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This research involves the study of evacuation time for a high-rise and extra-large building in Bangkok, which has 41 stories. The height of building is 143.7 meters and the building have usage area of 31,898 square meters. The objectives of this research are the estimate time of the building evacuation. The building occupant load of 2,461 persons was estimated according to NFPA 101 Life Safety Code. The simulation via Pathfinder was carried out for 4 cases; Case 1 fire in resident room on the 13th floor is to ensure that the type fires most likely to occur, Case 2 fire in lounge at the 35th floor that a large number of occupants in a large area and Case 3,4 from case 1 and case 2 the exit stair at the inside is not available. The building evacuation times are 2,321 seconds, 2,410.8 seconds, 2,736.3 seconds, and 2,841.8 seconds respectively. In the case where only one exit stair is available, the building evacuation time may be increase because of the congestions at the exit stair.

This research studied the fire evacuation simulation and patient assistance who were unable to help themselves out a hospital building. The studied building is a high and large building as Thai law which was 10th floors on 90,842.18 square meters and able to accommodate 4,017 occupants that calculated by the NFPA 101 standard which simulated from 3evacuation cases. The experiment result found that all people can be moved out from the building within 3,048 seconds, 2,931 seconds, and 2,958.3 seconds respectively which didn’t over than the standard as High Building Controlled under Thai Law. The reason that time-limited needed as 1 hour when transferred the people out of the building because enhance the safety of people, especially critically ill patients. Thus, the researchers suggested more channels of evacuation through the elevators by testing for 2 situations. The result of 2situations showed that this method can be decreased the fire evacuation frill time as 2,073 seconds and 1,979.5 seconds respectively.

This study Performance – Based Life Safety Analysis of the Hospital Building reference NFPA 101, Life Safety Code. Four simulation scenarios were selected for this simulation. First, fire in a patient room; evacuation time is 2,847.3 seconds after the announcement. Second, fire in a storage room near the canteen; evacuation time is 3,014.5 seconds after the announcement. Third, from the first and second scenarios have a nonoperative fire alarm system which increases evacuation time that is 3,122.0 seconds and 3,235.8 seconds respectively. From simulation results shows that the first problem is the bottleneck at the fire escape door. It must be modified by expanding the door. And the second problem is the slow movement of the patient that has to solve the problem by having a staff to help evacuate.

This study simulate the evacuation from structural steel manufacturing building and verified with Thai’s regulation. According to the regulation, all occupants shall be in safe place within 5 minutes in case of fire incident. Two simulation scenarios were selected for this simulation. First, all exits can be used for evacuation; evacuation time is 4.23 minute after announcement. Second, fire caused by explosion of compressed air tank near Exit A, which completely block this exit A. Simulation result shown that evacuation time for this particular case is 7.06 minute, which is exceed maximum evacuation time defined in the regulation. Therefore, the following countermeasures are propose: Expand existing stair from 1.0 m to 1.5 m., Install an additional stair with the same width on the opposite side and modify firefighting procedure.

This research is based on studying the capability of automatic sprinkler systems by applying fire dynamics simulation. The selection of scenarios based on NFPA 101. A warehouse containing diving instrument in carton placed on wood pallets, which can cause class A fires. To prevent potential damage to the goods, the conflagration in this specific scenarios is simulated to study the effects of temperature on the roof deterioration, the proficiency of the automatic sprinkler systems to extinguish the fire. Researchers found that the sprinklers located on the ceiling of the warehouse are not able to put out the fire but are able to control further spreading of the fire. Researchers, then, install more fire sprinklers in the racks, following the standard from NFPA 13. Results have shown that the second set of sprinklers is not capable of extinguishing the fire but controlling the spread and significantly reducing the temperature. Furthermore, installing both sets of fire sprinklers can prevent the collapse of the roof.

