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Regarding the retention of ownership, Austrian law is strongly influenced by German law, just as in Japanese law. Although Austrian law does not provide for the retention of ownership in civil and insolvency laws, it is permitted by the principle of freedom of contract. This point is similar in Japanese law. However, unlike Japanese law, Austrian law treats objects as co-ownership in some cases. This suggests the necessity of studying the legal structure of Japanese law.

MD trajectory data and sample input files. Trajectories are saved every 1 ns. See Table S2 in S1 Text for the simulation details.

We designed and fabricated an epitaxial-graphene-channel field-effect transistor (EG-FET) featured by the asymmetric dual-grating-gate (ADGG) structure working for a current-driven terahertz detector, and experimentally demonstrated a 10-ps order fast response time and a high responsivity of 0.3 mA/W to the 0.95-THz radiation incidence at room temperatures. The ADGG- and the drain-source-bias dependencies of the measured photoresponse showed a clear transition between plasmonic detection under periodic electron density modulation conditions with depleted regions and photothermoelectric detection under highly doped conditions without depleted regions. We identified the photothermoelectric detection that we observed as a new type of unipolar mechanism in which only electrons or holes contribute to rectifying the THz radiation under current-driven conditions. These two detection mechanisms coexist in a certain wide transcendent range of the applied bias voltages. It was also clearly manifested that the temporal photoresponse of the plasmonic and photothermoelectric detection are comparably fast on the order of 10 ps, whereas the maximal photoresponsivity of the photothermoelectric detection is almost twice as high as that of the plasmonic detection under the applied biases conditions. These results suggest that the ADGG-EG-FET THz detector will be promising for use in 6G- and 7G-class high-speed wireless communication systems.

According to JESREC criteria, definite eosinophilic chronic rhinosinusitis (ECRS) is postoperatively diagnosed based on over 70 eosinophils in high power magnification fields of the resected nasal polyps in patients with probable ECRS. Preoperative systemic administration with steroid is a standard practice, because it reduced intraoperative bleeding during endoscopic sinus surgery (ESS) in patients with ECRS. However, it was recently reported that systemic administration with steroid decreased the number of eosinophils in the nasal polyps, leading to a false negative diagnosis of definite ECRS. To overcome the risk, we have adopted short-term pre-operative systemic administration with low-dose of steroid and examined if our steroid administration makes a false-negative diagnosis. We performed a retrospective chart review of 42 patients with probable ECRS. Eleven patients were administered with 0.5 mg of bethametasone for 7 days before ESS, and other 31 patients were not administered. The average number of eosinophils in nasal polyps in patients who were administered with steroid was 188 ± 167, which was not different from 199 ± 149 in the patients who were not administered. These findings suggest that short-term preoperative administration with low-dose of steroid has few risk of a false-negative diagnosis of definite ECRS.

In the trade in products without individuality and sold by quantity, specificity may be lost if a target object is stored together with inventory items after delivery to a buyer. However, if the target object can be identified by uniquely associating it with an individual delivery, then its specificity can be maintained even after storage with other inventory items. Such an arrangement would allow the seller to achieve proportionate control even for items sold only by quantity. This arrangement would also permit the seller to hold collateral, including those products paid for, until the aggregate collateral reaches the total amount sold. However, to justify this conclusion, I think it is necessary to consider whether to use the concept of aggregation. Furthermore, it is necessary to review the concept of "within normal business".

Article 176 of the Civil Code provides that the parties are free to agree on the timing of property changes. Is the agreement on retention of ownership thus an agreement that sets the standard or an agreement that changes the standard? In this paper, I analyze retention of ownership from the understanding of the security interest. The first result is a cancellation condition if the standard is agreed. The second result is the establishment of a lien or pledge if the agreement changes the standard.

