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Stability charts for slopes remain useful in engineering practice because of their convenience and practicality. This paper presents a new stability chart analysis method based on the Generalized Hoek-Brown (GHB) criterion to rapidly calculate the factor of safety (FOS) of rock slopes. First, critical failure state charts (CFSCs) are produced to represent the relationships among the slope height, unit weight of the rock mass and all the parameters involved in the GHB criterion when the slopes lead to a critical failure state (i.e. FOS = 1.0). Second, based on the CFSCs, the formulas of the FOS derived from mi and dimensionless parameter σcmass/γH are presented for slopes with different slope angles. Thus, the FOS for any slope with a GHB rock mass can be directly determined by taking the GHB parameters (i.e. σc, mi, GSI, and D), the unit weight (γ) and the slope’s geometrical parameters (i.e. height H and slope angle β) as inputs. Finally, 25 cases selected from the published literature are used to illustrate the applicability and validity of the proposed method. The results for these cases show good agreement with those obtained with the limit equilibrium method (LEM).

In this study, a stability analysis approach for fractured rock mass slopes is proposed by combining the strength reduction method (SRM) with the undirected graph theory (UGT). First, the original shear strength parameters of all the fractures are divided by the same reduction coefficient to generate new shear strength parameters, which are used for numerical simulations of the fractured rock mass slope. Second, the connectivity of the failure fractures is analyzed with a self-developed code, which is developed based on UGT. If no fracture clusters are fully connected from the top of the slope to the toe or free face of the slope, the slope is considered to be stable, and the reduction coefficient is incremented. The above calculation procedures are repeated until there is exactly right a fracture cluster is fully connected (i.e. slope is leaded to critical state). The reduction coefficient that coincides with the critical state is considered as the safety factor of the slope, and the fractured rock mass encompassed by the connected failure fractures is regarded as the unstable part of the slope. Finally, the proposed method is applied to analyze the stability and the potential failure range of a steep slope to verify its validity.

As an important issue in atmospheric environment, the contributions of anthropogenic emissions and meteorological conditions to air pollution have been little assessed over receptor regions in regional transport of air pollutants. In the present study of 5-year observations and modeling, we targeted the Twain-Hu Basin (THB), a large region of heavy PM2.5 pollution in central China, to assess the effects of meteorology on PM2.5 change over a receptor region in the regional transport of air pollutants. Based on observations of environment and meteorology over 2015–2019, the Kolmogorov–Zurbenko (KZ) filter was performed to decompose the PM2.5 variations into multiple timescale components over the THB, where the short-term, seasonal and long-term components accounted for, respectively, 47.5 %, 41.4 % and 3.7 % of daily PM2.5 changes. The short-term and seasonal components dominated the day-to-day PM2.5 variations with long-term component determining the change trend of PM2.5 concentrations over recent years. As the emission- and meteorology-related long-term PM2.5 components over the THB were identified, the meteorological contribution to the declining PM2.5 trend presented a distinct spatial pattern over the THB with northern positive rates up to 61.92 % and southern negative rates down to −24.93 %. The opposite effects of meteorology on PM2.5 pollution could accelerate and offset the effects of emission reductions in the northern and southern THB, which is attributed to the upwind diffusion and downward accumulation of air pollutants over receptor regions in regional PM2.5 transport. It is noteworthy that the increasing conversion efficiencies of SO2 and NO2 to sulfate and nitrate for secondary PM2.5 could have offset the effect of PM2.5 emission reduction on air pollution in the THB during recent years, revealing the enhancing contribution of gaseous precursor emissions to PM2.5 concentrations under control of anthropogenic emissions of PM2.5 and the gaseous precursors over receptor regions in the regional transport of air pollutants. Our results highlight the effects of emission mitigation and meteorological changes on the source–receptor relationship of the regional transport of air pollutants with the implication of long-range transport of air pollutants for regional and global environment changes.

