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For a large class of irreducible shift spaces $X\subset\tA^{\Z^d}$, with $\tA$ a finite alphabet, and for absolutely summable potentials $\Phi$, we prove that equilibrium measures for $\Phi$ are weak Gibbs measures. In particular, for $d=1$, the result holds for irreducible sofic shifts.

In a number of embryonic systems, centrosomes that have lost their association with the nuclear envelope and spindle maintain their ability to duplicate and induce astral microtubules. To identify additional activities of free centrosomes, we monitored astral microtubule dynamics by injecting living syncytial Drosophila embryos with fluorescently labeled tubulin. Our recordings follow multiple rounds of free centrosome duplication and separation during the cortical division. The rate and distance of free sister centrosome separation corresponds well with the initial phase of associated centrosome separation. However, the later phase of separation observed for centrosomes associated with a spindle (anaphase B) does not occur. Free centrosome separation regularly occurs on a plane parallel to the plasma membrane. While previous work demonstrated that centrosomes influence cytoskeletal dynamics, this observation suggests that the cortical cytoskeleton regulates the orientation of centrosome separation. Although free centrosomes do not form spindles, they display relatively normal cell cycle-dependent modulations of their astral microtubules. In addition, free centrosome duplication, separation, and modulation of microtubule dynamics often occur in synchrony with neighboring associated centrosomes. These observations suggest that free centrosomes respond normally to local nuclear division signals. Disruption of the cortical nuclear divisions with aphidicolin supports this conclusion; large numbers of abnormal nuclei recede into the interior while their centrosomes remain on the cortex. Following individual free centrosomes through multiple focal planes for 45 min after the injection of aphidicolin reveals that they do not undergo normal modulation of their astral dynamics nor do they undergo multiple rounds of duplication and separation. We conclude that in the absence of normally dividing cortical nuclei many centrosome activities are disrupted and centrosome duplication is extensively delayed. This indicates the presence of a feedback mechanism that creates a dependency relationship between the cortical nuclear cycles and the centrosome cycles.

Sporozoites, the invasive form of malaria parasites transmitted by mosquitoes, are quiescent while in the insect salivary glands. Sporozoites only differentiate inside of the hepatocytes of the mammalian host. We show that sporozoite latency is an active process controlled by a eukaryotic initiation factor-2α (eIF2α) kinase (IK2) and a phosphatase. IK2 activity is dominant in salivary gland sporozoites, leading to an inhibition of translation and accumulation of stalled mRNAs into granules. When sporozoites are injected into the mammalian host, an eIF2α phosphatase removes the PO4 from eIF2α-P, and the repression of translation is alleviated to permit their transformation into liver stages. In IK2 knockout sporozoites, eIF2α is not phosphorylated and the parasites transform prematurely into liver stages and lose their infectivity. Thus, to complete their life cycle, Plasmodium sporozoites exploit the mechanism that regulates stress responses in eukaryotic cells.

Background: HIV-I R5 viruses cause most of the AIDS cases worldwide and are preferentially transmitted compared to CXCR4-using viruses. Furthermore, R5 viruses vary extensively in capacity to infect macrophages and highly macrophage-tropic variants are frequently identified in the brains of patients with dementia. Here, we investigated the sensitivity of R5 envelopes to a range of inhibitors and antibodies that block HIV entry. We studied a large panel of R5 envelopes, derived by PCR amplification without culture from brain, lymph node, blood and semen. These R5 envelopes conferred a wide range of macrophage tropism and included highly macrophage-tropic variants from brain and non-macrophage-tropic variants from lymph node.Results: R5 macrophage-tropism correlated with sensitivity to inhibition by reagents that inhibited gp120:CD4 interactions. Thus, increasing macrophage-tropism was associated with increased sensitivity to soluble CD4 and to IgG-CD4 ( PRO 542), but with increased resistance to the anti-CD4 monoclonal antibody ( mab), Q4120. These observations were highly significant and are consistent with an increased affinity of envelope for CD4 for macrophage-tropic envelopes. No overall correlations were noted between R5 macrophage-tropism and sensitivity to CCR5 antagonists or to gp41 specific reagents. Intriguingly, there was a relationship between increasing macrophage-tropism and increased sensitivity to the CD4 binding site mab, b12, but decreased sensitivity to 2G12, a mab that binds a glycan complex on gp120.Conclusion: Variation in R5 macrophage-tropism is caused by envelope variation that predominantly influences sensitivity to reagents that block gp120: CD4 interactions. Such variation has important implications for therapy using viral entry inhibitors and for the design of envelope antigens for vaccines.