Japanese Supreme Court Decision (June 4, 2010) “According to the facts, it is appropriate to construe that the Tripartite Contract was not concluded to confirm that the ownership of the Automobile reserved by the sales company would be transferred to the appellee as a result of subrogation, but it was concluded to make an agreement that the appellee, as security for the Claim for the Money Paid on the Purchaser's Behalf, would acquire the ownership of the Automobile transferred thereto from the sales company and then reserve such ownership. It should therefore be construed that the right that the appellee is entitled to exercise as the right of separate satisfaction is said ownership that has been reserved thereby as security for the Claim for the Money Paid on the Purchaser's Behalf, etc. More specifically, the appellee is to acquire, under the Tripartite Contract, the Claim for the Money Paid on the Purchaser's Behalf, etc. against the appellant, which covers not only the amount equivalent to the Remaining Price but also the amount of commission. Under this contract, the parties have agreed that the ownership of the Automobile shall be reserved by the appellee until the Obligation for the Money Paid on the Purchaser's Behalf, etc. is fully satisfied, and that when the appellant forfeits the benefit of time for the Obligation for the Money Paid on the Purchaser's Behalf, etc. and delivers the Automobile to the appellee, the appellee may appropriate the appraised value of the Automobile to satisfaction of the Obligation for the Money Paid on the Purchaser's Behalf, etc. This clearly indicates that the ownership to be transferred from the sales company and reserved by the appellee is intended as security for the Claim for the Money Paid on the Purchaser's Behalf, etc. If the effect of the appellee making payment on behalf of the appellant is limited to the transfer of the ownership of the Automobile, which has been reserved by the sales company, to the appellee as a result of subrogation, the appellee's claim would be secured only up to the amount equivalent to the Remaining Price, which is contrary to what the parties reasonably intended under the Tripartite Contract.” Japanese Supreme Court Decision (December 7, 2017) “In the case where it was agreed that the ownership of the Automobile reserved by the sales company as security for the Claim for the Remaining Price, the guarantor of the trade price paid the Remaining Price to the selling company as the guarantee obligation. It causes subrogation by performance, and as a result, the ownership of the Automobile that has been reserved by the sales company as security for its claim for the Remaining Price is transferred to the guarantor, by operation of law, along with the claim for the Remaining Price held by the sales company against the buyer. ” The difference between the two judgments arises from the difference in the secured claims that the credit company contracted with the buyer. Then, is it possible to exercise the remaining price claim under the tripartite contract? Under Japanese law, transfer of collateral without secured claim is not allowed. Therefore, the secured claim will be attributed to the credit company. However, the selling company still has claims on automobiles as secured receivables. Therefore, the possibility of exercising secured claims depends on the interpretation of collateral subshares.

The contract between a car sales company, a buyer and a credit sales company can be interpreted as an “agreement to use an asset as common collateral for multiple collateralized claims with different creditors”. In this case, the problem is that the creditor and the collateral holder are different. The same problem arises even if the contract is interpreted in line with the law of substitution. However, it can be understood consistently as protection of the effect of subrogation and as a special contract based on Article 504 of the Civil Code.

In the present study, overall thickness profile data for the backside corrosion of the bottom floors of the same oil storage tank were collected in 2006 and 2011. A custom-developed program was used to create virtual discrete thickness data from the overall thickness profile data. Using the created discrete thickness data, the scale parameter of Gumbel plots was examined by comparison with the data from 2006 and 2011. Using the experimental findings, a method combining extreme value analysis and Bayesian inference was proposed. With the proposed method, the actual maximum depths of corrosion were accurately predicted using the detected maximum depth of corrosion.

Overall thickness profile data for backside corrosion of the bottom floors of 17 oil storage tanks were collected, and a risk curve from the overall thickness profile and discrete thickness data was derived to evaluate the corrosion risk of the bottom floors. The slope of the risk curve in the large corrosion region was found to indicate the local corrosion condition. Parameters for evaluating localized corrosion derived from the corrosion distributions were also investigated to evaluate the corrosion risk of the bottom floors. Compared with the parameters obtained using the overall thickness profile and discrete thickness data, the slope of the risk curve is an excellent evaluation parameter using discrete thickness data. Thus, it is possible to accurately evaluate the corrosion characteristics of the bottom floors of oil storage tanks with the parameters obtained from discrete thickness data.