Additional file 1: Figure S1 Related to Figure 1. A Genotyping showing two additional mutant alleles: Mut2 and 3. B PH3 staining of control ESCs, Mut1- and Mut2-Pogz−/− ESCs at passage 12, showing reduced number of PH3 positive cells in homologous and heterozygous mutant ESCs. CQuantification of (B). D Apoptosis analysis by flow cytometry for control-, Mut1- (passage 12), Mut2- (passage 12), and FLAG-POGZ restoring ESCs. E The qRT-PCR results for the indicated genes of control, Mut1, and Mut2 ESCs at passage 18. F IF staining results showing that GATA6 was abnormally expressed in Mut2 and Mut3 Pogz−/− ESCs. Bar: 25 μm. Figure S2 Related to Figure 2. A Morphology of day 1, 2, 6, and 8 EBs from control and two additional Pogz mutant ESCs (Mut2 and 3). B KEGG analysis of DEGs. CMorphology images during the formation of neurospheres and neuronal cells from control and Pogz−/− ESCs. Bar: 25 μm. Figure S3 Related to Figure 3. A Double IF staining of HP1γ and FLAG-POGZ. Bar: 25 μm. B IP results showing that POGZ failed to pull down CHD4 in ESCs. C IP results showing that ADNP failed to pull down POGZ in ESCs. D IP results showing that POGZ failed to pull down ADNP in ESCs. E IP results showing FLAG-POGZ-Nter failed to pull down HA-BRG1-Nter in 293T cells. F IP results showing FLAG-POGZ-Cter failed to pull down HA-BRG1-Nter in 293T cells. G IP results showing FLAG-POGZ-Nter failed to pull down HA-BRG1-Cter in 293T cells. H IP results showing HA-BRG1-Cter failed to pull down FLAG-POGZ-Nter in 293T cells. I IP of in vitro synthesized POGZ and FLAG-BAF155 by TnT system. IP: POGZ, WB: FLAG. All experiments were repeated at least two times, and shown are representative images. Figure S4 Related to Figure 4. A Snapshots of ChIP and CUT&Tag signals at Chchd1 and Dcp1a loci, showing that CUT&Tag outperforms FLAG ChIP-seq. Gray: proximal TSS; Orange: gene distal or gene body regions. B Snapshots ChIP and CUT&Tag peaks at the indicated loci, showing that POGZ is co-localized with H3K4me1 and H3K27ac. Gray: proximal TSS; Orange: enhancer regions. C A rank of motifs identified in POGZ binding sites by HOMER. Shown were the top 18 motifs with p value. D Snapshots of ChIP-seq and CUT&Tag peaks at Nanog and Pou5f1 loci, showing a broad overlapping occupancy of POGZ, OCT4, NANOG, H3K27Ac, ESRRB, KLF4, and MED1, indicating that POGZ is localized to super-enhancers. Orange: enhancer regions. Figure S5 Related to Figure 5. AGenome-wide distribution patterns of POGZ and BRG1. B Snapshots showing the overlapping of POGZ, BRG1, BAF155, and SS18 at the indicated genes. C (Up) GO terms of BRG1+POGZ- genes; (Bottom) KEGG terms of BRG1+POGZ- genes. D (Up) GO terms of BRG1-POGZ+ genes; (Bottom) KEGG terms of BRG1-POGZ+ genes. E ChIP-PCR results showing BRG1 enrichment at promoters of the indicated genes in day 5 neurospheres from control and Pogz−/− ESCs. Figure S6 A Heat map showing ATAC-seq signals in control and Pogz−/− ESCs. B Snapshots showing POGZ was enriched at ATAC-seq hypersensitive sites. C Top three motifs identified at POGZ-dependent ATAC-seq sites. D Metaplot showing that there was no change of chromatin accessibility at proximal TSS. E GO analysis of 148 genes that exhibited altered chromatin accessibility. F Snapshots showing that chromatin signals at proximal TSS and distal regions of the indicated genes. Gray: proximal TSS; Orange: distal regions. G Snapshots showing the ATAC-seq peaks at the indicated genes in the presence and absence of POGZ and BRG1. Gray highlighting the POGZ-bound DA peaks at the indicated loci. Figure S7 Related to Figure 7. A Heat map showing H3K4me3 ChIP signals in control and Pogz−/− ESCs. BHeat map showing H3K4me3 signals around the proximal TSS in control and Pogz−/− ESCs. C Snapshots showing the ChIP-seq peaks of H3K4me3 and H3K27ac at the indicated genes in control and Pogz−/− ESCs. Neural and imprinted genes in black dashed box, and pluripotency genes in red dashed box. D Snapshots showing H3K27ac ChIP-seq peaks at the indicated genes in control and Pogz−/− ESC-derived neurospheres. Orange: enhancers; Gray: promoters