International audience; Several 4H SiC samples have been electron-irradiated at near threshold energies at low fluence, either along the [00011 or [000-1] direction. PL and EPR techniques have been used to investigate the dependence of the beam direction on defect generation and, together with a sample irradiated at a higher fluence, to correlate differences brought about by irradiating with a change in electron fluence. Attempts are made to correlate the information derived from the two techniques.

When the present state architect took office on March r, 1923, he was immediately confronted with the necessity of making certain decisions with respect to plans for new buildings then in course of preparation. As these buildings were in every case merely parts of hospitals already designed and in most cases constructed and operating, the decisions seemed clearly to call for consideration of the working relationships between these new buildings and the others constituting the hospital. In giving consideration to these matters the state architect first discovered that his past experience with the design of general hospitals was of little or no value because those requirements for the treatment and care of the physically sick which are basic in the design of a general hospital are of very minor importance in the design of a hospital for the mentally sick. Certain fundamental differences between the considerations underlying the design of a general hospital and those underlying the design of a hospital for insane became increasingly apparent. For example, the period of patient turn-over in the hospitals for the insane is several years instead of a few weeks as in the case of a general hospital. Here was introduced a consideration of proper care and custody of patients over the long period as entirely separate from considerations of their medical treatment. It became apparent to the state architect that, after all, these great hospitals for the insane fundamentally are not unlike industrial plants. They are in reality processing materials to produce a certain desired result-or ought to be. A study of the statistics relating to the patient population in the hospitals of the State of New York seemed to fully justify this assumption. The percentages of male and female patients in each of the several hospitals

Of several aerosol formulations of 3 synthetic pyrethroids, S-2539 Forte, resmethrin, and bioresmethrin, the 2% formulation was most effective for the disinsection of passenger spaces aboard jet aircraft; the 1.2% and 0.3% formulations were less effective. Break-off tip aerosol units gave good dispersal, but these limited production cans showed slight variability in the rate of release.

In Miami, USA, passenger compartments of wide-bodied jet aircraft were disinsected at "blocks away" or while parked. The application of 2% Freon- and water-based formulations of (+)-phenothrin at about 35 g/100 m(3) was highly effective against mosquitos and flies in all instances. More basic research is needed on water-based aerosols.

