B. AMA1 (FVO); C. EBA-175; D. MSP2 (3D7); E. MSA2 (FC27) F. MSP1-42 (3D7); G. MSP1-42 (FVO); H. MSP3; I. RESA, J. LSA1, and K. CSP.

Additional file 4: Figsure S4. No correlation between antibody levels at birth and time to first infection. Ab levels (MFI) in plasma collected at the first visit (mean 9 ± 2 days) of each baby were plotted against time (days) to first infection that was detected by PCR or slide. Simple linear regression was used to determine if Ab levels to any of the antigens was associated with a significant delay in time to infection. No association was found (all R2 values were very low < 0.01 indicating no association) and all p values were non-significant (> 0.01), showing the regression lines did not differ significant from zero (horizontal). Babies who remained malaria-negative during the first year were assigned a value of 366 days as the time to first infection.

Additional file 7: Table S1. Recombinant and synthetic antigens used in antibody assays.