As an important issue in atmospheric environment, the contributions of anthropogenic emissions and meteorological conditions to air pollution have been few assessed over the receptor region in regional transport of air pollutants. In this study on observations of environment and meteorology over 2015–2019, the Kolmogorov–Zurbenko (KZ) filter was performed to decompose the PM2.5 variations into multi-time scale components over the Twain-Hu Basin (THB), a receptor region in regional transport of air pollutants in central China, where the short-term, seasonal and long-term components accounted for respectively 47.5 %, 41.4 % and 3.7 % to daily PM2.5 changes. The short-term and seasonal components dominated the day-to-day PM2.5 variations with long-term component determining the change trend of PM2.5 concentrations over recent years. The emission- and meteorology-related long-term PM2.5 components over the THB were identified. The meteorological contribution to PM2.5 declining trend presented the distinct spatial pattern over the THB with northern positive rates up to 61.92 % and southern negative rates down to −24.93 %. The opposite effects of meteorology on PM2.5 pollution could accelerate and offset the effects of emission reductions in the northern and southern THB, which is attributed to the upwind diffusion and downward accumulation of air pollutants over the receptor region in regional PM2.5 transport. It is noteworthy that the increasing conversion efficiencies of SO2 and NO2 to sulfate and nitrate for secondary PM2.5 could offset the effects of PM2.5 emission reduction on air pollution in the THB during recent years, revealing the enhancing contribution of gaseous precursor emissions to PM2.5 concentrations with controlling anthropogenic emissions of PM2.5 and the gaseous precursors over the receptor region in regional transport of air pollutants.

The joint roughness coefficient (JRC) is the key factor in predicting the peak shear strength of a rock joint. In this paper, we present a new approach for quantitatively calculating the JRC of two-dimensional rock joints. First, the two dimensionless indexes of cumulative relative relief amplitude (CRRA) and weighted average gradient (WAG) are defined to represent the morphology characteristics of a joint profile. Second, the ten standard roughness profiles suggested by Barton and Choubey are digitized, and the values of CRRA and WAG for each profile are calculated. Based on the JRC, CRRA and WAG results of the standard joint profiles, an equation for calculating the JRC, which takes the CRRA and WAG as inputs, is proposed by utilizing the multiple nonlinear fitting method. Finally, the validity of the proposed method is investigated by performing laboratory and numerical direct shear tests of 12 joint profiles with different JRCs. The results show that the established equation can accurately quantify the JRC of a two-dimensional joint. However, the accuracy of the JRC greatly depends on the sampling interval along the joint profile. The recommended length of the sampling interval is no greater than (1/120) L.