A collection of folklore and local history stories from Birr (St. Brendan's) (school) (Birr or Parsonstown, Co. Offaly), collected as part of the Schools' Folklore Scheme, 1937-1938 under the supervision of teacher S. Ó Conchobhair., Taibhsí / Cruagbell, Máirtín -- Taibhsí / Cruagbell, Máirtín -- Local Cures - Warts / Guinan, Con -- Local Cures / Gee, W. Mc -- Local Cures / Sherlock, W. -- Local Cures / Gilmartin, E. -- Local Cures -- Local Cures / Hoctor, D. -- Local Cures / Tooher, D. -- Local Cures / Hickey, B. -- Local Cures / Murphy, W. -- Local Cures / Murphy, W. -- Local Cures / Gleeson, J. -- Local Cures / Sullivan, W. O' -- Local Cures / Connerton, D. -- Local Cures / Connerton, D. -- Local Cures / Clery, W. -- Local Cures - Wild-Fire / Fox, James -- Local Cures - Wild-Fire / Guinan, C. -- Local Cures - Wild-Fire / Weafter, P. -- Local Cures - Wild-Fire / Hoctor, D. -- Local Cures - Wild-Fire / Sherlock, Liam -- Local Cures - Wild-Fire / Tooher, Dick -- Local Cures - Stys / Hoctor, D. -- Local Cures - Stys / Hickey, B. -- Local Cures - Stys / Fox, J. -- Local Cures - Ringworm / Egan, Denis -- Local Cures - Blackleg / Fox, James -- Local Cures - Sting of Wasp / Shercock, L. -- Local Cures - Sting of a Nettle / Sherlock, Liam -- Local Cures - Cuts / Sherlock, Liam -- Local Cures - Growing Pains / Grath, William Mc -- Local Cures - Boils / Gilmartin, E. -- Local Cures - Cough / Gilmartin, E. -- Local Cures - Sore Throat / Gilmartin, E. -- Local Cures - Sore Throat / Mellsip, P. -- Local Cures - Bad Heart / Connolly, M. -- Riddles / Fitzgerald, Harold -- Riddles / Wycks, Patrick -- Riddles / Martin, Noel -- Riddles / Murray, T. -- Riddles / Mullhare, P. -- Weather-Lore / Murray, T. -- Weather-Lore / Holoway, Thomas -- Weather-Lore - Signs of Rain / Fitzgerald, Harold -- Weather-Lore / Dooley, Denis -- Weather-Lore / Wycks, Paddy -- Weather-Lore - Signs of Frost / Martin, M.L. -- Weather-Lore / Delaney, Noel -- Weather-Lore - Signs of Fine Weather / Flaherty, Tom -- Weather-Lore - Signs of Rain / Watson, W. -- Weather-Lore / Garahy, P. -- Holy Wells - Kilcamin Monastery and Wells / Mulhare, P. -- Holy Wells - St Kieran's Well Clareen / Garaghy, P. -- Holy Wells - St Kierans Well / Murray, T. -- Local Marriage Customs / Murray, T. -- Local Marriage Customs / Cabe, A. Mc -- Local Marriage Customs / Mulhare, P. -- Local Marriage Customs / Murray, Patrick -- Local Marriage Customs / Maher, William -- Local Marriage Customs / Watson, William -- Proverbs -- Local Famous Men / Garaghy, P. -- Local Famous Men / Martin, Michael -- Fairy Forts / Martin, Michael -- Fairy Forts / Delaney, Noel -- Fairy Forts / Dillon, W. -- Fairy Forts / Muhare, Patrick -- Fairy Forts / Garahy, Patrick -- Local Monuments / Garahy, Patrick -- Local Monuments / Watson, William -- Penal Times / Watson, William -- Penal Times / Delaney, Noel -- Penal Times / Martin, Michael -- Penal Times / Mulhare, Patrick -- Graveyards / Watson, W. -- Graveyards / Garahy, Patrick -- Hidden Treasure / Garahy, Patrick -- Hidden Treasure / Delaney, Noel -- Hidden Treasure / Martin, Michael -- Hidden Treasure / Mulhare, P. -- Hidden Treasure / Mulhare, P. -- Local Forges / Flaherty, T. -- Local Forges / Murray, T. -- Local Forges / Tuohy, Martin -- Local Forges / Delaney, Noel -- Local Forges / Watson, William -- Funny Story -- Funny Story / Molloy, Roddy -- Funny Story / Garahy, Patrick -- Funny Story / Wycks, Patrick -- Marriage Rhyme / Fox, James, Supported by funding from the Department of Arts, Heritage and the Gaeltacht (Ireland), University College Dublin, and the National Folklore Foundation (Fondúireacht Bhéaloideas Éireann), 2014-2016.

We give a necessary and sufficient condition on beta of the natural extension of a beta-shift, so that any equilibrium measure for a function of bounded total oscillations is a weak Gibbs measure., Comment: 16 pages