In the trade in products without individuality and sold by quantity, specificity may be lost if a target object is stored together with inventory items after delivery to a buyer. However, if the target object can be identified by uniquely associating it with an individual delivery, then its specificity can be maintained even after storage with other inventory items. Such an arrangement would allow the seller to achieve proportionate control even for items sold only by quantity. This arrangement would also permit the seller to hold collateral, including those products paid for, until the aggregate collateral reaches the total amount sold. However, to justify this conclusion, I think it is necessary to consider whether to use the concept of aggregation. Furthermore, it is necessary to review the concept of "within normal business".

AT P -binding cassette (ABC) transporters are integral membrane proteins that translocate a wide range of substrates across biological membranes, harnessing free energy from the binding and hydrolysis of ATP. To understand the mechanism of the inward- to outward-facing transition that could be achieved by tight regulation of ATPase activity through extensive conformational changes of the protein, we applied template-based iterative all-atom molecular dynamics (MD) simulation to the heme ABC transporter BhuUV-T. The simulations, together with biased MDs, predict two new conformations of the protein, namely, occluded (Occ) and outward-facing (OF) conformations. The comparison between the inward-facing crystal structure and the predicted two structures shows atomic details of the gating motions at the transmembrane helices and dimerization of the nucleotide-binding domains (NBDs). The MD simulations further reveal a novel role of the ABC signature motifs (LSGG[Q/E]) at the NBDs in decelerating ATPase activity in the Occ form through sporadic flipping of the side chains of the LSGG[Q/E] catalytic serine residues. The orientational changes are coupled to loose NBD dimerization in the Occ state, whereas they are blocked in the OF form where the NBDs are tightly dimerized. The chemo-mechanical coupling mechanism may apply to other types of ABC transporters having the conserved LSGG[Q/E] signature motifs.

Many people understand title retention clause as the division of ownership but don't consider relations with preferential rights (civil code art.303, 321). Preferential right is a right in personam having priority, not a right in rem. When a buyer does not pay the price in full, the seller can use a preferential right to the whole sold goods. When they agree title retention clause, the seller has the payment claim that is not paid in full and beforehand the buyer can use and transfer an sold goods like an owner. From this point, it's possible to understand that sold goods with title retention clause is "the thing of the debtor" which is necessary for the establishment of the preferential rights. Furthermore, title retention clause is agreement to reinforce a preferential right. Therefore, the preferential rights is acceptable even if title retention clause is agreed.

The treatment period over which radiation therapy is administered extends over several weeks. Since tumor shrinkage in response to radiation therapy and weight loss due to radiation-induced mucositis may impact on the dose distribution in both target and organ at risk in patients with head and neck cancer, the anatomical changes of tumor and neck volumes during this period should be taken into consideration. We investigated the anatomical changes that occurred in the target and normal structure of the neck during radiation therapy for pharyngeal cancer, and evaluated the necessity of an adaptive strategy. Ten patients with pharyngeal cancer who underwent radical chemoradiation therapy using 3-dimensional conformal radiation therapy RT (66-70 Gy in 33-35 fractions) between April 2009 and September 2010 were enrolled in the study. Patients underwent CT scans every week during their course of treatment. We analyzed the CT data in the radiation treatment planning system and measured changes of tumor, organ at risk, and neck volume. Gross tumor volume (GTV) was rapidly reduced by 28% of the original volume on average in the first 3 weeks. The right and left submandibular glands volume decreased to 70% and 63% of their initial volumes on average, respectively. The volume of the neck in the radiation fields decreased to 89% of its initial volume on average by the sixth week mainly caused by body weight loss due to acute radiation morbidity. Considerable anatomical change in the radiation filed that will affect dose distribution of the target and organ at risk was observed during radiation therapy for head and neck cancer.