Background: As the multimedia service develops and the transmission rate in terrestrial communication systems increases rapidly, satellite communication needs to improve the transmission rate and throughput. Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO) techniques can increase the system capacity significantly by introducing the space dimension, as the system bandwidth remains the same. Therefore, utilization of MIMO for satellite communications to increase the capacity is an important research topic. So MIMO techniques for multibeam satellite communications are researched in the dissertation. Objective: The goal of this work is improving the capacity of the satellite system. Multi-beam and dual-polarized technologies are applied to a satellite system to improve the capacity further. Methods: In this paper, we first introduce a multi-beam dual-polarized satellite multi-put and multiout (MBDP-S-MIMO) system which combines the full frequency multiplexing and dual-polarization technologies. Then the system model and channel model are first constructed. At last, to improve the capacity further, BD and BD-ZF precoding algorithms are applied to MBDP-S-MIMO and their performance is verified by simulation. Results: Simulation results show the performance of the BD precoding algorithm gets better with the growth of the XPD at the receiver and is almost not affected by the growth of the channel polarization correlation coefficient. In addition, with the growth of the users’ speed, the performance becomes worse. Conclusion: The multi-beam dual-polarized satellite MIMO system has high capacity, and it has certain application prospects for satellite communication.

The Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) is an important index to monitor the quality of wastewater treatment. In the face of various kinds of microorganisms in wastewater, the biological mechanism is complex, which brings great trouble to the traditional COD measurement method. In this study, we aimed to proposes a COD measurement method based on long short-term memory (LSTM) network. Five important indexes, namely influence flow, aeration in zone 5, biochemical oxygen demand in effluent, nitrate nitrogen concentration in effluent, and solid suspended substance concentration in effluent, were selected based on the correlation analysis. The experiment results show that compared with traditional machine learning methods, LSTM network has good performance in solving COD soft-measurement problems.

The strength reduction method (SRM) combining with the Generalized Hoek-Brown (GHB) criterion has become a widely used means to assess the stability of rock slopes. Therefore, various efforts have been made to establish a standard reduction strategy for strength parameters. This paper presents a new nonlinear SRM based on the GHB criterion, and the core novelty of the proposed method is to provide a reduction strategy with precise physical meaning to find an optimal set of parameters that trigger rock slope failure. To verify the validity of the proposed method, two illustrative examples are analyzed. The results show that the proposed method could lead to a reasonable safety factor, and the critical sliding surface obtained by the proposed method can reflect the tensile crack in the steep slope. Finally, to distinguish the computational results and efficiency among the proposed method and other preexisting reduction methods, other more 8 slopes selected from the literature are used for research objects. The results show that the safety factors resulted from the proposed method are very close to those acquired by the most accurate method available at present (Hammah’s method), however, its computational efficiency is comparatively higher than that of Hammah’s method.

The turnover of labor-intensive personnel in businesses is extremely frequent and is primarily manifested in "flowing back" and in "switching jobs." Field surveys and research have demonstrated that frequent and extensive job switching, as well as the rapid turnover of personnel, has had a significant impact on businesses. There are many reasons for migrant workers from the countryside to switch jobs, but young migrant workers from the countryside are more likely to switch jobs frequently. Irrational factors affect job switching, and these factors affect the careers of migrant workers from the countryside. Switching jobs has become a way for migrant workers in the new era to pursue self-realization as well as a way for them to express themselves and has ultimately become an action strategy for migrant workers from the countryside.

Based on research in a labor-intensive enterprise, this study discusses the differences between new and old migrant workers. One consists of the choice of, and attitude toward "flow-backs" (hui liu) and "switching jobs" (zhuan gong) on the part of new and old migrant workers. The authors maintain that "flow-backs" and "switching jobs" are the different means by which the new and old generation of migrant workers face future developments and handle opportunities that enable them to make subjective choices. Implied behind these opportunities are the migrant workers' different self-realization requirements, displacement strategies, and different perspectives on urban and rural life. Another concerns the self-categorization process of the new and old generation of migrant worker groups—in other words, how these groups have undergone subjective divisions due to differences in concepts and choices. By analyzing the mutual evaluations, delimitations, interactions, and even conflicts among them, a clearer underst...