Problem statement: This article was developing learning equipment for flammability limit behavior which designed for study the relation of Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) and combustion. The equipment can be use as an instructional media for obviously experiment of combustion. Approach: The test chamber was designed by using the stainless as a structure. The mirror with safety film was used for safety purpose to the tester. The mirror was the additional equipment for the ignition vision. The size of test chamber was 40×25×20 cm. The top of chamber can be opened when the ignition was occurred to reduce the inner pressure that can break the mirror or can be a cause of damage to other parts. The 2 of stainless plates with the size of 15×40 cm. were used and the hinges were attached at the upper edges of the chamber from both sides. The metal was closely attached at the chamber edge to reduce the leak of fuel to outer environment. The bottom structure of the chamber installs the control mainboard of electronics system and motor. The control of heat gain system inside the heat chamber. Results: The test chamber is designed to demonstrate the ignition. So, the size has to be suitably designed and large enough for convenience in monitoring. It can be seen that when the test is conducted in a real system, the result is extremely differed from the theory. The reason is the experimentation by the theory using the cup burner or a cylindrical glass cup. This cup has an outside diameter of 28 mm. and around the cup tunnel has an inside diameter of 8.5 or 9.5 cm with 53.5 cm. of height. The ratios of both testing equipments are extremely differed, so there is an opportunity that the accuracy is highly shifted. Conclusion: The test chamber shows that the flammability limit of LPG vary with temperature and can be compare with burgess-wheeler law. This law mentioned “LFL and UFL is relative with the chemical in Paraffin Hydrocarbon (Alkane) Group in any increasing of temperature” In addition, there are many flammability and backfire theory which interesting for experiment.

Problem statement: The objectives of this article were to survey the data of Halon 1301 user in Thailand in which the data was used to establish the guidelines of Halon management project. Approach: The data survey of Halon 1301 user began by sending a questionnaire to 3,756 organizations that were expected to use Halon 1301, total number of replied organizations is 2,627 organizations, which is 70% of all organizations that received the questionnaire. There are 31 organizations of Halon 1301 users and there are 17 organizations, which ever used Halon 1301. Results: Total quantity of Halon 1301 is 50,381.32 kg. The number of small size users is zero. The number of medium size users is 6 organizations. The quantity of Halon 1301 is 947.92 kg. The number of large size users is 24 organizations. The quantity of Halon 1301 is 49,433.4 km. For the phase-out users, the total quantity used by organizations is 28,741.6 kg. In case the category is divided by the size of organization, the small size phase-out user is 2 organizations. Total Halon 1301 quantity used in the organization is 81.7 km. The medium size phase-out user is 1 organization. Total Halon 1301 quantity used in the organization is 181.2 km. The large size phase-out user is 13 organizations. Total Halon 1301 quantity used in the organization is 28,478.7 km. Conclusion: The Halon quantity that is available in Thailand is 79,122.92 kg, which is divided into (1) the Halon that is currently used by companies in which the quantity is approximately 50,381.32 kg or 64% of Halon quantity in the country. Most of users are from industrial factories, which do not have any policy of the adjustment because of the high installation cost. And (2) the phase-out Halon that is still kept in Thailand because there is no organization has an ability to dispose Halon. The Halon quantity in this type is 28,741.6 kg or 36% of Halon quantity in the country. The power plant and office buildings are the business that mostly abandoned the use of Halon. Most of phase-out Halon is delivered to supplier for the storage purpose.

Problem statement: The aim of this research is to investigate the fire evacuation problem from the student dormitory by using the Numerical method. The Fire Dynamics Simulator Software was used in the research with the evacuation function (FDS + Evac.). The problem under investigation concerns the building that has the open-air centre. The characteristics of the building are included with 5 floors, 2 open-air fire escape stairs located at 2 sides of the building. In addition, there is a single exit to the outside of the building and the sprinkler system is not installed inside the building. Approach: The simulation was designed to study the problem that has a source of fire occurring at the room closed to the open-air stair. The stairs will be severely affected by the smoke. The experimentation's are composed of 4 cases, which are (1) the first case assumes the true size of the door is 1 m (2) the second case assumes the true size of the door is 1 m and the smoke barrier is installed at the beam located before the stair entrance (3) the third case assumes the true size of the door is 2 m and (4) the fourth case assumes the true size of the door is 2 m and the smoke barrier is installed. Results: The results are shown that the escape time from the building with the 1 m door is 465 sec and the 2 m door is 265 sec. The time differentiation between the 1 m door and the 2 m door is 200 sec. The reason is the waiting occurred at the entrance if the smoke barrier is not installed. In this case, the smoke in the stairs without a smoke barrier installation has more than the smoke in case if the smoke barrier is installed. However, this research collected the data of the gas volume and found that the gas volume is not yet harmful to human life but the gas can be an obstacle to evacuation in the building that has an open-air centre. Conclusion: For safety reasons, the building’s user should improve the door size and install the smoke barrier at 2 sides of the stairs for all floors to increase the evacuation ability.