Increased demand and the diminishing high grade resources have resulted in a shift to using low grade iron ore in Japanese steel mills. Especially, pisolite ore ratio is quite high. Therefore, decrease in sinter productivity became serious problem with increasing the amount of pisolite ore.To improve the sinter productivity, effective method at the charging device in sintering machine was investigated by laboratory experiments.The following results were obtained.1) It was expected that the holding time over 1200°C at the middle and bottom layer of the sintering bed decreased with high pisolite ore ratio. On the other hand, in order to preserve the sinter strength, it was suggested that the holding time over 1200°C in sintering must be extended under high pisolite ore ratio.2) There is the optimum coke segregation degree according to the pisolite ore ratio. It was decreased with increase of the pisolite ore ratio.3) To control the coke segregation in the sintering bed, Magnetic Braking Feeder (MBF) was introduced, and the operating conditions were investigated with the laboratory charging tests and sintering pot test.4) Based on the fundamental research, MBF has been applied to Keihin No. 1 sinter plant, and the productivity was improved by 4.2% under constant sinter strength.

11, KJ00004508461, 研究論文, Research Paper

A low-threshold, single-frequency fiber laser was achieved without feedback control. This laser was a narrow linewidth fiber ring laser operating in the 1.55-μm regime and pumped by 1.48-μm InGaAsP laser diodes. Mode-hopping instabilities and multiwavelength oscillation due to spatial and polarization hole burning were eliminated by the use of an ultra-narrowband fiber Bragg grating and a polarization-dependent isolator. The laser exhibited stable single-frequency operation at all pump powers. The maximum output power was 1 mW, and the linewidth was less than 20 kHz. © 1999 Scripta Technica, Electron Comm Jpn Pt 2, 82(5): 21–29, 1999

We analyzed bronchial and chest-wall fistulas as risk factors in 70 cases of surgically treated chronic empyema, excluding cases in which empyema developed postoperatively. Comparison between the 43 patients with and 27 without such fistulas revealed a higher mean age (10 years), a higher ratio of females, and poorer pulmonary function in the fistula group. This group also exhibited a significantly higher percentage of bacteria in the empyema space (75% vs 28%), which resulted in a lower cure rate following one-step operation (61% vs 82%). In addition, 3 patients in this group died due to postoperative respiratory failure. Authors', この論文は国立情報学研究所の学術雑誌公開支援事業により電子化されました。

1) "Panfruan S" was administered to 21 patients with various urinary tract infections with satisfactory results, being 85 % of effectiveness. 2) Even with a long-term administr a tion of "Panfuran S", no serious side effect was observed except for slight anorexia. 3) It will be concluded that "Panfuran S" is one of the distinguished bacteriostatics for urinary tract infections.

A case with the abnormal shadow in the right upper field of the lung was suspected of the arterio-venous fistula by the plane chest film and confirmed by the pulmonary angiography. Right upper lobectomy was performed because the lesion reached to the right hilar region. Preoperative shunt ratio, 31%, decreased to 7% after operation. The post operative course was well. A review of the literatures was also discussed and the following conclusion was made. (1) This disorder is the congenital anomaly of the vessels in the lung. (2) Clinical symptoms become progressively worse. (3) The segmental resection or the lobectomy is the best method of its treatment, as soon as it is diagnosed., この論文は国立情報学研究所の学術雑誌公開支援事業により電子化されました。

A ferment drug, a-chymotrypsin, was given to 4 patient s with chyluria followed by disapperance of chyuria clinically. The usage of the drug was designed as the following manner. 1) Bladder irrigation with 500 cc of isotonic saline containing 25 units of chymo t rypsin was tried several times a day which resulted in decrease of fibrin clot and improvement of dysuria. 2) About 20 ml of solution containing 25 units of chymotrypsin was poured into the bladder through a urethral catheter and left it for about 2 hours until the bladder was filled with urine. 3) Chymotrypsin was given orally at the dosage of 100 units per day. 4) Chymotrypsin was given intramuscularlly at the dosage of 2 5 units once or twice a week. A combination therapy of the above mentioned oral, intramuscular and either one of intravesical administrations of chymotrypsin was done for 2 weeks to 1 month which resulted in disapperance of chyluria. No noticeable side effect was encountered with the exception of one case who died of cancer of the lung. No relapse has been noted during the follow-up observation for over 8 months. It is concluded that the drug is effective clinically for chyluria.