Overexpression of the inducible heat shock protein 70, Hsp72, has broadly cytoprotective effects and improves outcome following stroke. A full understanding of how Hsp72 protects cells against injury is elusive, though several distinct mechanisms are implicated. One mechanism is its anti-inflammatory effects. We study the effects of Hsp72 overexpression on activation of the transcription factor NF-κB in microglia combining experimentation and mathematical modeling, using TNFα to stimulate a microglial cell line stably overexpressing Hsp72. We find that Hsp72 overexpression reduces the amount of NF-κB DNA binding activity, activity of the upstream kinase IKK, and amount of IκBα inhibitor phosphorylated following TNFα application. Simulations evaluating several proposed mechanisms suggest that inhibition of IKK activation is an essential component of its regulatory activities. Unexpectedly we find that Hsp72 overexpression reduces the initial amount of the RelA/p65 NF-κB subunit in cells, contributing to the attenuated response. Neither mechanism in isolation, however, is sufficient to attenuate the response, providing evidence that Hsp72 relies upon multiple mechanisms to attenuate NF-κB activation. An additional observation from our study is that the induced expression of IκBα is altered significantly in Hsp72 expressing cells. While the mechanism responsible for this observation is not known, it points to yet another means by which Hsp72 may alter the NF-κB response. This study illustrates the multi-faceted nature of Hsp72 regulation of NF-κB activation in microglia and offers further clues to a novel mechanism by which Hsp72 may protect cells against injury., Author Summary Inducing heat shock or overexpressing certain heat shock proteins (HSPs) is known to protect against brain injury, such as that resulting from stroke. Understanding the mechanisms underlying protection at the cellular and molecular level is a subject of intense research, as such knowledge may prove beneficial in designing future therapies. Regulation of the activation of the key inflammatory transcription factor Nuclear Factor κB (NF-κB) is believed to be one critical mechanism. However how its activation is altered by Hsp72 remains unresolved. Here we examine NF-κB signaling in microglia cells overexpressing Hsp72, combining experimentation and mathematical modeling. We show that Hsp72 affects signaling using at least two essential and distinct mechanisms: attenuation of upstream kinase (IKK) activity and reduction of steady state NF-κB protein levels. We provide numerical evidence suggesting that neither mechanism in isolation is sufficient to account for the observed signaling. Furthermore, our observations suggest an intriguing additional level of regulation of gene expression and protein synthesis of the IκBα inhibitor, which opens interesting new avenues of research. These results provide novel insight into the mechanisms by which Hsp72 may regulate inflammation and protect brain cells from injury.

Overexpression of the inducible heat shock protein 70, Hsp72, has broadly cytoprotective effects and improves outcome following stroke. A full understanding of how Hsp72 protects cells against injury is elusive, though several distinct mechanisms are implicated. One mechanism is its anti-inflammatory effects. We study the effects of Hsp72 overexpression on activation of the transcription factor NF-κB in microglia combining experimentation and mathematical modeling, using TNFα to stimulate a microglial cell line stably overexpressing Hsp72. We find that Hsp72 overexpression reduces the amount of NF-κB DNA binding activity, activity of the upstream kinase IKK, and amount of IκBα inhibitor phosphorylated following TNFα application. Simulations evaluating several proposed mechanisms suggest that inhibition of IKK activation is an essential component of its regulatory activities. Unexpectedly we find that Hsp72 overexpression reduces the initial amount of the RelA/p65 NF-κB subunit in cells, contributing to the attenuated response. Neither mechanism in isolation, however, is sufficient to attenuate the response, providing evidence that Hsp72 relies upon multiple mechanisms to attenuate NF-κB activation. An additional observation from our study is that the induced expression of IκBα is altered significantly in Hsp72 expressing cells. While the mechanism responsible for this observation is not known, it points to yet another means by which Hsp72 may alter the NF-κB response. This study illustrates the multi-faceted nature of Hsp72 regulation of NF-κB activation in microglia and offers further clues to a novel mechanism by which Hsp72 may protect cells against injury., PLoS Computational Biology, 10 (2), ISSN:1553-734X, ISSN:1553-7358