Problem statement: The suniqueness of the Theatres in the Bangkok Metropolitan Area lies in the multiplex theatres. The enactment of law requires the theatre's entrepreneur to show the calculation lists of fire evacuation. The means of egress should have an ability to evacuate the people from the theatre within an hour. However, the restrictions to calculate the evacuation time and the number of person occupying the building are not well proposed. Approach: The suitable occupant load factor is investigated by areas of the multiplex Theatres. In addition, the calculation of evacuation time by the hydraulic flow calculations is also presented under assumptions for calculation conveniences. Results: The result of the study provides the suitable occupant load factor for multiplex theatres. The standard methods of calculation are used to determine the evacuation time from multiplex theatres. Conclusion: The calculation of evacuation time was conducted by using the data from 10 multiplex theatres in the Bangkok Metropolitan Area. The results show that the evacuation time is fallen between 8.2 and 84.9 min. Only 3 theatres have the evacuation time more than an hour. If these results are compared with the calculated evacuation time from the theatres that have a permission document, there is no data of evacuation time from theatres more than 60 min.

Problem statement: This study investigates the fire evacuation problem of the library building by using the Fire Dynamics Simulator with Evacuation (FDS+Evac.) programming. Approach: The assumption is made that the sprinkler system is installed in the building but the system is malfunction, which is considered as the worst case of the situation. The simulations are divided into 4 cases, which are case 1; the numbers of evacuating persons are 517 persons and the heat release rate is 5 MW, case 2; the numbers of evacuating persons are 517 persons and the heat release rate is 7 MW, case 3; the numbers of evacuating persons are 788 persons and the heat release rate is 5 MW and case 4; the numbers of evacuating persons are 788 persons and the heat release rate is 7 MW. Results: The results are shown that the 1st case and the 2nd case have the evacuation times of 8.63 and 8.81 min, respectively. There is no dead person found from both cases. For the 3rd and the last case, the evacuation times are 18.17 and 18.83 min, respectively. The 3rd case has 1 dead person and the last case has 18 dead persons, respectively. Conclusion: The number of evacuating person and a size of fire have a directly impact on the evacuating person. The reasons are the crowded situation of evacuation and a higher toxicity that is occurred. So, the stairway of the building has to be improved and changed to be the fire escape. This brings to the increasing in the capability of the evacuation.

Problem statement: This study deals with the pickup and delivery traveling salesman problem with traffic conditions (PDTSPTW), an extension of the pickup and delivery traveling salesman problem (PDTSP) where each customer to be served is associated with two quantities of product to be collected and delivered. Almost PDTSP problems uses distance between each point of customers as Euclidean Distance and are not concerned with other parameters to find minimal cost. Approach: The PDTSPTC concerns more parameters, such as street network and vehicle speed, which results it closer to the real world condition. The study also proposes the developed genetic algorithm called "Hybrid Encoding Genetic Algorithm (HEGA)". The concept is to combine binary encoding and integer encoding together, causing the in complexity of the algorithm structure and the ease of implementation. Results: the HEGA can save the travel cost about 26-57%. It is obviously seen that HEGA in the PDTSPTC test problems result the fast convergence that is about 12-43% and in all, the computational time is under 6 seconds. Conclusion: The HEGA performs quite well when testing a test problem. Computation times are small in all case. The PDTSPTC is closer to real-world conditions than PDTSP. This problem can be applied in logistics immediately if the distance of streets, traffic conditions (average vehicle speed in each street) and vehicle conditions (fuel consumption rate and vehicle capacity) are known.

Problem statement: The aim of this research is to investigate the Traveling Salesman Problems with Multi-Relations (TSPMR) in which each of the vertices has several edges and different weights. The study concerns the weights fluctuated by time in which the problem has more complexity than general TSP problem. However, this type of problem closes to the real-world situation in engineering aspect. Approach: The new genetic algorithm was developed specially for the TSPMR. With the new genetic algorithm, the new coding system is a mixer between the integer numbers (represents the vertices) and the binary (represents the edges). The experiments were done to investigate the suitable input variables, which are a population size, generation, crossover rate and mutation rate. Results: The suitable generation between 300 and 400, the suitable crossover rate between 20 and 60% and the suitable mutation rate between 30 and 80%. Conclusion: The new developed method in this research is found to efficiently solve the problem with less than 100 vertices, which can reduce 50% of the transportation cost. In case of 100 -1,000 vertices problem, the transportation cost is reduced approximately by 20%. If the vertices are more than 1,000, the transportation cost can be reduced less than 20%. For the large size of problem as 30,000 vertices, the transportation cost is reduced for 6.07%.