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Pancreatic Neuroendocrine Tumors (pNETs) are rare neoplasms arising from the neuroendocrine islet cells of the pancreas and account for only 1% to 2% of all pancreatic malignancies. These tumors may secrete hormones; however 60% are considered ‘non-functional’ with no evidence of ectopic hormone secretion. Functional pNETs are known to secrete insulin, gastrin, glucagon, vasoactive intestinal peptide or somatostatin. A small number of the cases reported to date of this condition were typically for patients presenting with Cushing syndrome, where the tumor was discovered during investigations for the source of the ACTH. We report the case of a patient diagnosed with pNET initially believed to be non-functioning, who went on to develop features of ectopic ACTH syndrome (EAS). This case highlights the importance of including cortisol and ACTH levels in screening for neuroendocrine activity in pancreatic tumors. An earlier screening and diagnosis could help ameliorating the patient’s symptoms and halting disease progression.

Background: Hirschsprung's disease is caused by the failure of ganglion cells to migrate cephalocaudal through the neural crest during 4–12 weeks of gestation, causing an absence of ganglion cells in all or part of the colon. Most patients present in infancy, and the early diagnosis is important to avoid complications. With proper treatment, most patients live normal adult live. Objectives: The objective of this study is to investigate the incidence and severity of Hirschsprung's disease in our location (Erbil city/Iraq). Materials and Methods: In this prospective study, we collected 150 cases that referred to our private laboratory in Erbil city from January 2004 to December 2016. A total of 108 cases were studied grossly and histopathologically stained by H and E in addition to Phosphotungstic acid-haematoxylin stain (PTAH) special stain for ganglion cells and neural plexuses. Results: The results found that Hirschsprung's disease was more common in males than females (male gender 52% and female 48%). The majority of cases were below the age of 1 year (48% of cases). The resected segment is 21–30 cm in about 46% of cases. Regarding the narrowing segment is about 5 cm in most cases (56% of cases). Finally, the number of neural plexuses in the whole narrow segment was five neural plexuses in the majority of cases (found in 24 cases [23%]). Conclusions: Hirschsprung's disease is a common disease in this locality (Erbil city/Iraq). All constipated newborn babies should be examined to exclude HD.

Congenital toxoplasmosis is an uncommon infection. Hypothalamic/pituitary involvement leading to isolated central diabetes insipidus is extremely rare. Making a correct diagnosis of this condition, albeit challenging, is crucial for adequate management. We present a 54-year-old female who developed central diabetes insipidus as a complication of congenital toxoplasmosis. She had polydipsia and hypernatraemia on presentation and responded to intranasal desmopressin with normalization of above-mentioned findings. Magnetic resonance imaging and cranial X-ray’s showed pronounced intracranial calcifications in both choroid plexuses. Thyroid function tests, serum cortisol level and anterior pituitary function were all normal. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first reported case of isolated diabetes insipidus due to congenital toxoplasmosis in literature diagnosed late in adulthood and gives an insight into the challenges of diagnosing central diabetes insipidus and the hypothalamic/pituitary involvement in cases of congenital toxoplasmosis.

This study was carried out in Red sea state, Sudan during the period from November 2016 to March 2017, to investigate antimicrobial resistance of P.mirabilis isolated from patients suffering from community-acquired urinary tract infections. Two hundred and nineteen urine specimens were collected from patients attended Port Sudan Teaching Hospital, Red Sea Diagnostic Centre, Sea port corporation specialized Hospital and Prince Osman Digna Teaching Hospital. Out of the two hundred and nineteen urine specimens examined, only 10 (4.6%) P.mirabilis were recovered. The result indicated that the MIC, MIC50 and MIC90 of amoxyclav were (4 µg/ml each), co-trimoxazole (0.5- 4 µg/ml, 0.5 µg/ml and 4 µg/ml), ceftriaxone (0.008- 0.08 µg/ml, 0.008 µg/ml and 0.08 µg/ml) and ciprofloxacin (0.001- 0.01µg/ml, 0.001 µg/ml and 0.0 µg/ml). The study conducted that the responsibility of P.mirabilis to UTIs slightly higher than previously recorded. The antimicrobial resistance of P.mirabilis to traditionally used antibiotics was high too.