Activation of protein kinase C∊ (PKC∊) confers protection against neuronal ischemia/reperfusion. Activation of PKC∊ leads to its translocation to multiple intracellular sites, so a mitochondria-selective PKC∊ activator was used to test the importance of mitochondrial activation to the neuroprotective effect of PKC∊. PKC∊ can regulate key cytoprotective mitochondrial functions, including electron transport chain activity, reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, mitochondrial permeability transition, and detoxification of reactive aldehydes. We tested the ability of mitochondria-selective activation of PKC∊ to protect primary brain cell cultures or mice subjected to ischemic stroke. Pretreatment with either general PKC∊ activator peptide, TAT-Ψ∊RACK, or mitochondrial-selective PKC∊ activator, TAT-Ψ∊HSP90, reduced cell death induced by simulated ischemia/reperfusion in neurons, astrocytes, and mixed neuronal cultures. The protective effects of both TAT-Ψ∊RACK and TAT-Ψ∊HSP90 were blocked by the PKC∊ antagonist ∊V1-2 , indicating that protection requires PKC∊ interaction with its anchoring protein, TAT-∊RACK. Further supporting a mitochondrial mechanism for PKC∊, neuroprotection by TAT-Ψ∊HSP90 was associated with a marked delay in mitochondrial membrane depolarization and significantly attenuated ROS generation during ischemia. Importantly, TAT-Ψ∊HSP90 reduced infarct size and reduced neurological deficit in C57/BL6 mice subjected to middle cerebral artery occlusion and 24 hr of reperfusion. Thus selective activation of mitochondrial PKC∊ preserves mitochondrial function in vitro and improves outcome in vivo, suggesting potential therapeutic value clinically when brain ischemia is anticipated, including neurosurgery and cardiac surgery.

This paper designs a new type of transport-double foot bionic electric mobile platform based on MATLAB. With the simulation software of virtual reality toolbox, video acquisition Toolbox, GUI and SIMULINK to complete the whole simulation, a 3D lower limb model to complete the controlling simulation is built and driven; By GUI, the movement of lower limbs through a camera is got, the changed angle data of hip joints, knee joints and ankle joints in movement is extracted, the storage of the lower limbs move data is completed.

This paper takes two kinds of public service advertising (PSA), helping others and recruiting soldiers, to do case comparisons between China and West. For PSA of helping others, China appeals to the sense of shame, whereas West appeals to the sense of guilt. For PSA of recruiting soldiers, China appeals to the value of collectivism, whereas West appeals to the value of individualism. Both pairs of cases reflect cultural differences. This paper further explores the origin of these cultural senses and values. By this means, researchers try to analyze the cultural biases in the appeals of Chinese PSA. The results suggest Chinese PSA advertiser should know its target audiences and advertising objectives, and understand the psychology of target audiences through scientific methods, to improve the PSA effectiveness.

Background Activation of the NF-κB transcription factor and its associated gene expression in microglia is a key component in the response to brain injury. Its activation is dynamic and is part of a network of biochemical species with multiple feedback regulatory mechanisms. Mathematical modeling, which has been instrumental for understanding the NF-κB response in other cell types, offers a valuable tool to investigate the regulation of NF-κB activation in microglia at a systems level. Results We quantify the dynamic response of NF-κB activation and activation of the upstream kinase IKK using ELISA measurements of a microglial cell line following treatment with the pro-inflammatory cytokine TNFα. A new mathematical model is developed based on these data sets using a modular procedure that exploits the feedback structure of the network. We show that the new model requires previously unmodeled dynamics involved in the stimulus-induced degradation of the inhibitor IκBα in order to properly describe microglial NF-κB activation in a statistically consistent manner. This suggests a more prominent role for the ubiquitin-proteasome system in regulating the activation of NF-κB to inflammatory stimuli. We also find that the introduction of nonlinearities in the kinetics of IKK activation and inactivation is essential for proper characterization of transient IKK activity and corresponds to known biological mechanisms. Numerical analyses of the model highlight key regulators of the microglial NF-κB response, as well as those governing IKK activation. Results illustrate the dynamic regulatory mechanisms and the robust yet fragile nature of the negative feedback regulated network. Conclusions We have developed a new mathematical model that incorporates previously unmodeled dynamics to characterize the dynamic response of the NF-κB signaling network in microglia. This model is the first of its kind for microglia and provides a tool for the quantitative, systems level study the dynamic cellular response to inflammatory stimuli., BMC Bioinformatics, 12, ISSN:1471-2105

Minocycline, a tetracycline antibiotic, is now known to protect cells via an anti-inflammatory mechanism. We further explored this effect using an in vitro model of ischemia-like injury to neurons. Coculturing neurons with microglia, the brain's resident immune cell, modestly increased cell death due to oxygen and glucose deprivation (OGD), compared to neurons alone. Treatment of cocultures with minocycline decreased cell death to a level significantly lower than that of neurons alone. Treatment of cocultures with minocycline or inhibitors of various immune mediators, also led to decreased cell death. Importantly, treatment of neuron cultures without added microglia with these same inhibitors of tissue plasminogen activator, matrix metalloproteinases, TNF-alpha and inducible nitric oxide synthase as well as minocycline also led to decreased cell death. Thus, anti-inflammatory treatments appear to be directly protective of neurons from in vitro ischemia.

A dual-motor-driven rear-wheel four-wheel electrical powered wheelchair is introduced, whose seat can move to facilitate mobility of people on and off. The system is composed of two MCUs, the main control fragment is completed by the MCU I. MCU I is used to detect rocker movement, MCU II is used to detect speed and display the current state of operation through the LCD chip 12864. In the process of acceleration and deceleration, an S-curve velocity control algorithm is used to ensure the human riding comfort. The experiment shows that the system basic characteristic is satisfied.

Pointed to the disadvantages such as low recognizing precision, long training time and limited recognizing range of single neural network in eddy current testing, layered multi-subnet neural network is presented. It is composed by a sumnet and several layered subnets, and can divide a complex task into a series of subtasks, so it could quickly identify whether the defect is existed, and also the defect location and dimension. Because of Fisher Ratio method used to select the RBF centers, the network structure is simplified much. The result shows that layered multi-subnet neural network is suitable to online eddy current testing.

This paper presents an improved binary tree algorithm for the compactness characteristics of the data sets of oil-immersed transformer in the pattern feature space. In order to improve the classification accuracy, the conception of combination is introduced in the training process of classifiers. The FKCM1 (Fuzzy means kernel clustering) is used to choose the training sample of the normal mode and the fault mode; The FKCM2 is used to choose the training sample of the discharge fault mode and the thermal fault mode; The FKCM3 is used to choose the training sample of the thermal fault of low temperature and the thermal fault of high temperature; The FKCM4 is used to choose the training sample of the discharge of low energy and the discharge of high energy. This method overcomes the disadvantage that the traditional binary tree, which doesn’t consider the distributing situation of the data set, constructs directly the SVM classifier. The simulation experiments show that the SVM classifier constructed by this paper have higher testing accuracy than the traditional SVM multi-class algorithms and the binary tree.

For eddy current nondestructive testing (ECNDT), adaptive genetic algorithm (GA) is adopted, which can overcome the disadvantages of back propagation (BP) artificial neural network (ANN), such as a possibility of being trapped on locally minimum value. Moreover, GA operators are selected by adaptive algorithm to overcome the prematurity. Compared with BP-ANN, the convergence precision and generalization of GA-ANN are improved remarkably.